TY - CONF TI - Social Construction: Understanding Construction in a Human Context C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 2 EP - 11 PY - 2010 AU - Slivon, Christine A. AU - Howell, Gregory A. AU - Koskela, Lauri AU - Rooke, John AD - Project Coach, Lean Project Consulting, 625 Main Street, Louisville, CO 80027, Phone +1 303/665-8385, cslivon@leanproject.com AD - Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, Phone +1 208/726-9989, ghowell@leanconstruction.org AD - Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2957960, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk AD - Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2956344, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - As lean construction has evolved as a practice, efforts have been made to develop theoretical foundations for understanding it. These efforts have been informed by our understanding of lean manufacturing, a source of many of the seminal ideas for lean construction. One key insight has been the shift from the understanding of a process as the transformation of materials from inputs to outputs to the view of a process as a flow of materials through a sequence of steps or operations. Another has been the recognition that value must be considered from the customer perspective. More recently, several authors have proposed more general contexts for understanding the entire construction process. These proposals have included observing the essential role of language in the conduct of projects, recognizing the limitations of a purely economic context, and adopting a more comprehensive flow perspective. In this paper, we propose a framework for situating the construction process in the world of human concerns. We show that consideration of the human being as actor within a world of concerns provides a necessary context and foundational explanation for all subsequent discussions of process, flow, value, and commitment. We also suggest a new perspective for understanding and addressing the issue of risk. KW - Theory KW - Process KW - Project KW - Flow KW - Value KW - Language action perspective KW - Commitment KW - Risk PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/673/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/673 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Cooperative Project Delivery in an Environment of Strict Design-Bid-Build Tender Regulations C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 581 EP - 587 PY - 2010 AU - Heidemann, Ailke AU - Gehbauer, Fritz AD - Research Associate, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 6086542, FAX +49 721 695245, ailke.heidemann@kit.edu AD - Professor, Director of Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 6082646, FAX +49 721 695245, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Lean Construction enhances cooperative project delivery with a focus on customer needs and the optimization of the project as a whole rather than pieces during the design phase, as well as, during construction. Several international case studies have been conducted. The hypotheses are: (1) Using the lean approach, project results will be positively influenced by a cooperative project delivery, in the areas of cost, time and quality.(2) The full application of the lean cooperative model is limited by strict design-bid-build tender regulations required for public clients.The existing Lean Project Delivery System in the USA and the corresponding contract - the Integrated Form of Agreement – and, the Australian Alliance Agreements have been analysed. The main focus of the analysis has been to identify the fundamental characteristics and factors of success concerning a cooperative project delivery. As a result, a Lean System which includes the key parts for cooperative project delivery from the client‘s perspective will be presented in this paper. It identifies which procurement rules are impediments to early cooperation and – hence - would have to be modified. The reasons for those modifications are given on the basis of the case studies. It was difficult to compare the results of different projects and to allocate the influence of different tools to the outcomes in terms of cost, time and quality. A matrix has been developed that measures qualitative results and correlates it to the use of the tools. The matrix will be presented at the end of this paper. KW - Lean project delivery KW - Early integration and cooperation KW - Relational contracting KW - Integrated form of agreement KW - Alliancing KW - Procurement rules KW - Tender regulations PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/674/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/674 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Designing to Targets in a Target Costing Process C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 161 EP - 170 PY - 2010 AU - Pennanen, Ari AU - Ballard, Glenn AU - Haahtela, Yrjänä AD - Adjunct Professor, Tampere University of Technology, Finland and Research Director, Haahtela Research and Project Management Group, Helsinki, ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi AD - Associate Adjunct Professor and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Director, Lean Construction Institute. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu AD - Professor and Managing Director of Haahtela Group, Helsinki, yrjana.haahtela@haahtela.fi ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Traditional cost management determines the cost of the product based on its design and the estimated cost of realizing the design. Target costing acts upside down compared to traditional cost management: (1) The cost of the product is determined before design, (2) The cost of the product is based on the customer‘s requirements on the product‘s performance and the customer‘s willingness and ability to pay for such performance. Willingness is based on the customer‘s business plan; i.e., on what the prospective product is worth to them. The target costing process is focused in project definition (when target cost is determined) and design (when the functional targets and cost target will be achieved). This paper describes design steering, a methodology for managing design process to achieve target cost and purposed value for the customer. Design steering understands the nature of design in various stages and manages by knowledge and rapid feedback loops. Cost feedback is essential especially in the very early stages of design. Feedback can be generated by engaging multifunctional teams to support design. Rapid estimating and value monitoring can also be supported in the early stages by component level target costing produced by information modelling before design. KW - Target costing KW - Design KW - Cost modelling KW - BIM KW - Project management PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/675/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/675 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Reducing Fit-Out Time in a Netherlands Housing Project C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 326 EP - 333 PY - 2010 AU - Cuperus, Ype AU - Wamelink, Hans AU - Resodihardjo, Glenn AD - Assistant Professor Architectural Engineering, Department Building Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Phone +31 15 278 4646, y.j.cuperus@tudelft.nl AD - Professor Design and Construction Management, Department Real Estate and Housing, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Phone +31 15 278 4159, j.w.f.wamelink@tudelft.nl AD - Master Candidate Design and Construction Management, Department Real Estate and Housing, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Phone +31 6 2452 2804, glennresodihardjo@casema.nl ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - In the Netherlands the fit-out time of newly built row houses in lots of 50 to 100 units can be eleven weeks. On such projects a large number of subcontractors is common (40 to 50) and this adds to the complexity of the construction process. This paper describes key data of a standard fit-out procedure of a project of 82 dwellings, with an average fit out time of 35 days. Two dwellings were singled out for a pilot project with a target fit-out time of two weeks. This project in general provided for many consumer options; the two dwellings represent different levels of equipment and finishing. In a Last PlannerTM System inspired planning session the planned fit-out time was reduced to two weeks. For this pilot the subcontractors created ad hoc team combinations that worked as multi skilled teams in order to reduce the number of decision-making points. Materials were bundled per unit per day. The time planning unit used was two hours. The real fit-out processes are described as cases, with special attention to external interferences and internal non-value adding activities. The fit-out time was reduced from 35 to 11 and 19 days for the respective dwellings. Although there were many hitches in the process caused by the different way of working the pilot demonstrated that the fit-out time per dwelling could be reduced considerably. The tradesmen from different subcontractors were asked to collaborate crossing the traditional disciplinary borders, this was experienced as positive. The main contractor was positive about planning the work on two-hour time slots and has decided to do a second test with a larger number of units. KW - Last Planner System KW - Cycle time KW - Multi-skilled teams KW - House building PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/676/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/676 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Digital Simulation in Lean Project Development C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 622 EP - 630 PY - 2010 AU - Breit, Manfred AU - Häubi, Fritz AU - Arnold, Nicolas AD - Professor, Dr. Eng. and Deputy Chair, Phone +41 792046346, manfred.breit@fhnw.ch AD - Professor, Phone +41 794232249, fritz.haeubi@fhnw.ch AD - Researcher, Phone +41 793920954, nicolas.arnold@fhnw.ch Institute of 4D Technologies (i4Ds), School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Steinackerstrasse 5, CH 5210 Windisch. FAX +41 56 4624482 ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Skilled use of information technology such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) (Eastman et al., 2008) managed by Lean Construction principles (Koskela 1992; Koskela 2000) can have a significant positive impacts on the construction industry (e.g. Khanzode et al, 2005, 2008). In an ongoing research program “Individual parametric Façade Modules with integrated de-central building services technology” we analyzed the digital information flow possibilities of today's BIM application on residential housing projects with timber facades and derived the following questions: How can we integrate engineering, manufacturing and construction knowledge in the early design and planning phases of the project development to increase the value for the customer and reduce variability for the construction process? And how can we use the simulation capabilities of BIM methods and technology to improve overall building performance? We identified the bidding process as one of the areas with the highest potential to gain additional value for the customer and to improve upstream flow variability for fabrication and construction. This is done through improving the value stream by introducing and integrating knowledge of the downstream trades earlier than currently done in practice. We use an adapted “Functional Design and Bidding” methodology to achieve this. In order to change the information exchange from the current predominant drawing centred approach to a model-based paradigm, we developed a new module called Process oriented Product Model Interface (PPMI), which serves as an interface for integrating people, processes and information systems (Dave et al. 2008). Using BIM enhanced model checking and simulation methods enables the purchaser to compare offers and their construction alternatives in terms of architectural design quality, building performances e.g. energy consumption, usability, comfort, flexibility of use, feasibility, impact on schedule, construction and life cycle costs. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/677/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/677 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Exploring Lean Construction Practice, Research, and Education C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 435 EP - 444 PY - 2010 AU - Alves, Thaís da C. L. AU - Milberg, Colin AU - Walsh, Kenneth D. AD - Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University (SDSU), San Diego, CA, 92182-1324, USA, Phone +1 619/594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu AD - Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, SDSU, cmilberg@mail.sdsu.edu AD - Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, SDSU, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Lean Production has been studied for over 20 years, and for many the term is still ill-defined. Our first hypothesis suggests that there are many meanings for Lean when applied to Construction. Our second hypothesis suggests that Lean Construction started not from industry but from a mix of academics and consultants (with strong links to academia) working to translate Lean concepts to construction. We believe that both play a major role in bridging the gap between the theories related to Lean Construction and their implementation. Finally, we have encountered examples of companies and professionals who are eager to benefit from the alleged benefits of Lean Production but few are willing to spend the time and effort necessary to learn it. Our third hypothesis suggests that without a sustained effort to engage people in meaningful learning experiences Lean Construction may be viewed as a fad in the construction industry. We searched the literature and looked for cases with different approaches used to disseminate Lean Production and have found evidence that supports the hypotheses proposed. The paper aims to discuss how lean production transitioned to construction and what researchers and practitioners might do to sustain learning and promote change throughout the industry. KW - Lean implementation KW - Education KW - Change PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/678/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/678 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Standardizing Logistics at the Corporate Level Towards Lean Logistics in Construction C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 222 EP - 231 PY - 2010 AU - Elfving, Jan A. AU - Ballard, Glenn AU - Talvitie, Ulla AD - Senior Vice President, R&D and Supply Chain Management Skanska Oy, Head of Logistics in Nordic Procurement Unit. Paciuksenkatu 25, 00101 Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 40 738 6100, jan.elfving@skanska.fi AD - Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-B McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 415/710-5531, FAX 510/643-8919, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu AD - Logistics Manager, Skanska Oy. Paciuksenkatu 25, 00101 Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 20 719 2438, ulla.talvitie@skanska.fi ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The hypothesis of this paper is that one of the reasons why logistics is poorly managed in the Finnish construction industry is that we try to tailor it too much on a project level and to standardize too little on a corporate level. Depending on various studies the logistics cost is between 10-30% of construction cost. There are many reports, which claim that there is significant amount of waste such as excess inventory, movement of material, and damage related to logistics. In addition, there are many success stories how logistics has been improved on a project. However, even though the opportunities are huge and good practices have been identified, the majority of construction projects in Finland manage logistics poorly. The question is why? The paper is based on empirical studies from the last five years from a single company. Around 180 projects, some more and some less actively, have been involved. With the help of three cases we present three logistics solutions and how their implementation has progressed. The first case is a customized solution for one project, where engineered-to-order supply chains are made transparent with the help of Building Information Modeling and RFID tags in order to increase delivery reliability. The second case is a ―corporate‖ level solution for managing small make-to-stock items with the help of Vendor Managed Inventory. The third case is a ―corporate‖ level solution to manage make-to-order and large make-to-stock items with the help of a terminal (logistics center) in order to increase site productivity. All three cases were successful pilot projects, but only the last two have we been able to be more widely implemented in the company. The paper discusses why and comes to the conclusion that there are at least two main obstacles that have earlier prevented or slowed down a wider implementation of good practices. One is poor production reliability and the other one is that we have been trying to customize our logistics solution too much on a project level instead of standardizing processes on a corporate level. There is plenty of literature that supports the poor production reliability argument but much less understanding of the latter argument. KW - Logistics KW - Production management KW - Processes KW - Lean PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/679/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/679 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Last Planner and Critical Chain in Construction Management: Comparative Analysis C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 538 EP - 547 PY - 2010 AU - Koskela, Lauri AU - Stratton, Roy AU - Koskenvesa, Anssi AD - The University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk AD - Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, UK, roy.stratton@ntu.ac.uk AD - Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland, anssi.koskenvesa@mittaviiva.fi ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - This paper endeavours to compare the Last Planner System of production control and the Critical Chain production management method. This comparison is carried out in the context of construction management. The original prescription and the evolution of the practice are examined regarding both approaches, and the similarities and differences are noted. Based on these considerations, gaps in the two approaches are identified and the potential of a synthesis of them is explored. KW - Production management KW - Last planner KW - Critical chain PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/680/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/680 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Advantages of Industrialized Methods Used in Small Bridge Construction C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 569 EP - 579 PY - 2010 AU - Rwamamara, Romuald AU - Simonsson, Peter AU - Ojanen, Johan AD - Senior Researcher, Div of Architecture and Infrastructure, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Phone +46 920 492353, FAX +46 920 491913, Romuald.Rwamamara@ltu.se AD - Ph.D. Student, Div of structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Phone +46 920 493140, FAX +46 920 491913, Peter.Simonsson@ltu.se AD - Ph.D. Student, Div of structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Phone +46 920 492263, FAX +46 920 491913, Johan.Ojanen@ltu.se ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Evaluating to what extent industrialized production methods used during the steel reinforcement, formwork and concrete casting of small bridges are beneficial to the construction industry. The study evaluates the economical value of the construction of small bridges in terms of design and constructability from a production point of view. Moreover, the health and safety issues of the production processes are considered. The study method used is the internal documents study involved in the construction of the bridges. A comparison between data collected for previous studies on bridge construction projects and data collected from internal company documents will be performed. The study uses an economic analysis to evaluate alternative construction materials, assemblies, and bridge services with the objective to improve project planners or owners‘ decision making during the course of planning, designing and constructing a bridge. The use of bridge economic analysis to determine the most economically efficient choice among bridge design alternatives when it comes to steel reinforcement, formwork and concrete casting in regard to improved quality and working environment. The study discusses and offers recommendations for a cost effective bridge construction process which reduces waste in the production process and keeps the project schedule. KW - Safety management KW - Waste reduction KW - Design and planning KW - Construction process KW - Quality KW - Economic analysis PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/681/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/681 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The Tonnage-Flow C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 558 EP - 568 PY - 2010 AU - Hofacker, Alexander AU - Gehbauer, Fritz AD - Research Associate, Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Am Fasanengarten Geb.50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-160 99085916 Alexander.hofacker@kit.edu AD - Professor Dr.-Ing. Fritz Gehbauer, M.S., Head of the Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Am Fasanengarten Geb.50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 6082646, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - In steel fabrication and erection, the production flow is measured by counting the amount of fabricated and erected tons. This leads to several questions: is this indicator sufficient to visualize the real productivity? Are there better metrics to display process performance? Thirdly, how can lean methods like pull, Kanban, ConWIP and SMED improve these processes? A study of steel fabricators in Germany and Chile revealed that the only KPI today is the global metric of [hours/ton] related to the finished products. The lack of performance metrics, high process variability and individual production justifies the first research question concerning whether there are common patterns behind all steel-fabrication processes. Further questions involve finding the right metrics and determining which lean-methods could be best applied at certain work-stations to optimize the whole production flow. Data is measured in detail considering the whole steel-fabrication process including the erection of the building on site. This paper provides an exemplary in-depth exploration of the cycle times and process variability of the work-stations conducting ―fitting-welding‖ operations. The application of PULL through Kanban and CONWIP as well as takt-time control and SMED is discussed. A three level KPI-concept is elaborated, to support pull in the whole supply chain. Finally the study provides a basis for simulating the steel fabrication and erection process as tonnage flows by continuous simulation (HECRAS) or the one-piece concept of DES-Simulation (SPS). KW - Steel-fabrication process KW - Production metrics KW - Process variability KW - Standardisation KW - Product complexity KW - Continuous- and discrete event simulation PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/682/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/682 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Head Contractor Role in Construction Management From a Value Perspective C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 83 EP - 91 PY - 2010 AU - Perera, Salinda AU - Davis, Steven AU - Marosszeky, Marton AD - PhD Candidate, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Phone +61 422 179 306, sperera@evanspeck.com AD - Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Phone +61 2 9385 5052 , sdavis@unsw.edu.au AD - Executive Consultant, Evans and Peck Pty Ltd. Level 6, Tower 2, 475 Victoria Ave, Chatswood, NSW, 2067, Australia, Phone +61 2 9495 0576, Email mmarosszeky@evanspeck.com ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Value in construction is gaining momentum in literature and is central to many practitioners and researchers working within the realms of Lean. Yet value has been defined in so many ways and used to mean many different things, often linked to cost, time, objectives and customers that there exists no concise and complete description of what constitutes value within a construction context. Many methodologies, tools and applications presented to date appear to have surfaced through the emerging theories of value, which in turn are adopted from other industries. However, considering many peculiarities identified in construction and that the biggest cost centre in a construction project being construction itself, it is important to explore in detail the current perceptions of value by the head contractors (HC) and subcontractors (SC). This paper focuses on the HC role in construction. It argues that while value generation and its management in general as a separate function may be relevant at a broader construction project perspective, value management in the construction phase (construction) is currently understood as intrinsic to flow and transformation (task) management. It presents a list of activities identified by HC and SC as key to efficient progression of construction and shows that value management is inherent in the construction coordination activities. These results are compared with other emerging principles of value together with relevant construction peculiarities. Further research is recommended in advancing the role of HC in overall construction organisation. KW - Lean Construction KW - TFV Theory of production KW - Value based management KW - Head contractor role PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/683/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/683 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - An Experiment With Leading Indicators for Safety C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 253 EP - 259 PY - 2010 AU - Ng, Kevin AU - Laurlund, Alan AU - Howell, Gregory AU - Lancos, George AD - Project Manager, XL Construction, Milpitas California. kng@xlconstruction.com AD - Project Executive, XL Construction, Milpitas California. alaurlund@xlconstruction.com AD - Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, ghowell@leanconstruction.org AD - Senior Project Manager, Johnson & Johnson, glancos1@its.jnj.com ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Safety and organization of a construction site were improved with the application of safety leading indicators and a 5S assessment tool on a project managed using Lean principles. This paper is a report on a project built for a medical device company that manufactures stents and catheters. The $14,000,000 project included two high-tech ISO 8 clean rooms and associated laboratories. Safety related data collected on safety walks on a daily basis was organized for each specialty contractor and normalized for worker hours. This data helped the project focus on areas and trade partners of greatest exposure. The result on the second phase of the project showed significant improvements. The implementation of the 5-S assessment rated the site organization from zero to five for each contractor by a variety of key stakeholders. The results of the 5-S program clustered at the low end at the beginning of the project and significantly improved over time and reached almost 5 as the project approached completion. The paper will reflect on related conceptual foundations and propose follow up investigations aimed at exploring leading indicators and other assessment tools related to safety and quality of work. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/684/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/684 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Can NFC Support Virtual Lean Construction? C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 672 EP - 682 PY - 2010 AU - Pedersen, Kristian Birch AD - M.Sc. (CivEng), Master of IT, PhD, Chief Advisor, Buildings and Design, Ramboll Denmark, Olof Palmes Alle 22, Denmark, Phone +45 9935 7562, ksb@ramboll.dk, formerly Kristian Birch Sørensen. ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range (0-10 cm) wireless connectivity and identification technology that evolved from a combination of passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and peer-to-peer technology. NFC is currently experiencing a major breakthrough in low-cost consumer electronic devices such as mobile phones and it has the possibility of becoming a technology that is simple and easy to introduce as a support within digitalisation of data collection in construction. Therefore, it was decided to evaluate if NFC is capable of supporting Virtual Lean Construction by testing an early prototype of a quality and project progress management application for NFC enabled mobile phones. According to the author‘s observations, interviews, questionnaires and technology experiments the future users perceive benefits of enabling the technology during planning, quality management and follow-up. Use of traditional consumer equipment such as the NFC compatible mobile phones, was found to be a crucial aspect to lower the barrier of introducing automatic object identification in construction, but it is proposed to combine this technology with other identification technologies to improve reading distance and thereby potential uses. KW - NFC KW - RFID KW - Virtual lean construction KW - Ubiquitous technology PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/685/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/685 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Last Planner System Implementation Challenges C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 548 EP - 556 PY - 2010 AU - Porwal, Vishal AU - Fernández-Solís, Jose AU - Lavy, Sarel AU - Rybkowski, Zofia K. AD - Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, Ph: +1-979-450-3604, vishalporwal@gmail.com AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, Ph: +1-979-458-1058, jsolis@archmail.tamu.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, Ph: +1-979-845-0632, slavy@archmail.tamu.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, Ph :+1-979-845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Plan unreliability is a critical problem in the construction industry. Since the industry is fragmented and every project is unique, schedule delay is a common phenomenon. Ballard and Howell proposed that shielding construction and stabilizing work flow is a solution to this problem. These two researchers, along with other lean construction scholars, developed the Last Planner™ System (LPS)5 of Production Control through a series of experiments beginning in the early 1990‘s. LPS has become a popular tool among the lean construction community to stabilize work flow and make plans more reliable. However, LPS users and mentors report numerous challenges with implementation and use of this system. This paper discusses findings from a literature survey about the challenges faced by construction professionals during the implementation and use of LPS. The aim of this research effort was to identify the challenges faced by construction professionals during the implementation and use of LPS at both organizational and project levels. KW - Last Planner System KW - Organizational challenges KW - Project level challenges PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/686/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/686 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluating the Potential Benefits and Challenges of Lc Adoption in the Portuguese Construction Industry:a Survey Study C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 285 EP - 295 PY - 2010 AU - Matias, João AU - Cachadinha, Nuno AD - Graduate student, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Phone +351 968702958, joaommatias@gmail.com AD - Assistant Professor, UNIDEMI, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Phone +351 212948 557, ncachadinha@fct.unl.pt ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - As Lean Construction (LC) steadily grows all over the world, not much is heard about this new paradigm in the Portuguese Construction sector. Because LC has been embraced in other countries for its positive, cost-effective results, it is assumed that it can also greatly contribute to the Portuguese construction sector. This paper thus intends to analyze the ways in which LC can be beneficial in the Portuguese context. This article first seeks to identify the causes of delays and material losses in the Portuguese construction sector by analyzing three main phases in the construction process: the contract phase (CP), the planning phase (PP) and the production phase (PrP). Secondly, this work intends to assess how to improve those areas of difficulties using Lean Construction solutions and how to bring out the full potential of these solutions in the Portuguese construction context. Through these findings, this work seeks to foster the acceptance and use of Lean Construction and reveal its benefits to the Portuguese construction sector. The goal is to alert planners to the importance of ―stopping the line‖ according to LC principles, thereby stopping the small problems and wastes from becoming bigger and costly in the future. KW - Lean Construction KW - Waste KW - Material losses KW - Project control KW - Portugal PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/687/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/687 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean Knowledge Management: The Problem of Value C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 12 EP - 21 PY - 2010 AU - Rooke, John A. AU - Sapountzis, Stylianos AU - Koskela, Lauri J. AU - Codinhoto, Ricardo AU - Kagioglou, Mike AD - Resarch Fellow, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK, Phone +44 (0)161 295 6344, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk AD - Resarch Fellow, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK. S.Sapountzis@salford.ac.uk AD - Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2957960, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk AD - Lecturer, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK. R.Codinhoto@salford.ac.uk AD - Professor, Head of School, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Lean knowledge management is defined here as: getting the right information, in the right form, to the right people at the right time. This definition highlights series of practical problems for knowledge management in the built environment which, in turn, have implications for lean theory. In the terms of TFV theory, the problems that arise from getting information to the right people at the right time are essentially flow (F) issues, but those that are concerned with defining the right information and the form in which it is to be delivered are more concerned with value (V). Here, we focus primarily on the problem of defining right information. A distinction is made between sociological 'values' and economic 'value', showing how both relate to production theory. In the course of benefits capture and realisation, both values and value are negotiated between project participants and other stakeholders. It is argued that these processes are best conceived as conversations and that this is implied in the basic formulation of V theory. The notion of objectivity and its significance for these values/value negotiations is examined. The problem of benefits realisation is considered and a set of hypotheses are generated regarding the nature of an effective benefits realization management process. KW - Knowledge management KW - Value KW - Values KW - TFV KW - Benefits realisation PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/688/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/688 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - An Optimised Project Requires Optimised Incentives C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 591 EP - 600 PY - 2010 AU - Darrington, Joel W. AU - Howell, Gregory A. AD - Attorney, Construction Practice Group, McDonough Holland & Allen PC, 500 Capitol Mall, 18th Floor, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA, Phone +1 916/444-3900, jdarrington@mhalaw.com AD - Managing Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, USA, Phone +1 208/726-9989, ghowell@leanconstruction.org ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Lean projects seek to optimise the project rather than its parts and to maximize value to the customer. Traditional economic incentives can get in the way of that behaviour. To better align the behaviour of project participants with a Lean project delivery model, compensation structures at both the company-to-individual level and inter-company contract level need to better address both the economic and non-economic motives that impact project performance. Hypothesis: Social science research increasingly shows that non-economic human motives play a key role in job performance, and that they interact in complicated ways with economic incentives. We have identified certain contract incentive principles that we believe should promote non-economic motives. We believe that because Lean projects depend greatly on the non--economic motives of participants, contract incentives that foster such non-economic motives are important for success. By reviewing and extrapolating from relevant literature, this paper will explore certain key non--economic human motives and their impact on project performance, how these non--economic motives interact with economic incentives, and strategies for structuring effective incentives. The conclusion will suggest areas for further research. KW - Intrinsic motivation; Human motivation; Contract incentives; Performance incentives. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/689/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/689 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Investigation of the Supply Chain of Prefabricated Wooden Doors C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 192 EP - 201 PY - 2010 AU - Melo, Reymard Sávio S. de AU - Alves, Thais da C. L. AD - Master‘s student, Graduate Program in Structural Engineering and Construction, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, reymardsavio@yahoo.com.br AD - Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-1324, USA, Phone +1 619/594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - This study focused on pre-fabricated wooden doors and their supply chain, which have all of its components pre-assembled by the supplier. The literature indicates that supply chain management in construction has four roles. One concerns the transfer of activities from the site to the supply chain to take advantage of better conditions at the fabricator‘s end. This role assumes that fabricators are in a better environment to perform certain tasks and deliver better products that can be quickly installed on site, as the product is pre-assembled. This is the first working hypothesis tested in study. A second working hypothesis is that off-site prefabricated doors have short lead times for fabrication and on-site installation and present fewer problems during installation when compared to traditional doors. The two-phase research comprised a preliminary study and two in-depth case studies about pre-fabricated wooden doors. Wooden doors presented problems related to the installation and final product quality regardless of the type of project. Some advantages of prefabricated elements were lost due lack of trust between contractors and suppliers, lack of consideration of preconditions necessary for successful site installation, and lack of standardization and tolerance management resulted in suboptimal solutions during the installation phase. KW - Supply chain KW - Prefabrication KW - Wooden doors PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/690/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/690 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean Design Management in an Infrastructure Design-Build Project: A Case Study C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 113 EP - 122 PY - 2010 AU - Lee, Hyun Woo AU - Tommelein, Iris D. AU - Ballard, Glenn AD - Graduate Student Researcher, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, Phone +1 510/715-0175, hyunwoo@berkeley.edu AD - Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/) and Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720- 1712, USA, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu AD - Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory and Adjunct Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - This paper describes a current-state practice observed for proposal development of a $500M Design-Build-Operate-and-Maintain (DBOM) infrastructure project in the public sector. The observed team‘s 4-month-long design and estimating process revealed problems inherent in their current approach. With the team being a three-party joint venture, integration and collaboration among designers and engineers was difficult and infrequent, creating waste and rework. Based on this retrospective case study, this paper presents recommendations regarding improvements potentially achievable through implementation of lean concepts. Application of lean design practices could have fostered better team collaboration by integrating the design and estimating processes, and presumably achieved a more competitive proposal. Lean concepts discussed in this paper include Choosing by Advantages (CBA), set-based design, cross functional teaming, co-location, and Target Value Design (TVD). By presenting a specific example of an infrastructure Design-Build (DB) project, this case study contributes to testing the hypothesis that lean design management can be beneficially applied to projects that do not immediately result in design or constructed facilities, but instead end with the presentation of a competitive proposal. KW - Lean design management KW - Design-build (DB) KW - Design-build-operate-and-maintain (DBOM) KW - Choosing by advantages (CBA) KW - Set-based design KW - Cross functional team KW - Target value design (TVD) KW - Public sector KW - Infrastructure project PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/691/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/691 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Building an Argument With Hypothesis Testing C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 335 EP - 344 PY - 2010 AU - Cho, SeongKyun AU - Ballard, Glenn AD - MS, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 407-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 510/725-7929, seongKyuncho@berKeley.edu AD - Director, Project Production System Laboratory, http://p2sl.berKeley.edu, and Adjunct Associate Professor , Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 415/710-5531, ballard@ce.berKeley.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - This paper presents a research methodology for testing the hypothesis, ―The implementation of Lean Construction improves project performance‖, and for supporting a recommendation that South Korea embrace Lean Construction. To meet general quantitative research requirements, the methodology will include hypothesis testing; measurement of variables in the hypothesis, a large N sampling and a small N case selection strategy, and interpretation of the findings. The results of executing the methodology will be published in future papers. KW - Market competitiveness KW - Quantitative measurement KW - Statistical analysis KW - Lean Construction KW - South Korea PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/692/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/692 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - PROCESS TRANSPARENCY ON CONSTRUCTION SITES: EXAMPLES FROM CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES IN BRAZIL C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 296 EP - 302 PY - 2010 AU - Tezel, Algan AU - Koskela, Lauri J AU - Tzortzopoulos-Fazenda, Patricia AU - Formoso, Carlos T. AU - Alves, Thais AU - Neto, Barros AU - Viana, Daniela AU - Mota, Bruno AD - PhD Student, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, b.a.tezel@pgr.salford.ac.uk AD - Professor, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk AD - Senior Lecturer, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk AD - Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diago State University, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu AD - Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br AD - MSc Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, danidietz@gmail.com AD - MSc Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, brunopmota@yahoo.com.br ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Process transparency is the core concept in Visual Management (VM), which is one of the founding blocks of the Toyota Production System. This paper presents the preliminary results of a collaborative research conducted between Brazil and the UK, as part of a research effort focused on the application of Visual Management in construction. How process transparency is realized on construction sites is the main research question of the paper. The use of this concept and the implementation of the transparency theory were investigated through multiple case studies, carried out in nine different construction companies. The findings are explained through six theoretical transparency increasing approaches. The affecting parameters in the application of, the management’s perception of and several methods in process transparency in construction were identified. Further work, especially exploring the functions of process transparency on construction sites and reflecting the worker perception of the issue, is necessary to elaborate the process transparency concept. KW - Process transparency KW - Visual Management KW - lean theory implementation PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/693/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/693 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Modeling Change Impact Flows in Construction Projects C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 22 EP - 32 PY - 2010 AU - Isaac, Shabtai AU - Navon, Ronie AD - Ph.D. candidate – Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Technion City, 32000 Haifa, Israel. E-mail: shabtai@technion.ac.il AD - Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. E-mail: navonro@bgu.ac.il ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - In an ongoing research, a model of construction projects is being developed which can facilitate the analysis of the expected impact of proposed changes. The research examines the hypothesis that it is possible to conduct such an analysis before a change is implemented in the project, since much of the required information already exists when the change is proposed, though it currently remains largely inaccessible or difficult to obtain. A number of graph-theoretic tools and algorithms are used in the model to analyze change impacts. A graph-based Project Connectivity Model represents the information required for providing a rough indication of the possible implications of a proposed change. A clustering algorithm and a path search algorithm are used to identify project elements which are likely to be affected by the change. The propagation of a change impact in the project is modeled as a Change Impact Flow. A quantitative assessment takes into account the ability of project elements to absorb a Change Impact Flow through buffers. This assessment can be highly uncertain. Hence, a non-probabilistic info-gap model is used to represent the uncertainty. KW - Construction management KW - Change management KW - Project modeling PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/694/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/694 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Critical Review of the Concept of Value in Lean Construction Theory C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 33 EP - 41 PY - 2010 AU - Salvatierra-Garrido, Jose AU - Pasquire, Christine AU - Thorpe, Tony AD - PhD Student, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, Phone +44 (0)1509 222884, J.L.Salvatierra-Garrido@lboro.ac.uk AD - Senior Lecturer in Commercial and Construction Management, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, Phone +44 (0)1509 222895, c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk AD - Head of Department, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, Phone +44(0)1509 223770, a.thorpe@lboro.ac.uk ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The importance and huge potential of considering Value delivery from the very early stages of building & infrastructure projects have broadly been recognized. Lean Thinking elevates Value to the customer as a fundamental principle in the manufacturing sector and the consideration of Value in this way has transferred into Lean Construction. Consequently, satisfaction of customer requirements has predominated over satisfaction of societal issues. Based on the situation described, the following hypothesis is formulated: ―The dependence of society on buildings and infrastructure elevates the needs of society within customer requirement priorities and drives the need to expand common understanding of Value from a Local to a Global context‖. This hypothesis does not ignore the importance of money and other parameters such as quality, function, etc. used to deliver Value. This paper proposes society is dependent on construction and it should predominate over particular interests, if the construction industry potential is to be fulfilled. Based on the experience achieved to date, Lean Construction can use its huge potential to move towards an expansion of the common vision of Value, going far from current production process activities. Finally, a preliminary, conceptual model of Value in a Global context is presented that demonstrates how a project can be positioned within the value parameters. KW - Lean Construction KW - Lean thinking KW - Society KW - Value PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/695/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/695 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Increasing On-Time Delivery by Selecting the Appropriate Job-Sequencing Order C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 457 EP - 466 PY - 2010 AU - Chin, Chang-Sun AD - Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Kevinchin255@yahoo.com ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - In case a promised delivery date is not provided by a product or service provider, customers usually request their expected delivery dates when they place an order. However, there is always the possibility of a difference between the time a customer wants to receive a product/service and the actual time the customer receives a product/service. In a construction project, the Request-For-Information (RFI) is a formal question or clarification that the contractor asks the architect/engineering (A/E) firms regarding details in the plans, drawings or specifications. The A/E firms usually do not provide ―Promised Due Dates‖ for each RFI. Instead, the contractor puts the expected response time on each RFI. As a result, discrepancies between when the contractors want the questions answered and the time they are received almost always occur and are sometimes large. One of reasons for this large gap can be found in the job-sequencing problem. The hypothesis of the research is that if the performance of a production system is related to job sequencing order, then selecting an appropriate sequencing order will improve the performance and increase the on-time delivery. The research discusses the different types of sequencing rules and conducts a simulation study to test the hypothesis. The result shows that on-time delivery can be increased by selecting the appropriate job sequencing order. KW - Earliest due date KW - Job-sequencing KW - Lateness KW - On-time delivery KW - Shortest processing time. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/696/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/696 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - RFI Responsiveness of Paper-Based vs. Web-Based Information Processing Systems C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 631 EP - 640 PY - 2010 AU - Chin, Chang-Sun AD - Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Kevinchin255@yahoo.com ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Information technologies (IT) have brought many changes to the construction industry. One of the most prevalent is the use of the internet as a vehicle for communication within project teams. Firms may adopt a web-based information processing system to reduce processing time and increase RFI transparency to all project participants. The hypothesis of this research is that a web-based information processing system may increase RFI responsiveness by design teams. The research discusses three similar projects in terms of the type of building, project budget, and construction duration. One of the projects used a paper-based system, and the other two used a web-based system. The flow components were measured to analyze and compare the flow efficiencies of the selected cases. Therefore, the major objective of the research is to investigate the possible factors affecting the RFI responsiveness from the production perspective. The results show that the key factor in achieving high level responsiveness is to increase the flow reliability. The research findings and results can help project teams to diagnose problem areas in their existing systems and to design better performing systems. In particular, flow-performance measures discussed in the paper will provide those using the system with universal and unalterable common metrics for the current state of the system and will help them evaluate and compare the performance of processes. KW - Flow reliability KW - Information technology KW - Service level KW - Variance-to-contractor want KW - Web-based project information processing. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/697/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/697 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Approximating the Process Cycle Efficiency of Non-Physical Production Systems C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 123 EP - 130 PY - 2010 AU - Chin, Chang-Sun AD - Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Kevinchin255@yahoo.com ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The Process Cycle Efficiency (PCE), an important Lean Production metric, is the ratio of value-added time to total time required for producers to deliver goods or services to the customers and explains how quickly systems can respond to customer demands. The larger the PCE value, the leaner the system because the system has less non-value-added time. However, calculating the PCE of a non-physical production system, such as a transaction or service (e.g., RFI review and submittal processes), is problematic because measuring the value-added time requires process owners to record their pure execution times, that is, only the time used for value creation, and people tend to be fearful of the possibility that such data will be used for individual performance evaluation. However, we can approximate the PCE using the number of jobs processed quickly versus the total number of jobs processed for a given time period. Our hypothesis is that the approximation of PCE using this process is accurate. The research uses the RFI review process to demonstrate how to approximate the PCE using statistical concepts and methods and tests the hypothesis by comparing the actual PCE with the approximated PCE of engineers‘ RFI review process. The proposed method of PCE approximation provides a good performance indicator with which to evaluate process efficiency without imposing psychological discomfort on process owners and with which to set targets for improvement. KW - Process cycle efficiency KW - Request for information KW - Non-value added time KW - Value-added time. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/698/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/698 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - An Integration of a Buffering Assessment Model Based on Fuzzy Logic With LPS™ for Improving Highway Construction Process C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 264 EP - 273 PY - 2010 AU - Farag, Moataz AU - Gehbauer, Frtiz AU - Bhatla, Ankit AD - Research Assistant, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Germany, farag@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de, Tel: +49(0)721 608 5444. AD - Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Germany, gehbauer@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de AD - Graduate student, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Gawahati, India, a.bhatla@iitg.ernet.in ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Highway construction projects have special attributes, owing to their usual execution in an environment characterized by varying degrees of uncertainty. This paper aims at testing the vital role of buffers design and management for increasing the reliability of scheduling as well as mitigating the influences of uncertainty on the construction project from the Lean Construction viewpoint. This research paper develops a sound and rational integration system framework of Last Planner System™, as a production control tool, and a proper buffering assessment model called FLBM, which is based on fuzzy logic system. FLBM also focuses on increasing the reliability of buffers to match the actual degree of variation by considering a set of factors contributing to variability in the execution of a project. Simulation of the model is accomplished in MATLAB using sample data to verify the model theoretically. A case study was simulated through FLBM to validate the credibility of the model practically. The results of the simulation gave a positive feedback, reflecting the actual conditions. A set of scenarios were simulated using the FLBM in order to validate the model. In a further step, the proposed model was also employed in the course of the implementation of LPS™. KW - Last Planner System KW - Buffer design and management KW - Fuzzy logic KW - Highway. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/699/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/699 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The Combination of Last Planner System and Location-Based Management System C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 467 EP - 476 PY - 2010 AU - Seppanen, Olli AU - Ballard, Glenn AU - Pesonen, Sakari AD - AD - AD - ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The Last Planner System4 (LPS) and Location-Based Management System (LBMS) both aim to achieve the lean goals of decreasing waste, increasing productivity and decreasing variability. LBMS is mostly known as a scheduling system, but includes control mechanisms. LPS is primarily a control system, but includes a scheduling component; namely, phase scheduling. How best link these two systems together to achieve better project performance? Further, can the LBMS control mechanisms be integrated with LPS? Can phase pull scheduling be integrated with LBMS? The goal of this research is to develop a process and best practices to combine the benefits of LPS and LBMS. Skanska Finland has used the two systems together. They observed that the systems support each other well. Because the planning and controlling methods in different industries can vary, a series of workshops was conducted at a hospital project on the US West Coast, and three other US companies were interviewed, to discover the factors specific to industries where activity-based scheduling systems dominate. By combining these three sources of information to the latest case study results on the stand-alone use of LBMS and LPS, the paper proposes processes to integrate LPS and LBMS in pre-bid master scheduling, pull phase scheduling, look-ahead scheduling, and weekly planning. The proposed processes need to be tested in practice. The hypotheses for future research are that after implementing the proposed process, 1) schedule conformance will improve, 2) project durations will shrink, 3) productivity will increase, and 4) cascading delay chains will show a decrease. KW - Last Planner System KW - Location based management KW - Production control KW - Look-ahead planning KW - Phase schedules KW - Lean Construction PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/700/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/700 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Diffusing Lean Implementation & Organisation Cultural Maturity C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 345 EP - 350 PY - 2010 AU - Chesworth, Brianna AU - London, Kerry AU - Gajendran, Thayaparan AD - PhD Research Candidate, School of Architecture & the Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment,, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia, Phone +61 2 4921 5489, Fax +61 2 4921 6913, Brianna.Chesworth@newcastle.edu.au AD - Professor, Associate Dean (Research), School of Architecture and Building, Faculty of Science and Technology, Deakin University, Waterfront Campus, Geelong, Vic, 3220, Australia, Phone +61 3 522 78358, kerry.london@deakin.edu.au AD - Doctor, Lecturer - Bachelor of Construction Management (Building) School of Architecture & the Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment,, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia, Phone +61 2 4921 5781, Fax +61 2 4921 6913, Thayaparan.Gajedran@newcastle.edu.au ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Human capital is one of the most significant assets of any organisation. Construction industry problems associated with productivity, efficiencies and waste can be linked in some way to human behaviours. The characteristics of human behaviours in construction organisations are ultimately shaped and influenced by the values, beliefs and attitudes of individuals and groups within the organisational environment. Values, beliefs and attitudes provide the foundation of the organisational culture. The implementation of lean strategies as an alternate managerial approach to traditional managerial approaches has offered insights into the nature of human capital and organisational performance. Literature has identified that organisational culture in relation to lean implementation is categorised dichotomously, presented as either a ‗cultural‘ performance of empowerment or exploitation. The discourse in relation to lean culture is thus divided. It is proposed in this paper that lean implementation is an evolutionary process and thus organisations mature as the lean concept is diffused. A necessary part of this maturing process is culture related. A constructivist approach guides the research, proposing the organisational environment to be made up of interconnected multiple realities. This proposition is informed by Rogers‘ theory of diffusion, more specifically the relationships between time, communication and social systems within the organisational environment. A model of lean implementation is proposed which provides the investigative framework to explore how and why the behaviours and attitudes of human capital within the organisation during and after lean implementation mature the culture of the organisation. KW - Constructivism KW - Cultural maturity KW - Diffusion theory KW - Human behaviours KW - Lean implementation PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/701/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/701 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Value Adding Resource Consumption as Perceived by a Client: A Case Study C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 131 EP - 139 PY - 2010 AU - Christiansen, Fredrik AD - ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Ineffective, unproductive and expensive are adjectives that increasingly have become associated with the Swedish construction industry. Measures taken to remedy the situation have been widespread and the industry has lacked a common understanding of the origin to the perceived deficiencies. Rarely have the contribution to the design of a building from consumed resources been assessed in retrospect. The scope of the conducted case study covered the brief and design phases of a Swedish construction project. The resources used were mapped through a documentary data collection and interviews with the client, a contractor and the city planning office. There were three categories (directly value adding, indirectly value adding and not value adding) to which time consumed by resources was allocated during interview. A summarised assessment over time of the consumed resources constituted a part of the result. The hypothesis that qualities that potentially could be considered valuable by the client were continuously added throughout the brief and design phases was tested and proven false. The study revealed that the client regarded only short periods of time as having been directly value adding. In turn separated by long periods of time where the client only saw small amounts of value adding time. In total the scope of the study covered 17,040 worked hours. 17 % of these were regarded as having been directly added value by the client. Out of which 78 % took place during 27 % of the time. KW - Value KW - Value creation KW - Brief KW - Design KW - Client perspective KW - Resources. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/702/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/702 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Achieving a Lean Wayfinding System in Complex Hospital Environments: Design and Through-Life Management C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 233 EP - 242 PY - 2010 AU - Rooke, C.N. AU - Koskela, L.J. AU - Tzortzopoulos, P. AD - Postgraduate Researcher (PhD): School of the Built Environment. The University of Salford Maxwell Building AD - Professor of Theory based Lean project and production management: School of the Built Environment. The University of Salford Maxwell Building AD - Senior Lecturer: School of Built Environment. The university of Salford. Maxwell Building ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Complex products, such as buildings and other infrastructure, should aim to provide value to the customer over all stages of the product life-cycle. This paper considers some of the challenges associated with maximising customer value when designing, producing, implementing and maintaining a wayfinding system for complex hospital environments. The hypothesis of this paper is that the tri-partite conception of knowledge flow provides a robust evaluative framework for the problems of wayfinding in complex hospital environments. The framework supplements the concepts of information and practice, conventionally applied in knowledge management, with a conception of physical objects and environments as knowledge carrying entities which are constituted, recognised and used in the course of social practice. From a lean perspective, the problems of wayfinding must be reduced or eliminated through adopting a lean knowledge management approach. A review of knowledge management, design, wayfinding and lean literature, together with ongoing participant action research at Salford Royal hospital, are reported in this paper. To ensure that wayfinding information remains immortal throughout the long life cycles of the building, a Through Life Management (TLM) approach is suggested. Thus TLM is viewed as an important consideration in lean construction. KW - Wayfinding KW - Design KW - Tri-partite conception of knowledge flow KW - Lean knowledge management KW - Unique adequacy PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/703/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/703 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Waste and Labor Productivity in Production Planning Case Finnish Construction Industry C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 477 EP - 486 PY - 2010 AU - Koskenvesa, Anssi AU - Koskela, Lauri AU - Tolonen, Teuvo AU - Sahlstedt, Satu AD - Researcher, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland, koskenvesa@mittaviiva.fi AD - Professor, The University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk AD - Professor, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland, teuvo.tolonen@tut.fi AD - Researcher, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland, satu.sahlstedt@mittaviiva.fi ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The main objective of this paper is to examine labor productivity and waste and their role in production planning and control in Finnish construction industry. Three hypothesis are tested: (1) the assumption that labor productivity concerning different construction work disciplines has developed very little in the last 30 years; (2) the amount of waste has stayed on a constant high level on sites in the Finnish construction industry; and (3) labor productivity does not develop because the initial information included in the production plans includes also waste as an accepted phenomenon. A trend analysis of construction labor productivity is conducted over the period 1975-2008. Labor productivity and waste are examined through data from sites and Ratu-research (Finnish Construction Production Data on work methods and work rates). The results are examined along with prior international research findings on construction labor productivity, waste and production planning processes. Although the data and sites, as well as the Ratu-research material, are Finnish, the results are internationally applicable and can be utilized and connected to modern ways of working anywhere. Evaluation and considerations made in this paper are followed by further work. KW - Labor productivity KW - Waste KW - Production planning KW - Ratu-files KW - Work rates. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/704/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/704 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Analyzing User Costs in a Hospital: Methodological Implication of Space Syntax to Support Whole-Life Target Value Design C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 93 EP - 102 PY - 2010 AU - Kim, Youngchul AU - Lee, Hyun Woo AD - Ph. D. Candidate in Architecture, Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan, 2000 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2069, Phone +1 734/272-5905, FAX 734/763-2322, zeroiron@umich.edu AD - Graduate Student Researcher, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, Phone +1 510/715-0175, hyunwoo@berkeley.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Determining user costs in healthcare facilities is an emerging issue. Users – patients, staff, nurses and physicians – experience and move about corridors, hallways and rooms of a hospital, and the spatial configuration has a significant correlation to users’ experience in the facility. This paper investigates methodological implication of Space Syntax to Whole-life Target Value Design (TVD) by investigating user costs in the design of healthcare facilities. Investigating design alternatives using Space Syntax allows an effective user cost analysis to support Whole-life TVD. Three hypothetical hospital ward design alternatives are evaluated: deep-plan type, shallow-plan type and courtyard-plan type. Space Syntax assures valid results of spatial analysis in relation to users’ movement in the built environment. This approach also allows designers to visually compare design alternatives relating to space planning during set-based design. This spatial analysis helps reduce user costs by enhancing user productivity and reducing security dead spots – areas that lack visual supervision. Results of spatial configuration analysis are used to determine the best value design among the three alternatives with regards to the user costs. This paper also demonstrates how designers can benefit from Space Syntax as an effective visual representation tool for set-based design. KW - Hospital KW - user cost KW - Whole-life Target Value Design KW - Space Syntax KW - set-based design PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/705/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/705 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Exploring the Development of Collaboration in Construction Projects: A Case Study C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 356 EP - 365 PY - 2010 AU - Skinnarland, Sol AU - Yndesdal, Solveig AD - Researcher and DBA Candidate, Fafo, Institute for Labour and Social Research, Enterprise Development Studies Department, Borggata 2b, 0650 Oslo, Norway (www.fafo.no), Phone +4722088600, sol.skinnarland@fafo.no AD - Research and Development Manager, Kruse Smith AS. Vassbotnen 1, Forus, 4068 Stavanger, Phone +4751444200, Solveig.yndesdal@kruse-smith.no ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The production process in construction projects is carried out by several specialised participants. These project participants develop relationships that influence how the production process is progressing. Scholars within the construction management literature view the adversarial relationships often experienced within this industry as a root cause of inferior productivity levels. The data used in this paper is based on case studies from two pilot construction projects in Scandinavia in which collaborative planning based in large part on Last Planner System™ was implemented. The case studies were based on 36 interviews with managers (general contractor and subcontractors) and observation in planning meetings. The hypotheses investigated in this paper are that there are functional relationships between a) the degree of familiarity and community, b) the willingness to take others‘ perspectives, and c) the degree of engagement in activities and the degree of collaboration in construction projects. Based on the implementation process we explore in this paper the process of developing collaboration on site, in such a way that it may lead to mutual benefits for all participants in the construction project. We use a set of collaboration indicators to identify the development process which led towards strengthened collaboration. We conclude that the various activities and processes related to collaborative planning contributed to the development of collaboration within these two construction projects. KW - Collaborative planning KW - Last Planner System KW - Culture of collaboration. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/706/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/706 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - On a Road to Promises That Work C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 366 EP - 385 PY - 2010 AU - Cleary, Martin AU - Rooke, John AU - Koskela, Lauri AD - PhD Candidate, Phone +44 161 2956833, Email m.w.cleary@pgr.salford.ac.uk AD - Senior Research Fellow, Phone +44 161 2954143, Email r.l.owen@salford.ac.uk AD - Professor, Phone +44 161 2956378, Email l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK Fax +44 161 2954587 ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - This research into the applicability of ―Promise Based Management‖ in the UK construction sector examines the business side of construction as to where and how client and customer interact. A research opportunity to attend meetings and conduct interviews with clients and contractors on a major construction project in the North West of England gave first hand access to the various issues involved and enabled the researchers to draw some conclusions as to how promises are both a key to success in a construction project and indeed an enabling factor in how things get done in construction. Our focus is ―speech act theory‖ or the ―language action perspective‖ and its analysis of the way social cohesion is produced. Meetings were attended which were concerned with the planning and implementation of a contract and interviews were conducted with members of the client, main contractor and subcontractor teams. The initial findings point towards the necessary resilience of the sector and how successful project managers deal with the contingencies that arise and even on occasion work them to the advantage of the project and, of course, the company. KW - Ethnography KW - Language action perspective KW - Philosophy KW - Project management KW - Promise-based management. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/707/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/707 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean Construction Philosophy and Individual Freedom C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 376 EP - 385 PY - 2010 AU - Polesie, Pim AD - Division of Construction Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden, Phone +46(0)70-989 04 47, pim@chalmers.se ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Lean construction may increase efficiency, effectiveness and productivity in construction projects by minimising non-value adding activities to maximise the value added from each individual. To identify non-value adding activities, lean principles advocate increased controllability and transparency. This may limit the individuals feeling of freedom, creativity and willingness to suggest changes that lead to continuous improvement. Therefore, limiting individual freedom, ―unused creativity‖ may increase. The purpose of this paper is to challenge lean construction philosophy with focus on what individuals from the construction industry have identified as freedom. The theory of lean construction principles have been identified and evaluated in a literature review. The analysis of practice is based on 20 open-ended qualitative interviews with production managers from construction-related companies with focus on their perception of freedom and motivation. The study has led to a better understanding of practice and its relation to theoretical assumptions. It distinguishes between what is assumed and what is known. By minimizing waste through focus on principles that do not limit what individuals‘ perceive as freedom, acceptance of lean construction philosophy can be furthered at construction sites. KW - Lean construction philosophy KW - Lean principles KW - People KW - Freedom KW - Culture KW - Waste KW - Change. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/708/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/708 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Analysis of Strategic Aspects in Lean Construction Implementation C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 386 EP - 395 PY - 2010 AU - Azevedo, Mario Jose AU - Nunes, Fernando R. Melo AU - Neto, Jose de Paula Barros AD - M.Sc. Student, Administration Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Ceará, e-mail: azevedomario@ig.com.br. AD - Dr. Professor, Administration Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Ceará, e-mail:ferrimene@secrel.com.br. AD - Assistant Professor, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, e-mail: jpbarros@ufc.br. ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - This paper proposes improvements on the strategic aspects of the lean construction system implementation in contractor companies of Fortaleza/Brazil. It is an exploratory-descriptive study based on qualitative research supported by interviews and observations ―in loco‖. The hypothesis are: 1) the enterprise and production strategies have influence on the results of the application of lean construction principles on the productivity increase, cost, losses and labor force reduction; 2) the success of the lean construction system implementation depends upon the labors‘ formal education and participation in planning elaboration. Determinant factors are the high management support and the involvement of human capital with adequate formal education. Resultant contributions are competition power and productivity increase, stability in production processes, labor force requirements delays in activities execution, costs and losses reduction, better organization of working layout area, increase in the labor force and final clients satisfaction level. As a suggestion of improvement, the contractors should negotiate business deals with strategic suppliers, previously mapped by the value chain. This could leverage gains in the productive chain. It is suggested for future papers, the development of a systematic procedure capable of interfering in the alignment level between strategy and lean production. KW - Strategy KW - Production KW - Lean Construction. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/709/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/709 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Automated Construction Resource Location Tracking to Support the Analysis of Lean Principles C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 643 EP - 653 PY - 2010 AU - Cheng, Tao AU - Yang, Jun AU - Teizer, Jochen AU - Vela, Patricio A. AD - Ph.D. Candidate, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 790 Atlantic Dr. N.W., Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, USA, tcheng9@gatech.edu. AD - Ph.D. Candidate, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Drive N.W., Atlanta, GA 30332-0250, USA, junyang@gatech.edu. AD - Ph.D., Assistant Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 790 Atlantic Dr. N.W., Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, USA, Phone +1 404/894, FAX 404- 894-8269, teizer@gatech.edu. AD - Ph.D., Assistant Professor, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Drive N.W., Atlanta, GA 30332-0250, USA, pvela@ece.gatech.edu. ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - This paper presents a research framework and preliminary experimental results to automated construction resource (workforce, equipment, materials) location tracking for the purpose of advanced lean planning and rapid decision making. Based on the statement “what can be measured, can also be changed”, the research hypothesis was formulated that advanced automated remote sensing technology can measure and improve work site performance and assist decision making. The initial research scope focused on testing emerging real-time location tracking and data analysis technology (Ultra Wideband and Video) applied in capital intensive construction site settings. A literature review is presented on existing observation techniques that have been used in the analysis of lean construction operations. The research framework and technology in context to lean construction is explained next. To better understand construction operations – and in particular construction site activities related to safety and productivity – location and movements of workers, equipment, and materials were recorded in real-time. Preliminary results to field experiments demonstrate the feasibility of tracking construction resources accurately and in real-time. An outlook and applications are presented of how the collected resource trajectory information can be used in project decision making. It is envisioned, that once site resource data is collected, processed, and linked to existing schedule and work task planning, the information can play a vital role for rapid implementation of lean principles in the operational environment of construction sites. KW - Decision Making KW - Productivity KW - Safety KW - Tracking KW - Ultra Wideband KW - Workforce. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/710/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/710 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Value-Driven vs. Market-Driven Purchasing of Kitchen Cabinets C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 202 EP - 211 PY - 2010 AU - Beldsten, Louise AU - Bjornfot, Anders AU - Sandberg, Erik AD - PhD student, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden, Phone +46 13/281547, FAX +46 13/281101, louise.bildsten@liu.se AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Mining, and Environmental Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 81, Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920/492067, anders.bjornfot@ltu.se AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden, Phone +46 13/284492, erik.sandberg@liu.se ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - In economic and management literature, the relationship between supplier and buyer can be more or less intimate. It can vary from market-driven with a constant change of suppliers to a value-driven relationship with one sole supplier. Purchasing strategies of construction companies have often been described as short-sighted, where price is the most considered aspect. Recent lean management literature promote value-driven purchasing, since it provides benefits such as just-in-time delivery, zero defects and customized products through close technical collaboration. This article hypothesises that value-driven purchasing of customized kitchen cabinets is more profitable than market-driven purchasing in industrialized housing construction. The hypothesis is examined through a case study of kitchen carpentry at one of Sweden‘s largest producers of industrialized prefabricated multi-storey housing. By comparing characteristics of market-driven vs. value-driven purchasing, this article aims to further clarify the benefits and drawbacks of these two strategies. At the case company, kitchens are ordered cabinet-by-cabinet and then installed inside the factory. The company is considering the possibility of a long-term relationship with a smaller local supplier that can deliver a new kind of innovative kitchen cabinet solution that is prefabricated. If the local supplier can meet the expectations of just-in-time delivery, zero defects and a product ―tailor-made‖ for the housing company, there is much to gain. KW - Lean purchasing KW - Prefabrication KW - Purchasing strategies KW - Supply chain management PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/711/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/711 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The Ambiguity of Value C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 42 EP - 51 PY - 2010 AU - Erikshammar, Jarkko J. AU - Bjornfot, Anders AU - Gardelli, Viktor AD - M.Sc., Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, and member Timber Structures Research Group, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491 860, Fax +46 920 491 935, jarkko.erikshammar@ltu.se AD - Ph.D., Department of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, and manager of the TräIN project, Timber Structures Research Group, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, Fax +46 920 491 935, anders.bjornfot@ltu.se AD - Ph.D. Student, Department of Education, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 (0)920 491550, viktor.gardelli@ltu.se ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - 'Value‘ is a central concept in all of the principles and methods applied in Lean Construction, but it is rather difficult to provide a precise definition of the term. The problem lies in the word value itself: its ambiguity and vagueness make theorization difficult. This paper investigates the philosophical concept of value from a Lean Construction perspective. Several elements that contribute to value are considered, including objective elements such as waste reduction, quality, price and functionality, and more subjective elements such as design. The hypothesis of this paper is that the reduction or removal of elements that detract from value, such as waste and costs, is not the only means by which value may be increased. The Sorites paradox is used to form a cohesive perspective on some different meanings of the word ‗value‘. One of the known ‗solutions‘ of the paradox, utilization theory, is then explored through a case study in off-site construction that illustrates how different actors in the construction process view value, and how utility theory can be used to provide a consensus on value that is acceptable. In practice, ‗value‘ is ambiguous because actors generally value different things and these views seldom converge during projects. Our results indicate that the actors involved strive for value individually. Analysis using utility theory allows the actors to establish a shared conceptualization of value, expressed in monetary terms. The work described in this paper aims to improve our understanding of value and of how to design products in construction to improve value for clients of industrialized housing. KW - Lean Construction KW - Value KW - Product KW - Philosophy Sorites paradox. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/712/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/712 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Implementation of Pull Control in Finishing Works With Re-Entrant Flow C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 274 EP - 284 PY - 2010 AU - Brodetskaia, Irina AU - Sacks, Rafael AU - Shapira, Aviad AD - PhD Candidate, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. E-mail: cvirina@tx.technion.ac.il AD - Assoc. Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. E-mail: cvsacks@tx.technion.ac.il AD - Assoc. Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. E-mail: avishap@tx.technion.ac.il ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Construction project activities exhibit high degrees of variation, especially during finishing works, as a result of uncertainty in supply chains, variations in work quantities, client changes and lack of predictability of the production capacity of subcontracting trades. Decisions must constantly be made concerning effective utilization of available resources. Re-entrant workflow patterns, where a trade crew returns twice or more to the same space, make production control even more difficult. We present a method for pull flow control at the operational level, even where reentrant flow occurs. Pull of works is achieved through real-time prioritization of pending work-packages and daily regulation of trades’ production capacity. Application of various heuristics was evaluated and examined using discrete-event simulation of a representative construction project. Experimental results show how careful production system design, with daily evaluation and adjustments using heuristic production control rules, can improve flows that include re-entrant loops. KW - Production system design KW - production control KW - pull KW - simulation KW - re-entrant flow. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/713/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/713 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Simulating the Last Planner With Systems Dynamic C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 487 EP - 496 PY - 2010 AU - Mota, Bruno P. AU - Viana, Daniela D. AU - Isatto, Eduardo L. AD - Civil Engineer, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. brunopmota@yahoo.com.br AD - Architect, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. danidietz@gmail.com AD - Dr., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. isatto@ufrgs.br ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The Last Planner System is one of the most remarkable practices in lean construction and usually a starting point for lean implementation in construction companies. Different aspects of its application have been discussed along a number of articles since the first IGLC conferences. However, despite the many studies on this subject, the reasons for some recurrent patterns in the outcome data of the system and how they influence each other still remain to be explained. One of them is the cyclic nature of the PPC indicator that appears in most of the implementation examples presented in those articles. This article aims to help understanding such behaviour by developing a system dynamics model to investigate the influence of the variability, delays and project performance over the whole system. The model offers an explanation about how PPC fluctuations in the present may be explained by events in the past and, particularly, how to avoid undesirable outcomes in the future behaviour of the indicator. KW - System dynamics KW - Last Planner System PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/714/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/714 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - A SURVEY ON THE LAST PLANNER SYSTEM: IMPACTS AND DIFFICULTIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN BRAZILIAN COMPANIES C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 497 EP - 507 PY - 2010 AU - Viana, Daniela Dietz AU - Mota, Bruno AU - Formoso, Carlos T. AU - Echeveste, Márcia AU - Peixoto, Marjana AU - Rodrigues, Caroline L. AD - Architect, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, danidietz@gmail.com AD - Civil Engineer, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, brunopmota@yahoo.com.br AD - Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br AD - Dr., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. echeveste@producao.ufrgs.br AD - Statistician, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 92563151, marjanapeixoto@hotmail.com AD - Undergraduate Student in Statistics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 81326713, caroline.legramanti@gmail.com ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The Last Planner System (LPS) has been the focus of several studies in the Lean Construction community. Many papers have reported its implementation in different types of projects around the world, and more recently some quantitative studies attempting to evaluate its impact have been published. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of the LPS from a different perspective. Instead of using performance measures, this study is based on the perceptions of people involved in the implementation of the Last Planner System in construction sites. A survey was carried out with a sample of construction companies from the South of Brazil. In each company, interviews were undertaken with representatives from three managerial levels: site engineers, foremen and crew leaders. The results point out different perceptions for each of those levels. While most benefits perceived by engineers and foremen are concerned with the planning process itself, crew leaders have emphasize the indirect benefits of the system, such as reliability of material delivery and site organization. Moreover, understanding the perception of the main people involved with the implementation of LPS provides some indications of what is often misunderstood about this system, making it possible to identify improvement opportunities. KW - Planning KW - Production Control KW - Last Planner System KW - Impact KW - Perception. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/715/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/715 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean Commercial Management: Defining the Borders of the Discipline in the Construction Industry C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 601 EP - 608 PY - 2010 AU - Zimina, Daria AU - Pasquire, Christine L. AD - Research Associate, Civil and Engineering Department, Loughborough University. Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK, Phone +44 1509 228791, FAX +44 1509 223891, d.zimina@lboro.ac.uk AD - Senior Lecturer, Civil and Engineering Department, Loughborough University. Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK, Phone +441509 222895, C.L.Pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Commercial management is defined by the Institute of Commercial Management as ―the identification and development of business opportunities and the profitable management of projects and contracts, from inception to completion.‖ It addresses companies‘ internal and external relationships and thus plays an enormously important role in construction, which in essence is an inter-organisation industry. Construction projects require the contribution of multiple actors each of them representing a separate business entity with their own goals and incentives. Commercial management is the discipline that supports communication between all these individual bits. This inevitably puts it in a position to affect company profitability and long-term business success in a fast and dramatic way. Commercial management relates both to the policy of the company, or how it intends to deliver a project, plans its relationship with other organisations; and to operations (contracting, procurement, money flow and accounting), or how this policy is put in practice. In the developing lean construction industry good intentions are rarely supported by changes in the commercial operations. The projects are completed with lean principles but worked around habitual accounting, contracts and in many cases even procurement. Reliance on these commercial operations might hamper full exploration of lean benefits. This paper addresses the following questions: what is the relation between commercial management and project delivery? Is lean commercial management a necessary part of lean construction? If lean commercial management has to be implemented, what should it be like? The hypotheses tested in this paper suggests that (1) lean construction is a viable choice of commercial strategy (2) lean commercial management is an integral part of lean construction system subordinate to the project delivery. KW - Lean commercial management KW - Concept formation KW - Lean Construction. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/716/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/716 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Interactive Visual Lean System for Resource Planning of Earthwork Operations C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 652 EP - 661 PY - 2010 AU - Dawood, Nashwan AU - Chavada, Rajiv AU - Benghi, Claudio AU - Sanches, Romeu AD - Professor, School of Science and Engineering, and Director of the Centre for Construction Innovation and Research, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, Phone +44 1642/342494, FAX 1642/342494, n.n.dawood@tees.ac.uk AD - PhD Student, Centre for Construction Innovation and Research, School of Science and Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, Phone +44 1642/342494, FAX 1642/342494, H8130479@tees.ac.uk AD - Senior Lecturer, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, Phone +44 –191/2437368, claudio.benghi@northumbria.ac.uk AD - Program Manager, Mota-Engil, Romeu.Sanches@mota-engil.pt ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Poor resource planning and low productivities in road construction projects are among the major factors that contribute to cost escalation and projects‘ overruns. Although a number of tools and methods have been developed to enhance road construction planning and in particular earthworks planning and visualisation, current practices suggest that these tools are not practical and fragmented. The aim of this paper is to develop a practical, lean and transparent knowledge driven model to reduce the complexity of earthwork operations, improve efficiency of planning processes and reduce waste at operational phase. In this context, this research presents an interactive visual lean system that integrates different earthwork modules (including resource productivity, profile visualisation, planning and scheduling activities) to achieve efficient and productive construction plans. The system integrates atomic model configuration for productivity calculation, profile visualisation for ―Mass-haul‖ and ―Time-distance‖ profile, Gantt viewer for activity planning and management. The paper introduces the theoretical aspects of planning and scheduling in linear projects, develops system framework for the proposed model, discusses the prototype and demonstrates the prototype through a real life case study. KW - Visualisation tool KW - Integrated system KW - Earthwork operations KW - Object oriented environment KW - Lean Construction PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/717/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/717 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The Flow of Work in Construction: A Conceptual Discussion C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 52 EP - 62 PY - 2010 AU - Kalsaas, Bo Terje AU - Bolviken, Trond AD - Associate Professor, Dr Ing, Faculty of economics and social sciences, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Cellular +47 97082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no AD - Director, Business Development and Strategy, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no (Veidekke Entreprenør AS is a Norwegian subsidiary of Veidekke ASA, one of the major Scandinavian construction and real-estate-development companies) ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The purpose: To review the term ―flow‖ in production conceptually. The paper is a step towards fulfilling an ambition to find a way of measuring flow (of work) in construction in a manner that does not destroy the intuitive quality of the term, and of measuring flow as directly as possible. Research method: Theoretical and empirical exploration. Research findings: Flow is a construct widely used in different disciplines. It has a strong intuitive appeal in terms of meaning and experience, but it is not easily defined in relation to the operational level of production. The lean construction community seems to take a casual attitude to the concept of flow even though much hinges on it in this area of knowledge. In order to develop a more precise concept of flow in construction, and one that is geared towards measurability, we suggest building on Shingo‘s distinction between process and operation, and that, for example, a clear distinction be made between conditions for flow and the flow as such. Main contribution: The relevance of the paper is that it will help unpack the concept of flow as it applies to the construction industry. KW - Lean Construction KW - Production theory KW - Flow KW - Measurement PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/718/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/718 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Value Generation and Its Relation With the Design Process C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 171 EP - 180 PY - 2010 AU - Sampaio, Juliana C. Schlachter AU - Neto, Jose de Paula Barros AD - Architect and Master of Engineering from the Civil Engineering Post Graduation Program, Structure and Civil Constructions, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil. julianaschlachter@yahoo.com.br AD - Ph.D Professor from the Civil Construction and Structure Engineering Department, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil. jpbarros@ufc.br ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Some incorporators/developers, in order to have a feedback of their projects, have resorted to satisfaction evaluations. However, the data collected have not been systematically used in the feedback of management processes for new designs. The literature shows the importance of incorporating these data. Thus, the designers can generate more value to the final client. This research has hypothesized the possibility of decision supporting tools - e.g. AHP, AD, TRIZ and QFD - to be used in a theoretical model which helps to process the data collected in satisfaction evaluations, aiming at the process improvement and at the value generation. The qualitative research was divided into three methodological steps: the analysis of the tools, the adaptation of these tools and the test of the model. Through a pre-test and a focus group, the preliminary versions of the model were refined and the theoretical model was proposed. KW - Tools KW - Design KW - Feedback KW - Value. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/719/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/719 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Defining the Path: A Case Study of Large Scale Implementation of Last Planner C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 396 EP - 405 PY - 2010 AU - Leigard, Anton AU - Pesonen, Sakari AD - M. Sc. Engineering, Operational Research Specialist, Skanska Xchange Center Residential, Skanska AB, Solna, Phone: +46 10 448 04 76 Email: anton.leigard@skanska.se AD - M. Sc. Engineering, Project Manager, Productivity Program, Skanska Finland Oy, Phone: +358 20 719 4555 Email: sakari.pesonen@skanska.fi ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - This article explores the hypothesis that over the course of time, implementation of Last Planner3 System moves through a predictable sequence of development stages. The ambition is to establish a standard framework of fundamentals to help organizations who stand on the starting block of large-scale implementation. Implementation on a wide scale is seen as different from implementation on one isolated project because resource limitations and the involvement of people who may not have fully bought in to the ideologies of LPS. The hypothesis is tested through screenings of earlier publications in IGLC, theory of innovation and empirical interviews. Interviews provide lessons learned by implementation leaders in Skanska Nordic where today over 60 projects have used LPS with more to come. The article defines characteristics of different phases and how change agents interact to spur an effective diffusion process. KW - Last Planner System KW - Large-scale implementation KW - Case study KW - Learning curve KW - Culture change KW - Strategy PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/720/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/720 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Lean Construction Facilitates Learning on All Organisational Levels? C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 406 EP - 414 PY - 2010 AU - Christensen, Randi M. AU - Christensen, Thomas N. AD - PhD, M.Sc. Project manager Danish Defence Estates & Infrastructure Organisation, Arsenalvej 55, DK-9800 Hjoerring, Denmark. Phone +45 9924 1444, rmc@mil.dk AD - M.Sc. Project manager and client consultant, COWI Denmark, Thulebakken 34, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark, Phone +45 99 36 77 75, thnc@cowi.dk ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The construction industry is in need of interdisciplinary learning and development in order to meet customers‘ needs. However, interdisciplinary learning can be difficult to facilitate, particularly in the construction industry due to organizational structures based on separation of professions, and due to traditions for relying on tacit and practice based knowledge. To meet this challenge, Lean Construction has shown great potential in initiating and facilitating learning, and particularly interdisciplinary learning, throughout the design and construction phases. In order to be able to deliberately facilitate this interdisciplinary learning, a general understanding of why Lean Construction leads to learning is developed. For this both practice based theories as well as a case study are presented. Finally, the authors call for more research on the topic of learning at higher organizational levels, particularly with focus on the early phases. The aim is to include the entire supply chain on a construction project in increasing the value of the end product. KW - Practice based learning KW - Interdisciplinary learning KW - Lean Construction. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/721/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/721 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The Relationship Between Information Flow and Project Success in Multi-Disciplinary Civil Engineering Design C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 140 EP - 150 PY - 2010 AU - Thibelsky, Effi AU - Sacks, Rafael AD - PhD, Lt.-Col., Israel Air Force, effitrib@gmail.com AD - Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 840 Rabin Building, Technion Campus, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Civil engineering projects are characterized by complex products developed by teams of consultants who have been selected for their individual unique skills and knowledge. One of the central difficulties in the work of a design team is to achieve smooth and continuous flow of information. Phenomena such as bottlenecks, rework, large batches and long cycle times are common. We hypothesize that these adversely impact the teamwork and reduce the quality of their work. Tools developed to visualize the flows of information in the design process and a set of computed analytical measures designed to quantify the flows were applied to a sample set of 14 civil engineering projects that were part of a major airport construction project. The measures indicate the presence or absence of bottlenecks, rework, large batches and long cycle times. The degree of success of each of the design processes of the sample projects was recorded independently through a series of interviews with the various participants and stakeholders in the projects. Comparison between the occurrences of phenomena associated with poor information flow, on the one hand, and the degree of success of the detailed design phase of the projects, on the other, revealed a high degree of correlation. KW - Case studies KW - Design management KW - Information flow KW - Project management. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/722/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/722 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Work-Time Waste in Construction C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 507 EP - 517 PY - 2010 AU - Kalsaas, Bo Terje AD - Associate Professor, Dr Ing, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Working Life and Innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway. Phone +47 37 25 30 00; e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Purpose: To develop a method for measuring time waste in construction. A second aim is to quantify the wasted time, as it is assumed that some of the figures in the existing literature might be exaggerated for political purposes. Research method: Theoretically informed case study and literature review. Research findings: According to the ―boss method‖ developed for this study, 5% of working time was classified as waste, whereas a more limited and detailed study identified waste as amounting to 17% of working time. However, if ―personal time‖ is taken out of the equation, the detailed study shows 7% waste. Clearly, the more subdivided the data, the greater the amount of uncovered waste. The detailed study also shows that directly value-adding work amounted to 49% of the working time, and that supportive work amounted to up to 34%. The analysis based on the primary data is compared to a Swedish and an American study, whose figures for waste as a proportion of the working time are considerably higher. The figures for directly value-adding work are also radically lower in both of these studies. Some of the differences can obviously be ascribed to the type of work involved in the studies, and the applied methods of measurement. Comparisons to another Norwegian study as well as a Finnish one showed fairly good correspondence in terms of the uncovered proportion of directly value-adding work. The main contribution of this paper: Contributes to the conceptualisation of time waste and gives empirical examples of waste. KW - Lean Construction KW - Waste KW - Work-time waste PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/723/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/723 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Last Planner and Its Role as Conceptual Kanban C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 63 EP - 72 PY - 2010 AU - Rybkowski, Zofia K. AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, 434 Langford A, 3137 Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3137, USA, Phone +979/845-4354, FAX +979/862-1572, zrybkowski@tamu.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Historically, the Last Planner™ System of Production Control has been coupled with the body of Lean Construction literature. However, the mechanism of the Last Planner and how it fits within accepted lean thinking has not always been apparent. This paper addresses this uncertainty. It examines simulated results from a lean simulation game and argues that the Last Planner serves the role of a conceptual kanban, among its functions—and therefore sits squarely within the domain of Lean theory. KW - Last Planner System KW - Kanban KW - Airplane game KW - Lean Construction PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/724/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/724 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Analysing Benefits Realisation From a Theoretical Perspective and Its Contribution to Value Generation C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 73 EP - 82 PY - 2010 AU - Tillmann, Patricia A. AU - Tzortzopoulos, Patricia AU - Formoso, Carlos T. AD - PhD student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Postgraduate Programme in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (PPGEC –UFRGS). Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. e-mail: patriciatillmann@gmail.com AD - 2Academic Felllow, Research Institute for the Built and Human Environment, School of the Built Environment, Maxwell Building, University of Salford, The Crescent, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT.e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk AD - Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Postgraduate Programme in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (PPGEC –UFRGS). Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The benefits realisation approach emerged in the beginning of the 1990‘s, in the information systems and technology sector, focusing the management of projects on the delivery of business benefits. The approach intends to bring a greater awareness of project benefits to stakeholder, as well as the means to achieve and maximise benefits. Such approach is currently being explored in the construction sector, especially for managing healthcare projects. However, the literature on benefits realisation is mainly dedicated to the practical aspects of its implementation and little has been discussed about the theoretical foundations of this approach. Thus, the purpose of this article is to explore benefits realisation from a theoretical perspective and highlight its potential contribution for project management, specifically for further developing value generation concept in construction projects. This was pursued through a literature review on benefits realisation, to understand its principles and the search for theories that could further explain them. The paper describes concepts originated from three different scientific fields, namely production science, social science and systems thinking, which were found to be aligned with the core guidelines of benefits realisation. As a result, a theoretical discussion of the benefit realisation approach is presented, as well as its potential contribution to further developments of value generation concept. How the theory will be tested with experimental data is also indicated at the end of the paper. KW - Benefits realisation KW - Project management KW - Value generation PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/725/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/725 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - The Impact of Path Dependencies on Lean Implementation Within a Construction Company C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 425 EP - 434 PY - 2010 AU - Morrey, Nicola AU - Pasquire, Christine AU - Dainty, Andrew AD - Nicola Morrey, Research Engineer, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, N.Morrey@lboro.ac.uk AD - Dr, C, L Pasquire, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, Phone 01509 222895 C.L.Pasquire@lboro.ac.uk AD - Professor, A.R.J Dainty, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, Phone 01509 228742 A.R.J.Dainty@lboro.ac.uk ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The effect path dependency has on a lean implementation is being investigated using a major UK construction company as a case study. This paper describes the nature of the issues arising from path dependency and presents the preliminary findings. Path dependency refers to the idea that events and decisions that have taken place in the past continue to influence current decisions and ways of working. Concerning the implementation of lean, path dependencies would be in existence if a company‘s ability to improve processes, learn and innovate were constrained by policies, technologies, relationships and strategies from the past. The case study Company has recently developed a number of tools (ways of working) that it is trying to standardise across the business. This is akin to the standardised work that might be seen in a lean production environment. The assumption under consideration for this project is that path dependencies exist within the case study company that are influencing and constraining its ability to implement change. Following from this, it is proposed that understanding these path dependencies will enable them to be overcome, or capitalised upon, and that such an analysis of path dependencies is a useful diagnostic tool for lean implementation. KW - Path dependency KW - Lean KW - Standardised work KW - Lean implementation. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/726/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/726 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Value Generation in Social Housing Projects: A Case Study on the City Entrance Integrated Program in Porto Alegre, Brazil C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 181 EP - 190 PY - 2010 AU - Miron, Luciana I.G. AU - Formoso, Carlos Torres AD - Professor, School of Architecture and Urbanism, Department of Architecture, Researcher at Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3308 4054, e-mail: Luciana.miron@ufrgs.br AD - Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Civil Engineering Post Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3308 4054, e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The City Entrance Integrated Program (PIEC) is a very large urban project that proposes the urban restructuring of an important area of Porto Alegre City, South of Brazil. This type of project is characterized by heavy investments and very high complexity, since it involves a large number of stakeholders and much uncertainty. They are often designated as integrated housing programs since they not only provide housing, but also infra-structure, environmental improvements, community services and development. In this type of project, understanding value from the perspective of final users is crucial for achieving project goals. The aim of this paper is to describe a way of modelling value generation by using a hierarchy of constructs in integrated housing programs. Case study was the research strategy adopted in this investigation, which was divided into two phases. Phase A had an exploratory-descriptive character aiming at understanding the context of the PIEC development process. In Phase B the study focused on the final users (dwellers) of the program. The main contribution of this article is concerned with hierarchy of values that establishes a connection between the perceived performance of project attributes by the final users and goals of the project from the point of view of different stakeholders. KW - Value generation KW - requirements KW - perceived value KW - social housing projects. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/727/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/727 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Case Study of Using an Integrated 5D System in a Large Hospital Construction Project C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 664 EP - 673 PY - 2010 AU - Kala, Tanmaya AU - Seppanen, Olli AU - Stein, Claire AD - Project Engineer, McCarthy Building Companies, Inc., tkala@mccarthy.com AD - Postdoctoral Researcher, Helsinki University of Technology and Vice President of Services, Vico Software Inc., olli.seppanen@vicosoftware.com AD - Project Engineer, McCarthy Building Companies, Inc., cstein@mccarthy.com ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - 3D models for constructability analysis, quantity takeoff, and model-based scheduling have been typically described as point applications. An integrated 5D system, where the 3D model drives quantity takeoff (along with model-based cost planning comprises the 5th D), which is automatically tied to a location-based schedule to generate resource and cost-loaded schedules (the 4th D), is a more novel concept. Integrated 5D approaches have been used in commercial applications since 2005 but there are only few case studies in technical literature to illustrate the benefits and challenges of implementation. The goal of this paper is to present the case study of Kaiser Oakland hospital project, the largest known implementation of integrated 5D systems combined with location-based planning. We analyzed specifically the preconstruction phase of foundations. The benefits of the 5D system were studied with the following hypotheses based on the experiences gained in previous projects. First, model-based constructability based on a parallel construction model should identify more constructability issues than traditional model-based constructability processes. Second, model-based quantity takeoff should take less time than manual take-off. Third, integrated location-based scheduling should enable schedule optimization over CPM–based approaches, resulting in shorter overall duration with more continuous resource use. Two out of three hypotheses were supported in the preconstruction of foundations. First, over 200 additional constructability issues were identified using the construction model. Second, Location-based scheduling enabled the planning of continuous work for subcontractors while compressing the duration of Foundation phase by six weeks. Contrary to the hypothesis there was no time saving benefits related to quantity takeoff, although there were some qualitative benefits in terms of better communication. KW - Location-based management KW - constructability KW - 5D model KW - flowline schedule PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/728/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/728 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Explorative Application of the Multi-Domain Matrix Methodology in Lean Design C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 151 EP - 160 PY - 2010 AU - Furtmeier, Fabian A. AU - Tommelein, Iris D. AD - Dipl.-Ing., Graduate student, Institute of Product Development, Technical University of Munich, Germany, furtmeier@mytum.de AD - Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Structural complexity management provides a new approach to manage complexity resulting from a system‘s structure. It originated in the field of product development and applies the Multiple-Domain Matrix (MDM) methodology. The MDM methodology is based on the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) and focuses on the analysis and optimization of the underlying structures of a system. Therefore, it extends the capabilities of the DSM by integrating multiple domains and enabling the deduction of indirect dependencies. Dependencies that cannot be captured directly in a DSM can be computed by means of the MDM. Because construction projects are similar to extensive product development processes, methodologies developed for product development should be applicable in lean design in AEC industry. Construction processes can be complex systems themselves. In order to avoid waste, these systems should be designed more accurate in the first place rather than improved while in operation. However, this requires process mapping tools that offer the capability to handle complex process networks. This paper explores the applicability of the MDM methodology as a process mapping tool in lean design. Therefore, the paper depicts the MDM methodology and illustrates an approach for mapping processes in lean construction by means of the MDM using the example of the design of a plumbing installation process. Objective of the MDM application is to enhance process mapping by use of deduction of dependencies. Further, conclusions for future state map generation are provided based on analysis of the process‘ underlying structure. KW - Complexity KW - Design structure matrix KW - Multi-domain matrix KW - Process mapping KW - Value stream mapping PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/729/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/729 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Collaborative Design Management C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 103 EP - 112 PY - 2010 AU - Bolviken, Trond AU - Gullbrekken, Bjornar AU - Nyseth, Kjetil AD - Director, Business Development and Strategy, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 21055000, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no (Veidekke Entreprenør AS is a Norwegian subsidiary of Veidekke ASA, one of the major Scandinavian construction and real estate development companies). AD - Design Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 21055000, bjornar.gullbrekken@veidekke.no . AD - Head of Improvement Processes, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 21055000, kjetil.nyseth@veidekke.no . ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - So far, Lean Construction has exerted a far greater influence on the production aspect of construction than on its design. However, Koskela and Ballard – the authors of what are to date the two most influential contributions to come from Lean Construction – both regard their respective input as no less relevant to one of these aspects than to the other. The theory hypothesis of this paper is that Lean Construction and the Last Planner SystemTM principles are equally relevant to design and production in construction. The study is based on the design process in design-build contracts, where design is partly carried out in parallel with construction, and the completion date is fixed. Literature studies of the design process indicate that the hypothesis is partly true. However, the findings of this paper indicate that the design process has certain characteristics that makes it fundamentally different from the production process. This paper argues that the design process should be defined as consisting of three phases, involving three different management strategies. The decision making process is identified as an integral part of the design process. A relationship between design and production plans, and six preconditions for the constraints analysis in design processes, are proposed. KW - Design management in construction KW - Preconditions for design KW - Decision making. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/730/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/730 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Value Stream Mapping of the Architectural Executive Design in a Governmental Organization C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 415 EP - 424 PY - 2010 AU - Lima, Mariana AU - Rolim, Larissa AU - Alves, Thais da C.L. AD - Architect, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, Bloco 710, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3366-9607, marimxl@yahoo.com.br AD - Engineer, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Universidade Federal do Ceará, larissabisio@yahoo.com.br AD - Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engrg and Mgmt Program, Dept of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engrg, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - This paper presents a study to investigate the development of the architectural executive design of low-income housing projects at Habitafor, which is part of the City of Fortaleza administrative organizations. In FY-2009 Habitafor managed a budget of approximately $100 million dollars allocated to the design and construction of new projects (~ 20,000 new homes), as well as the improvement of existing communities (~ 20,000 home improvements). The authors hypothesized that this process is plagued with inefficiencies that in turn result in long product (plans and specifications) lead times. In order to confirm this hypothesis and make the attributes of this process visible, the authors used Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to analyze the process activities. This study has found evidence that supports the working hypothesis, and proposed recommendations that, if implemented, would cut a third of the total lead time for the process. The authors believe that processes like the one presented in this paper are performed under similar circumstances in various parts of the world. Therefore, they encourage others to conduct similar studies to reveal and banish wasteful practices that consume taxpayer money but do not generate the services they need. KW - Value stream mapping KW - Public sector KW - Architectural executive design KW - Housing. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/731/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/731 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Application of Lean Principles to Manage a Customisation Process C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 306 EP - 315 PY - 2010 AU - Kemmer, Sergio L. AU - Rocha, Cecilia G. AU - Meneses, Lisyanne O. AU - Pacheco, Ana Valeria L. AU - Formoso, Carlos T. AD - Research Assistant, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, sergiokemmer@gmail.com AD - Ph.D Candidate at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, cecilia.rocha@ufrgs.br AD - Architect, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, lisyanne@crolim.com.br AD - Civil Engineer, Quality and Technology Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza- CE, Brazil, valeria@crolim.com.br AD - Associate Professor at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The increasing diversity of dwellers lifestyles and requirements demand changes in the house building industry. The adoption of customisation strategies by constructions companies will increase the product value. Nonetheless, a major challenge is how to increase product variety while maintaining an efficient production process. This paper describes a set of practices developed by a medium-sized construction firm for managing customisation during the construction phase. This firm builds housing units for high-end customers who value quality as well as product flexibility. As a result, customisation is considered a strategic asset by the firm and therefore requires the introduction of several changes in the production process so that customers’ requirements could be fulfilled without compromising the efficiency of site and office operations. In order to implement this process, the firm had to change the longstanding view that design changes required by customers harm site operations to the one which recognized that carrying out those changes could in fact add value for customers from the market niche targeted by the firm and thus increase sales. The customisation practices introduced by the firm were strongly based on Lean Construction concepts and principles, such as process transparency, reducing the share of non-value-added activities, increasing output value through systematic consideration of customers’ requirements, increasing output flexibility, batch size reduction, focusing on controlling the whole process, constraint analysis, among others. This paper focuses on three house-building projects that had high levels of customisation and how the customisation process was managed. KW - Customisation KW - value KW - business strategy KW - housing. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/732/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/732 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Quantifying Impacts of Last Planner™ Implementation in Industrial Mining Projects C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 518 EP - 527 PY - 2010 AU - Leal, Mauricio AU - Alarcon, Luis F. AD - Graduate Researcher, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: malealf@ing.puc.cl AD - Professor of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Over the years an increasing number of companies have implemented the Last Planner System™ (LPS) and several research efforts have provided evidence of its impact on performance in construction projects. However, very scarce evidence exists of the impacts in industrial mining projects. These projects are generally schedule driven with tight schedules, complex and diverse in construction challenges, frequent scope changes, high logistic complexity and very high economic impact. These characteristics seem to be an obstacle to a sustained implementation of the LPS in this type of projects. This paper reports on research focused on industrial mining projects, in an effort to quantify the impacts of the LPS implementation on several aspects of project performance. Over a period of two years, the authors investigated the implementation of the LPS and its impacts in several projects of a single company, comparing projects with and without implementation and assessing the impacts of implementation with statistical data obtained from the projects before and after implementation. Statistical data from three projects with LPS implementation was used to explore quantitative impacts. The research confirmed correlations, explored in previous studies, between LPS planning reliability measure, Percent of Plan Completed (PPC), with performance measures used in traditional project management practices such as Schedule Performance Index (SPI) and Cost Performance Index (CPI). All the projects with LPS implementation finished on schedule and with no accidents. These projects reached company objectives and obtained an increase in profit margins compared with company historic performance. Client satisfaction was also studied and measured showing an important increase when projects with LPS implementation were compared with projects without implementation. KW - Lean Construction KW - Implementation KW - Last Planner System KW - Industrial mining projects. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/733/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/733 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Real-Time Supply Chain Management Using Virtual Design and Construction and Lean C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 212 EP - 221 PY - 2010 AU - Choo, Sangwoo AU - Fischer, Martin AD - PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environment Engineering and Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE, cife.stanford.edu), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA, Phone +1 650/723-4945, sangwoo@stanford.edu AD - Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Director of the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE, cife.stanford.edu), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA, Phone +1 650/723-4945, fischer@stanford.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Supply chain management in construction has evolved in response to various innovative tools. Field observations and focus-group interviews with supply chain members, however, indicate a need to design an integration methodology of these tools to improve communication, reliability, visibility, and automation in the construction supply chain management. Thus the authors have developed and implemented the integration methodology of Virtual Design and Construction, lean, and real-time data capturing tools. With this integration, improvement in alignment between demand and supply, reduction in distortion of demand information, and savings in time and efforts have been achieved in a field trial for the supply chain management of the doors, frames, and hardware scope of work on a construction project, translating into a change in the behaviour of the construction supply chain management: supply chain members enable real-time, web-based, two-way communication, 4D color-coded visualizations and automatic status reports of a supply chain, and model-based Last Planner™, resulting in creating instant, consistent, visual coordination and communication between field crews and offsite personnel and bringing a high level of accountability to themselves and each aspect of the supply chain management. KW - Supply chain management KW - Virtual design and construction KW - Lean KW - Real-time data capturing tool. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/734/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/734 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Accident Rate Down From 57 to 9 in Five Years C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 243 EP - 252 PY - 2010 AU - Leino, Antti AU - Elfving, Jan AU - Ballard, Glenn AD - Safety Manager, BU Skanska Finland, P.O.BOX 114, FI-00101 Helsinki-Finland, Phone +358 20 719 2082, antti.leino@skanska.fi AD - Vice President, Research and Development, BU Skanska Finland, P.O.BOX 114, FI-00101 Helsinki-Finland, Phone +358 20 719 3168, jan.elfving@skanska.fi AD - Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, Phone 415.710.5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - This paper describes what has been done during 2005-2009 in order to dramatically improve company safety performance, where the accident rate has been taken down from 57 to 9 lost time accidents per million work hours. It also describes how the safety program and production management program are tightly coupled together. There is a lot of research and praxis available on construction safety programs. However, the safety community may have overlooked the importance of managing uncertainty, which is one of the cornerstones in Lean Construction. Lean aims at reducing unreliability by introducing several tools that control uncertainty. These sorts of tools need to be in place also to structure safety management at construction site. They provide a platform for right risk assessment at right time, worker involvement, organisational learning and securing that there are no safety constraints in place. Using lean production management systemises adequate task planning for high risk jobs, makes use of workers knowledge, challenges unsafe acts with a non-blame perspective and improves communication and learning from errors. Lean seems to improve safety culture. This paper begins by explaining safety programs and maturity of different safety cultures. Then it provides data and cases both from the safety and the production management program in Business Unit Skanska Finland from the last 5-years. Finally, it concludes that without quality production management it is not possible to achieve low accident rates. It is also arguable vice versa; high accident rates indicate non-quality production management. KW - Safety KW - Safety culture KW - Accident rate KW - Production management KW - Last Planner System. PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/735/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/735 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Applying Lean Techniques in Delivery of Transportation Infrastructure Projects C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 609 EP - 619 PY - 2010 AU - Hanna, Awad S. AU - Wodalski, Michael AU - Whited, Gary AD - Professor and Chair, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2320 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, hanna@engr.wisc.edu AD - MS Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2256 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, wodalski@wisc.edu AD - Program Manager, Construction and Materials Support Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2314 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, whited@engr.wisc.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The use of Lean techniques for the delivery of large complex capital projects is quickly growing throughout the country. Lean techniques allow for project delivery in less time, at lower costs, and with improved quality. However, Lean techniques are currently not being used by State Highway Agencies (SHA). Lean project delivery can be the new way for future projects to achieve these higher quality, quicker, and more efficient projects. To attain this, the transportation industry, as a whole, needs to work closely together using non-traditional approaches to achieve the necessary improvement. To reach this goal, this project looks at the benefits of Lean techniques in the delivery of transportation projects, along with potential impediments to adoption. The transportation industry provides a unique challenge in implementing Lean techniques by being in the public sector. Due to this fact, special care is needed in identifying any impediments to implementation when going forth with Lean. Once promising techniques and impediments are properly identified, a successful management plan can be created to help SHA‘s begin their Lean journey. KW - Lean Construction KW - Lean techniques KW - Transportation KW - Project delivery PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/736/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/736 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Building Information Modeling and Lean Construction: Technology, Methodology and Advances From Practice C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 683 EP - 693 PY - 2010 AU - Gerber, David J. AU - Becerik-Gerber, Burcin AU - Kunz, Alex AD - Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, Watt Hall 204, University of Southern California, CA 90089-0291, USA, Phone 1 617 794 7367, Fax 1 213 740 8884, dgerber@usc.edu AD - Assistant Professor, Viterbi School of Engineering, Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 S. Vermont Avenue, KAP 224C, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2531, Phone: 1 213 740 4383, Fax: 1 213 744 1426, becerik@usc.edu AD - Director, Gehry Technologies Inc., Europe; 17 Rue Paul Lelong, Paris 75002, France, Phone: +33 9 81 76 96 94, akunz@gt-global.com ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - Building Information Modeling (BIM) is seen as an emerging approach that will help the construction industry in achieving lean construction principles by eliminating waste; cutting costs, improving team productivity and creating positive project outcomes. While BIM is a building-modeling tool, it is also seen as a process and BIM is quickly converging to demand one integrated, collaborative process involving all disciplines throughout the entire building lifecycle. By analyzing three case studies, this paper explores the relation of BIM and Lean Construction. Specifically, this paper provides insights into how BIM can facilitate lean measures through design to construction to occupancy. Some of the examples include BIM – enabled automated work package creation, resource leveling, value planning, prefabrication, and the benefits of coordination through the use of BIM methodology. It also examines BIM and Lean Construction pre-existence, and value of BIM in terms of improvement in project cost, schedule, quality and reduction of waste. KW - BIM KW - Lean Construction KW - Design technology KW - Design and construction process PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/737/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/737 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Improving Information Flow Within the Production Management System With Web Services C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 445 EP - 455 PY - 2010 AU - Dave, Bhargav AU - Boddy, Stefan AU - Koskela, Lauri AD - Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953431; B.Dave@salford.ac.uk AD - Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953204; S.C.Boddy@salford.ac.uk AD - Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953178; L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The efficiency of the production planning and control process in construction depends significantly on the reliability and timely availability of resource information. The Last Planner system for production control mandates that a construction task should not be started unless all the seven resource prerequisites are in satisfactory condition. Failure to do so results in wasteful processes. However, this information is not readily available due to the lack of systems integration that prevails within the industry. Current implementations of the last planner system mostly rely on the team leaders‘ and foreman‘s ability to gather the required information for the weekly planning meetings and also for the look-ahead planning. However, much time is wasted chasing relevant information due to the above-mentioned problems. Also, the reliability of planning could be much improved if there is a system available, which aggregates resource information from various project stakeholders in one place. In such a situation, web services could provide an ideal platform for integration as they provide a flexible way to integrate disparate systems, with choreography based on identified business processes drawn from Last Planner and implemented using BPMN/BPEL. With the improvement in connectivity as a result of better availability of high speed Internet through mobile and fixed networks, there is a better opportunity for information integration through web services. A conceptual framework based on web services is put forward which aims to improve the information flow within the industry and provide the right information at the right time to enable better planning and control within the production system. KW - Construction process integration KW - ICT in construction KW - Construction efficiency PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/738/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/738 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Analyzing the Relationship Between Production Constraints and Construction Work Flow Reliability: An SEM Approach C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 528 EP - 537 PY - 2010 AU - Abdelhamid, T.S. AU - Jain, Samarth AU - Mrozowski, Tim AD - Associate Professor, 214 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu AD - Consultant, Enovio Consulting, USA. Email: samarth.jain@enovio.com AD - Professor, 102 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: mrozowsk@msu.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The lack of an explanatory understanding of factors giving rise to low/high PPC highlights the importance of investigating the relation between production constraints and PPC as implemented in the Last Planner™ System. As production is cumulative in nature, that is, underperformances and deficiencies multiply as we move downstream it is important to investigate the combined effect of constraints and underperformances on the next production performance output, and develop an association between production constraints and percent plan complete. The overall goal of this research is to understand the relation between production constraints and workflow reliability, as measured by the PPC metric, at the production level in a construction project. To approach this goal, the research focused on developing a method to investigate such a relationship. The research has concluded that production constraints are mostly subject to constructivist interpretation, i.e., they form as a result of a collection of a set of measured variables and represent a collective existence of those variables. Therefore, it is recommended that future research focus on testing the relationships with formative latent variables. It was also found that studying the impact of all factors together is more insightful than in isolation. The framework in this paper can be used by industry professionals to measure the impact of production constraints on work flow reliability. KW - Lean Construction KW - SEM approach KW - Production constraints KW - Workflow reliability KW - Last Planner System PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/739/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/739 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER - TY - CONF TI - Work Structuring of Construction Crews: Installation of Light Fixtures Case Study C1 - Haifa, Israel C3 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction SP - 316 EP - 325 PY - 2010 AU - Nerwal, Naveen AU - Abdelhamid, T.S. AD - Graduate Research Assistant, 401H Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: nerwalna@msu.edu AD - Associate Professor, 214 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu ED - Walsh, Kenneth ED - Alves, Thais AB - The Lean Construction Institute defines Work Structuring as the fundamental level of production system design, which means developing a project‘s process design while trying to align engineering, design, supply chain, resource allocation, and assembly efforts. It‘s thinking construction during design - design of a production system before the start of construction operations. First run studies, computer simulation, and recently BIM have all been examples of techniques used to design production systems so that waste is minimized and system throughput improved. The design of crews has received less attention, and is typically considered adequate if the available resources are provisioned. This paper posits that crew design is an integral part in designing production systems. The purpose of this paper is to present lean rules to guide work structuring of construction crews. In this study, we focus on the crew design of a construction operation that has been well documented in prior research, namely, ―Installation of Light Fixtures‖. The lean rules attempt to reach better crew design for the process of executing the construction operation. Discrete Event Simulation technique using EZStrobe program was used as an analytical tool for validating this study. The paper provides a demonstration of how to apply the rules and along with results of preliminary investigation efforts and finally concluding with propositions for future research. KW - Lean Construction KW - Production System Design KW - Work Crew Design KW - Lean Crew Design KW - People KW - Training and Development KW - Labor Issues PB - T2 - 18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction DA - 2010/07/14 CY - Haifa, Israel L1 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/740/pdf L2 - http://iglc.net/Papers/Details/740 N1 - Export Date: 29 March 2024 DB - IGLC.net DP - IGLC LA - English ER -