@CONFERENCE{Wu2016, author={Wu, Peng and Wang, Xiangyu }, editor={ }, title={A Critical Review of the Factors Affecting the Success of Using Lean to Achieve Green Benefits}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1241}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Construction Management, Curtin University, Perth, Australia. + 61 8 9266 4723, peng.wu@curtin.edu.au ; Professor and Co-Director of Australasian Joint Research Centre for BIM, School of Built Environment, Curtin University, Australia; International Scholar, Department of Housing and Interior Design, Kyung Hee University, Korea. Xiangyu.wang@curtin.edu.au }, abstract={Due to the rising recognition of sustainable development, various industrial sectors, including the building and construction sector, are facing increasing pressures to improve their environmental performance. The lean concept has proven to be effective in reducing waste streams and increase productivity. Many studies have therefore been conducted to link waste reduction and environmental performance improvement. A comprehensive literature review is conducted to investigate the development of integrating lean to achieve green benefits. The comprehensive literature review covers all journal articles in Scopus that have “green” and “lean” in their titles. It appears that majority of the studies within the area of lean and green focus on the conceptual framework. Very limited studies focus on the implementation of lean and green to address specific problems and provide measurable benefits. It should be noted that whether or not measurable benefits can be achieved affects the degree of implementation of lean and green at the industry level. As such, it is proposed that future studies on lean and green should be conducted and measurable benefits should be clearly articulated. }, author_keywords={Lean, green, conceptual development, measurable benefits }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dallasega2016, author={Dallasega, Patrick and Marcher, Carmen and Marengo, Elisa and Rauch, Erwin and Matt, Dominik T. and Nutt, Werner }, editor={ }, title={A Decentralized and Pull-Based Control Loop for On-Demand Delivery in Eto Construction Supply Chains}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1242}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, patrick.dallasega@unibz.it ; Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research Società consortile a responsabilità limitata, Bolzano, Italy, carmen.marcher@fraunhofer.it ; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, elisa.marengo@unibz.it ; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, erwin.rauch2@unibz.it ; Full Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, dominik.matt@unibz.it Head of Institute, Fraunhofer Italia Research Società consortile a responsabilità limitata, Bolzano, Italy, dominik.matt@fraunhofer.it ; Full Professor, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, werner.nutt@unibz.it }, abstract={Engineer-to-Order (ETO) process chain types with a successive installation on-site are common in plant building and the construction industry. Usually, the core processes Engineering, Fabrication and Installation are disconnected, which creates high levels of Work in Progress (WIP) and long lead-times. Furthermore, up to date information about the construction progress, as prerequisite for an on-demand delivery of ETO-components is always difficult to obtain. Usually, to prevent a lack of material on-site, costly intermediate storages are used, which extend the delivery time. Well-known approaches in research, like the Last Planner System (LPS) or the Location Based Management System (LBMS), increase collaboration on-site and improve the reliability of construction schedules, but have a limited impact on synchronizing the supply chain to the construction progress. The approach presented in the paper describes how off-site and on-site production can be coupled, to reach short construction lead-times without wastefully intermediate storages. A first IT-prototype, based on “Industry 4.0” principles, was implemented and tested in an Italian medium-sized ETO construction supplier. }, author_keywords={Engineer-to-Order, Just-in-Time, Supply Chain Management, Control Loop, Industry 4.0 }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khan2016, author={Khan, Sheriz and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={A Framework for Evaluating an Action Research Study on Lean Design Management}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1243}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Studios, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, England, United Kingdom. Telephone +1 (321) 674-0309, sherizkhan@yahoo.com ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Studios, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, England , United Kingdom. Fax: (+44) 01484 472440, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={There is no convention for evaluating action research (AR), and the one commonly used for evaluating research in general was deemed unsuitable for evaluating a postgraduate AR study on lean design management conducted by the researchers. The purpose of this paper is to present the framework developed by the researchers for evaluating the AR study, using criteria that are different from those traditionally used to evaluate research. It is hoped that this paper will contribute to lean construction research (LC) by highlighting the importance of using AR to measure the efficacy of LC production systems in their intended context of application and by letting future LC researchers know that they can develop their own criteria for evaluating their research rather than use generic criteria that may not be suitable. }, author_keywords={Action research, LPS WWP, rigor, relevance }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emdanat2016, author={Emdanat, Samir and Linnik, Meeli and Christian, Digby }, editor={ }, title={A Framework for Integrating Takt Planning, Last Planner System and Labor Tracking}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1244}, affiliation={Director of Management Services, Ghafari Associates, Dearborn, Michigan, semdanat@ghafari.com ; Production Engineer, The Boldt Company, San Francisco, California, meeli.linnik@boldt.com ; Director of Integrated Lean Project Delivery, Sutter Health, Facility & Property Services, Sacramento, California. chrisdig@sutterhealth.org. }, abstract={This paper proposes a framework for incorporating direct field labor hours and costs into an overall production strategy centered on Takt Time Planning (TTP) and the Last Planner® System (LPS). An integrated tracking tool, vPlanner Production Tracker, has been developed to associate labor information with production activities utilizing the same database. The association of field labor hours including budgeted, estimated, and actual with production activities provides an early indicator of risk on projects. The proposed framework improves the consistency and efficiency by which the information is created and maintained so that the system can be scaled to support large projects that span multiple years. This is done to shorten the cycle time between monthly financial forecasting and field labor utilization. The goal is to improve the effectiveness of identifying and mitigating risks of field labor overruns and also the realization of savings opportunities due to improved field labor utilization. The paper outlines the improved workflow processes and presents an analysis of the data collected over several months from a pilot project. }, author_keywords={Takt Time Planning, Last Planner System, Production Planning, Labor Tracking, PDCA }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pérez2016, author={Pérez, Cristina T. and Fernandes, Luara L. A. and Costa, Dayana B. }, editor={ }, title={A Literature Review on 4d Bim for Logistics Operations and Workspace Management}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1245}, affiliation={Research Assistant of the Department of Structural and Construction Engineering Federal Univ. of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil, cristina.toca.perez@gmail.com ; BSc Student in Civil Engineering, UFBA, Brazil, luara.ferandes@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, UFBA, Brazil, +55(71) 3283-9731, dayanabcosta@ufba.br }, abstract={Planning the logistic operations and the construction site layout is extremely important to avoid waiting time, double handling, transportation wastes and workflow conflict. Therefore, workspace management can support the Lean thinking through minimization or even completely eliminating the transportation, inventory and motion tasks, which are all non-value adding activities. In fact, much has been written on ways to minimize site logistics waste but few studies have addressed the use of 4D BIM for logistic operations and transportation waste reduction on jobsites. This paper presents a literature review of mainstream studies of 4D BIM, focusing on logistic operations in order to identify study opportunities for waste minimization in workspaces and workflows. The methodology employed is based on a review of the literature published in the last 10 years, in which information was collected from the International Conference of Lean Construction (IGLC) papers and a set of mainstream computing in civil and building engineering journals. This paper aims to contribute by providing a state of art on 4D BIM for site layout planning and workspace management for this knowledge area. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling (BIM), 4D modeling, logistics and workspace. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haarr2016, author={Haarr, Kåre Johan and Drevland, Frode }, editor={ }, title={A Mandated Lean Construction Delivery System in a Rehab Project – A Case Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1246}, affiliation={MSc, Student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 924 925 22, kaarejh@stud.ntnu.no ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no }, abstract={delivery in terms of cost, quality and time. Guidelines regarding public procurement in Norway prevent a large public client of freely choosing contractors. In the project studied in this paper the Norwegian government property developer – Statsbygg – is implementing Lean Construction by mandating, in the tender competition, that the prime contractor and the designers use Lean Construction principles and a handful of selected methods – a mandated Lean Construction delivery system. This paper address the following question: What are the experiences of using this mandated Lean Construction delivery system in the construction phase with a prime contract in a rehab project? The research presented in the paper is based on a case study of the construction phase of a 470 Million NOK (57 million USD) rehab project of a listed university building with (a) in-depth semi-structured interviews of eight professional key figures from the client, designer group and prime contractor and (b) a document study of project documents and experience reports from the project. The findings show that the project failed Lean project delivery because of (I) the actors absent understanding of Lean Construction principles and ideal, (II) the lack of real collaboration, (III) the production system was not aligned properly between client and contractor and (IV) the building’s amount of unforeseen risks. The research highlights the importance of project actors’ understanding the mechanism behind Lean Construction and the foundation of a real collaboration to reap the benefits. Whether or not Lean Construction is suitable for a rehab project is difficult to conclude based on this research. Further research is needed, where the project’s actors are more familiar with Lean Construction. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Contract Strategy, Public Client, Lean Project Delivery, Production System Management }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2016, author={Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={A New Model for Construction Material Logistics: From Local Optimization of Logistics Towards Global Optimization of on-Site Production System}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1247}, affiliation={Professor of Practice, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering; Rakentajanaukio 4 A, P.O.Box 12100, 00076 Aalto, Finland +358 50 368 0412, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering; Rakentajanaukio 4 A, P.O.Box 12100, 00076 Aalto, Finland }, abstract={Research on construction on-site material logistics has mainly concentrated on how to best deliver materials on site or how to store the materials in constrained space. Less research has been done on the impact of logistics on labor productivity. The purpose of this research was to review empirical results related to logistics and labor productivity reported in literature as well as previous research on construction material logistics to come up with requirements of a new lean model for material logistics. Current research on construction logistics was found to focus on part of the problem and to offer partial solutions rather than globally optimize the production system. Indirect costs of logistics causing interference to other tasks or waste due to material transportation have not been extensively discussed but several empirical results can be potentially explained by logistics even though the research was not about logistics. The paper proposes a new model for construction material logistics and hypotheses to be evaluated in future empirical research or simulation studies. The paper is valuable for academics with research interests in construction logistics or productivity areas and for practitioners seeking productivity improvements. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, logistics, inventory control, productivity }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alsaggaf2016, author={Alsaggaf, Ahmed and Parrish, Kristen }, editor={ }, title={A Proposed Lean Project Delivery Process for Preservation Projects in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1248}, affiliation={Masters Student, Construction Management Program, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, E-mail:asalsagg@asu.edu ; Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287-3005. E-mail: kristen.parrish@asu.edu }, abstract={Preserving sites with historical significance, especially those with international recognition, helps protect the world’s heritage. The historic centre of Jeddah City in Saudi Arabia encompasses a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage site that contains about 400 historic buildings, many of which are in poor condition. Since the UNESCO recognition, attention towards the area increased significantly. Owners of historic properties in the World Heritage site area have shown interest in preservation, though the local market struggles to deliver preservation projects. This paper presents a proposed lean project delivery process for maintaining and preserving historic buildings in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. This process allows the local market to deliver value to the owner and permitting agency, as it makes their expectations explicit. The paper presents a process map illustrating the proposed lean process for preserving historical buildings in Jeddah City. It leverages planning tools and the local legislature’s statutes and standards. This paper presents an implementation of the statues to help move the market toward routine implementation of the Supreme Commission for Tourism and Antiquities (SCTA) standards. Finally, the paper discusses challenges associated with implementing this process in Jeddah City. }, author_keywords={Process mapping, historic preservation, Lean project delivery process }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mejía-Plata2016, author={Mejía-Plata, Camilo and Guevara-Ramirez, Juan S. and Moncaleano-Novoa, Daniel F. and Londoño-Acevedo, María C. and Rojas-Quintero, Juan S. and Ponz-Tienda, Jose L. }, editor={ }, title={A Route Map for Implementing Last Planner® System in Bogotá, Colombia}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1249}, affiliation={Graduate student, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, camilomejiaplata@hotmail.com ; Graduate student, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, juanguevarar@gmail.com ; Graduate student, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, dfmoncaleano@gmail.com ; Research assistant. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, mc.londono1449@uniandes.edu.co ; Instructor. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, js.rojas128@uniandes.edu.co ; Assistant Professor. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Director of Construction Engineering and Management. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, jl.ponz@uniandes.edu.co }, abstract={In recent years, Lean Construction (LC) has come to be known among the construction industry in Colombia for its proven waste reduction potential, ability to increase value and improvement of project performance overall. The Last Planner® System (LPS) is one of the most valued and commonly used LC methodology in Colombia, however, there is not enough clarity about how it works or how to properly apply it. To this extent, this qualitative research proposes a route map for implementing LPS in Bogotá, based on a review of its current application, in order to guide companies toward a proper use of it. The assessment was carried out throughout a benchmarking process known as The Reading Model in which four of the eighteen competing companies that use LPS, were evaluated in terms of their commitment and scope in each aspect of the three main LC pillars: culture, philosophy and technology. The aim of the research is to identify possible improvements for the LPS implementation and to adapt the True North route map to the assessed context. Despite the fact that only four companies participated, it was found that all of them face similar barriers related to contractors’ engagement, reluctance to change and lack of training. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Lean Construction, Culture, Production Planning, Benchmarking. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2016, author={Kim, Taehoon and Kim, Yong-Woo }, editor={ }, title={Activity-Based Costing for Process Improvements}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1250}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, Chosun Univ., Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea. +82-62-230-7145, thoonkim@chosun.ac.kr ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, College of Built Environments, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States (corresponding author), yongkim@u.washington.edu }, abstract={Current construction industry requires effective process improvement to enhance the productivity and managerial capability. However, construction projects are found to have a limited number of tools for process management on construction sites. Activity-based costing (ABC) technique can provide insightful information on areas for process improvement to minimize waste or non-value-adding activities. However, the ABC has the limitations in reflecting complicated and interactive nature of construction processes. This paper explores how ABC can be practically used for construction process improvement with the support of discrete event simulation (DES) technique. Activity hierarchy is presented as a way to allow sustainable activity cost tracking. The proposed approach can contribute to facilitating easy and practical process control on a basis of more accurate cost information }, author_keywords={Activity-based costing, discrete event simulation, process improvement. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ma2016, author={Ma, Ling and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={Agent-Based Simulation of Construction Workflows Using a Relational Data Model}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1251}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Researcher, National Building Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel, lingma@technion.ac.il ; Assoc. Prof., Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion, Haifa, Israel, cvsacks@technion.ac.il }, abstract={To what extent is uncertainty concerning process status a cause of waste in construction workflows? Work studies and action research are expensive methods for investigation of such questions concerning construction workflow control policies and their results have limited applicability. Agent-based simulation (ABS) is particularly suitable for modelling peoples’ behavior and interaction in complex settings, like in construction, and therefore represents an alternative. We present a parametric ABS system (EPIC 2.0) developed using a relational data model for modelling construction workflow; the model enables users to specify the construction subjects (subcontractor trade crews), their work methods, the amount of work, the workspaces (locations), dependencies between the works, etc. The simulation encapsulates both variability and uncertainty in the construction workflow. Variability arising from design changes, quality checks and working conditions may lead to random change in workload and performance. Uncertainty arises from the fact that agents do not have full or perfect information. The major advantages of this ABS system are its ability to run differently configured virtual projects in terms of work crews, locations and production system control policies and to test the relative impacts of various approaches to communication of process status information. Simulation results conclude information asymmetry causes erroneous task maturity judgments and inappropriate work assignments, and of course affects the construction workflow. }, author_keywords={Agent-based simulation; construction workflow; uncertainty; relational data model }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Demir2016, author={Demir, Selim Tugra and Theis, Patrick }, editor={ }, title={Agile Design Management – the Application of Scrum in the Design Phase of Construction Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1252}, affiliation={Project Partner and Head of Lean Design Management, Drees and Sommer, Untere Waldplätze 37, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, selim-tugra.demir@dreso.com ; General Manager and Partner, Drees & Sommer, Untere Waldplätze 37, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, patrick.theis@dreso.com }, abstract={Design phases of construction projects are usually planned and executed using the waterfall model. This type of planning technique is appropriate for checking the feasibility of a project, but not necessarily for managing the work. A dynamic environment requires an iterative management system based on short cycles and rapid feedback loops in order to continuously arrive at the perfect solution. This requirement has resulted in the development of Agile Design Management, which is the adaptation of the Scrum approach into the design phase of construction projects. The goal of Agile Design Management is to increase coordination, interface management, collaboration and transparency throughout all design phases. This paper is an implementation report, also covering theoretical background. Case study data of five projects – as well as images and workshop findings – will be presented and discussed. The success achieved as well as the challenges still remaining will also be examined. }, author_keywords={Agile, agile design management, Scrum, lean design, waterfall model }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emdanat2016, author={Emdanat, Samir and Azambuja, Marcelo }, editor={ }, title={Aligning Near and Long Term Planning for Lps Implementations: A Review of Existing and New Metrics}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1253}, affiliation={Director of Management Services, Ghafari Associates, LLC, 17101 Michigan Avenue, Dearborn, Michigan 48126, semdanat@ghafari.com ; Associate Professor, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois, mazambu@siue.edu }, abstract={Several metrics are used to measure the performance of Last Planner® System (LPS) implementations. Percent Planned Complete (PPC), Reasons for Variance (RV), Tasks Anticipated (TA), Tasks Made Ready (TMR) are common measures of lookahead and weekly work planning. However, research to correlate the various measures to the effectiveness of the LPS implementation and the overall reliability of work execution has been challenging and time consuming. Recent studies suggest that implementations have been inconsistent. Tracking on a regular basis has been difficult because the tools used are fragmented, and, even the definitions of the metrics themselves might be misunderstood by project teams. This paper overviews common LPS metrics definitions, introduces new metrics, and presents guidance on how the metrics can be applied. This study advances the knowledge in understanding LPS metrics and their impact on schedule performance. An integrated database driven software tool that supports the LPS implementation was used to mine, analyze, and visualize large amount of data in order to review the existing metrics and evaluate the predictive nature of the propose metrics designed to align near-term and long-term planning. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, Percent Plan Complete, Theory, Production Planning and Control }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maia2016, author={Maia, Lisyanne O. de Meneses and Saggin, Angela de B. and Albuquerque, Mônica M. P. and Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. do Amaral }, editor={ }, title={Analysing the Acceptance of Customizable Attributes: A Case Study of a Construction Company in Fortaleza, Brazil}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1254}, affiliation={Project Coordinator, C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda, Fortaleza, Brazil, lisyanne@crolim.com.br ; Lean & Green Coordinator, C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda, Fortaleza, Brazil, angela@crolim.com.br ; Partner and Owner, Interart Architecture + Interiors. Fortaleza, Brazil, interartprojetos@yahoo.com.br ; Technical Director, C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br }, abstract={Multifamily residential come in standard designs, even though each house buyer has their own social household’s structure and lifestyle. Through users’ demands, the housing industry is evolving to meet their changes, allowing them to modify specific items on the floor plans during planning phase. The main goal of this research is to investigate the personalization preferences in flexible housing, analysing the acceptance of the standard architectural project proposed by the contractor. This paper analyses a construction company from Fortaleza, Brazil, which builds high-rise residential buildings and offers the buyer the possibility to personalize its unit. The company’s customization process is based on Lean Construction principles such as reducing rework, maintaining the continuous flow within construction sites and adding value to its clients, reducing the changes of layout during and after construction. The personalization is either mass customization or a custom-made plan, which is not designed by the contractor and needs previous approval. The research is quantitative and lists customizable accommodations to investigate the extent of acceptance or rejection of each attribute for two residential projects. There were 14 attributes analysed. Eight of them were classified as well accepted (over 80% of acceptance). Nevertheless, four were considered adaptable (within 40 and 79% of acceptance) and only two were not acceptable (less than 40% of acceptance). }, author_keywords={Process, variability, customization, residential projects, program of needs. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Karakhan2016, author={Karakhan, Ali and Gambatese, John and Rajendran, Sathyanarayanan }, editor={ }, title={Application of Choosing by Advantages Decision-Making System to Select Fall-Protection Measures}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1255}, affiliation={PhD Student, School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Kearney Hall 101, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Phone (541) 908-3311, karakhaa@oregonstate.edu ; Professor, School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Kearney Hall 101, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Phone (541) 737-8913, john.gambatese@oregonstate.edu ; Associate Professor, Engineering Technologies, Safety, and Construction Dept., Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA, Phone (509) 963-1152, rajendrans@cwu.edu }, abstract={The construction industry is one of the most dangerous industries in the United States. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, one in five work-related fatalities in the U.S. occur in construction. Safety managers are frequently faced with a dilemma when making safety decisions and typically surrounded by overwhelming boundaries that affect their safety selections. Yet, literature does not provide safety practitioners with a sound decision-making system to be used during the process of specifying safety solutions that is not mainly based on subjective judgments using personal experience. Making sound safety decisions is crucial toward ensuring worker safety. This paper presents a detailed case study example of how a lean thinking concept called Choosing by Advantages (CBA) can be implemented on a construction project to make safety design decisions regarding the permanent features of a facility. In this case study, three fall-prevention measures on a one-story physical utility building on a medical facilities campus are examined. The present research builds upon previous research to extend the use of the CBA tabular method to the safety arena of the construction industry for the first time. The result indicates that CBA is a sound decision-making system that can be used by project teams to make safety decisions during early stages of design. }, author_keywords={Choosing by Advantages, decision-making, lean thinking, fall-protection, safety. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vaidyanathan2016, author={Vaidyanathan, Kalyan and Mohanbabu, S. and Sriram, P. and Rahman, Safiyur and Arunkumar, S. }, editor={ }, title={Application of Lean Principles to Managing Construction of an IT Commercial Facility – An Indian Experience}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1256}, affiliation={CEO, Nadhi Information Technologies, 22 Venkatraman Street, T. Nagar, Chennai 600017. India; Phone: +91 97910 41483; kalyanv@nadhi.in ; AGM Planning, URC Construction Pvt. Ltd., 3rd Street URC Nagar, Thindal, Veerappampalayam, Erode, 638012. India; Phone + 91 96592 33511; mohanbabu.subramanian@urcc.in ; Project Head & Incharge, Tata Realty & Infrastructure Ltd. Elphinstone Building, 2nd floor, 10 Veer Nariman Road, Fort Mumbai 400001, India; Phone + 91 98840 34676; psriram@tata.com ; Consultant, Nadhi Information Technologies; Phone + 91 98401 27629; safir@nadhi.in ; Planning Manager, CBRE India, Module 4A, A Block 10th Floor SP Infocity, No 40, MGR Salai Kandanchavadi, Perungudi, Chennai 600096. India; Phone + 91 98840 02201; s.arunkumar@cbre.co.in }, abstract={Application of lean strategies in the Indian projects is in its infancy. Initial experience has been around application of the last planner system and value stream mapping. The authors have tried to implement that and other techniques including usage of BIM drawings and LBMS to improve project execution of a 200,000 sqm commercial facility to be delivered in 24 months. Using case study and implementation report research, the authors present their experience applying various lean process in this project. Specifically, the impact of the Last Planner System™ (LPS) in the civil phase of the project helped reduce the cycle time and eliminate delays. For the MEP phase, LPS combined with location based management system was used to effectively coordinate workfront across the subcontractors. A big room was created to share information and collaborate between owner, PMC, general contractor and fifteen subcontractors. The big room helped with improving coordination, reducing communication latency, and streamlining communication among the various agencies. The experience shows that while it took a couple of months to convince all to participate in the process, they all saw value once the new methodology was adopted. The paper concludes by discussing what limits successful adoption of lean techniques like these in the Indian context and potential ways of overcoming them. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, BIM, Location Based Management System, India, Commercial Real Estate. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Murguía2016, author={Murguía, Danny and Brioso, Xavier and Pimentel, Angela }, editor={ }, title={Applying Lean Techniques to Improve Performance in the Finishing Phase of a Residential Building}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1257}, affiliation={Lecturer, MSc, Researcher at GETEC Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, +51 954 703 832, dmurguia@pucp.pe ; Professor, PhD, GETEC Research Group Chair, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, +51 16262000, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe ; Civil Engineer, Researcher at GETEC Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, +51 951 856 405, a.pimentel@pucp.pe }, abstract={In Peru, the Last Planner System (LPS) is widely implemented by contractors during structural work. However, during the finishing phase, its efficacy is reduced, as teams deal with high levels of variability, uncertainty within supply chains, and unpredictable production capacities among subcontractors. The work structuring is frequently based on a one-week takt on successive floors, and pull planning during the structural work becomes push planning during the finishing phase, as teams impel subcontractors to meet deadlines. All this implies that improved work structuring is needed to enhance the flow of operations during the finishing phase. To meet this need, we designed a case study in two stages. First, we used direct field observation of a Peruvian building project to describe the current state of the work structuring in the finishing phase. Value Stream Mapping (VSM) was used to identify the productive stream, focusing on the identification of wastes. Second, we applied some Lean techniques during the finishing phase in a large community-housing complex. Our conclusion is that assigning the tasks in sufficient detail and modeling the production units according to the project’s complexity can improve the flow of the finishing stage. The use of flowlines is also recommended. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Pull Planning, Work Structuring, Value Stream Mapping, Flowline. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neto2016, author={Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={Approach for Bim Implementation: A Vision for the Building Industry}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1258}, affiliation={Full professor at Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. Email: jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been widely studied in recent years. Most of these studies are dedicated to understanding the application of BIM to solve specific problems (e.g. clash detection and 4D simulation). Other studies are related to BIM implementation manuals to help companies with this process, considering different stakeholder perspectives (owners, contractors, subcontractors, architects, engineers and suppliers). Some previous studies concentrate on the technical and operational aspects of BIM while others focus on diagnosis of current BIM implementation worldwide. However, there is a lack of studies about strategic vision for the implementation of BIM when considering the construction industry. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify key issues related to strategic aspects of BIM in the building industry, focusing on political, procedural and technological facets, using the practical knowledge of lean implementation. }, author_keywords={BIM, Lean Construction, Strategic Planning, Strategic Alignment. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sarhan2016, author={Sarhan, Saad and Pasquire, Christine and Manu, Emmanuel and King, Andrew }, editor={ }, title={Are Tier 1 Contractors Making Their Money Out of Wasteful Procurement Arrangements?}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1259}, affiliation={PhD candidate, School of Arch, Design and Built Env, Nottingham Trent University, Burton St, NG1 4 BU, UK +44 1159 418418 Sarhan_com@hotmail.com ; Professor, School of Arch, Design and Built Env, Nottingham Trent University, Burton St, NG1 4 BU, UK +44 1159 418418, Christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Dr, School of Arch, Design and Built Env, Nottingham Trent University, Burton St, NG1 4 BU, UK +44 1159 418418 Emmanuel.manu@ntu.ac.uk ; Dr, School of Arch, Design and Built Env, Nottingham Trent University, Burton St, NG1 4 BU, UK +44 1159 418418 Andrew.king@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={The UK Government challenged construction to achieve 50% faster delivery and a 33% reduction of clients' capital costs by 2025 – prevailing business models won't meet these targets. Eliminating waste from construction design and delivery as advocated by lean ideals is therefore a necessary step towards these goals. However, waste understood simply as the improvement of current processes rather than fundamental system redesign will not be enough. Obtaining a better understanding and conceptualisation of waste in construction is therefore becoming more crucial. One aspect of this is to challenge the apparent coherence of prevailing procurement practices generated by the institutional, organisational, and commercial environments that surround the design and delivery of construction projects. This paper contributes to this by examining Tier 1 contractors and presents examples of practices that open debate on how to challenge prevailing procurement models for construction. Through literature review and interviews, the study discusses the factors influencing the ‘Principal-Agent’ relationship demonstrating how procurement arrangements often mirror institutional forces. These forces do not necessarily guarantee better value services, they are more likely to serve the interests of large industry players with the bargaining power to create new rules (North, 1994). A radically different delivery model, where the client intends to eliminate the management fees and confrontational behaviours of their Tier 1 contractors is described. }, author_keywords={Waste, procurement, business models, Tier-1 contractors, agency theory. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Oliva2016, author={Oliva, Carolina Asensio and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Ballard, Glenn and Melo, Reymard Savio de }, editor={ }, title={Assessing Suitability of Target Value Design Adoption for Real Estate Developers in Brazil}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1260}, affiliation={PhD Student, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON); Univ. of Campinas, Brazil. carol_oliva@yahoo.com.br ; Associate Professor, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON); Univ. of Campinas, Brazil. adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, 407 McLaughlin Hall, CA94720-1712, USA. gballard@berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, 407 McLaughlin Hall, CA94720-1712, USA. gballard@berkeley.edu }, abstract={Target Value Design (TVD) has shown positive results on schedule, budget and products’ delivery with higher benefits for the owner. Familiarity with basic requirements of its elements and collaborative business practices have been hallmarks of successful TVD adoptions, particularly in healthcare. However, there has been little discussion about the TVD suitability for the real estate market so far, particularly when the project is driven by developers as opposed to users. Furthermore, the Brazilian real estate context poses some characteristics that could challenge the adoption of the TVD benchmark successfully. Therefore, the research puts forward the proposition that the adoption of the current TVD benchmark for developing products for sale in the Brazilian real estate sector poses some challenges and opportunities for strengthening TVD benefits in this environment. The aim of the research is to discuss about the adoption process of the TVD elements, in order to provide benefits for real estate developers in Brazil. The authors also intend to raise new research questions to better guide its future adoption in this situation. Evidence from an exploratory case study in Brazil is used to support the claim that the benefits already gained on traditional TVD situations, i.e. where clients build for their own use, seems to be insufficient alone to motivate Brazilian property developers to change from traditional practices. Initial assessment shows that, among other TVD benefits, developers acknowledge the improvements for their competitive advantages as the main one, as real estate companies are facing fierce competition currently in Brazil. The findings generate initial discussion about the suitability of the current TVD process benchmark in this context and derive directions for future research. }, author_keywords={Target value design, target costing, integrated project delivery (IPD), Real estate, Property developers }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2016, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Mathinya, Lebohang }, editor={ }, title={Assessing the Feasibility and Use of Target Value Design in South African Construction}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1261}, affiliation={Associate Professor and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3089 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: femuze@cut.ac.za ; B. Tech Graduate, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3082 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: lpmalavi@gmail.com }, abstract={Target value design (TVD) is a management practice that is undertaken to deliver customer needs within agreed performance parameters. However, the norm in construction for many years has been the compilation of costing / estimation data after design is in place. This practice is evident in South Africa construction where the vicious cycle of design-estimate-construction-rework-estimate continues unabated. Thus, the need for this research stems from efforts to optimise the value delivered to clients without escalating project cost. The phenomenological research design for the study enabled the collection of data through face-to-face interviews of twenty-four construction professionals with a structured protocol. The study shows that aspects of TVD are already in use in South Africa, though not labelled as TVD. The concepts of TVD are not unknown in practical terms in South Africa. What is missing is the full implementation of the system so that the tide of cost overrun that is synonymous with projects will be reduced. }, author_keywords={Construction, Cost, Target Value Design, South Africa }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2016, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Azari, Rahman and Angeley, Jeff }, editor={ }, title={Benchmarking in Integrated Design Process: Uw-Arcf Case Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1262}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, College of Built Environments, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States (corresponding author), yongkim@u.washington.edu ; Senior Project Manager, Capital Planning and Development, University of Washington, angeley@uw.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Texas at San Antonio, Rahman.Azari@utsa.edu }, abstract={Integrated Design (ID) process has been recognized as an integrated approach to design process and prevailed in sustainable high performance building design. Though prevailing assumption is that a more integrated design process yields better performance results, measurement of integration is a largely unexplored area of research which can help participants in the ID process assess their integrated performance. In a previous publication, the authors investigated the relationship between the level of integration in the ID process and project performances using data from 55 LEED projects in which ID was employed. In this paper, the database and the assessment framework are used as a benchmarking tool to assess the ID process of ARCF (Animal Research Care Facility) project at the University of Washington Seattle campus. We expect that the research would contribute to the domain of ID process by providing an assessment tool to be used by project owners and service providers to evaluate their ID processes. }, author_keywords={Integrated design; benchmarking; Sustainable High-Performance (SHP) building }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tezel2016, author={Tezel, Algan and Tezel, Tezel and Koskela, Lauri and Koskela, Koskela }, editor={ }, title={Benefits of Visual Management in the Transportation Sector}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1263}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, B.A.Tezel@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, B.A.Tezel@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, B.A.Tezel@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, B.A.Tezel@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={information management strategy in the lean production system, in the transportation sector in England. Lean construction and VM have recently gained momentum in England’s transportation construction supply chain with high efficiency targets. VM in construction is a scarcely researched topic, particularly outside the building construction context with its quantitative and qualitative benefits. The recorded benefits of four different visual tools/systems (visual workplace structuring or the 5S, visual performance system, visual specification/indicator and visual control) from one highways construction and one metro station upgrade project in England were presented through an action and case study research effort. The findings show that VM systems can contribute to (i) increased self-management, (ii) increased coordination, (iii) increased PPC through better promises, (iv) easier control and (v) improved site conditions in transportation projects. Although both qualitative and quantitative data were collected to triangulate the findings, the main limitation of the research is in abstracting the benefits or contributions of a particular VM tool from an overall improvement in the projects’ performance. Some future research opportunities for VM in the transportation sector were also discussed in the paper. }, author_keywords={Visual Management, benefits, lean construction, transportation sector, England }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abou-Ibrahim2016, author={Abou-Ibrahim, Hisham and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={BIM: A TFV Perspective to Manage Design Using the LOD Concept}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1264}, affiliation={PhD. Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +961 3 900695, haa131@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, + 961 1 350000 ext 3616, fax: + 61 1 744462, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={The excitement to implement BIM in organizations usually faces a quick slump as implementation challenges come to surface. Developing projects on BIM platforms significantly defers from drafting them on 2D CAD, where different types of modeling responsibilities appear. Being object oriented, practitioners need to decide on graphical and non-graphical information of model elements to suit the needs of downstream users throughout the design process; a new task absent in traditional procedures. To face this issue, the industry created the notion of Level of Development (LOD) to guide the development of model’s content. LOD identifies the specific minimum content requirements for a model element and its authorized uses at five levels of completeness. However, LOD as it currently stands is more of a descriptive index used apart from the model to ensure common understanding of BIM deliverables among stakeholders, and to guide major contractual aspects. Moreover, the current classification of LOD spectrum is influenced by the traditional approach of design management that considers the development of design from less to higher detailing levels, which is basically the transformation view of design. In this context, this paper introduces a new formulation of LOD as a metric related to design context. Nonetheless, it investigates LOD as a tripod to the Transformation, Flow, and Value (TFV) view of design. The research builds on current LOD related literature and introduces three variables to describe LOD based on actual design status. Results highlight the importance of relating LOD to design context, and defining what LOD variables are contributing to the overall LOD value. They also strengthen the role of the new LOD understanding in better navigating design under the TFV approach and enhancing the overall project value. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling, Level of Development, Transformation, Value, Flow }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haiati2016, author={Haiati, Omid and Heyl, Jakob von and Schmalz, Sarina }, editor={ }, title={BIM and Sequence Simulation in Structural Work – Development of a Procedure for Automation}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1265}, affiliation={MSc. Omid Haiati, Development Engineer, Wolff & Müller Group, Germany ; Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Scientific Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, +49 711 685-66143, jakob.vonheyl@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de ; Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Scientific Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, +49 711 685-66160, sarina.schmalz@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de }, abstract={Sequence simulations are a very useful tool to increase the visibility of workflows, to identify potential conflicts in advance, to improve the communication between different trades and to assign tasks accurately. Hence, the entire construction process can be executed in a more efficient manner – saving time and costs. Building Information Modeling (BIM) enables the linking of schedules and 3D CAD models. This is widely understood as 4D-simulation. However, in practice the process of data entry is time-consuming, making the employment of this procedure cost-prohibitive. As consequence, it has not yet been established in practice. 4D-simulation has yet to show any noticeable simplification or improvement to the planning and scheduling process. The goal of this paper is to support the development of a procedure which automates the generation of a construction schedule from the data of a standard BIM model. Firstly, a demarcation of research will be done, as there are already several research approaches in the field of 4D simulation. Secondly, a system analysis of structural work will be executed in order to identify requirements for the procedure. An important criterion is that the construction schedule can be formulated and adapted in all project phases. Building on the results of the systems analysis, a process model can be formed in which the activities of a construction schedule can be constructed as a universal and project-independent template. For each of these activities, attributes are established which exactly describe the associated components of the BIM-model specific to any particular project site. The attributes of the activities from the process model must be tested for consistency with those from the BIM model. A case example is demonstrated to validate the developed procedure. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling (BIM), 4D-simulation, Scheduling, Visual Management, LPS }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vestermo2016, author={Vestermo, Aleksander and Murvold, Vegar and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lohne, Jardar and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={BIM-Stations: What It Is and How It Can Be Used to Implement Lean Principles}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1266}, affiliation={M.Sc., Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 928 41 916, aleksave@stud.ntnu.no ; M.Sc., Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 918 13 994, vegarmu@stud.ntnu.no ; Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)/Veidekke Entreprenør AS, Norway, +47 986 73 172, fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no ; Research scientist, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={Companies are starting to use BIM and Lean processes simultaneously to create predictable workflows. Contractors are taking BIM from the office and making it an on-site tool in the production phase. This is a relatively new approach to on-site production control, and there seems to be a lack of research regarding BIM-stations on-site. This paper explores 1) what a BIM-station is and 2) how it can be used to implement lean principles. The research is based on an extensive literature review and 10 general in-depth interviews of personnel from different management levels within five contractors. According to the research carried out, a BIM-station can best be characterized as an on-site information-tool. The BIM-station is set up so the project participants can use it for an easy and constant access to an up-to-date BIM-model and drawings. Using a matrix that links BIM-station functions with lean construction principles, 12 interactions have been identified. So far, very few projects have used BIM-stations, limiting the number of easily available cases. However, the analysis is presented so that it may be used to create a better understanding for companies wanting to implement BIM-stations and/or lean. }, author_keywords={Building information modeling, BIM-station, BIM on site, Lean principles, Implementation }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Harris2016, author={Harris, Britani N. and Alves, Thais da C. L. }, editor={ }, title={Building Information Modeling: A Report From the Field}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1267}, affiliation={Senior Project Engineer, Balfour Beatty Construction, San Diego, CA, USA, briharris@balfourbeattyus.com ; Associate Professor, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={Since its inception in the early 2000s, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has evolved from an emerging innovation to an integral part of the construction industry. Though the benefits of BIM during the preconstruction and coordination phases have been thoroughly researched and documented, investigation into the present status of BIM implementation at the construction phase has remained primarily theoretical. This article aims to record the current state of field level BIM use by General Contractors in order to gain insight on how BIM is being implemented at the construction site today. The data used for analysis was collected via a nationwide survey distributed to several internationally known General Contractors. Through this research, the goal is not only to understand the ways through which field level employees are using BIM on their projects, but also to determine the underlying structures of the field implementation processes, the employees’ comfort navigating the technology, the perception of BIM’s reliability, and the impact of Lean Construction on project sites through use of the BIM. From this article’s findings, it is the authors’ hope that companies can leverage the information to stimulate training, revise inefficient BIM implementation structures, and further the integration of BIM and Lean at the field level. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modelling, Collaboration, Continuous Improvement, Value }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ravik2016, author={Ravik, Kristin Mo and Haddadi, Amin and Bjørberg, Svein and Foss, Margrethe and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={ }, title={Characteristics That Enhance Value for Users of Offices—Focus on Buildings and Stakeholders}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1268}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 7A, Trondheim 7491, Norway. ; Ph.D. candidate, NTNU, Høgskoleringen 7A, Trondheim 7491, Norway ; Professor II, NTNU / OSCAR R&D project, Multiconsult, PB Skøyen, Oslo 0213, Norway ; Senior advisor/ OSCAR R&D project, Multiconsult, PB Skøyen, Oslo 0213, Norway. ; Research scientist, dr. art., NTNU, Høgskoleringen 7A, Trondheim 7491, Norway. }, abstract={The Norwegian research project OSCAR acknowledges a clear connection between how buildings are designed and operated and which values the business that uses these areas can produce (Bjørberg et al., 2015). This paper addresses what value is for end users of office buildings and how value creation can be optimized from as early on as the predesign phase. The research is based on a literature review, a case study of an office building, and interviews with two key actors within BREEAM in Norway. The case study includes a questionnaire that had 270 respondents and 8 semi-structured, in-depth interviews. The design of office buildings has an important impact on the health and productivity of people who work in offices. The study investigates which factors seem to be of most value to end users of office buildings. There are several tools and methods within the project management field that can be used in the predesign phase in order to enhance value for users. The focus in this paper will be on user involvement and sustainability-rating assessment tools. The research addresses why users should be involved in the predesign phase and what to be aware of when involving users. }, author_keywords={Value, collaboration, sustainability, office buildings, predesign }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salvatierra2016, author={Salvatierra, José L. and Funk, Regina and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Chilean Construction Industry: Workers’ Competencies to Sustain Lean Implementations}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1269}, affiliation={Research, Development and Innovation Manager, the Production Management Centre of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile - GEPUC. Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC, 3er piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7039, jsalvatierra@gepuc.cl ; Assistant Professor, School of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 3rd,Floor, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 5936, e-mail: rfunk@uc.cl ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Lean implementations, especially Last Planner System - LPS, are facing various barriers along time losing opportunities to visualize its complete impact. The previous situation could be associated with lacking a more holistic approach; companies commonly deployed Lean tools from an operational point of view, without a clear vision of the future in complementation with strategic objectives. In a group of seven Chilean construction companies doing research in collaboration with the Production Management Centre of the Catholic University of Chile we observed these conducts. Research activities included four workshops with General Managers and Human Resources Departments, and semi structured interviews with some key positions. The present research’s results provide competencies identification and definition for four key positions: Project Manager, Building Manager, Site manager and Technical Office, which will be part of a Competencies Dictionary. This instrument will work as a foundation for a training plan’s development that companies will use as a backing of Lean tools’ sustainability over time, especially Last Planner }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pikas2016, author={Pikas, Ergo and Koskela, Lauri and Treldal, Niels and Ballard, Glenn and Liias, Roode }, editor={ }, title={ Collaboration in Design – Justification, Characteristics and Related Concepts}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1270}, affiliation={Doctoral Student, Aalto University, School of Engineering, Otakaari 4, 00076 AALTO, Finland and, +372 56 455 953, ergo.pikas@aalto.fi. ; Professor of Construction and Project Management, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk. ; Doctoral Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark, nitr@byg.dtu.dk. ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory at the Univ. of California, Berkeley. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu. ; Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia. roode.liias@ttu.ee. }, abstract={The purpose of this article is to understand the academic landscape on collaboration in design, its characteristics and related concepts for promoting collaboration within in the project based production systems. We aim to answer to the following three questions: How to define collaboration in design and why individuals need to collaborate during design? What characterizes effective collaboration in design? Which concepts support the development of collaboration in design? For shedding light on this subject, a literature review is conducted and applicability to Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry and project delivery are discussed. In this study, it was found that collaboration is a complex phenomenon, which explains the diversity of views and many complimentary concepts in organizational and design literature. Collaboration requires the management of material and knowledge boundaries, in order to develop common goals, processes and product. Lean construction concepts, methods and tools have helped the teams to develop collaborative design and construction practices. }, author_keywords={Design collaboration, collaboration, boundaries, bridging boundaries, crossing boundaries. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomes2016, author={Gomes, Danilo and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={Collaboration Through Shared Understanding in Early Design Stage}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1271}, affiliation={PhD candidate in Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, danilo.gomes@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, Head of Department for Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, Dean, School of Art Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, m.kagioglou@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={The complexity of the collaborative design process is related to the nature of the product and the processes, and also involves the social interplay that ultimately generates design. This fundamentally, affects the way people work, in the purposeful action of designing together. Low levels of collaboration are identified especially at early design stages, where the collective design creation is hindered by the lack of ability of the team to build shared understanding, embracing a multitude of expertise in the task. In this context, the research focused on how the concept of shared understanding can potentially support better collaboration at early design stages. This is based on a deeper understanding of collaborative design as a dynamic system of social interplay, in which the process to build shared understanding for concerted actions can be described as a system that combines mediated coupling and coordinated perception, in a context where division of labour exist. Based on a literature review, lean approaches that claim to support shared understanding between project participants are investigated. This paper contributes in discussing how shared understanding, as a process, can be the basis of the collaborative act, and how components of this process can be addressed through lean approaches. }, author_keywords={Early design, Collaboration, Shared Understanding, Social Dynamic, Complexity }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aasrum2016, author={Aasrum, Josefine and Lædre, Ola and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lohne, Jardar and Plaum, Stefan }, editor={ }, title={Communication in Building Design Management: A Comparative Study of Norway and Germany}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1272}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +49 176 43424919, josefina@stud.ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, dr.ing., NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no ; Ph.D. Candidate, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway/Design Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, +47 986 73 172, fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no ; Researcher, dr.art., NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; Professor, Dr.-Ing., Stefan Plaum, RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Wiesbaden, Germany, +49 177 3888839, prof.plaum@t-online.de }, abstract={First-rate communication between design and construction site teams is imperative for the successful completion of architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) projects. Still, research carried out in Norwegian and German industry has identified a lack of literature and qualitative research in this area. Equally, there seems to be a tendency to underestimate the correlation between communication and efficiency in most construction projects. By addressing different factors affecting communication, reasons for communication, communication networks, communication channels and future needs in a comparative way, this paper aims to increase knowledge about and understanding of communication in the design-construction interface. An extensive literature review, a document study and in-depth interviews were carried out, according to a qualitative approach. The findings are limited to the investigated cases. However, they do imply that there is a need for a better understanding of communication both in Norway and in Germany. Additionally, the research revealed a lack of knowledge and training in the use of ICT tools and team frameworks. By increasing the awareness of the communication challenges that exists, this study can help AEC practitioners and academics to solve communication problems between design and construction site teams. }, author_keywords={Communication, Design, Production, Collaboration, Flow. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2016, author={Filho, João Bosco P. Dantas and Angelim, Bruno Maciel and Guedes, Joana Pimentel and Silveira, Sâmia Silva and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={Constructability Analysis of Architecture–Structure Interface Based on BIM}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1273}, affiliation={MBA, Master's Student, Federal University of Ceará. Architect, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará (IFCE), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99168-0846, arquibosco@gmail.com ; C.E., VDC/BIM Coordinator, FortBIM Engenharia S/S, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 98899-8589, bruno@fortbim.com.br ; Architect, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 98871-3620, joanapguedes@gmail.com ; Architect and Urban Planner, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), LEED AP O+M, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99991-0750, samiasilveira@hotmail.com ; DBA., Full Professor, Department of Structural Engineering and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99969-1871, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br }, abstract={One of the main factors responsible for the reduction of the overall performance and efficiency of buildings is poor project management. Studies have found the integration between design and construction processes has become an important requirement for improving project performance. Considering Lean philosophy has the potential to better integrate design and construction activities. This paper evaluates the request for information (RFI) associated with the interface between architecture and structure of a BIM model. Methodology was qualitative and research strategy was case study of a virtual construction of a residential building in Fortaleza, Brazil, with 15.925,67 m² of floor area and an estimated cost of $9, 2 million dollars. 260 RFI were analysed, 110 of which were associated with conflicts between structure, architecture and the MEP systems. That represents 42% of the total RFIs, the highest percentage among other RFI categories, such as plumbing systems, architecture vs. MEP, electrical systems, architecture, and fire protection and gas systems. This study aims to improve the architecture-structure design interface, and to assist virtual construction crews on what to watch for and how to identify design problems before they are taken to construction site. }, author_keywords={Constructability, VDC, BIM, RFI, Lean. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Engebø2016, author={Engebø, Atle and Lohne, Jardar and Rønn, Pål Egil and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Counterfeit Materials in the Norwegian AEC-Industry}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1274}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 905 71 902, atleen@stud.ntnu.no ; Research scientist, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; Research scientist, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; Research scientist, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no }, abstract={The literature states that counterfeit materials can have major implications in particular concerning competition between suppliers, between contractors as well as general challenges regarding cost, time, quality and safety. Counterfeited materials are defined as unauthorized materials which special characteristics are protected as intellectual property rights, patents and copyrights. This paper seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What does counterfeit materials mean in the context of the Norwegian AEC-Industry? 2. Does counterfeit materials exist in the Norwegian AEC-Industry? 3. What are the potential consequences of counterfeit materials? 4. Which methods are suitable to detect and mitigate counterfeited materials? This is a qualitative research study. The methodology consists of a review of literature and the research is carried out using explorative interviews with the purpose to gather experiences and examples of specific cases. This approach is chosen to encourage discussion with interviewees and thereby collect information that would otherwise go under the radar by more structured forms of interviews and surveys. Counterfeiting is a well-known problem, but there are limited literature addressing this phenomenon in the construction industry. This is a pilot study and the limitations include a limited number of interviewees. The nature of the counterfeit phenomenon limits the study in regards of accessibility, amount of previous research and literature addressing this phenomenon. By illuminating the scope of the problem possible consequences and evaluating the current strategies for dealing with the problem, this study could lead to an increased awareness within the industry. The study works as a basis for further research within the field. }, author_keywords={Counterfeit materials; Supply Chain Management; Safety and Quality; Anti-Counterfeiting Strategy }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Talebi2016, author={Talebi, Saeed and Koskela, Lauri and Shelbourn, Mark and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Critical Review of Tolerance Management in Construction}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1275}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; PhD Candidate, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; PhD Candidate, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; PhD Candidate, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. }, abstract={The current practice of Tolerance Management (TM) is still very ad hoc and reactive, despite increasing calls for waste reduction and an improved quality of buildings particularly within industrialised construction. This paper aims to identify the root causes of tolerance problems, the reasons why current methods have not been as successful as expected and why the industry still struggles with this issue. Having reviewed and interpreted the existing literature, it is apparent that tolerance problems fall into two categories defined by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Furthermore, the drawbacks of the existing methods for TM were analysed, and the findings show that none of the existing methods have been considered in a continuous and holistic process and they remain scattered. }, author_keywords={Tolerance Management, Root Cause Analysis, Industrialisation, Integrated Design and Construction }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kahler2016, author={Kahler, Danny L. and Brown, David and Watson,, Jason }, editor={ }, title={Delivering Projects in a Digital World}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1276}, affiliation={Principal, Kahler Engineering Group, 1244 Derby Drive, Suite 100, Richardson, Texas, 75080. Mobile (512) 983-3453, danny.kahler@kahlerengineering.com (corresponding author) ; Vice President, Parsons, 1776 Lincoln, Suite 600, Denver, CO, 80203. Mobile (303) 434-7408, david.brown@parsons.com ; Project Manager, Michael Baker International, The Halle Building, 1228 Euclid Avenue, Suite 1050, Cleveland, OH 44115. Mobile (216) 776-6624, jason.watson@mbakerintl.com }, abstract={A 2004 National Institute of Science and Technology study estimated that the value wasted in developing traditional analog construction documents with non-interoperable information is 40% to 60% of all design cost, or almost $16 billion per year in the US alone. So, if design processes in A&E firms are digital, and modern constructors have adopted digital modeling as an integral component of their construction management, why are projects still delivered from design to construction using traditional analog information? The purpose of this paper is to identify some of the professional and organizational barriers to implementation of Digital Project Delivery. Digital Project Delivery is, for the focus of this paper, defined as the legal transfer of all project information necessary to construct a project across the design/construction interface with a minimum of analog documents as the primary deliverable. This paper consists of first-hand observations of professional engineers who have practiced on projects where the delivery was digital, primarily design-build transportation projects where the constructor and designer are tightly coupled. A limitation is that these observations were not the result of controlled study, nor are they a cross section of the entire built environment. However, these observations are consistent enough to suggest that Digital Project Delivery would result in a reduction of the cost of producing and communicating non-interoperable information, an improvement of project quality through reduced errors and omissions, and improved morale due to higher reliability and usability of project information, all key components of Lean Construction. }, author_keywords={Digital, Delivery, Information, BIM, CIM, VDC }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fosse2016, author={Fosse, Roar and Spitler, Laurie and Alves, Thais }, editor={ }, title={Deploying BIM in a Heavy Civil Project}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1277}, affiliation={Regional Manager, Lean Construction, Skanska, Oslo, Norway, +4793444588, roar.fosse@skanska.no ; Customer Engagement Specialist, Autodesk, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA, +1 415 342-1073, laurie.spitler@autodesk.com ; Associate Professor, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={This paper explores the case of a heavy civil project that implemented a comprehensive BIM execution plan. Although BIM was not required in the tender documents, the bid was won partially due to the contractor’s proposal to use BIM to develop and manage the complex project. The paper presents a synopsis of the value proposition of BIM on this project and how it supported a number of Lean principles. An outline of project challenges, including design complexity, dispersed design team, and inexperience with BIM, is presented. Finally, through a research method consisting of interviews and site observations, the authors demonstrate that understanding people’s work routines and establishing the right level of BIM ambitions for the project allowed the project team to successfully exploit the opportunities BIM has to offer. Using the BIM functionalities list identified by Sacks et al.’s BIM-Lean interactions matrix, the authors identify the Lean principles that the specific functionalities implemented at the project enabled. The aim of this is to support previous research suggesting that there are specific synergies between different BIM functionalities and corresponding Lean principles, as well as document how they were implemented in a heavy civil project. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, visual management, BIM, heavy civil project }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Andersen2016, author={Andersen, Lars }, editor={ }, title={Design and Engineering – Material Order}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1278}, affiliation={Head of research. Dr. Philos. Mag.art. PhD. NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Trondheim. Norway. +047 92885305. Lars.Andersen@samfunn.ntnu.no }, abstract={The problem to be addressed in this paper is: why does the development of creativity based on interaction and dialogue between equal individuals stand opposed to an effective decision-making system that promotes process control and reduces design errors in the design process? The purpose of the research is to improve the new forms of design and engineering processes. The research method is a combination of formative process research, process tracking, and phenomenological analysis. The research case is the construction of a hospital. Construction in the oil industry (offshore) and shipbuilding are supporting cases. The empirical study confirms that reciprocal dialogue and the spirit of the partners' independence and equality contribute to increased creativity in the design process, but that there is still great potential for further development. The study also reveals that it is problematic to combine a strong dialogue orientation and collaboration in the design process with an efficient decision-making system. A proposition in this paper is that a satisfactory illumination of the problem to be addressed requires an extension of the existing lean discourse: The paper first discusses language action theory and the eighth flow approach in an extended theoretical and epistemological context. It then expands the discourse using modern organizational system theory and a material-technological approach. }, author_keywords={Design, complexity, collaboration, communication, materiality }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2016, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Munankami, Manish B. and Shepley, Mardelle M. and Fernández-Solis, Jose L. }, editor={ }, title={Development and Testing of a Lean Simulation to Illustrate Key Principles of Target Value Design: A First Run Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1279}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, tel: 979-845-4354, e-mail: zrybkowski@tamu.edu, ; Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, e-mail: mmunankami@gmail.com ; Professor, Design + Environmental Analysis, Associate Director, Cornell Institute for Healthy Futures, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850-4401, mshepley@cornell.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, e-mail: jsolis@tamu.edu }, abstract={Target Value Design (TVD) is increasingly being used for Lean-Integrated Project Delivery processes—especially in the healthcare facility sector. However, the basic principles of TVD take time to comprehend and can seem daunting when implemented for the first time on actual projects. The QUESTION this research sought to address is: Can basic principles of TVD be effectively taught via a relatively simple and brief simulation? The PURPOSE of this research was to develop and test a new simulation that would clearly illustrate basic principles of TVD. The RESEARCH METHOD used for this paper was the iterative development and testing a simplified simulation that modified and extended the “marshmallow challenge” game developed by Peter Skillman. The TVD simulation was tested by construction science students and design professionals in the US and Nepal. FINDINGS suggested the simulation offers an effective way to convey basic TVD principles such as Estimated Cost, Market Cost, Allowable Cost, and Target Cost, and designing to these parameters. The research had some LIMITATIONS, namely that it primarily addressed functional issues as criteria for design success and did not engage all aspects of TVD processes commonly used, such as A3 development, set-based design, or decision-making using Choosing by Advantages. However, the IMPLICATIONS and VALUE of this work are that the simulation appears to offer a simple, enjoyable, and effective way to introduce basic TVD principles and their impact to stakeholders who are engaging in the practice for the first time. }, author_keywords={Lean Simulation; Target Value Design; target cost; Integrated Project Delivery; Marshmallow TVD Simulation }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mollasalehi2016, author={Mollasalehi, S. and Fleming, A. and Talebi, A. and Underwood, J. }, editor={ }, title={Development of an Experimental Waste Framework Based on Bim/Lean Concept in Construction Design}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1280}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, Email: S.Mollasalehi1@edu.salford.ac.uk ; Fellow Higher Education Academy, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, Email: A.J.Fleming@salford.ac.uk ; PhD Candidate, School of Art, Design, and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, Email: j.underwood@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The construction industry faces many problems and challenges especially with the construction of housing which are due to the high level of non-value-adding activities (waste) that reduce the overall construction performance and productivity. In recent years, there have been investigations and research on improving the performance of construction. Lean construction is widely known as an effective process which aims to maximise customer value and the efficiency of the project by eliminating non-value-adding activities or waste. Moreover, the Building Information modelling (BIM) concept has been recognised as a collaborative process which aims to improve the overall project performance through its tools' capabilities. This paper intends to study the potential effects of integrating these two concepts in order to reduce construction waste. This paper presents a framework, named an Experimental Waste Framework based on the findings of this paper to explore how an integrated BIM and Lean concept can contribute to the practicable reduction of construction waste in the design process of construction. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Building Information Modelling (BIM), Waste. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fazinga2016, author={Fazinga, Wanessa Roberta and Saffaro, Fernanda Aranha and Isatto, Eduardo Luis and Kremer, Alessandro }, editor={ }, title={Difficulties in Work Design in the Construction Sector}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1281}, affiliation={MSc., Professor, Construction Department, University Campus –Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, ZIP 86051-990, Brazil, 43 371-4455, FAX 43 371-4082, wanessa@uel.br ; Dr., Assistant Professor, Construction Department, University Campus –Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, ZIP 86051-990, Brazil, 43 371-4455, FAX 43 371-4082, saffaro@uel.br ; Dr., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. isatto@ufrgs.br ; MSc., Master of Engineering - Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, ZIP 86051-990, Brazil, 43 371-4455, FAX 43 371-4082, engkremer@gmail.com }, abstract={Work standards are an essential component of lean production systems. The unique and one-of-a-kind nature of construction products adds an additional layer of complexity when designing work standards in such a particular context. This research focuses the process of designing work standards for construction. The purpose was to highlight the difficulties observed when designing the specifications that make up the standard. An in-depth case study was carried out in a company that had been struggling to meet a stable cycle time for the reinforced concrete structure phase of multi-story buildings. An analysis of the current process was undertaken and a literature review of the work standards was conducted in order to identify possible ways to specify the work elements. The study suggests that a large amount of time is spent on the work design owing to (a) the level of uncertainty (lack of productivity data to support the design of the work packages over the cycle time; frequent moving of the workers from one work package to another; lack of resources near the workstation); (b) a project being created very close to the start of the actual production and, therefore, suffering from conditions imposed by the decisions previously taken; and (c) a team of workers unaware of lean concepts. }, author_keywords={Standard, Work Design, Workflow }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wondimu2016, author={Wondimu, Paulos Abebe and Hosseini, Ali and Lohne, Jardar and Hailemichael, Eyuell and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Early Contractor Involvement in Public Infrastructure Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1282}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of civil and transport engineering (BAT), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway/Senior Engineer, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Norway, +47 901 11 814, paulos.wondimu@ntnu.no/ paulos.wondimu@vegvesen.no ; PhD Candidate, BAT, NTNU, ali.hosseini@ntnu.no ; Researcher, Dr.Art., BAT, NTNU, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, eyuell@student.chalmers.se ; Assoc. prof., Dr.Ing., BAT, NTNU, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={Advocates of lean construction recommend early contractor involvement (ECI) to further reduce waste. Waste reduction and flow, value generation and sustainability can be improved if some of the companies on a project use lean principles and methods. However, if the contractor is organizationally integrated in the early phases, there is a better chance that the product and process designs are consistent with one another. ECI can ensure better value for money by organizationally integrating contractors` knowledge to early phases of projects. This paper contributes to the knowledge about how to implement ECI in public projects. In addition to a literature study, a document study as well as fourteen semi-structured in-depth interviews with key informants from eleven Norwegian public bridge projects were carried out. The EU public procurement directive represents a challenge for public owners when they consider ECI in their projects. However, the studied bridge projects have used various approaches to implement ECI without violating the EU directive. Thirteen approaches are identified in this study. The conclusion is that there are several approaches to implement ECI in public projects, though the contractors’ contribution varies a lot depending on which approaches that are implemented. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, ECI, Project alliancing, Public procurement, Knowledge integration. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2016, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben }, editor={ }, title={Effects of Lean Work Organization and Industrialization on Workflow and Productive Time in Housing Renovation Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1283}, affiliation={Researcher, Delft University of Technology, Professor, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, +31639251420, r.vrijhoef@tudelft.nl }, abstract={This paper presents work aimed at improved organization and performance of production in housing renovation projects. The purpose is to explore and demonstrate the potential of lean work organization and industrialized product technology to improve workflow and productive time. The research included selected case studies that have been found to implement lean work organization and industrialized product technology in an experimental setting. Adjustments to the work organization and construction technology have been implemented on site. The effects of the adjustments have been measured and were reviewed with operatives and managers. The data have been collected and analyzed, in comparison to traditional settings. Two projects were studied. The first case implied am application of lean work organization in which labor was reorganized redistributing and balancing operations among operatives of different trades. In the second case industrialized solution for prefabricated installation of prefabricated roofs. In both cases the labor productivity increased substantially compared to traditional situations. Although the limited number of cases, both situations appeared to be representative for other housing projects. This has led to conclusions extrapolated from both cases applicable to other projects, and contribution to the knowledge to improve production in construction }, author_keywords={Lean methods, productive time, workflow, housing renovation, industrialization. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Spiten2016, author={Spiten, Tale Kleveland and Haddadi, Amin and Støre-Valen, Marit and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={ }, title={Enhancing Value for End Users—a Case Study of End-User Involvement}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1284}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Norway, +47 974 23 393, taleks@stud.ntnu.no ; Ph.D. Candidate, NTNU, Norway, +47 977 98 227, amin.haddadi@ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, NTNU, Norway, +47 918 97 967, marit.valen@ntnu.no ; Researcher, dr. art, NTNU, Norway, +47 735 94 670, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no }, abstract={This paper explores the understanding of value in university buildings and tries to identify how value for end users can be obtained through end-user involvement in the pre-design stage of university buildings projects through a case study. The results from Statsbygg’s (SB) customer satisfaction surveys from 2010 to 2014 have revealed decreasing customer satisfaction in the sector. Consequently, several lease agreements have not been renewed due to dissatisfaction with the building mass offered and lack of consultation with end users. The results of the case study show that value-enhancing elements of university buildings in Norway create optimal conditions for teaching, learning, and research. To achieve adaptability in the building, which is needed to meet rapid changes in academia, end-user involvement in the pre-design phase, with a focus on excellent communication, an understanding of end-user value, and innovation, is valuable and necessary. This study indicates that further studies implementing strategies such as including the use of Building information modeling (BIM) tools and appointing a user coordinator with technical competence are recommended to give a better understanding of the advantages of optimal end-user involvement. }, author_keywords={University buildings, value-enhancing elements, collaboration, end users, Lean Construction }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fuenzalida2016, author={Fuenzalida, Camila and Fischer, Benjamín and Arroyo, Paz and Salvatierra, Jose L. }, editor={ }, title={Evaluating Environmental Impacts of Construction Operation Before and After the Implementation of Lean Tools}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1285}, affiliation={Master Student, Construction Engineering and Management Dept., School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +569 56189350, cpfuenzalida@uc.cl ; Student, Construction Engineering and Management Dept., School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +569 56189350, befischer@uc.cl ; Assistant Professor. Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, +56 22354-4244, parroyo@ing.puc.cl ; Research, Development and Innovation Manager, the Production Management Centre of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile - GEPUC. Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC, 3er piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7039, jsalvatierra@gepuc.cl }, abstract={Construction industry has a fundamental role in the impact caused to the environment, both during construction and operation. In this research three Lean tools - Ishikawa Diagram, 5 whys, and A3 reports- were carry out at construction site during wall and floor ceramic installation. The aim was to investigate whether the application of Lean tools improved productivity in the activity execution, and measure the environmental benefits obtained. The research methodology included analysing video recordings of the activity execution, working groups with workers and management, and training for using Lean tools. From this, it was show that the principal perceived waste was rework and its cause was lack of control. Furthermore, it was prove that these Lean tools’ implementation reduces carbon dioxide emissions, for installing walls and floor ceramic, considering a reduction in the use of materials needed for the evaluated activity. In conclusion, Lean tools’ implementation allows reducing environmental impact by concentrating reduction efforts on the most important activity wastes. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, productivity, environmental impacts, wastes. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Costa2016, author={Costa, Dayana B. and Melo, Roseneia R. S. de and Álvares, Juliana S. and Bello, Angelo A. }, editor={ }, title={Evaluating the Performance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Safety Inspection}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1286}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering (PPEC), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), BA, Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br ; Civil Engineer, MSc Student, PPEC, UFBA, Brazil, roseneia.engcivil@gmail.com. ; BSc Student, BSC in Civil Engineering, UFBA, Brazil, angelobello@gmail.com ; BSc Student, BSC in Civil Engineering, UFBA, Brazil, angelobello@gmail.com }, abstract={The potential use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAS) has come to the attention of the construction industry. However, its use still demands investigations for a better understanding of how this technology can be fitted to construction management tasks. This paper aims to evaluate the application of UAS for safety inspection on site, focus on its utility, equipment performance and risks associated with the use of that technology. For this, two case studies were performed in Brazil. Data was collected from flight tests on site for visual assets gathering and regular meetings with project personnel for feedback were held. The safety inspection analysis was based on the visualization of the safety requirements in the visual assets collected. Document analysis and interviews with project personnel and workers were performed for supporting the performance evaluation. As a result, the application of UAV could provide the visualization of 87.2% (Project A) and 58% (Project B) of the safety inspections items selected, providing detailed information for safety monitoring on jobsites. Barriers such as meteorological factors and pilot training influence the technology use for safety inspection. Further studies are under development in order to evaluate the impact of the safety inspection with the support of UAV in a systematic way. }, author_keywords={Unmanned Aerial Vehicles/Systems (UAV/UAS); Safety inspection; Visual assets; Construction management. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Miron2016, author={Miron, L. and Talebi, S. and Koskela, L. and Tezel, A. }, editor={ }, title={Evaluation of Continuous Improvement Programmes}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1287}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Email: luciana.miron@ufrgs.br ; PhD Candidate, University of Huddersfield, UK, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, University of Huddersfield, UK, Email: l.koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, University of Salford, UK, Email: B.A.Tezel@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The study began with the problem posed by an organisation for a group of researchers in the UK. There was a need to carry out an in-depth study to evaluate the continuous improvement programmes in the context of Lean Construction, and the following question emerged: How to evaluate the continuous improvement programme? This paper aims to understand how the literature on continuous improvement, including quality circles (QCs), small group activities (SGAs), and continuous improvement cells (CICs), can help to conduct the evaluation of continuous improvement programmes. The paper includes a literature review to gain an understanding of the problem from a theoretical perspective. Continuous improvement techniques are assessed in the framework of the TFV theory, with the main focus on the flow and the waste concepts. A logic model framework is used to synthesize the literature review findings and to establish an initial proposal for the evaluation of continuous improvement programmes in the Lean Construction context. This paper does not include any empirical study or actual measure and cannot ascertain the definitive benefits of continuous improvement techniques. Also, the paper does not propose any definitive procedure on how to evaluate continuous improvement techniques. }, author_keywords={Quality Circle, Small Group Activities, Continuous Improvement Cells, Evaluation. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zhang2016, author={Zhang, Y. and Tzortzopoulos, P. and Kagioglou, M. }, editor={ }, title={Evidence-Based Design in Healthcare: A Lean Perspective With an Emphasis on Value Generation}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1288}, affiliation={Research fellow of School of Arts Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484 471 632, y.zhang2@hud.ac.uk ; Head of Department of Architecture, School of Arts Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484 472 281, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk ; Dean of School of Arts Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484 472 289, m.kagioglou@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Evidence-based design (EBD) has been discussed in the literature, including its potential benefits and its limitations for its isolated and fragmented knowledge application. This study is an attempt to integrate the currently fragmented EBD findings to guide decisions for better designing, building and adapting hospitals through Lean thinking with an emphasis on value generation. An EBD review and assessment was carried out to update the current developments in the field. The paper discusses the importance of applying EBD in an integrated way. This is achieved through the development of a conceptual holistic framework based on three data strands inspired through Lean thinking, namely: Building performance, life-cycle cost and user value related evidence. This is an initial attempt and the paper concludes by identifying the limitations and potential future studies. }, author_keywords={evidence-based design, healthcare, Lean, value, }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shou2016, author={Shou, Wenchi and Wang, Jun and Wang, Xiangyu and Chong, Heap-Yih }, editor={ }, title={Examining the Critical Success Factors in the Adoption of Value Stream Mapping}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1289}, affiliation={Ph.D. student, Australasian Joint research center for BIM, Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia, +61 9266 7486, wenchi.shou@postgrad.curtin.edu.au ; Ph.D. student, Australasian Joint research center for BIM, Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia, +61 9266 7486, jun.wang15@postgrad.curtin.edu.au ; Professor, Australasian Joint research center for BIM, Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia; Intern Scholar, Dept. of Housing and ID, Kyung Hee Univ., South Korea, +61 9266 7486, xiangyu.wang@curtin.edu.au ; Senior Lecture, Const. and Mgmt. Dept., Built and Envir., Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia, +61 9266 3766, heap-yih.chong@curtin.edu.au }, abstract={Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is a functional approach to reorganizing production system in line with lean vision. It has been applied in many sectors to improve performance. However, there are several factors that need to be considered while implementing VSM in practice. This paper presents a literature review of the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) in the implementation of VSM across five different sectors: manufacturing, healthcare, construction, product development, and service. The review covers the peer-reviewed journal articles on VSM in Scopus from 1999 to 2015. A four-stage search criteria is designed to refine the publications. 14 CSFs are identified through the deep analysis of the five sectors, and six of them are common success factors, namely, empowered inter-principle lean team, top management, organizational culture, theory refinement and integration, resource availability and communication. The differences of the factors in five sectors are also discussed in this paper. The main limitation of this study is related to the source of the selected papers because conference papers are excluded in this review. The findings of this study provide a good basis for industry practitioners to effectively implement VSM. }, author_keywords={Value stream mapping, critical success factor, cross-sector review }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Murvold2016, author={Murvold, Vegar and Vestermo, Aleksander and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lohne, Jardar and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Experiences From the Use of BIM-Stations}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1290}, affiliation={M.Sc., Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 918 13 994, vegarmu@stud.ntnu.no ; M.Sc., Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 928 41 916, aleksave@stud.ntnu.no ; Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)/Veidekke Entreprenør AS, Norway, +47 986 73 172, fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no ; Research scientist, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={BIM has gone from being a design-tool to being an important part of the production process. BIM-stations make 3D-models available for everyone, including all the workers on-site. This paper 1) reports on experiences from the use of BIM-stations on site and 2) suggests certain improvements to increase the benefit of the BIM-stations. Following a case study approach, it examines the production phase of a building project in Norway. Initially, a survey among 50 workers on-site was carried out. Both carpenters, plumbers and electricians conducted the survey. This was followed by semi-structured in-depth interviews with six key actors. Among the interviewees was the project manager, the BIM-coordinator on the project, and managers from the project owner’s organization. The research revealed that workers experience saving time with BIM-stations. They report higher productivity due to having the necessary information available at all time. The highest productivity increase appeared for the MEP workers. This study was carried out over a relatively short period, with limited access to measurements of cost and savings from the use of BIM-stations. Nonetheless, the findings are still very positive and can guide future implementation of BIM-stations in the production phase. }, author_keywords={Building information modelling, BIM on site, BIM-stations, visualization, on-site communication }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Toledo2016, author={Toledo, Mauricio and Olivares, Katherine and González, Vicent }, editor={ }, title={Exploration of a Lean-Bim Planning Framework: A Last Planner System and Bim-Based Case Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1291}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Director of Civil Engineering Dept., Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2770 3914, mauricio.toledo@unab.cl ; Student Construction Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, kath.olivares@uandresbello.edu ; Senior Lecturer, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ, +64 9 923 4106, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={Current Lean Construction and Building Information Modelling (BIM) research has been focused largely on the theoretical aspects related to their integration and synergies. But little attention has been paid to the development of BIM-Lean practical methods to manage projects and provide evidence of the opportunities for performance enhancement. In this paper, we attempt to bridge this gap by proposing a Lean-BIM planning framework by integrating the Last Planner System and BIM. The development of the proof of concept of the BIM-Lean planning framework was undertaken by comparing two case studies: one using only LPS and the other using LPS and BIM. We followed construction activities related to rough work in two comparable building projects as part of the field office staff. We gathered project data and analysed and compared planning procedures in both projects. Data collected included: weekly and lookahead planning meetings analyses; design requests for information (RFI); and LPS metrics. We then used flowcharts to document both planning processes and the improved planning proposal, and also, integrated the different planning levels. Results show that the coordinated use of LPS and BIM generates an increase in PPC, a decrease in reasons for non-compliance, a shortening of the meeting durations, and a decrease in the total number of design RFIs. The improved planning proposal combines LPS+BIM and facilitates the interaction of a larger and diverse number of project stakeholders around BIM manipulation in planning meetings. Project meetings become more effective and the communication of project planning improves as a result. }, author_keywords={lean-BIM, last planner system, RFI }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2016, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Joseph, Kirsten and Pretorius, Erich }, editor={ }, title={Exploring ‘Lean’ Opportunities for Improving Supply Chain Transaction Governance in South African Construction Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1292}, affiliation={Associate Professor and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3089 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: femuze@cut.ac.za ; B. Tech Graduate, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3082 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: kirstenojoseph@gmail.com ; B. Tech Graduate, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3082 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: erichpretorius@ymail.com }, abstract={Transaction governance dictates how members of a construction supply chain (SC) work together for the delivery of a project. This practice is the same in South Africa where many problems have stalled the achievement of expected value for the client. In an attempt to understand the problem better, an exploratory study that assessed ‘how do transaction governance structures between SC members affect project delivery in South African construction’ was conducted in 2015. Using a single case study research design that was underpinned by the review of relevant literature as a starting point, it was observed that project parties in the case project have not moved away from the practice where the contract data form the basis of interaction among them. The study shows that optimum risk allocation approach that is evident in profit / reward sharing and collaboration is hindered by traditional view of transaction governance that is plagued with mutual distrust and antagonism. In other words, there appears to be a major scope for the introduction of integrated (lean) project delivery method that will foster collaboration and a culture of teamwork that favours improved project performance in South Africa. }, author_keywords={Construction, Governance, Supply Chain, South Africa }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daniel2016, author={Daniel, Emmanuel Itodo and Pasquire, Christine and Dickens, Graham }, editor={ }, title={Exploring the Factors That Influence the Implementation of the Last Planner® System on Joint Venture Infrastructure Projects: A Case Study Approach}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1293}, affiliation={PhD Researcher/ Researcher Fellow, Dept. of Const. Mgt. NTU, UK. emmanuel.daniel@ntu.ac.uk ; Prof., Lean Project Management, Dept. of Const. Mgt. NTU, UK. christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Const. Mgt. Nottingham Trent University (NTU) UK. graham02dickens@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={There has been an increase in the use of joint venture (JV) especially in the delivery of infrastructure projects. There is also great pressure from the public sector clients for the use of lean techniques such as the Last Planner System (LPS) in the delivery of infrastructure projects in the UK for more certainty in delivery. Previous studies have explored factors that influence LPS implementation under various contracting structures and project types. However, no much study has explored the factors that influence LPS implementation on highways infrastructure project under JV contracting structure. In view of this, the study explored the factors that influence LPS implementation on JV highways infrastructure projects in the UK. Two in-depth JV case study projects on highways infrastructure construction were conducted over a 12 month period. Data was obtained via: document analysis, physical observation and semi-structured interviews. The study reveals that the early inclusion of the LPS practice in the contract and the long term relationship that existed among the supply chains and the main contractors in the JV were among the factors that supported the process. The study established that the JV platform and the LPS implementation synergise each other on the project. Poor promising was identified among the major blockers to LPS implementation on the projects. To overcome this, the study recommends that the five key elements of reliable promising identified should be adopted when implementing LPS on projects. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, collaborative contract, joint venture, highways infrastructure, success factor. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2016, author={Ballard, Glenn and Egebjerg, Christin and Bølviken, Trond and Endresen, Sigve and Ballard, Brittany }, editor={ }, title={Filmmaking and Construction: Two Project Production Systems}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1294}, affiliation={Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu; +1 4157105531. ; Assistant Professor, KEA Build, Copenhagen School of Design and Technology, christinegebjerg@gmail.com ; Director of Strategy, HR and HSE, Veidekke Entreprenør, Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no ; Sigve Endresen, Producer and Chairman of the Board, Motlys AS, sigve@motlys.com ; Brittany Ballard, Independent Filmmaker, brittany.ballard@gmail.com }, abstract={Both filmmaking and construction are project production systems, along with shipbuilding (air and sea), new product development, software engineering, performing arts productions (theater, dance, etc.), and more. Because they are similar in fundamental ways, there is potential for learning one from another, and for further developing the principles and methods peculiar to the project production systems through which all artifacts are created. This paper is the first product of design science research underway to improve both filmmaking and construction. Based on a review of the literature and the experience of the authors as practitioners in construction and filmmaking, the paper offers a comparison of the two project production systems, in an effort to understand key similarities and differences. From that comparison, a hypothesis has emerged; namely, that the future state proposed by advocates of lean construction already exists in filmmaking. Hypothesis testing and transfer of knowledge from filmmaking to construction will be reported in future publications. }, author_keywords={Culture, filmmaking, lean construction, production system design, relational contracts }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neeraj2016, author={Neeraj, Anush and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Fernández-Solís, José L. and Hill, Rodney C. and Tsao, Cynthia and Seed, Bill and Heinemeier, Dan }, editor={ }, title={Framework Linking Lean Simulations to Their Applications on Construction Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1295}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Dept. of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843 USA, +1 979-985-0609, anushnrj15@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, +1 979-845-4354 , zrybkowski@tamu.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843, +1 979-458-1058, jsolis@tamu.edu ; Professor, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843, +1 979-845- 7058, rhill@arch.tamu.edu ; Director of Lean Strategy, Consigli Construction, Boston, MA, USA, CTsao@consigli.com ; Transformational Achiever Coach, Strategic Solutions Incorporated, FL, USA, williamseed61@gmail.com ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Arlington, VA, USA, danh@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={The QUESTION this paper seeks to address is: Can the principles illustrated by Lean simulations be systematically linked to applications of those principles on actual projects? The PURPOSE of this research has been to ease the transition between theory and practice by aggregating published case studies as well as lean simulations and making links between them. The RESEARCH METHOD adopted for this study included: (1) prepare a systematic literature review sourced from LCI and IGLC databases; (2) collaborate with the Lean Construction Institute to construct an inventory of existing lean simulations and the principles they illustrate; (3) analyze published case studies and simulations for the lean principles they embody; and (4) develop a matrix to establish logic connections between simulations and case studies from actual projects. FINDINGS were assembled onto a Simulation/Case-study matrix. This research involved locating, translating, and organizing 23 years of published, organically developed, construction case studies from IGLC and LCI databases. Therefore one LIMITATION of this this research is that it included only those simulations and case studies that have been published. One IMPLICATION and VALUE of this research is that it offers a framework to assist lean educators and facilitators when teaching Lean Construction. This matrix can also serve as a “seed” for various international communities to extend and share how specific lean principles can be incorporated into their own cultural traditions within project delivery processes. }, author_keywords={Lean simulations, case studies, Lean Construction teaching, Simulation/Case-Study matrix, Lean principles }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Peñaloza2016, author={Peñaloza, Guillermina A. and Viana, Daniela Dietz and Bataglin, Fernanda Saidelles and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Bulhões, Iamara Rossi }, editor={ }, title={Guidelines for Integrated Production Control in Engineer-to-Order Prefabricated Concrete Building Systems: Preliminary Results}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1296}, affiliation={PhD student at NORIE/UFRGS - Built Environment Innovation Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99. Porto Alegre, 3o andar, RS, Brazil. CEP 90035-190. +55 51 33083518 arq.guillerminapenaloza@gmail.com ; PhD., Researcher at NORIE/UFRGS danidietz@gmail.com ; M.Sc. student at NORIE/UFRGS fernanda.saidelles@gmail.com ; Associate Professor at NORIE /UFRGS formoso@ufrgs.br ; PhD., Professor at Interdisciplinary Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99. Porto Alegre, 3o andar, RS, Brazil. CEP 90035-190. +55 51 33083518 ibulhoes@yahoo.com.br }, abstract={The use of prefabricated building systems has grown in several segments of the construction industry, especially in emerging economies, due to the need of reducing project duration and costs, improving safety, and dealing with the shortage of skilled labor. Most companies that operate in this market are engineer-to-order (ETO) organizations, in which there is a need to integrate the planning control processes concerned with design, manufacturing and site assembly. One of the approaches used to address these issues is to adopt hierarchical levels for planning and control, in which there are order confirmation points considering the lead-time of some tasks. The aim of this research project is to propose guidelines for integrated production planning and control in ETO prefabricated concrete building systems. It is based on two case studies carried out a leading company in this segment in Brazil. The research method involved interviews with different stakeholders, participant observation in planning meetings, and direct observations in two construction sites. The main contributions in this study are related to enhance the integration between plant and site assembly. Also, use of 4D BIM simulations for analysis of physical flows and evaluate and control the assembly process. }, author_keywords={integrated production control, prefabrication, lean construction }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haghsheno2016, author={Haghsheno, Shervin and Binninger, Marco and Dlouhy, Janosch and Sterlike, Simon }, editor={ }, title={History and Theoretical Foundations of Takt Planning and Takt Control}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, pages={53-62}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1297}, affiliation={Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-44124, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42168, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; M.Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650, simon.sterlike@gmail.com }, abstract={The use of Takt is one of the key methods applied in Lean Production. With the implementation of Takt into processes overproduction is prevented, lead times are reduced, and work processes are stabilized. Inventory and waiting times between work steps are reduced, transport is optimized through continuous flow and a higher production capacity is enabled. In Germany the method of Takt Planning and Takt Control for use in construction was developed approximately ten years ago in practice. In the last years these methods have also been discussed in the international lean construction research community. This paper brings together the development of the theoretical foundations for the use of Takt Planning and Takt Control on the basis of a literature review. Hereby the existing knowledge from the stationary production industries can be applied to the construction sector. Furthermore, practical experience gained by the authors from the application of Takt Planning and Takt Control has been incorporated. Along with the historical development of the use of Takt in production, the fundamental principles for implementation of Takt in construction processes are described. The theoretical foundations developed here provide a basis for future research to investigate the effectiveness of the use of Takt Planning and Takt Control systems. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2016, author={Ko, Chien-Ho }, editor={ }, title={Impact of the Buffer Size on Precast Fabrication}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1298}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, +886 8 770-3202, ko@mail.npust.edu.tw; President, Lean Construction Institute-Taiwan; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute-Asia. }, abstract={Buffer sizes between production stations are one factor that influences production performance. Current practices in precast production ignore buffer size between stations typically induce unfeasible production plans. Research questions for this paper are 1) how would buffer sizes between precast production stations affect precast production plans and 2) how could computational techniques help in arranging precast production plans? To answer those questions, a program that considers production resources and buffer size between stations is developed. Impact of buffer sizes on production makespan and delivery is analyzed using a case study. Experimental results show that buffer sizes between stations are crucial for acquiring reasonable and feasible precast production plans. A sufficient buffer size larger than the required buffer size could help achieve a better performance with a shorter makespan and lower costs. }, author_keywords={Process, production, waste, precast, buffer. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Milion2016, author={Milion, Raphael Negri and Alves, Thais C. L. and Paliari, José Carlos }, editor={ }, title={Impacts of Defects on Customer Satisfaction in Residential Buildings}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1299}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, São Carlos, SP 13.565-905, Brazil, +55 16 3351-9660, negri.r@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA, +1 619-594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil, +55 16 3351 9660, jpaliari@ufscar.br }, abstract={Impacts defects have on customer satisfaction are hard to quantify, but they should not be ignored because of poor understanding of the intangible costs related to quality may lead to poor decision-making. However, data about building defects and customer satisfaction surveys are not usually analyzed together. This study used a database of the technical assistance department in a Brazilian construction company and results from their customer satisfaction surveys. The study seeks to address the lack of in-depth analysis of issues concerning customer satisfaction and defects, and how they are related. By cross-analyzing data from the defects database and the customer satisfaction surveys, on a unit-by-unit basis, relationships between the occurrence of defects, the customer perception of these defects, and the impact they have in customer satisfaction were found. Results revealed that some customers can be dissatisfied with the building quality and are still satisfied with the project, which indicates that the overall satisfaction is a complex variable that is related to a number of features. Moreover, the occurrence of defects did not seem to impact the customer satisfaction negatively if defects were fixed under the warranty period, and the non-occurrence of defects had a positive impact on the customer satisfaction. }, author_keywords={Quality, defect, customer satisfaction, value, waste }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rossiti2016, author={Rossiti, Ivan S. M. and Serra, Sheyla M. B. and Lorenzon, Itamar A. }, editor={ }, title={Impacts of Lean Office Application in the Supply Sector of a Construction Company}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1300}, affiliation={Master in Civil Construction, Civil Engineer in company MRP Engineering, Tietê, São Paulo, Brazil, +55 15 3282-3623, ivanrossiti@hotmail.com ; Associate Professor, Civil Engrg. Dept., Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, +55 16 3351 8201, sheylabs@ufscar.br ; Assistant Professor, Civil Engrg. Dept., Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, +55 16 3351 9676, itamar@ufscar.br }, abstract={Studies considering the impacts of implementing the Lean Office in a supply sector are of high importance for construction companies, because such companies depend on the consolidation of their businesses and efficient management strategies; they also depend on suppliers of materials and services external to their organization. Thus, the use of Lean Office as a management tool gives construction companies a competitive edge in the present market situation. The purpose of this research is to apply Lean Office tools in a construction company - supply sector, evaluating the impacts in the sector after this implementation. The method used in this work was the case study research. A small construction company contributed with information required by this study. Initially, a description of the business is done with the preliminary design of the supply sector; from this, the current state value stream map is prepared. Then, the value stream map is created for the future state, applying the improvements identified while studying the company. The results led to the identification of faults and opportunities for management improvements. Action plans (Kaizen plans) were prepared aiming for the improvement of the production processes. This research is restricted to a specific company in the industry. One of the researchers is part of the company's staff and had access to information needed for the study. This work aims to contribute spreading the use of lean tools to improve the management of companies, regardless of size. After applying the kaizen plans in the supply sector, new indicators, such as cycle times, lead time and added value, were checked and compared to the previous state of the company. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean office, supply sector, Kaizen plans, Value Stream Map }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Damaj2016, author={Damaj, Omar and Fakhreddine, Mohamad and Lahoud, Makram and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Ergonomics in Construction to Improve Work Performance}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1301}, affiliation={Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +9613662187, omd05@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +9613903734, mhf13@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +96170146175, mfl03@mail.aub.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Traditional construction projects suffer from several productivity-related problems that result in delays and cost overruns; consequently, projects often fall short of owner set goals. The need for investigations into the causes of these inefficiencies is crucial as poor work conditions reduce the quality and efficiency of work processes. Ergonomics, defined as the study and optimization of workers’ efficiency in their work environment, brings about safety and productivity improvements through an enhancement of work conditions. However, Ergonomics has not been applied in the Middle East and specifically in Lebanon. Moreover, very little research has been performed on ergonomics planning in this region with a booming construction industry despite the pressing need to modify tools and tasks to fit workers’ needs. Data from field surveys and site visits from several construction sites were analyzed to assess the use of ergonomics. Despite the positive impacts that ergonomics planning can provide, contractors are reluctant to change and are held back by cultural and social barriers. The study highlights numerous difficulties faced on construction sites, analyzes the barriers that are preventing ergonomics from being implemented in Lebanon, and discusses potential solutions. This study can be used as basis for possible future implementation plans and further studies focusing on ergonomics in Lebanon and the Middle East. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Safety, Visual Management, Ergonomics, Lebanon }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemmer2016, author={Kemmer, Sergio and Biotto, Clarissa and Chaves, Fernanda and Koskela, Lauri and Fazenda, Patricia Tzortzopoulos }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Last Planner in the Context of Social Housing Retrofit}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1302}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. Emails: Sergio.Kemmer@hud.ac.uk; sergiokemmer@gmail.com ; PhD Candidate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Email: Clarissa.Biotto@hud.ac.uk ; M.Sc., Architect, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Federal Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., CEP 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, nandajc_ufrgs@hotmail.com ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Email: L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Email: P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={The paper aims to investigate the implementation issues and benefits of utilising the Last Planner and 4D modelling in the context of retrofit of social housing. It presents initial results of an on-going research project carried out in Northern Ireland, which focuses on the retrofit of solid wall homes. The research project involves the proposal of a process in which BIM is used to evaluate what-if scenarios for the retrofit of social housing with a focus on reducing user’s disruption throughout the construction process. Both 4D and the Last Planner are used to ensure the retrofit works with the minimum disruption. A case study on the retrofit of a set of houses was carried out, which is part of a bigger research project entitled S-IMPLER. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews, participant observation in planning meetings, site visits and documental analysis. The study sheds light on a particular type of project that has not been well explored by the lean community, i.e. retrofits. It is argued that the results can be applicable to support the retrofit of a number of solid wall homes throughout the UK. }, author_keywords={Retrofit, disruptions, production, last planner system. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Knotten2016, author={Knotten, Vegard and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lædre, Ola and Hansen, Geir }, editor={ }, title={Improving Design Management With Mutual Assessment}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1303}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology /Veidekke, Trondheim, Norway, +4791842758, Vegard.knotten@ntnu.no ; PhD candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology /Veidekke, Trondheim, Norway, +4798673172, Fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, dr.ing., NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, +4791189938, ola.laedre@ntnu.no ; Professor, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, +4795135520, geir.hansen@ntnu.no }, abstract={The Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry recognizes the understanding of the design process as a key to successful projects. With the background of Lean Construction efforts such as the Last Planner, Collaborative Planning in Design etc. the planning of the design process has improved significantly. A key part of Lean Construction is to involve the team in the planning and use metrics to check the results. Metrics and measurements in the AEC industry have traditionally focused on the performance of the project and not so much on the interpersonal relations of in the design team itself. In this paper, we elaborate on how the Mutual Assessment (MA) can help to improve the design process, by aligning the MA with experience and current relevant literature. Mutual Assessment (MA) is an approach for continuous improvement of the design team in a pre-planned setting. MA was developed by a Scandinavian contractor in order to improve client satisfaction. Through the use of a survey the design team evaluate each other, creating a common understanding of needed improvements. MA gives all major participants a chance to systematically assess the team, and creates room for dialogue and improvement. Improving the design teams helps align design and construction, and thereby to achieve success. The methodical approach of the research is a single case study, based on studied documents and semi-structured interviews with a large Scandinavian contractor. In addition, a literature review of metrics, design management and teams was carried out. The research is a qualitative study focusing on MA as an important tool for continuous improvement of the design team. The experiences from the case show that MA is an easy and accessible method to systematically improve the design team thus improving the design management process }, author_keywords={Lean construction, continuous improvement, collaboration, mutual assessment }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Awada2016, author={Awada, Mohamad A. and Lakkis, Bachir S. and Doughan, Ali R. and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={ }, title={Influence of Lean Concepts on Safety in the Lebanese Construction Industry}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1304}, affiliation={Undergrad Student, Civil and Environmental Engineer, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +96171471035, maa222@mail.aub.edu ; Undergrad Student, Civil and Environmental Engineer, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +96171340172, bsl01@mail.aub.edu ; Undergrad Student, Civil and Environmental Engineer, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +96170006345, ard08@mail.aub.edu ; 4Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +9611350000, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Lean management is a philosophy that aims at streamlining processes in the workplace to improve value and minimize waste. This paper examines the impact of implementing lean concepts on reducing work accidents in the construction industry in Lebanon. Three concepts will be studied and evaluated: the Last Planner System, Visualization, and the “Five S” Process. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was prepared and addressed to professionals in the field involved in different construction projects to display their opinion towards these concepts. The conducted study indicated that most engineers and managers are interested in implementing new construction management processes, while also maximizing value and minimizing waste on their projects. The majority of respondents agreed that there is a significant influence of lean concepts on safety in construction sites. The study also identifies that the lack of knowledge and understanding of the lean philosophy and concepts, and the lack of transparency among project participants act as a major constraint against implementing the three lean concepts, addressed in this study, in the Lebanese construction industry. }, author_keywords={Lebanon; Safety; Lean Management; Last Planner System; Visualization; Five S Process }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2016, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Rezqallah, Khaled and Lee, Hyun Woo and Angeley, Jeff }, editor={ }, title={Integrated Project Delivery in Public Projects: Limitations and Opportunity}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1305}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, +1-206-948-8207, yongkim@uw.edu ; Graduate Student in Const. Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, And Project Manager in Power Generation Projects, Saudi Electricity Company, KSA, KmRezqallah@se.com.sa ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, +1-206-616-4937, hyunwlee@uw.edu ; Senior Project Manager, Capital Project Development, University of Washington, angeley@uw.edu }, abstract={One of the major challenges that the construction industry facing is how to improve the effectiveness and performance of construction projects which become more dynamic and uncertain. For this reason, more projects are adopting lean principles which focuses on collaboration and work flow reliability. Due to the limitations of current procurement practices including competitive bidding strategy and fixed price contracts, an innovative project delivery, so called integrated project delivery (IPD) or lean project delivery, has been adopted by project owners. However, most of public agencies have restrictions in choosing a project delivery. In fact, most procurement codes require public agencies to use competitive pricing and bidding, leading to difficulties in using IPD which encourages collaboration among project teams. In this paper, the researchers present the result of a survey aimed at investigating the benefits and restrictions experienced by project participants who have tried IPD or some principles of IPD in public projects. The research is expected to provide a practical view on the opportunities and challenges in applying IPD to their projects. }, author_keywords={Integrated project delivery (IPD), public projects, survey }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Olivieri2016, author={Olivieri, Hylton and Seppänen, Olli and Granja, Ariovaldo D. }, editor={ }, title={Integrating Lbms, Lps and Cpm: A Practical Process}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1306}, affiliation={PhD Student, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON); Department of Architecture and Building, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design; University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP), hylton.olivieri@gmail.com ; Professor of Practice, Civil and Structural. Engrg. Dept., Aalto University School of Engineering, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Associated Professor, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON); Department of Architecture and Building, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design; University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP), adgranja@fec.unicamp.br }, abstract={Despite the lean construction community criticism of Critical Path Method (CPM), it is impossible to ignore its widespread use. Furthermore, CPM is commonly considered a contractual requirement demanded by owners. On the other hand, Location-Based Management System (LBMS) and Last Planner System (LPS) have been successfully implemented in many construction projects. This article puts forward the proposition that there are synergies between these tools and their combined use could provide great benefits and fill some gaps. The aim of this paper is to propose a practical process for integrating LBMS, LPS and CMP, in an attempt to improve planning and controlling processes in general, besides filling gaps related to delay analysis. A constructive research was developed through a case study, collecting data of a planning and controlling system used by a large construction company, which applies CPM and LPS tools. The processes and the main decisions of the project team were systematized in an integrated model, taking into consideration the project phases. Two additional propositions were formed to be validated in future case studies. Firstly, the integrated sources of data will help professionals to support decisions. Secondly, the schedules created with this integrated approach are better able to model workflow. }, author_keywords={Location-based management, Last planner system, Critical path method, production, delays. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sakka2016, author={Sakka, Fatima El and Eid, Karl and Narciss, Tony and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Integrating Lean Into Modular Construction: A Detailed Case Study of Company X}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1307}, affiliation={Construction Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, fbe04@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, kse07@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, twn04@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, + 961350000 ext 3616, fax: + 61 1 744462, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Value stream mapping is a valuable tool in the lean toolbox that truly uncovers hidden waste in a process. Recent researches have focused on process improvement in various construction domains, but more research need to address precast concrete operations at the plant. This paper seeks to investigate the integration of lean principles in the fabrication phase of modular construction by using value stream mapping. The research focuses on the plant processes used to produce precast concrete pre-slabs and on means of improvement. It presents results from a case study of Company X’s precast plant. Data describing the current state of pre-slab casting was collected from plant visits, the current value stream map is drawn, and a future state map is then recommended. Indeed, alongside some effective lean concepts that are applied at the plant such as preventive maintenance and autonomation, some weaknesses are identified such as sizeable raw material storage, large batch sizes, considerable final product inventory and lack of “shine”. Appropriate remedial measures are recommended such as reducing batch and inventory size, creating FIFO lanes as well as applying 5S across the plant. }, author_keywords={Value stream mapping, lean principles, modular construction, precast operations }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{N2016, author={N, Raghavan and Delhi, Venkata S. K. and Mahalingam, Ashwin and Varghese, Koshy }, editor={ }, title={Introducing Lean Construction Philosophy in E-P-C Phases of a Large Industrial Project}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1308}, affiliation={Adjunct Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India – 600036 ; Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India – 400076, email: venkatad@iitb.ac.in, +91-2225765325 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai - 600036 ; Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai - 600036 }, abstract={A manufacturing organisation in India contemplated augmenting their capacity and took up a green-field expansion project in a new location. The internal construction division of the organisation decided to introduce Lean construction philosophy. A study was taken up to understand the impact of Lean on the engineering, procurement and construction phases where multiple stakeholders who are entrenched in traditional approaches are involved. A detailed case study and action- based approach was adopted. The data included both primary observation data collected by the researchers present in meetings and other data from various reports. . There were some interesting insights into the dynamics involved when groups with diverse approaches are brought together on a Lean construction journey. There was also a challenge of implementing Lean with multiple project teams all working in the same organisation and therefore with little or tacit contracts involved in the project. The initial attitudes of the people which ranged from enthusiasm to outright scepticism and engagement with reservations evolved progressively over time to embracing Lean in varying degrees and formats. The complexities present in the organisational structure contributed to the formation of institutional voids which were leveraged by the Lean group to promote Lean practices }, author_keywords={Big Room, Transformation, Change Management, Culture, Institutional voids }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2016, author={Tillmann, Patricia and Sargent, Zach }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner & Bim Integration: Lessons From a Continuous Improvement Effort}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1309}, affiliation={Project Manager, Director of Lean Integration, Superior Air Handling, patricia.tillmann@superiorairhandling.com, +1 408-630-1320 ; Vice President, Superior Air Handling, zach.sargent@superiorairhandling.com }, abstract={This paper discusses the benefits of adopting the last planner system and Building Information Modelling (BIM) from a Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing and Fire Protection (MEPF) perspective. The main objective of this research was to understand how to advance the integration of such practices as means to improve workflow in complex and fast-pace projects. The paper presents the anticipated benefits from such integration and the barriers identified to realize those benefits. The discussion is based on findings of an in depth empirical study in which the learning component of last planner was used to initiate a continuous improvement effort. A comparison is drawn between a desired state on BIM and last planner integration to a real case, followed by reflections on potential solutions to bridge the observed gap. The main contribution of this paper to practice is to understand how to advance the integration of BIM and last planner to improve MEPF coordination and workflow in any kind of construction project, independently from the method of delivery. Expected contributions to theory are related to further understanding how lean processes and technology can be used together as catalysts to increase collaboration in construction projects. }, author_keywords={BIM, Last Planner System, Production Flow, MEPF coordination }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2016, author={Arroyo, Paz and Valladares, Oscar }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner System: Implementation, Evaluation and Comparison of Results in the Construction of a Social Housing Project in Chile}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1310}, affiliation={Assistant Professor. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile, +5622354-4244, parroyo@ing.puc.cl ; CEO, Constructora OVAL, ovalladares@constructoraoval.cl . }, abstract={This paper shows a detail implementation and lessons learned from the Last Planner System (LPS) in the context of a social housing program of the government of Chile. Specifically the "Condominio Juanita Aguirre" (CJA) project in the commune of Conchali in Santiago, Chile, which includes the construction of 80 apartments of 56 m², in buildings of 4 stories high on a contractual period of one year. We followed the trajectory from the general contractor perspective, Oval Company, which has extensive experience in the construction of social housing. This company has obtained highly variable projects results in the past, and thus the company decided to implement the Last Planner System (LPS) in the CJA project. This research measures the results of the implementation throughout the construction process. Additionally, we make a comparison against previous projects of similar characteristics built by the same company with traditional management systems. Finally, the research shows that CJA project achieved significant improvements compared to previous projects, in the areas of: construction schedule, construction costs, safety, and final quality of housing. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Planning. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Castillo2016, author={Castillo, Tito and Alarcón, Luis F. and Salvatierra, José L. }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner System, Social Networks and Performance of Construction Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1311}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Researcher Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Ecuador, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile Phone +56 2 23547041, tocastillo@uc.cl ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Research, Development and Innovation Manager, the Production Management Centre of the Catholic University of Chile - GEPUC. Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC, 3er piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7039, jsalvatierra@gepuc.cl }, abstract={Last Planner System (LPS) has made significant improvements in project performance worldwide. It is assumed that LPS implementation improves communication among members of the organization. However, the way that LPS management practices and organization’s social networks are related to project performance is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to analyse the relations between LPS implementation, social networks metrics and performance in construction projects. A correlation analysis was applied to implementation levels of LPS, social network metrics and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in construction projects. The implementation levels of LPS practices were measured during LPS meetings. Social network data was collected by an on-site survey. The participant companies agreed to a KPIs report, encompassing nine projects over three months. This paper presents significant correlations tying project performance to social network metrics and to LPS implementation levels, in nine projects from two Chilean construction firms. Implementation level of LPS appears related to network average degree and density but that does not always mean better projects performance. The relations found are a tool that could be used to implement improvements in management practices and organizations. Identification of social networks’ optimum metrics related to project performance still requires further research. }, author_keywords={Management practices, Last Planner System; Social networks; Key performance indicators; Project performance. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hicham2016, author={Hicham, Habchi and Taoufiq, Cherradi and Aziz, Soulhi }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner® System: Implementation in a Moroccan Construction Project}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1312}, affiliation={Université Mohammed V, Ecole Mohammedia Des Ingénieurs (EMI) (Morocco - Civil Engineering Laboratory), h.habchi00@gmail.com ; Université Mohammed V,Ecole Mohammedia Des Ingénieurs (EMI) (Morocco - Civil Engineering Laboratory), tcherradi@gmail.com ; Ecole National Supérieur Des Mines De Rabat (ENSMR) (Morocco), soulhi@enim.ac.ma }, abstract={As Morocco is a North African country witnessing constant initiation of major development projects, this paper attempts to integrate the Last Planner System® (LPS), for the first time, in a Moroccan construction project. Our case study tackles the structural work of a 21 building-residential project consisting of 396 housing units with four floors each. Works were launched in the site in June 2015. This paper aims to describe the implementation steps of LPS into a Moroccan site, and to analyze the latter’s evolution. Given that this system is still considered as unfamiliar in Morocco, we will try to answer the following questions while trying to apply LPS procedures on the Moroccan platform: What are Moroccan specificities that can contribute to smooth integration of LPS? What limitations may hurdle implementing LPS in Morocco? Are there any recommendations that shall help to adapt and improve incorporation of LPS within the Moroccan construction atmosphere? As far as data collection is concerned, we organized weekly site meetings with all the involved stakeholders of the project. During these meetings, activities of the following weeks were planned, and PPC of the previous one was calculated. Meanwhile, the root causes of variance were analyzed. As for the work flow, we drew a future six-week plan to check the probability of any potential constraints, in order to deal with them proactively. This work will considerably contribute to developing LPS implementation data base. It is indeed an unprecedented trial of its kind as this paper is about describing its first implementation in Morocco, a French-speaking country. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Production Unit Control, Transformation Management, Workflow Management. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Johnsen2016, author={Johnsen, Cathrine Andrea and Drevland, Frode }, editor={ }, title={Lean and Sustainability: Three Pillar Thinking in the Production Process}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1313}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, + 993 81 946, cathrineaj@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Transport Engingeering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no }, abstract={The concepts of Lean Construction and Sustainable Development share certain fundamental objectives, such as reducing waste and increasing value. The aim of this research is to investigate the extent to which the use of lean construction principles can assure increased sustainability in construction projects. This paper will explore the commonalities of these concepts and determine indicators that can be used to express the impact of lean on all three pillars of sustainability: economy, society and environment. This work is executed as an explorative sample study of what are considered two of the leading companies in using lean construction approaches in the Norwegian construction industry. Semi-structured in-depth interviews of six key contributors were conducted. The work is limited to the production phase of a project, and focuses on sustainability in the process rather than of the product. The main finding is that lean construction can have a positive impact on selected indicators for sustainability. This impact is primarily related to reduced stress, less sick leave, increased productivity, more efficient use of resources and improved quality. Lean construction observably has an evident impact on all three pillars of sustainability, and it should be focused on equating the social, economic and environmental aspects of future work. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Lean and Green, Sustainability, Sustainable Development, Production Process }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lidelöw2016, author={Lidelöw, Helena and Simu, Kajsa }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction as an Emergent Operations Strategy}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1314}, affiliation={Associate professor, Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, SWEDEN, +46 70 33 40 766, helena.lidelow@ltu.se ; Adjunct Lecturer, Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, SWEDEN, +46 70 589 98 96, kajsa.simu@ltu.se }, abstract={All companies have an operations strategy; a pattern of decisions made in operations with the purpose to support the business strategy. Lean Construction can be seen as an operations strategy. Under the assumption that an operations strategy is emergent, it should be traceable on the tactical level of a company. The aim of this research is to detect the emergent operations strategy at construction companies and contrast it with existing research on decision categories. An interview study with nine middle managers at different Swedish contractors was organised. All respondents are active on the tactical level of their respective companies. The in-depth interviews were transcribed and the transcriptions analysed to identify categories that are focused in daily operational decisions. According to operations management literature, it is in the daily decision making that the operations strategy is created and enacted. The differences between companies with and without a Lean implementation were analysed. Some of the managers claiming to work according to Lean principles displayed many similarities with managers which are not. Furthermore, managers (and their companies) without a clear statement on Lean implementation still embrace many of the basic Lean principles. The emerging categories were compared to existing publications of decision categories. The result shows that Lean principles can constitute part of a construction company’s operations strategy without them having an acclaimed Lean implementation. Treating the operations strategy as emergent from daily actions is a successful way of detecting it. }, author_keywords={Operations, process, production, production system design, strategy }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Franco2016, author={Franco, Jéssica V. and Picchi, Flávio A. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Design in Building Projects: Guiding Principles and Exploratory Collection of Good Practices}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1315}, affiliation={Ms.C, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil. j.valejofranco@gmail.com ; Associated Professor, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON); Department of Architecture and Building, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design; University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP), and Vice-President, Lean Institute Brasil; fpicchi@lean.org.br }, abstract={In Construction, the application of lean thinking in design development comes as an innovation in the sector by bringing focus on what is waste and what is value. In this context, the aim of this paper is to, first, identify which are the guiding principles for lean product development, by literature review in different industries; and, second, based on these structured principles, perform an exploratory collection of good practices in building design projects. In order to identify the guiding principles a literature review was conducted and, after that, case studies were carried out in three Brazilian Construction and Architecture companies, plus one international Architecture company. The guiding principles showed to be a good structured way of collecting lean design good practices; additionally, in the case studies it was detected if and how lean design principles are applied in the companies. As a contribution, this work established structured lean product development guiding principles and gathered an exploratory collection of building design good practices. For future work, the evolution of the guiding principles in a framework for application, the adaptation of some lean principles for building design and more studies to test the application of related practices in the sector are suggested. }, author_keywords={lean product development, lean design, design management }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fosse2016, author={Fosse, Roar and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Lean Design Management in Practice With the Last Planner System}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1316}, affiliation={Regional Manager, Lean Construction, Skanska, Oslo, Norway, +4793444588, roar.fosse@skanska.no ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 415 710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Although mostly applied to planning of construction work, projects have also benefitted from adopting the Last Planner System® (LPS) to the design phase. This paper investigates how LPS applies lean principles in design management by presenting a case study of a project changing from traditional planning of the design process to using LPS. Before the transition, the project struggled with several common challenges in design and was in danger of not submitting the design proposal on time. After implementing LPS, performance significantly improved, with the design proposal not just submitted on time, but also performing very well in terms of customer requirements regarding cost and quality. It was clearly stated from the design team that they benefitted significantly from LPS. Better team alignment, clearer task description, better sequencing and increased process transparency were some effects, as well as potential problems better identified and solved in time through a weekly plan “check, correct and lookahead”-routine in design meetings. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the practical understanding of how LPS can be applied to design and what outcomes can be achieved. Previous research has established LPS’ potential to counter common challenges in the design process, and the authors hope this paper further strengthens this notion by contributing with additional empirical findings. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Lean Design, pull planning, PPC. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khaddaj2016, author={Khaddaj, Maggie B and Kachouh, Hussein and Halaby, Bassel and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Management Principles and Stigmergy}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1317}, affiliation={Master’s Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020,Lebanon, mbk17@mail.aub.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, kachouh.h@gmail.com ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, bnh04@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, Phone +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Stigmergy is a mechanism comprising a sensing agent that responds to the settings of the environment by performing an action. Lean is defined as a philosophy that aims at eliminating waste in production processes without compromising value. The two concepts appear in the literature as independent with little attempts to study a possible relation between them. The purpose of the paper is to explore synergies between two seemingly distinct concepts. This is performed by investigating both Stigmergy and Lean separately, transforming each notion into its dynamic functional system, and comparing the functions of each against one another. Findings reveal that the natural mechanisms of Stigmergy can facilitate the operations of a Lean environment. Organizations can enhance performance by realizing and implementing some of the overlapping features between Stigmergy and Lean. }, author_keywords={Lean management principles, Stigmergy, agents, environment, dynamics, actuators, sensors }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Binninger2016, author={Binninger, Marco and Dlouhy, Janosch and Oprach, Svenja and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Methods for Production Leveling – Transfer From Lean Production to Lean Construction}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1318}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-44124, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42168, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; M.Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650, svenja.oprach@gmx.de ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={Leveling of work packages is a basic requirement for production planning, and an important part of Lean Management. It offers the advantage of a steady utilization of resources and leads to a constant rhythm by using a defined sequence of work packages. Currently leveling of activities in construction processes is mainly applied by defining Takt units and by matching the required workload to the available workforce. Reasons for this are the traditional division of work into trades, interfaces regarding warranties, project based organization, outsourcing, or the lack of optimization of individual activities. Experience shows that apart from this, leveling of construction processes by currently used methods cannot adequately respond to unexpected disruptions. As a consequence resources are overloaded and project execution is delayed. In comparison to this stationary production industries are better equipped to react to disruptions with suitable tools such as the use of additional labor and supermarket delivery systems or through rotating work shifts using a qualification matrix. This article brings together the results of a theoretical analysis, which investigated the transferability of selected tools for leveling of work processes from stationary production industries to the construction industry. It is determined that a number of tools can be transferred to the construction industry. It is shown how these tools must be adapted to be effectively implemented, and which changes to the basic framework are required in order to achieve this. In the future the results of this analysis must be validated by case studies. For this the required theoretical basis is developed in this paper. The article shows furthermore the potential for increased reliability and a higher efficiency of production systems in the construction industry through a higher degree of leveling activities. }, author_keywords={Takt, work packages, leveling of work }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ibarra2016, author={Ibarra, José Villamayor and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Lima, Cicero and Mourão, Alexandre and Saggin, Angela }, editor={ }, title={Model for Integrated Production and Quality Control: Implementation and Testing Using Commercial Software Applications}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1319}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, josevillamayor86@gmail.com ; Ph.D., Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; R&D Manager, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, cicero@crolim.com.br ; Technical Director, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Lean&Green Coordinator, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, angela@crolim.com.br }, abstract={The literature has pointed out that a major problem in quality management systems is the lack of integration with production control. In fact, very often a task is considered to be completed in short-term control, but no quality checking has been performed. The aim of this research work is to propose a model for production control that integrates task completion and quality control, with the support of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). It is built on a previous version of the model, which was strongly based on the Last Planner System®. Thus, the model was further developed and tested through the use of commercial software packages, which has also enabled the use of BIM for visualizing control data. Besides monitoring quality conformance and the completion of tasks, the model can also be used for measuring some types of waste, such as making-do and unfinished work. Two empirical studies were developed in construction sites located in Brazil. In this paper, some of the results obtained from the instantiation of the model are briefly presented, as well as some suggestions for future research on this topic. }, author_keywords={Production control, quality control, unfinished work, informal work, making-do. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Al Hattab2016, author={Al Hattab, Malak and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Modeling Design Workflow: Integrating Process and Organization}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1320}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., American Univ. of Beirut, Riad El Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, +961 70 931272, mja28@aub.edu.lb ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., American Univ. of Beirut, Riad El Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={The advancement and increasing complexity of design requirements result in the rapid proliferation of information that needs to be properly integrated and coordinated among multidisciplinary parties. Inefficient planning, the ill-defined and iterative design nature, and poor communication disrupt design workflow, consequently creating waste such as increased cycle times, cost, rework, and errors. Sub-optimal design workflow has captured researchers’ interests who have developed frameworks tackling design task structuring, measuring flow, or understanding the organizational network involved. However, a formerly unexplored perspective is one that integrates both the process, i.e., flow of design information, and the social network, i.e., interactions among design teams. This integration and communication between teams enables the design intent to properly flow and be transformed into value adding output. Accordingly, this study approaches workflow at the intersection of the social and process aspects of design to understand, measure, and analyze information flow within communication networks. Agent-based modeling and social network analysis are used to dynamically capture the impacts of lean practices and Building Information Modeling (BIM) on communication. This novel design management strategy focuses, simultaneously, on interaction dynamics and information diffusion to assist design teams in enhancing design flow, knowledge transformation, and value generation while reducing wastes. }, author_keywords={Work flow, communication, lean design management, Building Information Modeling (BIM), Agent-based modelling (ABM). }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dave2016, author={Dave, Bhargav and Seppänen, Olli and Modrich, Ralf-Uwe }, editor={ }, title={Modeling Information Flows Between Last Planner and Location Based Management System}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1321}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering; Rakentajanaukio 4 A, P.O.Box 12100, 00076 Aalto, Finland +358 50 368 0412, bhargav.dave@aalto.fi ; Professor of Practice, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering; Rakentajanaukio 4 A, P.O.Box 12100, 00076 Aalto, Finland +358 50 368 0412, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Director of Process Integration, Webcor Builders, San Francisco, CA, rmodrich@webcor.com }, abstract={Production planning and control are two of the most important aspects that contribute towards the successful completion of construction projects. The Last Planner® System (LPS) and Location Based Management System (LBMS) have emerged as two popular methods for production planning and control. Previous research has shown that by combining LPS and LBMS there is an opportunity to improve production tracking, forecasting and control and described the process of how the systems can be combined. However the research has stopped short of developing specific information flows between the two systems. In particular, the use of LBMS forecasts in LPS lookahead planning and the use of LPS constraints in LBMS forecasting lack specific guidelines. Information can be moved in several different ways and research is needed to make sure that the integration adds value. The goal of this research is to evaluate alternative ways to integrate the information in LBMS and LPS systems. Thought experiments and simple scenarios were used to evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of different approaches. The result is an initial proof of concept that can be implemented manually or automated in LBMS and LPS software applications. }, author_keywords={Production Control, Last Planner System, Location Based Scheduling, Production Planning. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bekdik2016, author={Bekdik, Baris and Hall, Daniel and Aslesen, Sigmund }, editor={ }, title={Off-Site Prefabrication: What Does It Require From the Trade Contractor?}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1322}, affiliation={PhD Student, Management Engineering Dept., Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet Bygning 424, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, +45 2270 3677, barbe@dtu.dk. ; PhD Candidate, Civil and Environmental Eng Dept., Global Projects Center, Stanford University, Y2E2 Bldg, 472 Via Ortega, Suite 242, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA, dhall12@stanford.edu. ; Development Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør, Department of Strategy & Improvement, PO Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway, sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no. }, abstract={The purpose of the paper is to show what is required to industrialize a building process from the standpoint of the trade contractor. Rationalization of building processes has, over the years, caught the attention of numerous IGLC papers. Although significant contributions have been made to further understand and improve existing construction processes, relatively few contributions have focused on the opportunities for industrialization from the trade contractor’s perspective. This paper uses an in-depth case study to address the deployment strategy for off-site fabrication techniques and processes used for modular plumbing fixture carriers deployed on two large-scale hospital projects in the United States. Findings include the organizational and technological arrangement for prefabrication. The paper applies value stream mapping to visualize the process and improve it. Because this work looks at only one case study, the conclusions are limited in generalizability to other prefabrication operations. However, it represents an important in-depth case from the trade contractors’ perspective and will contribute to the growing body of research focused on industrialization and prefabrication in lean construction. . }, author_keywords={Lean construction, modularity, prefabrication, standardization, value stream mapping (VSM) }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Korb2016, author={Korb, Samuel and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={One Size Does Not Fit All: Rethinking Approaches to Managing the Construction of Multi-Story Apartment Buildings}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1323}, affiliation={PhD Student, Virtual Construction Lab, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, +972-4-829-2245, shmuel.korb@technion.ac.il ; Assoc. Prof., Virtual Construction Lab, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, +972-4-829-2245, cvsacks@technion.ac.il }, abstract={For multi-story apartment buildings, the “product” that customers value has two distinct components: shared (exterior and shared internal spaces) and private (individual apartments). The basic elements are the same (flooring, plumbing, etc.), and they are installed by the same trades using the same work methods. Yet the shared and private components are fundamentally distinct; the former entails repetitive work packages with stable design and process information, whereas the latter has high variation between products, for which information arrives in an unpredictable fashion as customers make final decisions about interior finishes. Although this dichotomy has been identified in the literature and its deleterious effects studied, construction management has ignored it and attempted to manage both project types within the same production system and by using similar management tools. In this paper, we explicate the shared/private delineation drawing on analogies from manufacturing processes (such the Mass vs. High-Mix, Low-Volume distinction) and discuss appropriate management tactics to address the inherently dual nature of the integrated final product. }, author_keywords={Construction management theory; High-mix, low-volume (HMLV); Information stability; Product mix; Production system design. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Beck2016, author={Beck, Sebastian and Schmalz, Sarina and Heyl, Jakob von and Binder, Florian }, editor={ }, title={Optimizing the Value Stream – Application of Bim in Fm. Status Quo in Germany}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1324}, affiliation={MSc.Student, Civil Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Germany, sebastian.beck@outlook.de ; Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Scientific Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, +49 711 685-66160, sarina.schmalz@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de ; Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Scientific Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, +49 711 685-66143, jakob.vonheyl@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de ; Dr.-Ing., BIM Manager, Ed. Züblin AG, Stuttgart, Germany, +49 711 7883-5288, florian.binder@zueblin.de }, abstract={Facility Management includes all services that are necessary to support the core business of a company in a building. Therefore, a lot of information is required, for example building elements, operational costs, contract types, room allocation, logistics or maintenance. This data is essential to organize all processes, both effectively and efficiently. However, a lot of data gets lost throughout the building lifecycle, due to the temporary participation of many different parties, e. g. planners, contracting companies, service providers or owners, and various interfaces between them. Retrieving this information is both arduous and time consuming, if even possible. In order to reduce this unnecessary effort, to eliminate waste and to enable a continuous improvement of all facility management processes, new methods and tools should be considered. Building Information Modeling, as a promising method to provide data not only in the planning and construction phases but throughout the whole lifecycle, can help to overcome the challenges described above. This paper aims to identify the area of application of BIM and its possible benefits in Facility Management. The integration of BIM in computer aided facility management tools in Germany will be illustrated and examined. In a single-case study, selected IT-applications will be further analyzed and development needs regarding standards for the implementation of BIM will be outlined. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling, Facility Management, Collaboration, Benefits Realization, Flow }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Korb2016, author={Korb, Samuel and Haronian, Eran and Sacks, Rafael and Judez, Pedro and Shaked, Ory }, editor={ }, title={Overcoming “But We’re Different”: An IPD Implementation in the Middle East}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1325}, affiliation={PhD Student, Virtual Construction Lab, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, +972-4-829-2245, shmuel.korb@technion.ac.il ; MSc Student, Virtual Construction Lab, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, +972-4-829-2245, haronian.e@gmail.com ; Assoc. Prof., Virtual Construction Lab, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, +972-4-829-2245, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Ind. Eng. and Master of Adv. Studies, PhD Candidate, Dept. of Eng. Presentation, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTECH (UPC), Spain, +34-679-848-109, pedro.judez@upc.edu ; CEO, C2 Construction Consulting, Ltd., +972-544-235-422, ory@ccce.co.il }, abstract={What are the key success factors and barriers that can be expected when implementing Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) for the first time in a traditional construction culture? We present an in-depth case study of the “Saxum” project under construction in Abu Ghosh, Israel, the first implementation of IPD in this traditional construction culture. The goal is to glean insight into the dynamics that support and/or subvert the required paradigm shift. The researchers interviewed the key participants, visited the site and reviewed source material from this and other IPD projects. Despite cultural and historical factors that were expected to prevent or weaken implementation of a collaborative approach like IPD, the key participants built the project according to the IPD framework. The insistence of the overseas project owner's representative that IPD be employed, coupled with the openness of the local partners to work differently, were found to be critical success factors. The participants' mindset and their behavior changed fundamentally with respect to their traditional roles, as did the character of the project (which was measured on a multi-factor sliding scale from “traditional” to “pure IPD”). Prior to this successful implementation, the opinion of local practitioners on IPD could be summed up as: “Nice in theory, but not applicable in our adversarial construction business culture.” Yet this project has shown that given the right combination of agents, it is not only feasible but also rewarding to adopt. While there are multiple accounts of IPD implementations, we focus here on viewing the case study through the lens of change management with an analysis of the local cultural barriers that were overcome. }, author_keywords={, , , , and }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bhaidani2016, author={Bhaidani, Noorien and Rybkowski, Zofia and Smith, James P. and Choudhury, Iftekharuddin and Hill, Rodney }, editor={ }, title={Percent Planned Complete: Development and Testing of a Simulation to Increase Reliability in Scheduling}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1326}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, e-mail: noorienbhaidani@tamu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, tel: 979-845-4354, e-mail: zrybkowski@tamu.edu *corresponding author ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science and Management, College of Architecture, Art and Humanities, Clemson University, Clemson SC 29634-0507, tel- 864-656-7473, e-mail: jps7@clemson.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, tel: 979-845-7000, e-mail: ifte.chodhury@gmail.com ; Professor, Department of Architecture, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, e-mail: rhill@arch.tamu.edu }, abstract={This research responds to a perceived need to help construction management students and industry stakeholders develop a solid understanding of the impact of Percent Planned Complete (PPC) during their first exposure to the Last Planner System of Production Control™. Although the practice of implementing PPC is becoming more widespread, the benefits of its use are arguably not yet fully appreciated by industry practitioners. The QUESTION this research seeks to address is: How can the impact of PPC be clarified to those who are exposed to it for the first time? The PURPOSE of the research is to develop and test a new simulation to better understand how participants perceive the impact of using PPC as a tool to measure and subsequently improve reliability in planning. With respect to RESEARCH METHODS, a simulation was iteratively developed and a questionnaire was administered to participants both before and after playing the simulation to perceive any change in their understanding of the PPC method. The simulation was tested using students as subjects from two universities, as well as industry professionals, and questionnaire results were analyzed. RESULTS demonstrate that playing the simulation led to a 718% enhanced understanding of how applying PPC to schedule planning can lead to improved reliability of performance. LIMITATIONS include time constraints which necessitated a limitation in the number of test subjects, and the disregard of cultural differences in test subjects. Underlying the need for this work is the assumption that comprehending the impact of PPC helps facilitate application of it. IMPLICATIONS and VALUE of this work is that it has the potential to assist instructors and project managers to more effectively and efficiently transfer understanding of PPC and its capacity to measure (and therefore enhance) reliability, as part of the larger process of continuous improvement. }, author_keywords={Percent Planned Complete/PPC; Lean simulation; Last Planner System of Production Control; Teaching Lean Construction }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vatne2016, author={Vatne, Mats Erik and Drevland, Frode }, editor={ }, title={Practical Benefits of Using Takt Time Planning: A Case Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1327}, affiliation={Student M.Sc. Civil Engineering., NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 992 90 250, matserik@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no }, abstract={Takt time planning (TTP) aims to increase productivity by reducing waste. This is achieved by optimizing work packages and team sizes to fit the desired rate of production. Takt time planning has shown to reduce non-value adding time spent by work crews. This reduction makes workers produce more in less time, thus reducing the costs of construction. However, when performing TTP in practice, extensive plans have to be made in collaboration with subcontractors to make the process as smooth as possible. This, in combination with the time used to follow-up on the plans during the construction phase, takes time to perform and can be costly. Little documentation exists on the benefits of using TTP and exactly what kinds of efforts are worthwhile. The purpose of this research is to examine a practical application of TTP and evaluate the usefulness of the efforts made in the planning process. By doing this one can prioritize where to spend extra time or resources to optimize projects. This paper is a case study of a project from a major Norwegian contractor where TTP is being used. Methods used and experiences gained are compared to tried and tested methods to evaluate how TTP has affected the case project. The paper concludes that TTP has been beneficial to the case project in terms of completion time and worker comfort, but also identifies some obstacles that needs to be overcome before the true value of their method of TTP can be identified. }, author_keywords={Takt time planning, production planning, case study }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Blampied2016, author={Blampied, Nigel and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Product Versus Performance Specification for Wheelchair Ramp Construction}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1328}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Researcher, Project Production Systems Laboratory, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 (510) 479-7070, blampied@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@berkeley.edu }, abstract={Wheelchair ramps at street intersections are a simple product of construction. In California, the standards for these ramps are established by the State Architect and are common to all agencies that own public streets and build pedestrian facilities in the state. There are 541 such street-owning agencies. When 541 agencies produce a simple product to the same requirements, one might expect to find little difference in the cost of the product or the time taken to produce it. This proved not to be the case. A significant pattern of difference was found between the cost and time to produce ramps by the State Department of Transportation (DOT) as opposed to the cost and time to produce ramps by local cities. The differences appear to be rooted in historic practices which, in turn, are rooted in the procurement laws that govern to two types of agency. Those laws date back to 1875 and 1883 respectively, and they have led to the DOT adopting a more product-based form of specification while cities use specifications that emphasize performance. This difference in specifications drives the cost and schedule differences. The paper illustrates the use of benchmarking between agencies and the “path dependent” influence of historic practices. }, author_keywords={Theory, flow, set based design (SBD), product design, performance based design, transportation, wheelchair ramps }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Young2016, author={Young, Brendan K. and Hosseini, Ali and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Project Alliances and Lean Construction Principles}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1329}, affiliation={MSc Candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 944 31 715, brendan@stud.ntnu.no ; PhD Candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 913 09 166, ali.hosseini@ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 735 94 739, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={There is a trend in the construction industry of adopting more and more relational type contracting methods, for example, project alliancing. In addition to this trend, there is increasing adoption of the lean construction principles. This paper explores the inherent relationship between project alliancing and lean construction in an attempt to highlight the similarities between this project delivery method and the lean methodology. Based on the literature studied and the performed interviews, this study shows that alliancing does in fact inherently align with some key lean construction principles. Particularly in the area of customer focus, culture and people, waste elimination, and continuous improvement. An understanding of how and where alliancing aligns with lean can lead to a better insight into how the model can be improved. Such knowledge could be useful to practitioners looking at incorporating more efficiencies into the alliancing model by introducing lean concepts }, author_keywords={Alliancing, Lean Construction, Project Delivery Method, Contract, Value }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Peltokorpi2016, author={Peltokorpi, Antti and Seppänen, Olli and Noorizadeh, Abdollah }, editor={ }, title={Project Lifecycle Approach to the Perceived Value of Suppliers: A Study of a Finnish Contractor}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1330}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Eng., Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, FINLAND, +358 50 3716613, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi ; Professor of Practice, Dept. of Civil Eng., Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, FINLAND, +358 503680412, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; M.Sc. Doctoral candidate, Dept. of Civil Eng., Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, FINLAND, +358 468472797, abdollah.noorizadeh@aalto.fi }, abstract={Systematic supplier evaluation, benchmarking, and development are parts of successful construction. However, there is a possible bias in supplier evaluations as in the early phase of projects, higher uncertainty about project success makes contractors potentially more critical of suppliers. We investigate whether contractors tend to favor suppliers of late project phases over suppliers in early phases. The analysis of 1,374 supplier evaluations revealed that in all 13 variables ranging from safety and schedule to quality the performance of the supplier was perceived lower among suppliers in the early phase compared to the late phase of the project. The evaluators recommended 92.8 % of the suppliers of late phases whereas they recommended only 86.1 % of the suppliers of early phases. When 12 other variables were taken into account, the contractor still tended to recommend more often suppliers that were active in the late phase (p<0.01). The paper contributes to the research on supplier management in projects by revealing novel insights about the effect of project phase on perceived value of suppliers. Contractors can utilize the findings by improving the objectivity of supplier evaluation systems. More research is needed to generalize the findings and to investigate the mechanisms behind the phenomenon. }, author_keywords={Supply Chain Management, Supplier Evaluation, Perceived Value, Project Phase }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fernandes2016, author={Fernandes, Nádia Braga de Lima Saraiva and Valente, Caroline Porto and Saggin, Angela de Bortoli and Brito, Felipe Loiola and Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. do Amaral and Elias, Sérgio José Barbosa }, editor={ }, title={Proposal for the Structure of a Standardization Manual for Lean Tools and Processes in a Construction Site}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1331}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, nadiabragasaraiva@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Master Student, Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, carolinevalente@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, angela@crolim.com.br ; Technical Manager, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, felipe@crolim.com.br ; Technical Director, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Professor, UFC – Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, serglias@secrel.com.br }, abstract={ }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Antunes2016, author={Antunes, Ricardo and González, Vicente and Walsh, Kenneth }, editor={ }, title={Quicker Reaction, Lower Variability: The Effect of Transient Time in Flow Variability of Project-Driven Production}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1332}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Auckland, New Zealand, rsan640@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; Dean, SDSU-Georgia, San Diego State University, Tbilisi, Georgia, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={Based on the knowledge of dynamic systems, the shorter the transient response, or the faster a system reaches the steady-state after the introduction of the change, the smaller will be the output variability. In lean manufacturing, the principle of reducing set-up times has the same purpose: reduce the transient time and improve production flow. Analogously, the analysis of the transient response of project-driven systems may provide crucial information about how fast these systems react to a change and how that change affects their production output. Although some studies have investigated flow variability in projects, few have looked at variability from the perspective that the transient state represents the changeovers on project-driven production systems and how the transient state affects the process’ flow variability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of changes in project-driven production systems from a conceptual point of view, furthermore, measuring and correlating the transient response of five cases to their flow variability. Results showed a proportional relationship between the percentile transient time and flow variability of a process. That means that the quicker the production system reacts to change; the less the distress in the production output, consequently, lower levels of flow variability. As practical implications, lean practices focusing on reducing set-up times (transient time) can have their effects measured on project-driven production flow. }, author_keywords={Flow, variability, production, Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED), productivity function }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Korb2016, author={Korb, Samuel }, editor={ }, title={“Respect for People” and Lean Construction: Has the Boat Been Missed?}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1333}, affiliation={Respect for people, Toyota Production System (TPS), Lean Construction shortcomings, construction peculiarities, IGLC, literature review }, abstract={The Toyota Production System (TPS) is the powerful engine that has rocketed the Toyota Motor Company from a backwater operation in a war-torn country to the largest automobile manufacturer in the world. Lean thinking (as TPS has come to be known outside of Toyota) has been successfully applied to industries from across the spectrum of products and services, from technology start-ups to healthcare providers. The construction industry has also been lured in by the siren song of the benefits of a successful Lean implementation: more satisfied customers, greater profitability, and improved metrics across the board. But as the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC) celebrates its 24th annual conference and declares the field to be "on the brink of revolution," the question arises: has the promise of Lean Construction been fully realized? Toyota has long stressed that TPS stands on two pillars: Continuous Improvement, and Respect for People. The former brings with it the hoped-for results, but it is the latter that makes the former possible. Their motto is: "We make people before we make cars." Companies that have successfully implemented Lean consistently state that their achievements would not have been possible without sustained employee engagement and support at all levels of the organization. Have Lean Construction enthusiasts grasped the importance of the Respect for People principle? Have they recognized the crucial nature of employee engagement? Based on the literature, the answer is no. In this paper, I examine the dearth of focus on this topic in the field, examine case studies from other industries, and discuss what "Respect for People" could look like in light of the peculiarities of how Lean construction is currently practiced. }, author_keywords={Respect for people, Toyota Production System (TPS), Lean Construction shortcomings, construction peculiarities, IGLC, literature review }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2016, author={Arroyo, Paz and Gonzalez, Vicente }, editor={ }, title={Rethinking Waste Definition to Account for Environmental and Social Impacts}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1334}, affiliation={Assistant Professor. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. Phone +56 22354-4244, parroyo@ing.puc.cl. ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz. }, abstract={Onho´s types of waste have been used in lean construction as guidelines. However, we argue that the lean construction community should question and rethink the definition of waste, and update the types of wastes in order to account not only for the production/economic impacts from design and construction, but also their environmental and social impacts. This paper provides insights about this issue and a literature review pertaining types of environmental and social waste derived from the construction industry. We think that the transformation and value flow also needs to account not only for the products derived from the design and manufacturing process, but also needs to account for the inputs, such as energy and water as well as the by-products, such as air emissions, contamination of water, and soil. Finally, we think that more research is needed in this area, in order to extend the positive impacts of applying combined lean and sustainable principles in construction. }, author_keywords={te, sustainability, lean. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Trevisan2016, author={Trevisan, Guilherme and Viana, Daniela and Formoso, Carlos }, editor={ }, title={Role of Loading Plans in the Control of Work in Progress for Engineer-to-Order Prefabricated Building Systems}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1335}, affiliation={Master student at NORIE/UFRGS - Built Environment Innovation Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99. Porto Alegre, 3o andar, RS, Brazil. +55 51 33083518 arq.guillerminapenaloza@gmail.com ; PhD., Post-doc Researcher at NORIE/UFRGS danidietz@gmail.com ; Associate Professor at NORIE /UFRGS formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The benefits of pull production systems are well reported in the literature. Some authors argue that those benefits can be achieved through the control of work-in-progress (WIP) levels. However, when the construction project uses Engineered-To-Order (ETO) building systems, each production phase (namely design, fabrication, and site installation) may require a different batch size. The task of reducing batch size become more complex, since the production system needs a systemic view of the project flow. The paper discusses the concept of a pull system, based on the idea of controlling WIP, in a less repetitive environment. Design Science research was the methodological approach adopted in this investigation, in which an empirical study was carried out in partnership with a Steel Fabricator. Several sources of evidence have been used, such as participant observation, semi-structured interviews, document analysis, direct observation, and analysis of existing databases. The study revealed that the definition of the minimum batch in this context must consider both how the assembly process is carried out on site, and also how components are transported. The implementation of a method to control WIP in the plant contributed for reducing lead-times and inventory levels, and made project delivery more reliable }, author_keywords={Engineer-to-order, work-in progress control, prefabricated building systems }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kagioglou2016, author={Kagioglou, Michail and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Benefits Realisation: An Investigation of Structure and Agency}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1336}, affiliation={Professor of Process Management, Art, Design and Architecture, School., Dean, Univ. of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484472289, m.kagioglou@hud.ac.uk ; Professor of Integrated Design, Architecture and 3D Design, Depart., Head of Department and Director of the Innovative Design Lab, Univ. of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484472281, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={The last 3 decades have seen significant developments in all aspects of process management and New Product Development (NPD) in the Built Environment. Many of the characteristics of NPD models have been challenged and new key principles are emerging as necessary for success. The issue of delivering benefits rather than just tasks and processes has become more prominent also. Previous work related to NPD and Benefits Realisation has focused on the representational and process aspects of their implementation. This paper extends these notions and in particular introduces and explains ‘structure’ and ‘agency’ as they are understood in social sciences. In particular the notion of ‘structure’ will be presented as part of the overarching imperative for action and the actors involved in both undertaking and enacting processes. Finally, the paper concludes in describing how research should be undertaken within the particular context of benefits realisation. The Unique Adequacy (UA) requirement of methods is critical in researching benefits realisation. As such, researchers need to be competent (in theory and practice) of and in the context, which they investigate. Implications for future research are also identified. }, author_keywords={Benefits realisation, structuration theory, value, process, new product development }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2016, author={Alves, Thais da C. L. and Needy, Kim L. and Walsh, Kenneth D. and Chan, Deborah }, editor={ }, title={Understanding Inspection Challenges in the EPC Industry: A Simulation Approach}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1337}, affiliation={ Associate Professor, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Dean, Graduate School and International Education, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, kneedy@uark.edu ; Dean, San Diego State University, Tblisi, Georgia, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Undergraduate Student, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil, dkchan_4@hotmail.com }, abstract={How can the inspection task and its challenges be mimicked in a simulation? The purpose of the research was to use a simulation to highlight challenges and trade-offs faced by inspectors in the Engineering Procure Construct (EPC) industry. A literature review was conducted and results were shared and discussed with a group of subject matter experts (SMEs) who are part of Construction Industry Institute Research Team 308. A simulation was identified and modified to address important concepts related to the inspection process in the EPC industry. The simulation is more generic in nature to allow a broad-based audience to use it. Versions of the simulation were tested with students in a classroom setting and SMEs, their feedback was collected, and a final version of the simulation defined. Participants found the discussion about variables considered to be useful and the simulation to be a good representation of what happens in practice. Lean researchers often view inspection as a contributory or wasteful activity. However, inspection should be designed and managed like any other activity. }, author_keywords={Inspection, Simulation, Nonconformances }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heinonen2016, author={Heinonen, Aleksi and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Takt Time Planning: Lessons for Construction Industry from a Cruise Ship Cabin Refurbishment Case Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1338}, affiliation={Business Development Manager, I.S Mäkinen Oy, Tammitie 14, 21410 Vanhalinna, Finland. aleksi.heinonen@ismakinen.com ; Professor of Practice, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, Rakentajanaukio 4 A, P.O Box 12100, 00076 Aalto, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi }, abstract={Takt time planning has recently received a lot of attention in lean construction community. However, very few empirical results have been reported. This paper presents a takt time planning case study from a closely related industry, cruise ship cabin refurbishment. The results of lean implementation in the case company have been very good, including productivity increase to 380% of baseline, WIP decrease of 99%, quality defect decrease of 99% and project lead time reduction of 73%. The paper reviews the process used and compares and contrasts the takt time method implemented by case company and the process proposed for construction in previous lean construction conferences. The implemented takt time method was found to be similar to the method proposed in previous lean construction conferences but it includes several additional process steps such as explicitly considering material logistics and garbage collection and real-time data collection. The main differences between project types are in logistics setup and business drivers impacting desire to cut lead time over improving resource efficiency. Interestingly, cycle time reduction achieved both goals in the case company. The contribution of this paper is to show the benefits of takt time planning and to propose additional components to takt time planning process. }, author_keywords={Takt time planning, logistics, flow, work in progress }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frandson2016, author={Frandson, Adam G. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Takt Time Planning of Interiors on a Pre-Cast Hospital Project}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, pages={143-152}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1339}, affiliation={Adam Frandson, PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, Afrandson@berkeley.edu ; 2Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director, Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu }, abstract={This research presents a case study of Takt time planning developed for interior construction in a healthcare facility in Sacramento, California. This research uses design science to test the method of Takt time planning and answer the research question: how does a team develop a Takt time plan and what challenges exist during plan execution? Data was collected from a project, where one of the researchers worked the entire time during the planning and execution of the work. Evidence for the claims come directly from the scheduling data. The purpose of this research is to improve upon current practices of planning and project delivery during the interior phase of hospital construction. Findings from the research reveal how the Takt time planning process can help improve construction schedules with (1) smaller batches of work and/or (2) an improved understanding of the work contents. However, executing to a Takt time plan requires rapid feedback and problem solving in order to maintain the plan, depending on the pace of the job. As such, all aspects of the production system need to be aligned in order for a Takt time plan to be executed successfully. A limitation to the research is that it comes from a single case study. The implications from the research are that there may be types of projects or phases of projects where buffering with capacity alone may not make sense during interior construction, and early schedule data collected within the Last Planner system may provide that indication. The research contributes new research questions regarding the relationship between non-field and field production. The research also contributes insight into how to apply Takt time planning on a project. }, author_keywords={Takt time planning, Production Planning and Control }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kron2016, author={Kron, Christian and von der Haar, Rosa }, editor={ }, title={Target Costing for the Development of Office Buildings}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1340}, affiliation={Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Research Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, +49 (0)711 685 66159, christian.kron@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de ; M.Sc., Student, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany }, abstract={In the project development of office buildings, the project budget is set at a very early stage based on both the obtainable market rent as well as the profitability evaluation. The current approach in project development is wasteful and not value-oriented, as the calculation and allocation of the target costs does not follow a standardized process. The estimation of costs for realisation and follow-up costs is corporate-oriented and not carried out detailed enough in the early stages of the project development process. Although the approach of target costing has prevailed in product development for a long time, so far no implementation in the German construction and real estate sector can be observed. Target costing is necessary to integrate proper cost-planning, cost-management, and cost-controlling in the project development process to create valuable and user-oriented properties. The objective of this conference paper is to analyse the adoption and potentials for increasing values with target costing pertaining to an optimised cost-benefit-ratio for project development of office buildings. The lessons learned are transferred to an optimised method approach. The focus of this approach for practical application is on the determination and allocation of the component-level target costs in terms of specific requirements of users or project developers. In particular, due to the strict market orientation and focus on customer requirements, target costing provides support for project developers in developing properties of increasing value. }, author_keywords={Process, product development, target value design, target costing, cost planning }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neto2016, author={Neto, Hugo M. Morêda and Costa, Dayana B. and Thomas, Linda }, editor={ }, title={Target Value Design Approach for Real Estate Development}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1341}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, MSc in Construction Management, School of Engineering, Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering Department, Stevens Institute of Technology, NJ 07030, USA, hmoredan@stevens.edu ; Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Master of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, BA, Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br ; Professor and Program Director, Construction Management Program, School of Engineering, Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering Department, Stevens Institute of Technology NJ 07030, USA, lthomas2@stevens.edu }, abstract={In the delivery of major construction projects, the programming phase is often poorly managed. Additionally, there is often a lack of dialog among the stakeholders during the initial design phase, resulting in projects that are over budget, difficult to construct, and finishing later than desired. Rework, waste, and change orders also often occur. Target Value Design (TVD) is a management approach that utilizes features of Target Costing and adapts them to the construction industry. TVD’s focus is to make the client’s value a primary driver of design by improving the project definition during programming thus optimizing the design phase. Despite recent research praising TVD, there still remains a lack of information related to TVD applied to real estate development and construction. This paper reports on a study aiming to identify weaknesses in processes currently used to define construction projects in light of TVD theory for real estate and construction companies. The authors describe findings from exploratory case studies, various interviews and documents analyzed based on a theoretical framework obtained from a literature review of TVD theory. Consequently, recommendations supporting the application of the fundamental concepts of TVD to real estate projects are presented and discussed, furthering the current debate concerning the adaptation of TVD to the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design, Value, Collaboration, Project Definition, Real Estate Development }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2016, author={Alves, Thaís da C. L. and Azambuja, Marcelo M. and Arnous, Bander }, editor={ }, title={Teaching Lean Construction: A Survey of Lean Skills and Qualifications Expected by Contractors and Specialty Contractors in 2016}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1342}, affiliation={Associate Professor, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Construction, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois, azambuj@gmail.com ; Former graduate student, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, alarnous@hotmail.com }, abstract={Early studies conducted by researchers and Lean practitioners have reported strategies, methods, and content used to teach Lean Construction. However, none of the publications address the demands from the construction industry. What skills and qualifications are necessary to qualify for a job at companies that implement or are in the process of adopting Lean practices? What topics should be emphasized in the classroom? This study intends to answer these questions. Our main goal is to identify the set of Lean skills and qualifications that are considered important by construction companies. The researchers conducted a survey of job descriptions on the websites of general contractors and subcontractors listed as members of the Lean Construction Institute (LCI). Recent graduates from construction programs usually pursue jobs as project engineers, assistant project managers, project managers, schedulers, and superintendents. For this reason, only descriptions associated with these roles were collected and analyzed. The findings of this research identify major lean competencies required by the construction industry and provide guidelines for development or improvement of lean construction courses offered at universities. }, author_keywords={Teaching, Lean Construction, Lean skills and qualifications, survey, curriculum }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maris2016, author={Maris, Kelsey and Parrish, Kristen }, editor={ }, title={The Confluence of Lean and Green Construction Practices in the Commercial Buildings Market}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1343}, affiliation={Project Engineer, Holder Construction. Formerly: Student, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, kmaris@holder.com ; Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA, +1 480 727 6363, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu }, abstract={Lean and Green construction methodologies are prevalent in today’s construction industry. Green construction implementation in buildings progressed quickly over the last 10 years due to the popularity and development of building rating systems, such as LEED. Similarly, lean construction has become more popular as it often results in efficient construction and improved owner satisfaction. The goal of this study was to assess whether or not practitioners reported the same thoughts on the interaction, or lack thereof, of lean and green construction as reported in academic literature. The authors identified common elements of each methodology through semi-structured interviews with five construction industry professionals with extensive experience with lean and green construction. Interviewees report lean and green construction are different “flavours” of the industry; however, interviewees also state if implemented together, these processes often result in a high-performance building. The authors note that the number of interviewees is small by design – this small sample size allowed the authors to test this research method for validating academic findings reported in literature. This work also brings the practitioner perspective to the conversation about the confluence of lean and green. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, green construction, waste reduction, efficiency }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamzeh2016, author={Hamzeh, Farook and Kallassy, Jessica and Lahoud, Marvin and Azar, Ralph }, editor={ }, title={The First Extensive Implementation of Lean and LPS in Lebanon: Results and Reflections}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1344}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, + 961 1 350000 Ext. 3616, fax: + 961 1 744462, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, jfk06@mail.aub.edu ; Operation Engineer, MAN Enterprise, Beirut, Lebanon, marvin.lahoud@manenterprise.com ; Operation Coordinator, MAN Enterprise, Beirut, Lebanon, ralph.azar@manenterprise.com }, abstract={Lean construction as a philosophy and set of tools has been successfully implemented in construction to reduce waste and improve customer value. The Last Planner System (LPS) has enriched the construction industry with a production and planning system that aims at improving the reliability of construction planning and workflow. However, several developing countries have not started implementing lean construction or LPS. This paper presents a reflection on the first implementation of lean principles in general and the LPS in particular on a large scale project in Lebanon. The study employs case-study analysis to investigate the implementation process by the General Contractor’s team as well as the various subcontractors. Results highlight the team’s satisfaction despite the several challenges faced. Improvements to the reliability of planning and project’s progress are clearly presented through a longitudinal cross section of the main key performance indicators measured on the project. The paper also highlights the major barriers faced during implementation. This study serves as a reflection process for the general contracting company implementing lean and LPS while forming a basis for future implementations in Lebanon and the Middle East. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, implementation, Last Planner System, production planning and control. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2016, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. }, editor={ }, title={The FRAM as a Tool for Modelling Variability Propagation in Lean Construction}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1345}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Although the control of variability is a key concern for lean construction, there is a lack of tools for modelling how variability propagates throughout functions. This paper discusses how the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) can be useful for this purpose. So far, the FRAM has been used mostly by the resilience engineering community, which is concerned with safety management in complex systems. In order to support this discussion, an example of applying the FRAM to safety inspections carried out by government officers in construction sites is presented. This example draws on sources of data (e.g. participant observation) used by the author in a recent study of systems thinking applied to inspections. The case of safety inspections suggests that the FRAM can encourage managers to appreciate the variability of functions and agents apparently unrelated to the function in which the detrimental effects of variability are visible. Also, results point out that the FRAM might be useful for anticipating the impact of small intentional and non-intentional changes on the functions involved in a construction project. }, author_keywords={FRAM, variability, safety inspections, systems thinking }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2016, author={Schöttle, Annett and Arroyo, Paz }, editor={ }, title={The Impact of the Decision-Making Method in the Tendering Procedure to Select the Project Team}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1346}, affiliation={PhD Candidate. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), annett.schoettle@kit.edu, Advisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Fritz Gehbauer, M.S. ; Assistant Professor. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. Phone +56 22354-4244, parroyo@ing.puc.cl. }, abstract={Social interaction between the owner and the team starts with the tendering procedure. Many public owners use only cost to select the project team. Cost is easy to define and measure, but does not necessarily result in the best team. Some public owners use multiple factors (e.g. quality, expertise, technical capabilities) to find the best team based on a Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) method like Weighting Rating Calculating (WRC) or Best Value Selection (BVS). However, both methods have many shortcomings when helping owners in differentiating among proposals, such as mixing value and cost. We argue that there is a better way of evaluating proposals. We state that public owner should use Choosing By Advantage (CBA) to select the project team. The method is not used in the tendering procedures yet, but could be beneficial in helping owners discern relative value between proposals. CBA is a system, which uses well-defined vocabulary to ensure clarity in the decision-making process. Previous studies already illustrate that CBA provides benefits in order to differentiate between alternatives, because decisions are documented in a greater detail, with a higher level of transparency, and value and cost is separated. This paper builds on a previous research and presents sensitivity analysis on the data of a public project in San Francisco. }, author_keywords={Best Value Selection, Choosing By Advantage, Weighting Rating Calculating, selection, tendering procedure, project team }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haddadi2016, author={Haddadi, Amin and Torp, Olav and Lohne, Jardar and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={The Link Between Stakeholder Power and Value Creation in Construction Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1347}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 977 98 227, Amin.haddadi@ntnu.no ; PhD Candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 977 98 227, Amin.haddadi@ntnu.no ; Research Scientist, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, Jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, Ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={This paper presents a study on what effect stakeholder power has on value creation in construction projects. Fourteen main sources of power in organizations, described by Morgan, form the analytic framework. The ambition is to identify 1) how the distribution of power between the main stakeholders is, 2) which sources of power are most common in a construction project organization, 3) which effect the sources of power have on value creation in projects. The data is collected through semi-structured interviews. Experienced representatives from four main stakeholders in early phase of construction projects (owner, architect, design manager and project manager) were interviewed. The collected data through the interviews was coded, analyzed and linked to the literature study. The results reveals that 10 of 14 sources of power are identified as common sources of power in construction project organizations. Out of the ten, control of knowledge & information and formal authority are rated as the most influential sources of power. Apparently, all main stakeholders can possess these two sources. Rhetorical skills – which is not among the fourteen main sources described by Morgan – turn out to be an underrated and complex source of power. The LCI triangle model suggests that all project delivery systems have three basic domains whining which they operate i) organization, ii) the project´s “Operating system” and iii) the commercial terms binding the participants. These are equally important and should be aligned for the system to be coherent. Power is one of the main elements in organizational affairs that effect transparency and decision processes. There is a knowledge gap in how the power can affect the processes in project organization and which effects it can have on the projects´ overall value creation. }, author_keywords={Power, Organization, Value creation, Early phase, Rhetoric }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Weinheimer2016, author={Weinheimer, Nina }, editor={ }, title={The Process of Green Building Certification: An Examination Regarding Lean Principles}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1348}, affiliation={Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Research Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, +49 (0)711 685 66161, nina.weinheimer@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de }, abstract={The United Nations Climate Change Conference in November 2015 resulted in the Paris Agreement where 196 countries agreed to the common goal of reducing the global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases during the second half of the 21st century to zero. The building sector has a large impact on the worldwide production of greenhouse gases as buildings are major consumers of energy from construction through to operations and finally, demolition. Consequently, this considerable potential for savings in emissions will have to be realized. Against this background, sustainable building will receive more attention. Green Buildings, with the emphasis on resource efficiency, comfort and high quality are very challenging for the project participants. In addition, these high demands are even increased due to the requirements of a certification system. This document is intended to provide insights into how to best meet the above. First, by using the example of the German Sustainable Building standard, the process of Green Building certification and its realization in practice are described. Second, after giving a theoretical overview of the principles of sustainability and Lean Thinking through literature review, a practice-oriented examination of the certification process is carried out. And third, sources of waste during the certification process are revealed and an approach for improvement regarding Lean Principles is proposed. }, author_keywords={Lean Thinking, process management, sustainability, Green Building certification. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Poshdar2016, author={Poshdar, M. and González, V. A. and O’Sullivan, M. and Shahbazpour, M. and Walker, C. G. and Golzarpoor, H. }, editor={ }, title={The Role of Conceptual Modeling in Lean Construction Simulation}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1349}, affiliation={PhD, Research fellow, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand (corresponding author). E-mail address: mpos814@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. E-mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, 70 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand. E-mail: michael.osullivan@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. E-mail: m.shahbazpour@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD, Associated Professor, Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, 70 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand. E-mail: cameron.walker@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. E-mail address: hgol431@aucklanduni.ac.nz }, abstract={Simulation can validate lean construction concepts prior to their field implementation. It enables efficient analysis of the impacts of lean construction theory on a project by supporting a variety of procedures including model sensitivity and scenario analyses. However, to date, the organization of the elements in lean construction simulation models has mainly followed the traditional perception of construction workarounds. They often assume the project will adhere to the work breakdown structure created by the planners before the execution phase. In order to implement the pull-driven approach, as one of the lean construction principles, managerial interventions during the project execution are inevitable and may include a change in the planned sequence of the work process. Hence, an efficient lean construction model has to explicitly capture the management feedback and decision linkages within the project. A review of the applied modeling approaches in lean construction simulation research indicates a weakness in this area. The methods do not apply a systematic framework that supports identifying the crucial elements of the project and includes the level of detail required in the model. This study investigates likely solutions to overcome the indicated shortage. It traces the roots of the deficiency back to the conceptual phase and investigates the implications of conceptual modeling in lean construction simulation research. It is demonstrated that undertaking a conceptual modeling stage can provide a good level of transparency about the elements that are necessary for abstracting the project reality. Therefore, this study suggests conceptual modeling as an effective solution to enhance the success of a lean construction simulation study. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dlouhy2016, author={Dlouhy, Janosch and Binninger, Marco and Oprach, Svenja and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Three-Level Method of Takt Planning and Takt Control – a New Approach for Designing Production Systems in Construction}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1350}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42168, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-44124, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; M.Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650, svenja.oprach@gmx.de ; M.Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650, svenja.oprach@gmx.de }, abstract={Due to the individualized design and construction of buildings, recurring processes are often not recognized. Because of this, potential improvements are not applied to future projects. With the use of Takt Planning and Takt Control, an effective method exists for identifying recurring processes and thereby adding stability to the construction process. Until now the focus has been on the optimization of the trade sequences during project execution whereby mostly one particular construction phase is considered. This paper describes a newly developed method for designing a Takt Planning and Takt Control system. This method is based on a model with a three level hierarchy to be used for defining Takt and the related workspace. The effectiveness of the method developed was analysed in a case study in a large-scale project. With application of this method, the building phases could be interlinked and the construction time could be reduced from the original eleven months down to five months. Additionally it could be shown that the division into three levels provides managers with the necessary transparency, helps them to make better decisions and to simplify controlling of a construction project. Furthermore, the method enables an improvement in the interlinking of construction phases with the operating phase of a building. The implementation of standardization across different levels allows a continuous improvement of processes from a multi-project perspective. With the help of the method used, the project won the “German Project Management Award 2015”. Building on the results presented in this paper, the method and its effectiveness need to be validated in further construction projects. }, author_keywords={Production system design, Takt planning and takt control, systematic approach, generic structure. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2016, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Bonnier, Knut E. and Ose, Arne O. }, editor={ }, title={Towards a Model for Planning and Controlling ETO Design Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1351}, affiliation={Professor, Dr.Ing, School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +4797082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Research Assistant, M.Sc. School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, e-mail: knut.e.bonnier@uia.no ; Research Assistant, M.Sc. School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, e-mail: arne.ose@uia.no }, abstract={In the modern engineering environment design projects have become increasingly complex; this calls for an updated perspective on how to plan and coordinate design projects. This paper describes the identified premise that will lay the foundation of the development of a model for planning and controlling such projects. The premise includes principles, requirements, and methods derived from theories around subjects, such as, production theory, lean and agile. The distinctiveness of the design process has been central when setting the premise for the model. }, author_keywords={Design, coordination, control, complexity, ETO, maturity levels, Agile, LPS }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2016, author={Koskela, Lauri and Pikas, Ergo and Gomes, Danilo and Biotto, Clarissa and Talebi, Saeed and Rahim, Noraina and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Towards Shared Understanding on Common Ground, Boundary Objects and Other Related Concepts}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1352}, affiliation={Professor, Email: L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; Doctoral Student, Civil Engineering Dept., Aalto University, Tallinn University of Technology, Finland, Estonia, Email: Ergo.Pikas@aalto.fi ; PhD Candidate, Email: Danilo.Gomes@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; PhD Candidate, Email: Clarissa.Biotto@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; PhD Candidate, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; PhD Candidate, Email: Noraina.MdRahim@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; Professor, Email: P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. }, abstract={Since Aristotle, it has repeatedly been stressed that for engaging in meaningful discussion or debate, the discussion parties must share, besides a language, also knowledge, information, values and goals. What do we know today about this issue? How can that knowledge be used and advanced? The purpose of this paper is to consolidate our understanding on the many concepts that refer to preconditions for communication and collaboration in construction projects. The underlying research is conceptual by nature, and it is underpinned by a literature review. The findings show that currently there is a wide variety of terms and theoretical approaches that refer to the discussed phenomena. This situation invites for a conceptual synthesis and empirical research for its validation. }, author_keywords={Shared understanding, boundary objects, common ground, mediating artefacts, standardized methods, situational awareness. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bhatt2016, author={Bhatt, Yamini and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Kalantar, Negar and Fernández-Solís, José L. }, editor={ }, title={Trainathon Lean Simulation Game: Determining Perceptions of the Value of Training Among Construction Stakeholders}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1353}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843 USA, +1 669-226-1530, yam_karthik@tamu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843, +1 979-845-4354, zrybkowski@gmail.com (corresponding author) ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, +1 979-845-7075, kalantar@tamu.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843, +1 979-458-1058, jsolis@tamu.edu }, abstract={This research was prompted in part in response to a recent study by the Associated General Contractors (AGC) that there is a shortage of trained, skilled labor in the construction industry and this shortage is increasing. The QUESTION this paper seeks to address is: Why aren’t construction stakeholders perceiving the value of training and development of employees? The PURPOSE of the research is to develop and test a simulation that will help identify the way building stakeholders view the impact of employee training on their long and short-term profit margins. The RESEARCH METHOD used was two phased: (a) a preliminary phase involving the iterative development and testing of a 50-minute table-top simulation using readily available materials; (b) a mature phase where results from a “perfected” version of the game were subjected to statistical analysis from a larger participant pool. The trials each team went through financially at each round were recorded and results recorded via cash flow diagrams. FINDINGS suggest that players tend to underestimate the importance of upfront training and its impact on long-term cash flows. LIMITATIONS of this research include a restricted sample size that was tested during this phase. IMPLICATIONS and VALUE for this work are potentially larger than that of pure research—i.e. as an opportunity to serve as a change agent as well since a number of respondents suggested that the simulation made them think about the long-term value of training, illustrating the first principle of The Toyota Way. This dual-role for simulations fits easily within the culture of lean construction which historically has used simulations both to understand impacts of certain types of stakeholder behavior as well as transfer comprehension of specific lean principles. }, author_keywords={Lean simulation, training, long-term value, skilled-labor shortage }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Senior2016, author={Senior, Bolivar and Nafe, Bennett }, editor={ }, title={Transformation-Flow-Value Views of a Colorado School District’S Prototyping Strategies}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1354}, affiliation={PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Telephone (970) 491-7337. E-Mail: bolivar.senior@colostate.edu. ; MS, Colorado State University. Project Manager, Foothills Commercial Builders, Centennial, Colorado, USA. Telephone (720) 281-3138. E-Mail: BNafe@FootHillsBuilders.com. }, abstract={Key issues and strategies used by a school district in Colorado for the procurement and implementation of prototype designs for its buildings were examined in the exploratory study presented here. School construction prototyping involves the design and building of a project with the deliberate purpose of repeating it multiple times while allowing its constant improvement. The practice has been reported as having failed when attempted in several states, but it is currently a successful, standard practice of the researched school district. Issues were separated into those significant to the school district and those significant to the prototype designer. To clarify their taxonomy, issues were grouped into categories consequent to Koskela’s process paradigm of Transformation, Flow and Value. }, author_keywords={Standardization, customization, school prototypes, TFV paradigm. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2016, author={Filho, Antonio N. de Miranda and Heineck, Luiz F. M. and Costa, Jorge Moreira da }, editor={ }, title={Using Lean to Counteract Complexity}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1355}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Ph.D., CEO, Construtora Santo Amaro Ltda., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Senior Professor, Business Administration Department, Ceará State University (UECE), Brazil. freitas8@terra.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Portugal, jmfcosta@fe.up.pt }, abstract={Based on a literature review and drawing from the experience of lean implementation in multiple construction projects, this paper explores the notion that simplicity and integrality might be crucial for any production system seeking to develop competences against variations derived from both internal and external sources. A discussion using different systems thinking approaches is conducted to provide a better understanding of the volatile behaviour of complex organizations. The aim is to encourage initiatives that address organizational simplicity and integrality in construction projects and, more important, to highlight the important role of lean tools and principles for this endeavour. }, author_keywords={Systems thinking, organizational complexity, production system design, lean tools }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2016, author={Filho, João Bosco P. Dantas and Angelim, Bruno M. and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={Virtual Design and Construction Leaner Than Before}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1356}, affiliation={MBA, Master's Student, Federal University of Ceará. Architect, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará (IFCE), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99168-0846, arquibosco@gmail.com ; C.E., VDC/BIM Coordinator, FortBIM Engenharia S/S, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 98899-8589, bruno@fortbim.com.br ; DBA., Full Professor, Department of Structural Engineering and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99969-1871, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br }, abstract={Virtual design and construction is turning into a more essential service to develop construction designs. Builders-developers are demanding virtual design and construction even in pre-BIM design processes. In this context, companies specialized in virtual construction need to get ready to meet its increasing demand. The aim of this study is to identify how virtual design and construction process works to suggest improvements from lean construction tools. Based on a qualitative methodology and through lean construction diagnostic tools to collect data, process structure elements are described, stream mapping are designed, cycle times are analyzed, restriction are identified, process changes are suggested. Through feedback from case study respondents, this research has concluded that there would be a meaningful improvement in global productivity and decrease in total amount of time. }, author_keywords={Value Stream Mapping, virtual design and construction, VDC, BIM, Lean construction. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tezel2016, author={Tezel, Algan and Aziz, Zeeshan and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Visual Management Condition in Highways Construction Projects in England}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1357}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, B.A.Tezel@salford.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, Z.Aziz@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, University of Huddersfield, UK, L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, University of Huddersfield, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Lean construction has recently gained momentum in England’s highways construction supply chain. The literature indicates that the current view to Visual Management (VM) within those lean implementations is limited to some VM tools. This paper explores the condition of VM, which is a fundamental sensory information management strategy in the lean production system, in the highways sector in England. VM in construction is a scarcely researched topic, particularly outside the building construction context. The existing VM research focuses generally on the application of a specific VM tool rather than the VM strategy itself. The paper identifies the current VM condition with its realization means (VM tools), drivers, barriers and future implementation opportunities in England’s highways construction supply chain through five case studies and a focus group research effort. The main findings are; (a) the current implementation of VM, particularly on English highways construction fields, is limited, and (b) along with many drivers and implementation opportunities for VM, (c) there are also some significant barriers before VM. The main limitations of the research are that the paper discusses the issue mainly for the construction phase and limited amount of data were collected from operational site staff. }, author_keywords={Visual Management, big room/obeya, lean construction, transportation sector, highways }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2016, author={Valente, Caroline P. and Pivatto, Marinna P. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Visual Management: Preliminary Results of a Systematic Literature Review on Core Concepts and Principles}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1358}, affiliation={Msc. Student, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, +55 (85) 98816.3444, carolinevalente@gmail.com ; Undergraduate Student, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, +55 (51) 9878.6678, marinna_pp@hotmail.com ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, +55 (51) 9284.0346, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Visual management (VM) is one of the core categories of practices of Lean Production systems, providing the foundation for other improvement approaches to be implemented and, therefore, may be adopted as one of the first steps of a continuous improvement program. However, there are some challenges regarding the implementation of VM in construction sites: these are usually very large and changing environments, teams and equipment are often spread in large areas, etc. The fact that VM practices and tools are very intuitive hinders the explicit presentation on papers of concepts and principles behind this approach. Therefore, a more robust and comprehensive understanding of the term, its concepts and associated principles is necessary. Moreover, there is a gap in knowledge about the understanding of VM in construction from other knowledge areas such as visual languages, design, infrastructure, mechanics of human visual perception, among others. This paper is part of a wider research project and presents preliminary results of a systematic literature review on core concepts and principles of VM. The aim of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of VM, by collecting information from other relevant research areas. }, author_keywords={Visual Management, Transparency, Systematic Literature Review }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Covarrubias2016, author={Covarrubias, Andrés and Mourgues, Claudio and Arroyo, Paz }, editor={ }, title={VSM for Improving the Certificate of Occupancy Process in Real Estate Projects – a Chilean Case Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1359}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Construction Project Management Program, Engineering Dept. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; acovarrubias@uc.cl ; Assistant Professor. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. Phone +56 22354-4244, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl ; Assistant Professor. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. Phone +56 22354-4244, parroyo@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Obtaining a Certificate of Occupancy (CO) for real estate projects in Chile is a bureaucratic and confusing process, which often causes delays in the final reception of projects, postponing the occupation by future owners, and impacting the financial flow of developers. This research aims to reduce the duration of the city´s CO process for housing projects in Chile. The research questions are: (1) what are the most relevant inefficiencies in the CO process? (2) What improvement strategies can be used to reduce its duration? (3) Can lean methods be used to reduce this duration? The research method is based on 3 stages: (1) conduct surveys to practitioners involved on the CO process of Chilean housing projects to collect the current inefficiencies and potential improvement strategies, (2) develop a current and future state Value Stream Mapping (VSM) considering the survey information, and (3) implement the future state in a case study through action research. This research´s first contribution to knowledge is a list of inefficiencies and improvement strategies related to the CO in Chilean housing projects. The second contribution is to provide evidence that VSM can be successfully used to reduce the duration of this process in housing projects. The study is limited to housing industry under the Chilean regulatory framework. However, the authors believe that similar results can be obtained in other types of projects dealing with administrative processes such as permitting, and other city and regulatory agency approvals. }, author_keywords={VSM, Value Stream Mapping, Project Management, Reception Process, Certificate of Occupancy, Real Estate Projects, LEAN Management, LEAN Project Delivery }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aslesen2016, author={Aslesen, Sigmund and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={What “Makes” the Last Planner? A Typology of Behavioral Patterns of Last Planners}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1360}, affiliation={Research & Development Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, PO Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, NORWAY, sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director, Project Prod. Systems Lab. (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper explains the role of the Last Planner and behavioral patterns observed in Last Planner meetings. We focus on the Last Planner as the person who serves as the coupling point between planning and production, whose key to success lies in the fine art of balancing what he or she really wants with the ways and means actually available for achieving it. We apply a sociological approach by introducing and discussing a typology of four types of planning behavioral patterns, the Game Player, Gang Pusher, Yes Man, and Last Planner. These types are derived from observing Last Planners on many projects and categorizing their behavior according to (1) the observed individual’s apparent level of commitment to using the Last Planner planning process vs. (2) the degree of conceptual understanding of the Last Planner System that they appear to exhibit. We conclude that no matter how good (or bad) the upstream planning is the real-time adaptation of and commitment to a plan strongly depends on the judgment, communication skills, and choices made by the Last Planner. Knowing what “makes” the Last Planner can be fundamental to the success of system implementation. By assessing patterns of planning behavior, focused training can be offered to help individuals and teams become more knowledgeable and fully-committed Last Planners. }, author_keywords={Production planning and control, Last Planner® System, people, culture and change }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Musa2016, author={Musa, Muktari M. and Pasquire, Christine and Hurst, Alan }, editor={ }, title={Where Lean Construction and Value Management Meet}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1361}, affiliation={PhD Research Student, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK, +44(0)7990412973 muktari.musa2012@my.ntu.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, and Director Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, UK, +44(0) 115 848 2095 christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Projects, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, UK, +44(0) 115 848 2878 alan.hurst@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={The lean construction (LC) community’s key vision and goal is to provide value, yet they are increasingly challenged with understanding and dealing with the concept of value, with reports that value is one of the weakest points. Regardless of the previous studies and contributions already made on the concept of value in LC, the absence of a consistent understanding of value has resulted in misperceptions and indistinct boundaries with other construction value-related disciplines. Without a consistent understanding of value, the full potential of applying value-established concepts will not occur. Thus, the study of different concepts in construction will open new opportunities to deliver value in the future. Literature reviewed only revealed a small number of interdisciplinary comparisons of Lean manufacturing and LC with value management (VM)/value engineering (VE) on value. Secondary data was used to present an in-depth comparison of the principal points of the current practice and theories of LC and VM, which are seen as ways to improve the delivery of value to clients and building users. The study revealed a range of similarities at a high level, which could easily point to an early conclusion that LC and VM are interchangeable, leading to the same goal of value delivery and shared misapplication of cost reduction techniques. However, a more detailed examination indicates significant differences in the philosophy and scope in different areas, including project timing, practitioner duties, and areas of practice which could complement each other. Also the study identified that LC is a broader philosophy which covers more aspects than VM, it is evident that LC has advanced over the years towards discussions on the concept of value. The current work in LC on value relies less on other construction value-related disciplines such as VM, VE and partnering. Furthermore, LC literature still views value as a confusing concept associated with different interpretations, forming the basisof its understanding. The study established that value plays a central role in both LC and VM. Their combination could offer great synergy regarding the concept of value. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Value Management, Value, Value-related disciplines, Integration }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bølviken2016, author={Bølviken, Trond and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Why Hasn’T Waste Reduction Conquered Construction?}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1362}, affiliation={Director of Strategy, HR and HSE, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo; email: trond.bolviken@veidekke.no ; Professor of Construction and Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom; email: l.koskela@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Waste and waste reduction are some of the main concepts that differentiate lean thinking from other approaches to production planning and control. Since its introduction in the West in the 1980s, the concept of waste reduction has had a major impact in manufacturing. But not so in construction. This paper raises the question of why this is the case. Possible answers are sought not only in the mainstream theories of production and construction management but also in the specific characteristics that distinguish construction from manufacturing. Eight possible answers to the question are identified and discussed. The paper concludes by arguing that many of the identified reasons are in fact being addressed by newly developed Lean Construction concepts. }, author_keywords={Waste, Construction, Manufacturing }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Spitler2016, author={Spitler, Laurie and Wood, Nathan }, editor={ }, title={Work Structuring at the Boundary of Realization: A Case Study Analysis}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1363}, affiliation={Customer Engagement Specialist, Autodesk, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA, +1 415 342-1073, laurie.spitler@autodesk.com ; Chief Executive Officer, SpectrumAEC, Denver, CO 80211, USA, +1 650 454 5334, Nathan@spectrumaec.com }, abstract={Work structuring as a method of managing handoffs has been extensively investigated as it applies to supply chains within a project. Work structuring techniques help teams manage the supply chain and improve project delivery. Existing case study research, however, tends to focus on particular silos within a project, such as curtain wall or doors, frames, and hardware. The authors hypothesize that work structuring techniques can also be effectively applied at a project-scale to improve overall project delivery. In every project, there is Boundary of Realization, or transition from completion of design intent to “make ready” for construction. This Boundary of Realization period is characterized by a multitude of formal informational hand-offs between design and construction stakeholders, dictated by contract obligations and ingrained behaviours. The authors use case studies to examine the implementation of work structuring techniques at a project scale, the set-up of contractual requirements, and the patterns and methods of communication. With an understanding of contractual relationships and work structuring techniques used to manage a project’s informational supply chain, the authors diagram methods for structuring informational hand-offs at the Boundary of Realization. }, author_keywords={Boundary of Realization, Work Structuring, Work Chunk, Production Unit, Hand-off }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, }