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EXPORT DATE: 19 June 2026

@CONFERENCE{Gazali2026,
author={Gazali, Abdhy and Nugroho, Muhammad Sapto and Nachdy, Wildan and Nurrahmawati, Annisa },
editor={Hamzeh, Farook and Poshdar, Mani and Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. },
title={Relating Non-Physical Waste in Lean Construction to Carbon Emissions during Project Execution}, 
journal={Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34)}, 
booktitle={Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34)}, 
year={2026},
pages={547-557},
url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2562},
doi={10.24928/2026/0274},
affiliation={Lecturer, Building Engineering Education, State University of Jakarta (UNJ), Indonesia, abdhy.gazali@unj.ac.id, orcid.org/0009-0004-1391-6533 ; Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department, Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia, m.sapto@trisakti.ac.id, orcid.org/0009-0002-4563-6099 ; Manager Environment & Health, QHSE Division, PT PP (Persero) tbk., Indonesia, m.sapto@trisakti.ac.id, orcid.org/0009-0002-4563-6099 ; Student, Building Engineering Education, State University of Jakarta (UNJ), Indonesia, annisaunj002@gmail.com },
abstract={Lean Construction has been widely applied to improve efficiency and reduce waste in construction projects; however, its relationship with carbon emissions remains predominantly examined from material-based perspectives. This study explores how non-physical waste in Lean Construction such as waiting, downtime, and making-do relates to carbon emissions during project execution. This study employs a structured literature review to synthesize research on Lean–Green construction, focusing on relationships between process-based waste, waste-related outcomes, and carbon-generating activities. The findings indicate that non-physical waste contributes to carbon-relevant impacts through time-based and process-related inefficiencies, including extended activity durations, idle equipment operation, and repeated processes. Rather than causing direct material loss, these waste mechanisms indirectly increase the intensity and duration of carbon-generating activities. As a key contribution, this study proposes a structured analytical framework, including a generalized proxy formulation, to relate non-physical waste to carbon emissions based on additional operational time and activity-level carbon intensity. The framework complements existing material-based carbon assessments and provides a basis for future empirical validation. },
author_keywords={Lean Construction, Waste, Carbon footprint, Green Construction },
address={Singapore, Singapore },
issn={2789-0015 },
publisher={ },
language={English},
document_type={Conference Paper},
source={IGLC},
}