@CONFERENCE{Alarcón1996, author={Alarcón, Luis F. and Serpell, Alfredo }, editor={ }, title={Performance Measuring Benchmarking, and Modelling of Construction Projects}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1}, affiliation={Department of Construction Engineering and management, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile ; Department of Construction Engineering and management, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile }, abstract={A research effort currently underway is described in this paper. The project comprises the design and implementation of project performance measurement systems in construction companies, with the dual purpose of supporting continuous improvement for company operations and to generate a database with empirical information on projects. This database will be useful to develop third party benchmarking to contribute to the improvement of the industry as a whole. This research proposes the development of computer models that combine empirical information with expert knowledge to perform model based benchmarking. The achievement of the objectives of this research should affect the way in which performance is measured and decisions are made in projects. The implementation of performance measurement systems, that include measures adapted to lean construction can be a real driver for continuous improvement of project processes. The compilation of empirical information, and its integration with the experience found in the industry and in project teams, will provide new evidence on project performance. This will assist in exploring the mechanisms and existing interactions through the use of simulation models. The proposed analysis may take a first step in deriving first principles on project performance. This research project lends itself to a collaborative research effort which could be carried out in different countries and locations. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard1996, author={Ballard, Glenn and Carsten, Mike and Howell, Greg }, editor={ }, title={PARC: A Case Study}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2}, affiliation={ }, abstract={ }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barlow1996, author={Barlow, James }, editor={ }, title={Partnering, Lean Production and the High Performance Workplace}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/3}, affiliation={School of Construction, Housing and Surveying, University of Westminster, 35 Marylebone Road, London, NW1 5LS UK. Tel. 0171-911 5879. E-mail barlowj@westminster.ac.uk }, abstract={Undoubtedly, more attention is being paid in the British construction industry to the lessons that can be learnt from manufacturing for improving its production processes. These include such lean production concerns as teamwork, customer focus, quality control, JIT production and continuous improvement. Arguably, though, it is the ‘softer’, ‘cultural’ areas relating to inter-organisational collaboration that have become a particular focus of attention in the 1990s. The paper, based on research being carried out for the ESRC Innovation Programme, argues that ‘partnering’ has to be seen in a context of the search for new organisational practices covering a range of related issues. These include human resource management, information management and collaborative working practices. Underlying many of these are notions of ‘high-performance’ work systems emphasising the management of employees as away of improving performance. High-performance systems involve the devolution of responsibility for decision making to smaller business units, and teams within those units, in order to create a more flexible, customer-focused organisation. Using case studies of five partnering relationships, involving some 40 companies, the research explores the way the organisational changes arising from partnering are related to wider concerns, some of which draw on notions of lean and other high performance production systems. }, author_keywords={Partnering, Construction, High-performance production systems, Managerial practices }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Horman1996, author={Horman, Michael and Kenley, Russell }, editor={ }, title={The Application of Lean Production to Project Management }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/5}, affiliation={Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia. m.horman@architecture.unimelb.edu.au ; Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia. kenley@arbld.unimelb.edu.au }, abstract={Project management that solely focuses on the management of time, cost and quality cannot comprehensively ensure the satisfactory meeting of a customer’s needs. Project management performance with regard to this issue can be improved by enhancing project management’s ability to meet a customer’s needs. This paper introduces lean project management to address this concern. Lean project management forms a complementary approach to current project management practice and has been constructed by drawing together two approaches: management of projects and lean production. The management of project’s emphasis on meeting customer needs effectively and lean production’s emphasis on meeting customer needs efficiently are utilised in lean project management to improve project management performance. The amalgamation of lean production with management of projects to form lean project management is examined and justified at the methodological level. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell1996, author={Howell, Gregory and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Can Project Controls Do Its Job? }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/6}, affiliation={Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131. 505 277 2328. Howell@UNM.EDU ; Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univerity of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. 510 530 8656. ballardz@euler.Berkeley.EDU }, abstract={Advanced practice is well out front of theory, the lack of which now inhibits further progress in practice. In order to bridge this gap, a production management model is proposed for project controls, in recognition of the dynamic nature of today’s projects and the new management challenges they pose. Projects that once were small, certain and simple are now becoming large, uncertain and complex. The models and techniques suited to the management of yesterday’s projects do not work on the projects of today. We need to control management processes, not only project outcomes. Traditional outcome measures such as cost and schedule can only be used for management decision making on dynamic projects when the project management systems are themselves in control. The primary indicator of such control is the reliability of production planning. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell1996, author={Howell, Greg and Miles, Robert and Fehlig, Charlie and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Beyond Partnering: Toward a New Approach to Project Management?}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/7}, affiliation={Associate Professor University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM 87131 ; Mechanical Technology Coordinator & Corporate Senior Advisor,, Industrial Design Corporation ((IIDC)),, 2020 SW 4th Ave,, 3rd Floor,, Portland OR 97201. ; Captain USN,, Officer In Charge of Consstruction,, Portsmouth Naval Hospital Portsmouth VA ; Ballard Management Services,, 4536 Fieldbrook,, Oakland,, CA 94619. }, abstract={Partnering is a programmatic Band--Aid on the current construction management system. Claims caused by fundamental weaknesses in this system gave rise to partnering. These weaknesses are particularly apparent on today’s complex uncertain and quick projects. Partnering exposes and partially fills a gap in current practice but has had little impact on underlying mental models, the management off production or commercial contracting. Moving beyond partnering means challenging and revising current thinking and practice. This paper proposes that the construction process must be reconceived from the purchase of a product to a prototyping process. Changing the underlying mental model makes possible new approaches to managing production from concept through completion. In turn these approaches to approaches will suggest new ways to contract. Disputes will not vanish as they will remain an inevitable consequence of innovation but the frequency of commercial conflicts may be reduced. The paper argues that partnering is an attempt to install important aspects of the prototyping model into the current product purchase model. Examples drawn from practices show the limits of current practices. They suggest a shift away form the primary focus on disputes arising in commercial contracting to the management of a concurrent design and construction process. Early examples of these trends are discussed and the workshop responses from industry representatives are reported. The paper closes with suggestion for future trends and a suggestion that Partnering be viewed as one of many programmatic efforts working to reform construction management. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela1996, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Towards the Theory of (Lean) Construction }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/8}, affiliation={VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FI-02044 VTT, Finland }, abstract={Issues related to the formulation of the theory of construction are considered. The roles of a theory in science and in practice are discussed. It is argued that many theoretical problems related to construction are due to general deficiencies of engineering and production theories, caused by one of their conceptual foundations, the conversion model. The origin and evolution of the conversion model are discussed. The shortcomings of the conversion model are illustrated by the case of project management. The beginning of a transition from the conversion model to alternative models is observed in a number of engineering and production disciplines. A similar paradigm shift is needed also for construction. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela1996, author={Koskela, Lauri and Lahdenperä, Pertti and Tanhuanpää, Veli-Pekka }, editor={ }, title={Sounding the Potential of Lean Construction: A Case Study}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/9}, affiliation={VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FI-02044 VTT, Finland ; VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FI-02044 VTT, Finland ; VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FI-02044 VTT, Finland }, abstract={The paper gives an overview on the results of a case study, where the progress of a fast track office building project was monitored. Two main issues are considered: What were the time and cost consequences of the speeding up methods utilized? What would have been the potential of further speeding up? }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Love1996, author={Love, Peter E.D. and MacSporran, Carol and Tucker, Selwyn N. }, editor={ }, title={The Application of Information Technology by Australian Contractors: Toward Process Re-Engineering}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/10}, affiliation={Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Division of Building, Construction and Engineering, PO Box 56, Highett, Victoria 3190, Australia ; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Division of Building, Construction and Engineering, PO Box 56, Highett, Victoria 3190, Australia ; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Division of Building, Construction and Engineering, PO Box 56, Highett, Victoria 3190, Australia }, abstract={Information technology (IT) has been advocated as the key enabler of process re-engineering in the construction industry. Process re-engineering represents a philosophy of change which embraces a fundamental paradigm of rethinking and redesign of processes, including lean construction. Its potential application to the construction industry is gradually being recognised. The management of processes invariably requires information, and therefore the capacity for IT to enable process re-engineering in the construction industry needs to be investigated. However, it is suggested that before the potential benefits of IT and process reengineering can be realised, current work practices need to be explored. A recent survey of 47 contracting companies’ current and future applications of IT and the benefits and problems associated with its implementation are described. The results obtained suggest that advanced applications of IT such as simulation, expert systems, and supplier direct-link ordering were limited in their appeal to Australian contractors. This paper concludes that contractors do not foresee IT as having a significant impact on their current work practices, although it is suggested that contractors are possibly not aware of its potential application.The implementation of IT as the key enabler of process re-engineering is discussed. }, author_keywords={ information technology, process re-engineering, process, enabler. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rooke1996, author={Rooke, John and Crook, Darryll }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction Theory as an Exercise in Practical Reasoning }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/11}, affiliation={School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. E-mail J.A.Rooke@bham.ac.uk ; School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. E-mail D.J.Crook@bham.ac.uk }, abstract={Of the new production philosophy of Lean Construction (LC), Koskela (1992) has argued “The conceptual basis of construction management and engineering is obsolete. Formalization of the scientific foundations of construction management and engineering is a primary goal for the research community. […] The practical application of the new philosophy has commenced and diffused without any scientific, formalised basis […] The theoretical and conceptual understanding of the new production approach is still limited. […] [T]here is yet no unified, coherent and consistent theory. […] An explicit, preferably formalized theoretical basis is necessary for transfer of the new philosophy to new settings and for effective education.” Before successful efforts at development of this theoretical and conceptual understanding can be made, there is an a priori need to achieve a sound understanding of the philosophical underpinnings of what ‘Lean Construction Theory’ might consist of. We will argue that LC theorising is a form of social enquiry and hence empirical studies of the social interaction of managers involved in projects must be the starting point, the focus, the culmination and the ultimate and only basis of all theoretical activity in LC. We examine the nature of the phenomena LC theorists are investigating and as a result dispute that LC theory will necessarily have a scientific foundation. We therefore undertake a preliminary attempt to sketch out some ground rules for a consistent and coherent approach to LC Theory. We suggest that just as construction management is the practical accomplishment of the situated social action of managers, so management theorising is the practical accomplishment of the situated social action of management theorists. Drawing throughout on the respecification of sociology offered by ethnomethodology (Garfinkel, 1984), we will highlight the nature of theorising as an exercise in practical reasoning. Just as Lean Construction has respecified the construction process, ethnomethodology has respecified the process of social research and theorising. This approach highlights the similarity between the entirely practical exercise of theory-building and those activities the theory is about. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, theory, methodology, ethnomethodology, interpretive paradigm }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos1996, author={Santos, Aguinaldo dos and Formoso, Carlos T and Hinks, John }, editor={ }, title={Method of Intervention on the Flow of Materials in Building Processes }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/12}, affiliation={M.Sc., PhD. student at University of Salford. A.SANTOS@SURVEYING.SALFORD.AC.UK ; M.Sc., PhD., NORIE, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. FORMOSO@VORTEX.UFRGS.BR ; Bsc. (Hons), MA, PhD, The Research Centre for the Built and Human Environment, University of Salford. J.HINKS@SURVEYING.SALFORD.AC.UK }, abstract={This paper discusses some aspects of a method of intervention in building processes that proved to be an effective mechanism for the learning of new production concepts. The intervention technique is designed to act as a starting point in quality and productivity improvement programs, which companies adopt and operate alone and in a competitive manner. It is oriented to producing rapid results, based on low-cost improvements, made without the need for changes in technology. The method involves an intensive data collection, the group analysis and formulation of a plan of improvements related with the operations strategy. The entire process, including the application of the improvements and a second diagnosis, required around six months for the nineteen small and medium-sized building companies involved. The principal outcomes appear to be a motivation within the companies to continue the process of improvement which the intervention started coupled with changes in the site production culture. SANTOS, , M.Sc., PhD. student at University of Salford A.SANTOS@SURVEYING.SALFORD.AC.UK FORMOSO, Carlos T., HINKS, John, }, author_keywords={ TQM, productivity, lean production, operations management, building process, process change, learning culture }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Serpell1996, author={Serpell, Alfredo and Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Ghio, Virgilio }, editor={ }, title={A General Framework for Improvement of the Construction Process }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/13}, affiliation={Department of Construction Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. ; Department of Construction Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. ; Department of Construction Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. }, abstract={A general framework developed for construction improvement and waste reduction is presented. This framework has been successfully applied during the last three years to several construction sites in Chile, through consulting services and research studies. The approach includes a set of structured activities and tools that are performed and applied for the identification and evaluation of the problems that produce construction waste, and the causes associated to them. A second stage of the approach corresponds to the development of both short and mid-term solutions in order to act on the factors that produce these problems with the purpose of reducing or eliminating their effects. A summary of the major improvements achieved through the application of this framework is also included to show the potential of this approach. }, author_keywords={construction, construction management, change management, waste reduction, productivity improvement }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seymour1996, author={Seymour, David }, editor={ }, title={Developing Theory in Lean Construction }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/14}, affiliation={School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK. E-mail D.E.Seymour@bham.ac.uk }, abstract={The consensus at the Third Annual Conference of IGLC was that a Lean Construction (LC) philosophy and practice, distinct from existing construction praxes, are beginning to emerge. The need was identified to articulate and refine LC theory. In an attempt to contribute to the pursuit of this aim , the paper elaborates the proposition that a characteristic of existing organization and management theory is its inability to provide an adequate account of its own praxis. This is so because such theory is rooted in the rationalist or Cartesian paradigm which assumes the possibility of distinguishing between objective and subjective, and is, therefore, unable to address the actual processes, dynamics and so on that currently exist. In particular, there is a need to clarify, through empirical study, the relationship between research and its associated theory building and practice. Thus, there follow two issues which must form part of the LC agenda. First, a much more detailed understanding of current practice is necessary. Second, LC researchers, in pursuing their essentially action-oriented or developmental approach, in which the demonstration of practical benefit is at a premium, must be careful not to fall into the rationalist trap. This will be achieved to the extent that whatever theory they develop reflects the empirical realities that constitute the processes in which they are involved. }, author_keywords={lean Construction, rationalist philosophy, theory, method, socio-technical systems, practical reasoning }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cooper1996, author={Cooper, Rachel and Hinks, John and Allen, Stephen and Carmichael, Stuart }, editor={ }, title={Adversaries or Partners? A Case Study of an Established Long-Term Relationship Between a Client and Major Contractor }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/15}, affiliation={University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK. ; University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK. ; University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK. ; University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK. }, abstract={The paper presents details from a pilot case study from an IMI EPSRC funded research project. The case study examines a 20 year relationship between a client and contractor during which 15 projects have been successfully completed. The paper also examines the traditional nature of relationships in the construction industry and contrasts this to those found in the manufacturing industry. Research findings from the case study are presented and examined and, combining this with recent literature from both construction and manufacturing, a conceptual model of business relationships is presented. The intention of the research is to test and develop this model in subsequent case studies with the intention of producing practical guidelines for effective working relationships between designated stakeholders on construction projects. }, author_keywords={long-term relationships, attitudes, culture, behaviour }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Smook1996, author={Smook, Roger A.F. and Melles, Bert and Welling, Derk Th. }, editor={ }, title={Co-Ordinating the Supply Chain - Diffussing Lean Production in Construction}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/16}, affiliation={Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Building Engineering and Construction Management Section Design- & Construction Management. Delft Lean Construction Group ; Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Building Engineering and Construction Management Section Design- & Construction Management. Delft Lean Construction Group ; Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Building Engineering and Construction Management Section Design- & Construction Management. Delft Lean Construction Group }, abstract={This paper discusses the importance of co-ordinating the supply chain in the building process in the Netherlands in the case of implementing the lean production philosophy. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard1997, author={Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Lookahead Planning: The Missing Link in Production Control }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={13-26}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/17}, affiliation={Glenn Ballard is a founding member of IGLC, a construction industry consultant, and a Lecturer in the Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley. }, abstract={Lookahead planning is one of the decision functions that constitute production control systems. It stands between overall project coordination schedules and short term crew level commitments, shaping work flow and screening out scheduled activities that “should” but cannot be done and thereby improving the success rate of completing the tasks assigned in weekly and daily plans. When measured against such objectives, current industry lookahead planning is poorly performed. A case study is presented to illustrate current procedures and performance, and suggestions are offered for improvement. }, author_keywords={lean construction, lookahead, production control }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Conte1997, author={Conte, Antonio Sergio Itri and Martinelli, Frederico Augusto }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Aiming the Lean Enterprise The "Plano 100" Case }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/18}, affiliation={Logical Systems Consulting Ltd. fax: +55 11 573 1397, e mail: asiconte@usp.br ; Rossi Residencial Research and Development Coordinator }, abstract={Based on the model proposed by Womack and Jones in their book "Lean Thinking" (1996), this work discusses the strategy for developing and introducing a product in the market based on real state destined to medium class, developed by the company Rossi Residencial, under de commercial name of "Plano 100". In this case, the company clearly intends to involve all ||| elements of the productive chain with the objective of reaching the best results, so that the products that attract clients due to their quality and low costs are viable, as well as the operational activities both of the company and its professional team and of its main suppliers/partners in relation to materials and services supplying. }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seymour1997, author={Seymour, David and Rooke, John and Crook, Darryll }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Doing Lean Construction and Talking About Lean Construction }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={53-62}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/19}, affiliation={David Seymour is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham. His current interests include the impact of TQM, process reengineering, lean construction, culture and the role of theory in construction. ; John Rooke is a Research Associate in the School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham with interest in applying ethnomethodologically-informed ethnographic research techniques to construction. ; Darryll Crook is currently reading for a Ph.D. in the School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham and is concerned with methodological issues in construction management, focusing on the social interaction of managers in construction. }, abstract={For the ideas and practices of Lean Construction (LC) to be successfully disseminated, effective communication is at a premium. This communication takes place in various contexts: workshops, seminars, conferences, and ‘out there’, in the industry. Conventionally, a number of distinctions, the most common of which is one between theorising and practice, are used to characterise what goes on in these different settings. We suggest that, when we wish to address cultural phenomena like LC praxis (theory/practice), where the communication of what it is we mean plays such a vital role, such distinctions are misleading and give rise to much confusion. Instead, therefore, we propose that statements about LC, which might be assumed to have a distinct theoretical or abstract status, be seen as a kind of act and be treated as any other kind of act. In other words, we will suggest that talk about LC, whether this be referred to as theorising, explaining or describing and practice (doing LC) should be conceived of as essentially the same kinds of activity. }, author_keywords={lean construction, communication }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Faniran1997, author={Faniran, Olusegun O. and Oluwoye, Jacob O. and Lenard, Dennis }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Application of the Lean Production Concept to Improving the Construction Planning Process }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={39-52}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/20}, affiliation={Olusegun O. Faniran is a Research Associate in the Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology, Sydney. ; Jacob O. Oluwoye is a Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology, Sydney. ; Dennis Lenard is a Professor in the Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology, Sydney. }, abstract={The concept of lean production emphasises maximising the effectiveness of a production process while at the same time maximising the efficiency of the process. This concept provides a useful tool for developing an efficient and effective approach to managing the construction planning process. Four approaches to planning - satisficing planning, optimising planning, contingency planning and responsiveness planning - were identified from a review of general planning literature. Inputs to the construction planning process with significant value adding potential were identified using correlational analysis and were used as a taxonomy for assessing the appropriateness of the different planning approaches for efficient and effective construction planning. The assessment showed that construction firms need to shift from the current prevailing satisficing approach to construction planning and strive ultimately towards a contingency approach to construction planning in order to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in the construction planning process. A continuous improvement plan for effective construction planning was developed as a guide for construction firms. }, author_keywords={lean construction, construction planning, continuous improvement }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fowler1997, author={Fowler, Charles }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Process Improvement of the Building Services Engineering Industry: The Transatlantic Challenge }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={27-38}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/21}, affiliation={Charles Fowler is the leader of the Reading Production Engineering Group, Department of Construction Management & Engineering, University of Reading, Reading, UK. }, abstract={Currently, the UK construction industry is under great pressure to make radical improvements in its productivity and cost performance without lowering the quality of the finished product. The industry must thoroughly evaluate its processes as it moves from a base in traditional crafts to a value for money, integrated production process encompassing the whole supply chain. In response to this challenge, the best practice production techniques and processes of the building services engineering industry in the US were identified and appraised for their potential application in the UK. A typical new building in the USA may contain a higher level of engineering services than its equivalent in the UK; its construction is at the same time considerably less expensive. The visit, sponsored by the UK Department of Trade and Industry, took place between 24 November and 7 December 1996. Meetings were arranged with a variety of construction professionals from different areas, from Pittsburgh to San Francisco via St Louis, Chicago, New York, Houston and Denver. The group recorded its findings, and this paper discusses their relevance to the UK industry. Recommendations are given in the form of an Action Plan by which the UK construction industry may in the future maintain its high quality while increasing its productivity and cost effectiveness. }, author_keywords={building services engineering, process improvement, productivity }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fowler1997, author={Fowler, Charles and Gray, Colin }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Constructional Steelwork: A Strategy for Change by 2005 }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={91-102}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/22}, affiliation={Charles Fowler is the Deputy Director of the Reading Production Engineering Group, Department of Construction Management & Engineering, University of Reading, Reading, UK. ; Colin Gray is the Director of the Reading Production Engineering Group, Department of Construction Management & Engineering, University of Reading, Reading, UK. }, abstract={The construction industry is facing increasing pressure to make a concerted effort to undertake substantial improvements in productivity and cost performance without compromising standards of quality and individuality. To achieve this goal, it will be necessary for designers, suppliers, contractors and clients to work together to adopt a cohesive strategy for continuing business improvement and change. The pan-European CIMsteel project is focused onto the overall improvement of the design and delivery of structural steelwork for both light and heavy structures through the integration of the design and manufacturing processes. The conclusion of the first stage was that the cost of steel frame construction must be reduced by 15% in real terms for it to remain competitive. An improvement target such as this is only relevant in the broadest sense to be used to point the direction of change. As yet the industry has not got a robust and reliable method of assembling and publishing data on which individual project performance can be set. The data on which the target cost reduction are based do have a consistency and are based on a wide range of sources which give a certain degree of confidence in the figure. Individual project organisations will have to make their own judgement of where they are in terms of improvement, but unless they set big targets for improvement then the industry will become uncompetitive. This raises the issue of who determines the industry's competitiveness. At the moment clients and external project participants set the agenda. In the future the industry must wrest the initiative and this is the potential power within the CIMsteel project. Not only can advanced IT be used to help the industry performance it can also be used to control the interface with the project and so enable the industry to maximise its production and competitive capability. This paper is based upon stage two of the Wider Industry Challenge package of the CIMsteel project and principally discusses the implications of using benchmarks to set an agenda for sustainable change in the competitive position of the industry. An improvement methodology is given from which strategies for change are derived: a mechanism for sustainable performance improvement is postulated. Finally, the key issues which the constructional steelwork industry must address are highlighted. }, author_keywords={constructional steelwork, process improvement, benchmarking }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ghio1997, author={Ghio, Virgilio A. }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Development of Construction Work Methods and Detailed Production Planing for on-Site Productivity Improvement }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={149-156}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/23}, affiliation={Virgilio A. Ghio is with CVG Construction Engineers, Camino Real 1225, Of. 302, Lima, Peru. }, abstract={This paper describes the work conducted to improve productivity during the construction of a Shopping Centre in South America. The work was based on: detailed “design” of construction methods, including the equipment, optimum crew, work procedures, and; detailed production planning, generated in weekly and daily basis. The construction job was particularly complicated due to the hundreds of change orders demanded by the owner and the owner’s clients. The construction followed a fast track scheme, and the contractor was forced to accept last minute changes which generated all sort of delays and work peaks. As in many countries, the actual construction depends mainly on the foremen and crew leaders. The work presented in this paper empowers the construction field engineer, allowing him to plan, control and optimize on-site construction performance. Despite the many project change orders and the resistance of foremen to change, after 10 weeks the productivity of the job was increased two fold. Numerical results, as well as the methodology applied for this study are discussed in this paper. }, author_keywords={construction performance, productivity improvement }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ghio1997, author={Ghio, Virgilio A. and Valle, Ernesto and Rischmoller, Leonardo }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Preplanning: A Rewarding Experience }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={115-120}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/24}, affiliation={Virgilio A. Ghio is with CVG Construction Engineers, Camino Real 1225, Of. 302, Lima, Peru. ; Ernesto Valle is with Vainsa Engineering and Construction, Napoleon 3010, Of. 51A, Santiago, Chile. ; Leonardo Rischmoller is a Graduate Student in Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago, Chile. }, abstract={This paper describes the methodology and results obtained after productivity improvement work conducted on two consecutive building construction jobs. The first one was used to evaluate production rates and productivity, current construction methods, potentials and lacks of construction equipment, current construction planning methodology, and existing tools to asses productivity. These are briefly discussed in this paper. The second job was preplanned based on the experience and detailed documentation obtained in the first one. Work was conducted in order to “design” construction methods in detail, develop a detailed production planning based on the construction methods developed, select crew components and select their specific tasks, and design communication and control tools. Although the second job’s schedule and budget were originally calculated using standard methods (i.e. historical production rates), new schedule and budget were calculated based on the preplanning effort. Construction performance was measured against these values. }, author_keywords={ preplanning, construction performance, productivity }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein1997, author={Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Discrete-Event Simulation of Lean Construction Processes }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={121-136}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/25}, affiliation={Iris D. Tommelein is an Acting Associate Professor in Construction Engineering and Management at the Uunversity of California, Berkeley. She specializes in site logistics and materials management, and develops decision-support tools for production control. }, abstract={Little work has been done to date in formally modeling concepts of lean construction, such as uncertainty, waste, flow, conversion, and push vs. pull techniques. This lack of formalization has been blamed in part on the inability of the project-management tools commonly used in industry to describe the construction process and its salient features at a level at which lean production can be studied. However, existing process-level construction models prove to be useful in this regard. Accordingly, this paper describes the use of computer software for discrete-event simulation to represent various construction process characteristics relevant to lean production. Two examples are provided. The first one illustrates the flow and conversion of pipe spools through their design and installation process. Spools exemplify unique materials, measured in discrete quantities. The second one illustrates the flow and conversion of concrete through its batching and placement process. Concrete exemplifies bulk materials, measured by volume. The examples show what types of system-level information can be generated using discrete-event simulation and how this information may be used to redesign construction processes in order to make them leaner. }, author_keywords={lean construction; materials management; discrete-event simulation; uncertainty; process planning; concrete placement }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Horman1997, author={Horman, Michael and Kenley, Russell and Jennings, Victor }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Aa Lean Approach to Construction: an Historical Case Study }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={63-76}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/26}, affiliation={Lecturer, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ; Senior Lecturer, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ; Researcher, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia }, abstract={The paper outlines a case study revealing the early employment of flow principles in construction. Insights are gathered with a view to assist present-day efforts to adopt alternative management approaches in construction, such as lean production and just-in-time.The case is that of Jennings, previously one of the largest house-building organisations in Australia. Concurrent with Toyota’s development of lean production, including the just-in-time production method, Jennings employed some of the principles to which lean ideas are attributed. Their practices included the use of flow production, supply-chains, standardised design approach, unitary production, and quality measurement. Jennings’ practices are reviewed and the way in which the organisation initially adapted them to the characteristic conditions of construction examined. Further the circumstances surrounding the dilution of these principles, an act which has partly led to the novelty of lean approaches in construction today, are reviewed. }, author_keywords={ construction flow, supply-chains, standardisation, housing, Jennings }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela1997, author={Koskela, Lauri and Ballard, Glenn and Tanhuanpää, Veli-Pekka }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Towards Lean Design Management}, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/27}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Espoo, Finland ; Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley ; Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Espoo, Finland }, abstract={The paper forwards the following hypotheses, which are new or previously little treated, in regard to design management: (1) There is an optimal sequence of design tasks. (2) Internal and external uncertainties tend to push the design process away from the optimal sequence. (3) Out-of-sequence design process leads to low productivity, prolonged duration and decreased value of the design solution. (4) It is possible and worthwhile to enforce (through measurements and managerial control) the realization of the optimal or near optimal sequence. These hypotheses are theoretically grounded and empirically justified through results from case studies and experimentations. Associated methods, like the Design Structure Matrix and the Last Planner, are presented. }, author_keywords={design management; design structure matrix; short term planning; concurrent engineering }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marosszeky1997, author={Marosszeky, Marton and Karim, Khalid }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Benchmarking - a Tool for Lean Construction }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={157-167}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/28}, affiliation={ Associate Professor in the School of Building and Director of the Building Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia ; Research fellow at the Building Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia }, abstract={Globalisation of the economy has lead to an increased competition in what is rapidly becoming a universal market. While the manufacturing sector has been relatively quick in responding to the changing business environment, the construction industry has lagged behind. The manufacturing industry has derived great benefits from measuring its performance through critical success factors as a part of a regime of continuous improvement. The construction industry can adopt similar practices of performance measurement and comparison to develop a culture of ‘lean construction’ through continuous improvement. The objective of this approach is to lower costs and increase productivity, resulting in a sustained competitive edge. This approach will involve development of metrics for performance measurement and benchmarking them with the best. This paper looks at the elements of lean production and lean construction, as well as the current practices, issues and outcomes of performance measurement and benchmarking. Some of the key performance issues that could be targeted for improved productivity in the construction industry are highlighted along with the potential benefits that would accrue to the industry. }, author_keywords={lean construction, performance measurement, benchmarking }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Miles1997, author={Miles, Robert and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Contracting for Lean Performance: Contracts and the Lean Construction Team}, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={103-113}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/29}, affiliation={Mechanical Technology Coordinator and Corporate Senior Advisor, Industrial Design Corporation (IDC), 2020 SW 4th Ave, 3rd Floor, Portland OR 97201 ; Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley }, abstract={In a previous paper (Howell et al 1996) proposed that construction Partnering is a programmatic Band-Aid on the current construction management system. Claims caused by fundamental weaknesses in this system gave rise to partnering. These weaknesses are particularly apparent on today’s complex, uncertain and quick projects. Partnering exposes and partially fills a gap in current practice but has had little impact on underlying mental models, the management of production, or commercial contracting. Moving beyond partnering means challenging and revising current thinking and practice. Management of the construction process must be re-conceived from the purchase of a product (transactional contracting) to the execution of a production process (behavioral contracting). This dictates that the current standard construction contracting forms which are wholly based on the transactional contracting model, be revisited. A number of progressive projects in the private sector have already been operating in behavioral mode, implementing many Lean Construction practices. But these projects executed and then worked around the industry standard contracts forms. This has functioned reasonably well in strategic alliance client-designer-constructor arrangements. However, this “work-around” approach is clearly problematic in the one-off project relationship. This paper briefly discusses the shortcomings of the current construction contract forms. It then goes on to propose a framework for ongoing discussion and action. Without a revamping of the standard approach to construction contracting, propagation of the concepts of Lean Construction will be limited mainly to the arenas of strategic alliances, and government sponsored or supported experiments. }, author_keywords={lean construction, performance measurement, benchmarking }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{O'Brien1997, author={O'Brien, W.J. and Fischer, M.A. and Akinci, B.H. }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Importance of Site Conditions and Capacity Allocation for Construction Cost and Performance: A Case Study }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={77-90}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/30}, affiliation={ Ph.D. student, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University ; Ph.D. student, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University }, abstract={Traditional construction thinking that an ‘optimal’ solution to the problem of shifting project schedules can be found via a time-cost tradeoff analysis does not take into account the influence of capacity allocation and site conditions on cost and performance. Specifically, the time-cost tradeoff can only account for the direct costs of compressing an activity's duration, not its capacity costs. Loosely restated, the time-cost tradeoff accounts for the costs of a change in an activity's duration but not the costs of a change of when in time the activity takes place (which will affect a firm's commitments to other projects and hence cause capacity costs). Similarly, moving an activity in time may place the activity in a different set of site conditions than those which were assumed when the activity's cost-time curve was generated. The cost-time curve of an activity may change as site conditions change, which can only be accounted for in the time-cost tradeoff optimization method by manually generating new cost-time curves for each instance of site conditions and solving anew (an exercise that quickly becomes too cumbersome to perform). This paper presents an in-depth case study of a £100 Million project highlighting the limited applicability of the time-cost tradeoff approach to real world situations and discusses the impact of site conditions and capacity allocations on cost and performance. }, author_keywords={time-cost tradeoff, capacity allocation, site conditions, supply chain management, construction scheduling }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tilley1997, author={Tilley, Paul A. and Wyatt, Adam and Mohamed, Sherif }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Indicators of Design and Documentation Deficiency}, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={137-148}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/31}, affiliation={ is a Construction Systems Researcher with the CSIRO, investigating issues relating to construction process re-engineering. He has extensive industry experience in construction planning, contract administration and project management. ; is a Construction Scientist with the CSIRO, Division of Building, Construction and Engineering. His research interests include information management, planning and scheduling ; is a lecturer in construction engineering and management at Griffith University. His research interests include information management and simulation modeling. }, abstract={In an ideal world, the design and documentation provided for construction projects would be complete, precise and unambiguous. Unfortunately, this is rarely the case and quite often contractors are supplied with project documentation that is incomplete, conflicting or erroneous, thereby requiring revisions and clarifications to be provided by the designers. When this is the case, it is essential that the information be supplied to the contractor efficiently and without delay. The ‘Request For Information’ (RFI) process, where contractors and sub- contractors formally obtain information clarifications regarding the contract documents supplied, is very common throughout the Australian construction industry. This process is however, highly inefficient due to the non-value adding delays which occur in obtaining the necessary information. This paper proposes that an analysis of both the RFI process and the drawing registers can provide indicators of design and documentation deficiency and overall project performance. The paper assesses the changes in the number of drawings issued, defines and quantifies the main sources of RFIs and measures RFI response times. The results from a recent study of two construction projects are included and issues for further investigation are identified. }, author_keywords={request for information, design and documentation deficiency, performance indicators }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Conte1998, author={Conte, Antonio Sergio Itri }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner, Look Ahead, PPC: a Driver to the Site Operations}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/32}, affiliation={Lean Construction Institute – Brazil, Civil Engineer, Master Degree in Production Engineering from Escola Politécnica of USP, Director of Logical Systems Consulting Ltd., Phone +55 011 573-6937, Fax +55 011 573-1397, e-mail: asiconte@usp.br }, abstract={The paper describes the experience of a civil engineering company of a small town in São Paulo State of introducing a model of production management in sites based on the concepts of Lean Construction. It presents the concept outlining of the model and reviews the practical results obtained in the construction of a library in the city of Campinas during the period of 18 months. }, author_keywords={Production management; civil engineering; information flow }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Akinci1998, author={Akinci, Burcu and Fischer, Martin and Zabelle, Todd }, editor={ }, title={Proactive Approach for Reducing Non-Value Adding Activities Due to Time-Space Conflicts}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/33}, affiliation={Graduate Res. Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, CA 94305-4020, USA, akinci@leland.stanford.edu. ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, CA 94305- 4020, USA, fischer@cive.stanford.edu. ; President of Pacific Contracting Engineers, Inc., 221 Main Street, Suite 1560, San Francisco, CA 94105-1934, trz@pacificcontracting.com. }, abstract={Time-space conflicts are one of the major causes of productivity losses at construction sites, and they are preventable and manageable if identified prior to construction. Current industry practice and project management tools and techniques do not support proactive time-space conflict management. Our research focuses on formalizing and automating time-space conflict analysis to assist construction managers to proactively manage spatial conflicts between activities at their sites. In this paper, we describe a case that highlights the challenges involved in time-space conflict analysis and discuss an initial framework showing the factors that determine the schedule impacts of spatial conflicts between activities. Using the presented framework, a construction manager can assess the type of a time-space conflict and predict the schedule impacts of spatial conflicts. Realizing the schedule impacts of time-space conflicts before they occur at a construction site, s/he can proactively manage spatial conflicts between activities and eliminate non-value adding activities that occur at construction sites due to time-space conflicts. }, author_keywords={Time-space conflicts, space management at construction sites, work space requirements of activities, schedule analysis. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon1998, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Mardones, Daniel A. }, editor={ }, title={Improving the Design-Construction Interface}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/34}, affiliation={Head Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Design Quality Coordinator, Delta Construction Co., Huerfanos 812, Piso 7, Santiago, Chile }, abstract={In building projects customer requirements, constructive aspects and quality standards are defined during the design phase. However, this important phase is usually carried out with little interaction between the construction and design teams causing many problems during construction such us: incomplete designs, change orders, rework, construction delays, etc. This paper describes a performance study of the design-construction interface. This study comprised: interviews with experts, data collection from several projects and design and implementation of improvement tools. A review of the most frequent design defects found during the construction phase in four building projects allowed the researchers to design several tools to prevent the occurrence of these defects. QFD was used to identify the most effective tools and to set priorities for implementation. The proposed changes were implemented in a construction company participating in the study with significant impacts on performance. The implementation comprised new design and review procedures, standards for communication as well as explicit definition of internal customer requirements and design attributes. The implementation of these changes brought important reductions on design defects and their corresponding impacts in this company, some of these results are discussed in this paper. }, author_keywords={Design quality; design process, continuous improvement, design-construction interface. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Andery1998, author={Andery, Paulo and Carvalho, Jr., Antonio N. and Helman, Horacio }, editor={ }, title={Looking for What Could Be Wrong: An Approach to Lean Thinking}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/35}, affiliation={Department of Materials Engineering and Construction, Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, R. Espírito Santo, 35 - 30160-030 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil, Phone: 55 31 238 1850, Fax: 55 31 238 1857, e-mail: paulo@demc.ufmg.br ; Department of Materials Engineering and Construction, Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, R. Espírito Santo, 35 - 30160-030 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil, Phone: 55 31 238 1850, Fax: 55 31 238 1857, e-mail: paulo@demc.ufmg.br ; Department of Materials Engineering and Construction, Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, R. Espírito Santo, 35 - 30160-030 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil, Phone: 55 31 238 1850, Fax: 55 31 238 1857, e-mail: paulo@demc.ufmg.br }, abstract={The present paper points out the idea that in order to achieve quality assurance and reliability improvement in construction processes, lean thinking practice should incorporate a rarely used method in civil construction process design. It requires to consider “what shall we do to make things go on” and also an effort to searching for “what could be wrong (and we do not know)”. This approach to process design contains the basic idea that some failures causes are implicit in building procedures, and an analysis of potential failure root causes may be done in order to find them out, thus anticipating future problems. This approach to process design - “searching for what could be wrong”- will provide a filter to “time bombs”, built-in problems in the construction conversions and flows activities. The analysis will involve the establishment of countermeasures to potential failure modes. The use of failure analysis methods (FMEA - Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and FTA - Fault Tree Analysis) in order to implement this approach is proposed and a strategy for the application of those tools, as well as some difficulties in their application, are presented and discussed. }, author_keywords={Process design review, failure analysis, construction process reliability. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Atkin1998, author={Atkin, Brian }, editor={ }, title={Unravelling the Value Chain in Construction}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/36}, affiliation={Professor of Construction Management and Economics, The Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; email. brian@recm.kth.se }, abstract={A study of project processes and information integration has been carried out on ten building projects in the UK, France, Germany and Sweden. This paper summarises the findings and includes comment on the projects and the resultant models of the design and construction process. Functional models of the process were produced, using a computer based IDEFØ tool to show information flows, participants, organisations and IT use. The models were verified and presented in as uniform an approach as possible, using a generic model of the process. Analysis was performed on the models, including checks for consistency and process integrity. The findings indicate that, inter alia, IT use is significantly affected by the attitude of the client and the IT capability and orientation of the 'constructor'. Moreover, it is essential to have all members of the project team within the operational 'loop'. Integration is about bringing people and organisations closer together. The generic model has been subsequently developed in line with the best practice elements of each project, changes in construction practices and out of sector best practice in design and production. The result is a new project generic process model that could form a blueprint for subsequent projects. This research will continue, by modelling and costing different project scenarios so that non-value added activities can be isolated and eliminated. }, author_keywords={Process modelling, functional modelling, design, supply chain, value chain, IT. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard1998, author={Ballard, Glenn and Howell, Greg }, editor={ }, title={What Kind of Production Is Construction?}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/37}, affiliation={Lecturer at U.C. Berkeley. Research Director for the Lean Construction Institute, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Adjunct Professor at Boise State and Virginia Tech. Executive Director of the Lean Construction Institute, ghowell@micron.net }, abstract={Applicability of lean principles to construction might seem to require that construction’s differentiating characteristics be softened or explained away. This is the strategy employed by those who advocate making construction more like the manufacturing from which lean thinking originated. Following that line of thought, successive waves of implementation would leave ever smaller remainders that are not yet reduced to manufacturing, and consequently not yet capable of being made lean. This approach offers tremendous opportunity for reducing the time and cost of constructed facilities. However, for our part, we are interested in that remainder, in understanding its peculiar characteristics, and in learning how to make it lean. Our interest is founded on the belief that construction is a fundamentally different kind of production; i.e., that there is an irreducible remainder. We also suspect that learning how to make construction lean will help show the way to the manufacturing of the future. Manufacturing is becoming more like construction. Far from being the most backward, in our view, construction can be among the leading edge industries in lean thinking. Adopting a single-minded strategy of transforming construction into manufacturing would be precisely the wrong thing to do. This paper explains the need to develop lean thinking for dynamic construction and lays the groundwork for a subsequent paper “Implementing Lean Construction”, in which these strategies are further developed. }, author_keywords={Construction, production theory, uncertainty, strategy, lean thinking. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard1998, author={Ballard, Glenn and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={On the Agenda of Design Management Research}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/38}, affiliation={Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. Phone: 510/530-8656. E-mail: ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland. Phone: +358-9-456 4556. E-mail: lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={We propose an agenda for design management research. That agenda is based on a new conceptual foundation for operations management. Design processes can be conceived in at least three different ways: (1) as a process of converting inputs to outputs, (2) as a flow of materials and information through time and space, and (3) as a process of generating value for customers. All three conceptions are appropriate and necessary. However, the conversion model has been dominant in the AEC (architectural/engineering/construction) industry until very recently. We review current thinking and practice of design management, suggest fundamental hypotheses, then propose an agenda for design management research based on those hypotheses. }, author_keywords={Design management, concurrent engineering, value management, project management }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barlow1998, author={Barlow, James }, editor={ }, title={From Craft Production to Mass Customisation? Customer-Focused Approaches to Housebuilding}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/39}, affiliation={School of the Built Environment, University of Westminster, 35 Marylebone Road, London, NW1 5LS, tel: 0171-911 5879, fax: 0171-911 5171, email: barlowj@wmin.ac.uk. }, abstract={There is considerable dissatisfaction with the performance of UK housebuilders in providing products which customers want to buy. Notions of ‘customer focus’, which have spread through some industrial and retail sectors have largely passed the housebuilding industry by. In its current guise, the industry is unlikely to be able to tackle the demographic and social demands which will be placed on it in the early 21st century. Its challenge is to lower the initial and lifecycle cost of housing, but at the same time improve its quality and functionality. Notions of ‘agile production’ hold lessons for housebuilders. Essentially, the industry needs to adopt concepts of ‘mass customisation’, where highly customised products are delivered at costs comparable with mass production. The paper outlines the principal features of agile production and its relationship to notions of lean production, before reporting on the extent to which UK housebuilders are shifting their competitive strategies towards increased customer focus and improved supply chain management. The paper then explores some of the organisational, institutional and cultural barriers to the adoption of agile production in British housebuilding. Finally, we introduce a major project which aims to develop and demonstrate lean and agile approaches to private and social housing supply. }, author_keywords={Housebuilding, lean production, agile production, innovation barriers. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Choo1998, author={Choo, Hyun Jeong and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn and Zabelle, Todd R. }, editor={ }, title={Workplan: Database for Work Package Production Scheduling}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/40}, affiliation={screening, work package, constraint, percent of planned completed (PPC). ; Associate Professor, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Lecturer at U.C. Berkeley and Director of the Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Rd., Oakland, CA 94619, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; President, Pacific Contracting, Inc., 222 Sutter Street, Suite 310, San Francisco, CA 94108, trz@pacificcontracting.com }, abstract={A database program called WorkPlan has been created to systematically develop weekly work plans. WorkPlan adopts the Last Planner methodology, which implements several lean construction techniques. A week prior to conducting work, WorkPlan guides the user step by step through the process of spelling out work packages, identifying constraints, checking constraint satisfaction, releasing work packages, and allocating resources; then at the end of the week, collecting field progress data and reasons for plan failure. This systematic approach helps the user create quality work plans and learn from understanding reasons for failure. The functionality of WorkPlan is detailed in this paper. Various ways of displaying work package data are illustrated. WorkPlan is to our knowledge the first computer tool designed specifically to implement lean production philosophy in construction. }, author_keywords={WorkPlan, weekly work plan, database, lean construction, production scheduling, screening, work package, constraint, percent of planned completed (PPC). }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Finch1998, author={Finch, Edward }, editor={ }, title={Embedded Internet Systems: Applications in Construction}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/41}, affiliation={M.Sc., Ph.D., Editor of Facilities, Department of Construction Management & Engineering, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AW, UK. Email: e.f.finch@rdg.ac.uk. WWW: www.construct.rdg.ac.uk }, abstract={This purpose of this paper is to explore developments in Internet communications technology on site. In particular, the paper examines the role of ‘stand alone’ or embedded systems in the context of a lean approach. These low cost devices are capable of reporting and receiving information in just the same way that computers on a network can. The advent of a new Internet communication standard, TCP/IP 6, offers significant potential in terms of remote monitoring and management of construction sites using embedded systems. In the discussion, the author considers the technological issues involved and the implications for management on site. }, author_keywords={Embedded systems; TCP/IP; protocols; networks; lean construction. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Formoso1998, author={Formoso, Carlos T. and Bernardes, Mauricio and Oliveira, Luis Fenando }, editor={ }, title={Developing a Model for Planning and Controlling Production in Small Sized Building Firms}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/42}, affiliation={Professor of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Ph.D., formoso@vortex.ufgs.br ; Dr. student of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, M.Sc., bernarde@vortex.ufrgs.br ; M.Sc. student of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, menescal@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Construction planning and control is a managerial process that is closely related to the aim of improving the effectiveness of construction projects. Despite its importance, there is growing concern over the failure of construction planning and control to achieve its goals. The main objective of this article is to present the development process of a model for planning and controlling production in small sized building companies, as well as a method for implementing it. The model involves three different levels of planning and control: (a) weekly basis operational planning, using the concept of shielding production, at the lower level; (b) lookahead planning at the intermediate level; and (c) tactical planning concerning the whole production stage, at the higher level. The development of this research project is based on the conceptual framework of the New Production Philosophy (Lean Production). The applicability of its concepts and tools has been tested on the development of the production planning and control process. }, author_keywords={Construction planning and control, shielding production, information systems. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Formoso1998, author={Formoso, Carlos T. and Tzotzopoulos, Patricia and Jobim, Margaret S. S. and Liedtke, Renata }, editor={ }, title={Developing a Protocol for Managing the Design Process in the Building Industry}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/43}, affiliation={Ph.D., Senior Lecturer, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, email: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; M.Sc. candidates, Research Assistants, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil ; M.Sc., Senior Lecturer, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil ; M.Sc. candidates, Research Assistants, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil }, abstract={The performance of the design process in the building industry has a great influence on the success of subsequent processes in construction projects and also on the quality of the final product. Despite its importance, relatively little attention has been given to the management of the design process. The main objective of this article is to present the preliminary results of a research project which aims to devise a protocol for managing the design process in house building firms. The protocol will consist of a general plan for developing design activities, including the content of the main activities, their precedence relationships, the role and responsibilities of different actors, and a model of the information flow. The protocol has been developed through case studies, carried out in four different construction companies from the South of Brazil. The development of this research is based on the conceptual framework of the New Production Philosophy (Lean Production). The suitability of its concepts and principles has been tested on the management of the design process. }, author_keywords={Design Management, Lean Construction, Process Management, Building Design }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gurley1998, author={Gurley, David and McManus, Bill }, editor={ }, title={Practical Knowledge Builds Projects: Case for Independent Construction Information Management}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/44}, affiliation={AIA, dgurley@ionet.net ; University of Oklahoma, Bill-McManus@ou.edu }, abstract={This paper argues that the management of information for construction projects should be by independent information managers whose only interest in the project is in the efficient management of information. Their responsibility focuses on setting information standards, gathering, organizing, storing and exchanging information. The resulting system must provide information that is transparent, timely, appropriate, accurate, complete, dependable, secure and unbiased. All participants must have access to and confidence in this construction information system. }, author_keywords={Project information management, automatic information, schedule centric project management, e-construction, transparency, lean construction. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hirota1998, author={Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Some Directions for Developing Construction Management Training Programmes on Lean Construction}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/45}, affiliation={M.Sc., Lecturer at Universidade Estadual de Londrina , PhD Candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, phone (051) 316-3518, fax (051) 316-4054, e-mail : ercilia@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Senior Lecturer, NORIE/UFRGS, phone (051) 316-3518, fax (051) 316-4054, e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={The consolidation of the Lean Construction theory depends on the application of its principles and concepts by practitioners. Only feedback from the construction industry itself can support further research on the analysis and adaptation of the Lean Production principles to the construction process. Therefore, it is necessary to work on construction managers education in order to incorporate the lean production concepts and approaches in their daily practice. This paper describes an ongoing research project concerned with the development of construction management training programmes on lean construction, aiming at fostering changes of paradigm in process management. An exploratory study on the learning process of undergraduate students was carried out, focusing mainly on the relationship between teacher and students along lectures dealing with lean construction concepts and principles. The study has indicated that it is relatively straightforward for the students to understand and to apply some basic concepts like process, operation, conversion and flow activities and the general concept of waste. But it has also pointed out that it is not so easy for them to understand and comprehensively incorporate the lean construction principles and approaches. This paper discusses the complex problem connected to the change of paradigm and the learning process involved in the introduction of the lean construction theory in construction management training programmes. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, learning, management education. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell1998, author={Howell, Greg and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Lean Construction: Understanding and Action}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/46}, affiliation={Adjunct Professor at Boise State and Virginia Tech.; Executive Director of the Lean Construction Institute, ghowell@micron.net ; Lecturer at U.C. Berkeley and Research Director for the Lean Construction Institute, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Lean thinking is a new way to manage construction. Born in manufacturing, the goals demand a new way to coordinate action, one that is applicable to industries far removed from manufacturing. Implementation requires action be shaped by a deeper understanding of the goals and techniques. This paper explains the implications of the goals and key production principles, and how when taken together they result in a different way to manage construction. Implementing lean in construction then becomes a matter of developing and acting on this new knowledge. Advice on implementation is offered. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, implementation, project management. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huovila1998, author={Huovila, Pekka and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Contribution of the Principles of Lean Construction to Meet the Challenges of Sustainable Development}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/47}, affiliation={Group Leader, VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland. Phone: +358-9- 456 5903. E-mail: pekka.huovila@vtt.fi ; Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Phone: +358-9-456 4556. E-mail: lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={This paper suggests the challenges of sustainable development to be considered in the life cycle process of buildings. Sustainable development concepts are presented featuring social, ecological, cultural and environmental facets. Examples of sustainable construction practices from different countries are described. The potential and profitability of lean principles to promote sustainable construction is raised for discussion. As an example of related development, a requirements framework, is presented. }, author_keywords={Life cycle process of buildings, requirements management, sustainable design, sustainable construction. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Isatto1998, author={Isatto, Eduardo L. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Design and Production Interface in Lean Production: A Performance Improvement Criteria Proposition}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, pages={9-18}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/48}, affiliation={M.Sc., Lecturer at NORIE/UFRGS, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99/3º andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, CEP 90.035-190, Phone: (055) 051 316-3353, email: isatto@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Senior Lecturer at NORIE/UFRGS, email: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Failures on transferring Japanese production techniques to West countries point out the need for a more in-depth comprehension of concepts and principles that support such techniques. In the construction industry, the abstraction and adaptation of those concepts and principles started in 1992 with the publication of the report “Application of the New Production Philosophy to Construction”, by Lauri Koskela. However, since the publication of that study little further discussion has been made on other Japanese production models, such as the one proposed by Shigeo Shingo and adopted at the Toyota Motor Company. This paper intends to compare Koskela’s and Shingo’s production models and the possibilities of amalgamating them. It is also proposed an application of those models for establishing performance improvement priorities, considering a hierarchy of decisions (market level, product level, process level, and operation level). }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Toyota Production System, production improvement }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Junior1998, author={Junior, Joao Auada and Scola, Alexandre and Conte, Antonio Sergio Itri }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner as a Site Operations Tool}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/49}, affiliation={Verticon Construção e Empreendimentos Ltda., Phone/Fax: +55 11 241-2133, e-mail: scola@verticon.com.br ; Verticon Construção e Empreendimentos Ltda., Phone/Fax: +55 11 241-2133, e-mail: scola@verticon.com.br ; Lean Construction Institute – Brazil, Civil Engineer, Master Degree in Production Engineering from Escola Politécnica of USP, Director of Logical Systems Consulting Ltd., Home +55 011 573-6937, Fax +55 011 573-1397, e-mail: asiconte@usp.br }, abstract={ }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kuprenas1998, author={Kuprenas, John A. }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of Lean Concepts for Public Sector Engineering Design and Construction: A Case Study}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/50}, affiliation={Project Manager, VCM c/o City of Los Angeles – DPW/BOE/PMD, 650 S. Spring Street, Suite 1100, Mail Stop 549, Los Angeles, CA 90014, (213) 485-2443, and Research Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90087, kuprenas@mizar.usc.edu }, abstract={This work details the implementation of lean thinking concepts, tools, and processes in the City of Los Angeles, Bureau of Engineering— one of the largest public engineering organizations on the world. Poor past project delivery performance has lead to a radical change in the Bureau’s organizational structure and project delivery processes. Central to the entire change is a shift toward a lean production model, centered on systems optimization. This work describes the reasons for the shift to lean thinking that began in the Bureau in the spring of 1997. The Bureau re-organization and the systems optimization background training are detailed. The ongoing training that is used to further foster lean thinking concepts is next reviewed. The majority of the paper is devoted to explaining specific lean thinking processes that were used as part of the transformation of the Bureau. Implementation of lean thinking is illustrated through detailed descriptions and examples the use of specific tools. Executive management and strategic planning efforts necessary to implement the lean thinking methods are explained and illustrated. Methods of reporting the transformation throughout the Bureau’s workforce and to the Bureau’s partners are also detailed and sample reporting and communication products are provided. Conclusions describe the performance improvements achieved to date through lean thinking, the obstacles the effort has yet to overcome, and mistakes made along the path so far. Future research needs identified through this effort are also included and discussed. }, author_keywords={Engineering, design, construction, public sector, training, project controls, training, lean processes. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{San Matin1998, author={San Matin, Alberto Peixoto and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Evaluating Building Systems Based on Productions Process Management and Lean Constructions Concepts}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/51}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc. Candidate at NORIE-UFRGS, sama@ez-poa.com.br ; Ph.D., M.Sc., Professor at NORIE-UFRGS, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Production processes have been already the main subject of many researches on construction. However, the great majority of them do not consider the new concepts introduced by the new construction paradigm, called “lean construction”. This paper presents the development and the application of a method that considers the main principles of lean construction as qualifying characteristics for the development of performance criteria for the management of construction’s production processes. The main goal of the method is to investigate the degree in which the design of building systems consider the lean construction principles through performance indicators, as well as to make possible to consider explicitly such principles in the development of new construction technologies. }, author_keywords={Construction technology; production processes; lean construction. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Melhado1998, author={Melhado, Silvio Burrattino }, editor={ }, title={Designing for Lean Construction}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/52}, affiliation={Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Almeida Prado, tv. 2, n. 271 CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil, Phone +55 011 818 51 64 Fax +55 011 818 55 44, E-mail:silviobm@pcc.usp.br }, abstract={This paper proposes an initial draft of guidelines to fit design methods based on lean construction principles. It results into innovative design procedures that can illustrate the application of “lean thinking design” for production efficiency improvement in building construction companies. The main concepts related to lean construction are discussed under design and production points of view as well as the optimal managerial relations among building design procedures and production activities. An experience of using innovative design methods is described as a practical reference. The proposed design methodology results in changes to the traditional design team arrangement and also to the design development and co-ordination. The difficulties for the implementation of the proposal in building construction companies are briefly examined. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, building design, building construction. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mendez, Jr.1998, author={Mendez, Jr., Ricardo and Heineck, Luis Fernando M. }, editor={ }, title={Preplanning Method for Multi-Story Building Construction Using Line of Balance}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/53}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Pós-graduação em Eng. de Produção. E-mail: mendesjr@cesec.ufpr.br ; Senior Lecturer, Departamento de Eng. de Produção. E-mail: gecon@eps.ufsc.br }, abstract={This paper reports one aspect of a research program devoted to the topic of production control in multi-story building construction. Preplanning using the line of balance technique attempts to solve planning problems by making production process clearer and simpler. A preplanning method is presented which needs little detailed information about productivities and work volumes and may be rapidly produced. The plan brings an overall view of the project by grouping the main activities that are highly interdependent. The concept on the best rhythm for each group of activities focus on the sequencie of work, continuity of labor team working and completeness rather than on pure schedule goals. Many characteristics of the method support lean construction concepts, such as waste elimination, variances minimization, flexible planning and scheduling sequencing. Using line of balance concepts also suggests some control tools which are being experimented on aplication cases and are briefly described. }, author_keywords={Buildings, construction planning, lean construction, line of balance, preplanning. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Miles1998, author={Miles, Robert S }, editor={ }, title={Alliance Lean Design/Construct on a Small High Tech Project}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/54}, affiliation={P.E., 16607 NW Norwalk Drive, Beaverton, OR 97006; Phone: 503-423-3998 ext. 2-1976; email: rsmiles@ix.netcom.com }, abstract={It is the author’s conviction that Lean Production will largely influence a lasting Lean change in the construction industry not from the top down, but from the bottom up. It will grow though the proven productivity gains of Lean practitioner firms. It will grow even more dramatically through the formation of informal and formal alliances between individual practitioners of Lean Design and Construction. This paper describes one such example. A leading international high technology facility design firm2 and a visionary domestic design/construct firm3 joined in an informal alliance and tested their conviction that Lean Design and Construction can lead to world class results on a small, but challenging , high technology facility project. This unlikely relationship itself was largely a result of the two firms’ involvement in the Lean Construction Institute of the USA and the Lean Thinking revolution growing in a yet small but expanding part of the industry, internationally. This project case study showcases the answers to a number of previously untested theses: That the Owner can be convinced to try Lean practice for the first time, based upon the “selling” of the concept by their design and their construction firms. That two firms that had previously never worked together can establish an informal alliance that lasts the testing of a construction project with Lean Thinking as the glue to the relationship. That Lean practice can be performed on a design/construct project using many of the same tools that have previously only been used independently, not across the full project design/construct life. That the Last Planner and production planning can be effectively implemented in the design effort, with a staff that are Lean Thinking novices. This paper describes the formal contractual relationships, as well as the informal relational “contracts”. It presents the “Schematic Design in a Day” process. Training efforts are described. Lean production metrics are defined, and the resultant project data is reported. Lastly, lessons learned are shared and suggested next steps of continuous improvement are presented. }, author_keywords={Lean design, lean construction, alliance, high tech. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rossi Residencial LTDA1998, author={Rossi Residencial LTDA, }, editor={ }, title={Reinventing the Way of Construction: The Development of a New Design Language}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/55}, affiliation={Rossi Residencial is one of the largest Brazilian real estate developers, providing apartments to the medium social class, and as it is usual in Brazil, Rossi is the constructor of its owner buildings. Today Rossi is operating in 14 important Brazilian cities and is building about 180 buildings. Luiz Henrique de Vasconcellos, Engineering Director, Address: R. Gomes de Carvalho 1195, Vila Olimpia – São Paulo CEP – 04547-004, Email : rossi.vasconcellos@ibm.net, rossi.engenharia@ibm.net, Phone : 5511-3040-0251, Fax: 5511-821-9985, Home page : www.plano100.com }, abstract={ }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Isatto1998, author={Isatto, Eduardo L. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Design and Production Interface in Lean Production: A Performance Improvement Criteria Proposition}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/56}, affiliation={M.Sc., Lecturer at NORIE/UFRGS, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99/3º andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, CEP 90.035-190, Phone: (055) 051 316-3353, email: isatto@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Senior Lecturer at NORIE/UFRGS, email: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Failures on transferring Japanese production techniques to West countries point out the need for a more in-depth comprehension of concepts and principles that support such techniques. In the construction industry, the abstraction and adaptation of those concepts and principles started in 1992 with the publication of the report “Application of the New Production Philosophy to Construction”, by Lauri Koskela. However, since the publication of that study little further discussion has been made on other Japanese production models, such as the one proposed by Shigeo Shingo and adopted at the Toyota Motor Company. This paper intends to compare Koskela’s and Shingo’s production models and the possibilities of amalgamating them. It is also proposed an application of those models for establishing performance improvement priorities, considering a hierarchy of decisions (market level, product level, process level, and operation level). }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Toyota Production System, production improvement }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seymour1998, author={Seymour, David }, editor={ }, title={Getting UK Construction People to Think Lean - Where to Start? A Case Study}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/57}, affiliation={School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, UK }, abstract={Lean Construction is an evolving body of successfully applied principles and practices. Developing and refining them through application involves talking to, persuading and negotiating with people in a position to try out their efficacy. This paper reports a construction project which, in the writer’s opinion, is fertile ground for persuading key participants that LC is relevant to their explicit aim of looking for better ways to do things. The purpose of the paper is to give some sense of the UK cultural context as experienced on this Project which, the writer believes, is germane to how the principles and practice of LC can most effectively be disseminated within UK construction. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, culture, change, benchmarking, measurement }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein1998, author={Tommelein, Iris D. and Riley, David and Howell, Greg A. }, editor={ }, title={Parade Game: Impact of Work Flow Variability on Succeeding Trade Performance}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/58}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Constr. Mgmt., 116 Architecture Hall, College of Architecture, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1610, 206/616-1917, FAX 206/685-1976, driley@u.washington.edu. ; Adjunct Professor at Boise State and Virginia Tech. and Executive Director of the Lean Construction Institute, mail: Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340 ghowell@micron.net }, abstract={The Parade Game illustrates what impact work-flow variability has on the performance of construction trades and their successors. The game consists of simulating a construction process in which resources produced by one trade are prerequisite to starting work by the next trade. Production-level detail, describing resources being passed from one trade to the next, illustrates that throughput will be reduced, project completion delayed, and waste increased by variations in flow. The game shows that it is possible to reduce waste and shorten project duration by improving the reliability of work flow between trades. Basic production management concepts are thus applied to construction management. They highlight one of the shortcomings of using CPM for field-level planning, which is that CPM does not explicitly represent reliability. The Parade Game can be played in a classroom setting either by hand or using a computer. Computer simulation enables students to experiment with numerous alternatives in order to sharpen their intuition regarding variability, process throughput, buffers, productivity, and crew sizing. Managers interested in schedule compression will benefit from understanding work-flow variability’s impact on succeeding trade performance. }, author_keywords={Productivity improvement, contractor coordination, reliability, performance, lean construction, discrete-event simulation, specialty contracting, project management, production management, process modeling. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Al-Sudairi1999, author={Al-Sudairi, Abdulsalam A. and Diekmann, James E. and Songer, Anthony D. and Brown, Hyman M. }, editor={ }, title={Simulation of Construction Processes: Traditional Practices Versus Lean Principles}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={39-50}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/59}, affiliation={Graduate Student, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, alsudair@rtt.colorado.edu ; Professor, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado- Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, diekmann@spot.colorado.edu. ; Assistant Professor, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 ; Senior Instructor, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 }, abstract={Lean manufacturing theory is founded on several key principles: specify value by product, rethink your operating methods, focus on actual objects from beginning to completion, release resources for delivery just when needed and strive for perfection. Transferring these principles from manufacturing to the construction domain is of ongoing interest for construction researchers. However, modifying real construction processes is expensive, time consuming and difficult. This paper reports interim results of a study to evaluate lean principles when applied to construction using computer simulation. Data for a structural steel erection process was modeled in ExtendÒ to form the experimental tool for evaluating lean principles. In all cases, the simulated principles improved project performance. Performance improved dramatically when all principles are simultaneously applied. However, the erection process became volatile and fragile when it was subjected to changes and uncertainties from outside of the process. Maintaining a zero buffer at the erection site made the process extremely fragile. This study demonstrates the need for a broad systems view when one is considering lean modifications to a construction process. }, author_keywords={Lean principles, lean construction, process simulation, buffer size, volatility. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon1999, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Ashley, David B. }, editor={ }, title={Playing Games: Evaluating the Impact of Lean Production Strategies on Project Cost and Schedule}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={263-274}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/60}, affiliation={Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, Visiting Professor, The Ohio State University. ; Dean, College of Engineering and The John C. Geupel Chair in Civil Engineering. The Ohio State University, 142 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210- 1278, ashley.33@osu.edu. }, abstract={There are several games which are used to demonstrate the practical implications of some Lean Production Concepts such as the impact of uncertainty on productivity and project duration, push and pull approaches to production or the impact of multitasking. These games are very appealing to the players and the observers by illustrating the detrimental impact of some current practices on project performance. They are also useful by illustrating the impact on some of these practices on project results. This paper reports an attempt to take the benefits of a simple game, the “Dice Game”, one step further by using a simulation model inspired in this game to explore some research questions which can not be addressed in the original game. The paper presents the results of an extensive analysis of project conditions where production variability and buffer size were used as the main input variable and project cost and schedule were used as the main output variables. The analysis addresses among other research questions the impact of buffering on project duration and cost, the impact of production variability on project productivity and suggest some guidance to select buffer sizes for minimum project cost. }, author_keywords={Lean production, lean construction, buffering, management games, project planning, simulation. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon1999, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Rivas, Rodrigo and Serpell, Alfredo }, editor={ }, title={Evaluation and Improvement of the Procurement Process in Construction Projects}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={219-230}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/61}, affiliation={Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl. Visiting Professor, The Ohio State University. ; Graduate Student, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, rivlop@netline.cl. ; Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, aserpell@ing.puc.cl. }, abstract={A methodology to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process for investment projects, and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied to selected projects. A thorough literature review was carried out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate important resources (money, personnel, time, etc.) to monitor and control the process. When applying the methodology to some projects, it was found that the main sources of “waste” were engineering, the system itself, the suppliers, and the policies. A great potential for improvement was detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), bar codes, and other systems were applied to the procurement process. These technologies could help to eliminate the root causes for many types of wastes that were detected. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, procurement, performance indicators, process improvement }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard1999, author={Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Improving Work Flow Reliability}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={275-286}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/62}, affiliation={Director of Research, Lean Construction Institute, and Lecturer, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 510/530-8656, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Improving work flow reliability is important for the productivity of linked production units, and consequently for project cost and duration. One measure of work flow reliability is PPC, the percentage of planned assignments completed. A proposal is made for experiments to increase PPC. Four actions are proposed and explained. Only the fourth action, underloading resources relative to capacity, is developed in detail in this paper. The potential impacts of improving PPC on project cost and schedule are described. }, author_keywords={Capacity, decomposition, design process, explosion, flow, last planner, lean construction, load, productivity, project planning and control, reliability, throughput, variability. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barker1999, author={Barker, R. and Hong-Minh, S.M. and Naim, M.M. }, editor={ }, title={Terrain Scanning Methodology for Construction Supply Chains}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={195-206}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/63}, affiliation={Research Associate, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP., Tel: (44) 1222 876312, Fax: (44) 1222 874301, BarkerR1@cardiff.ac.uk ; Research Associate, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP., Tel: (44) 1222 874271, Fax: (44) 1222 874301, HongMinhSM@cardiff.ac.uk ; Reader, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP., Tel: (44) 1222 874637, Fax: (44) 1222 874301, NaimMM@cardiff.ac.uk }, abstract={The paper defines a Terrain Scanning Methodology (TSM) for undertaking a health check of individual businesses and whole supply chains in the construction industry. Building on previous research in a variety of market sectors the TSM aims to minimise resources required in undertaking a diagnostic while still allowing a high degree of scope. The TSM takes into account the constituent flow on the supply chain, the issues governing supply chain change and the level of business process detail. An application of the TSM in a house building supply chain is given and a critical analysis of the TSM undertaken. The paper concludes that while the TSM has its limitations as a stand alone exercise it can be seen as a vital first step for companies to understand and document their supply chains before embarking on a long term supply chain engineering program. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, business process analysis, process mapping, supply chain engineering, house building }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cardoso1999, author={Cardoso, Francisco F. }, editor={ }, title={Entrepreneurial Strategies and New Forms of Rationalisation of Production in the Building Construction Sector of Brazil and France}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={369-380}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/64}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica of the University of Sao Paulo, CP 61548, 05424-970, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil, +55 (11) 818 5469, fax: +55 (11) 818 5715, fcardoso@pcc.usp.br. }, abstract={This article presents an inquiry-research conducted in France (Cardoso 1996) which was aimed at identifying and analysing new forms of rationalisation of production employed in the building sector, both in France and Brazil, in the light of strategies of the building construction firms. The above mentioned research dealt with the issue of the productive competence of the building construction firm, not only by means of higher efficiency but also of the perception of meso and macroeconomics contexts of where the production system is situated; this is done based on the competitors viewpoint. }, author_keywords={Strategic planning, competitive advantage, production strategy, building construction, construction enterprises. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Choo1999, author={Choo, Hyun Jeong and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Space Scheduling Using Flow Analysis}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={299-312}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/65}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, choohj@ce.berkeley.edu ; Associate Professor, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, tel: 510/643-8678, fax: 510/643-8919. }, abstract={WorkMovePlan combines the Last Planner methodology, implemented in the WorkPlan software, with space scheduling. This allows the Last Planner to not only specify labor and equipment but also space as an explicit resource. WorkPlan guides the user step by step to plan work for the week ahead through the process of spelling out work packages, identifying constraints, checking constraint satisfaction, releasing work packages, and allocating labor and equipment; then at the end of the week, collecting field progress data and reasons for plan failure. WorkMovePlan extends these capabilities by allowing a user to specify site space needs on a day-to-day basis for labor, equipment, and materials in terms of work-, laydown-, or staging area as needed throughout the execution of a work package. WorkMovePlan also makes it possible for the user to designate the flow path that will be followed during movement. This user data then serves as input to simulate traffic on site. Output of the simulation helps the user assess the feasibility and desirability of traffic flow paths and thereby gauge the quality of a work sequence. This systematic approach helps the user create quality work plans and learn from understanding reasons for failure. The functionality of WorkMovePlan is detailed in this paper. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, WorkMovePlan, WorkPlan, weekly work plan, database, lean construction, work package, constraint, layout planning, space scheduling, materials management, simulation, flow. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chua1999, author={Chua, David K.H. and Jun, Shen Li and Hwee, Bok Shung }, editor={ }, title={Integrated Production Scheduler for Construction Look-Ahead Planning}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={287-298}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/66}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, 65/874-2195, cvedavid@nus.edu.sg ; Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, 65/874-6498, engp8591@nus.edu.sg ; Senior CAD/CAM Specialist, National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, 65/874-2599, engboksh@leonis.nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Enhancing the reliability of planning is the key to achieving stable construction flow and, subsequently, high productivity and improved product quality. Traditional look-ahead scheduling tools are not suitable for producing robust work schedules. Being aware of the inherent problems in traditional scheduling methods, we propose an improved scheduling tool, the Integrated Production Scheduler system, to help produce quality-assured look-ahead schedules by incorporating integrated information on the availability of resources and information into activities. This tool is developed specially for implementing Lean Construction philosophy in construction process design. Its principles for achieving a quality, timely and transparent schedule are described in this paper. It is based on a distributed scheduling model with the utilization of Internet technologies, such as JavaBeans and XML. }, author_keywords={Integrated information, scheduler, look-ahead planning, JavaBeans, XML, Internet }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fabricio1999, author={Fabricio, Marcio M. and Melhado, Silvio B. and Baia, Josaphat L. }, editor={ }, title={Brief Reflection on the Improvement of the Design Process Efficiency in Brazilian Building Projects}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={345-356}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/67}, affiliation={Doctoral candidate of Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, M. Sc., Brazil, fabricio@pcc.usp.br ; Professor of Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Dr., Brazil, silviobm@pcc.usp.br ; M. Sc. of Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Brazil, josaphat@pcc.usp.br }, abstract={This paper starts with (i) an introduction on building construction sector design process main characteristics and (ii) a presentation and discussion on its efficiency problems. The Concurrent Engineering concept as a tool to improve this process, approximating it to lean construction approach is introduced. It also describes a case study on a 22 companies group quality program. This group includes building construction companies, as well design offices, which are implementing some design process changes. The paper ends up proposing a building design process methodology, based on the concurrent engineering principles. }, author_keywords={Building design, design flow management, concurrent engineering, lean construction. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Featherston1999, author={Featherston, Scott }, editor={ }, title={Study of Reasons for the Adoption of Lean Production in the Automobile Industry: Questions for the Aec Industries}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={11-21}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/68}, affiliation={Project Manager, Lend Lease, Level 7 Australia Square, Sydney 2000, Australia, +61 (2) 9518 8022, fax: +61 (2) 9518 8122, scott_featherstone@lendlease.com.au }, abstract={The primary intent of this paper is to raise questions concerning broader forces that, as advocates of lean construction, we should consider as we develop and refine our model of production for the AEC industries. The adoption of an alternative production system is a major strategic decision for any organisation, let alone one that might exist in the complicated and complex AEC industry. As advocates of an alternative to existing methods, it is incumbent upon us to understand the strategic imperatives which organisations face. }, author_keywords={Lean production, strategic environment, lean construction }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Formoso1999, author={Formoso, Carlos T. and Isatto, Eduardo L. and Hirota, Ercilia H. }, editor={ }, title={Method for Waste Control in the Building Industry}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={325-330}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/69}, affiliation={Civil Eng., Ph.D., Associate Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3º andar, 90.035-190, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Civil Eng., M.Sc, Assistant Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3º andar, 90.035-190, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil. isatto@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Civil Eng., M.Sc., Associate Professor at the State University of Londrina (UEL), Ph.D. candidate at UFRGS - Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3º andar, 90.035-190, Porto Alegre – RS, Brazil, ercilia@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={The paper presents the preliminary results of an ongoing research project which aims to develop a method for controlling waste on building sites. The main focus of the method is to establish waste control procedures as part of site management on a routine basis, using a pull learning approach and emphasising the principle of process transparency by using qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. The study also intends to make some contributions for the consolidation of the Lean Construction theory, through the application of some of its principles in practice. A classification for waste in the construction industry is proposed, based on previous studies concerning waste measurement. Based on that classification, a protocol for data collection was developed and applied in case studies carried out in three different Brazilian building companies. One of the main conclusions of the paper is concerned with the need to integrate waste control into the production planning and control process. }, author_keywords={Building industry, learning, waste control }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gargione1999, author={Gargione, Luiz Antonio }, editor={ }, title={Using Quality Function Deployment (Qfd) in the Design Phase of an Apartment Construction Project}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={357-368}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/70}, affiliation={Assistant Professor and Research Collaborator, IP&D, Instituto de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, 12.244- 000, São José dos Campos-SP, Brazil, +(55) (12) 347-1000, fax: +(55) (12) 347-1334, gargione@univap.br }, abstract={Quality Function Deployment-QFD is a powerful development methodology with a wide range of applications. This paper presents a simple case using QFD on the design phase of a Real Estate construction project as a tool of improvement for layout and features of a middleclass apartment unit. The main purpose of QFD in this study was to apply in construction a method of customer-oriented design used in other industries, and to adapt some of the tables and matrices proposed by Akao (1990). Another purpose of this case study was to test the applicability of QFD in real estate projects managed and developed by small companies usually owner-operated. }, author_keywords={Quality function deployment, lean construction, building design, building construction, the house of quality. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Green1999, author={Green, Stuart D. }, editor={ }, title={The Dark Side of Lean Construction: Exploitation and Ideology}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={21-32}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/71}, affiliation={Department of Construction Management & Engineering, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 219, Reading, RG6 6AW, UK }, abstract={The emerging concept of lean construction is considered from an overtly critical perspective. It is contended that the current debate is based on a highly selective interpretation of the available literature. The extent to which methods of lean production are applicable beyond the Japanese context remains hotly debated. An extensive body of critical opinion argues that the application of lean methods depends upon the hegemony of management over labour. Whilst the lean rhetoric of flexibility, quality and teamwork is persuasive, critical observers claim that it translates in practice to control, exploitation and surveillance. The accepted research agenda for lean construction is primarily confined to the limited domain of instrumental rationality. Little attention has been directed at the externalities that lie beyond narrow definitions of technical efficiency. In this respect, the activities of construction researchers are seemingly shaped and controlled by the prevailing ideology of neoliberalism. The funding agencies continually exert an insidious pressure to generate outputs that are ‘relevant’ to the needs of industry. The result is an inevitable conservatism whereby the only research that is valued is that which preserves the status quo. This widespread failure to challenge the propaganda that shapes and controls the research community serves to dis-empower the workforce and erode the industry’s intellectual capital. Industry and society at large are becoming increasingly impoverished as dogma triumphs over thoughtfulness. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, human resource management, total quality management, critical theory, customer responsiveness, technocratic totalitarianism. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hong-Minh1999, author={Hong-Minh, S.M. and Barker, R. and Naim, M.M. }, editor={ }, title={Construction Supply Chain Trend Analysis}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={85-96}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/72}, affiliation={Research Associate, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP. Tel: (44) 1222 874271 Fax: (44) 1222 87430, HongMinhSM@cardiff.ac.uk ; Research Associate, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP. Tel: (44) 1222 874271 Fax: (44) 1222 874301, BarkerR1@cardiff.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP. Tel: (44) 1222 874271 Fax: (44) 1222 874301, NaimMM@cardiff.ac.uk }, abstract={The paper relates empirical findings from a construction industry supply chain diagnostic to archival evidence on supply chain engineering. Particular attention is drawn to current construction and non-construction industry trends on such issues as supply chain relationships, business process orientation and exchange of personnel. Evidence is given that indicates strategies such as partnering, business process engineering focused on customer needs and co-development yield significant business and supply chain performance improvements. The paper suggests that the exchange of staff and personnel will yield a change in “mindset” and enable a process oriented supply chain for those companies involved in the empirical research. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, business processes, relationship, personnel exchange, partnering. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell1999, author={Howell, Gregory A. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Bringing Light to the Dark Side of Lean Construction: A Response to Stuart Green}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={33-38}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/73}, affiliation={P.E., Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, 208/726- 9989 Fax 208 726 0699, ghowell@micron.net ; Director of Research, Lean Construction Institute, and Lecturer, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 510/530-8656, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Stuart Green proposes that researchers have ignored the “Dark Side” of lean construction, taking for granted it is a good thing. He charges that these academics are ignoring the debate about the transferability of Japanese automobile manufacturing to other settings, and that lean leads to the repression of trade unions and to regressive human resource management. Along the way he attacks Womack and Jones for their evangelical tone, the rhetoric of lean for its similarity with that of business process reengineering and total quality management, and the failure of lean to apply other lessons from organizational thinkers. This paper attempts to sharpen the debate by exposing the false foundations of his argument that the debate hinges on “Whether Japanese Methods are based on nice things like loyalty, empowerment, consensus etc. or whether they are based on nasty things like management-by-stress and exploitation.” We argue that Green misses the key foundations of lean which are drawn from a long history of production management thinking which first attempts to manage the physics of production in the service of higher performance. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, critical theory. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell1999, author={Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={ }, title={What Is Lean Construction - 1999}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/74}, affiliation={P.E., Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, 208/726- 9989, fax: 208/726-0699, ghowell@micron.net }, abstract={The origins of lean production are reviewed and a claim made that it is a new form of production management, that is neither mass nor craft. Then the applicability of lean production in construction is considered and nature of lean construction discussed in comparison with current practice. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean production, production management }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kadefors1999, author={Kadefors, Anna }, editor={ }, title={Client-Contractor Relations: How Fairness Considerations and Interests Influence Contractor Variation Negotiations}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={231-240}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/75}, affiliation={Research Associate, Dept. of Management of Construction and Facilities, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, SWEDEN, +46 (31) 772 1950, fax: +46 (31) 772 1964, anna@mot.chalmers.se }, abstract={In Sweden, it is common that contractors propose variations to the design. Also, in traditional general contracts it is customary that contractors are entitled to replace products specified in the tendering documents with “equivalent” ones. In this paper, factors influencing the conditions for arriving at a constructive and value-adding dialog in such situations are discussed. The theoretical framework used is theory of intuitive fairness judgements and cognitive information-processing biases. The empirical basis is a qualitative case study of client-contractor interaction in a building project. It is argued that a “fairness constraint” sets the rules for interaction. To challenge and reject the contractor’s proposals without running the risk of being perceived as a harmdoer, the client must present arguments and justifications that will be accepted by the contractor. Principal driving forces and dispositions that affect the client, the design team members and the contractor in negotiations of contractor variations are identified. These biases are found to be important in two ways: because of their effect on individual information-seeking and decision-making, and because of their effect on the perceived legitimacy of the participants. The latter aspect has implications for the conditions for communication and joint decision-making. }, author_keywords={Client-contractor relations, fairness, decision processes, contractor variations, negotiation }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela1999, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Management of Production in Construction: A Theoretical View}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={241-252}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/76}, affiliation={Senior Research Scientist, VTT Building Technology, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, tel.: +358 9 4564556, fax: +358 9 4566251, lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={The transformation view and the flow view are two major conceptualizations of production. The current practice in construction is based on the transformation view. However, the transformation view is an idealization, and in a complex production situation the associated idealization error may become large. This is exactly what happens in practice. Task management, based on the transformation view, assumes that certainty prevails in production. However, it is widely observed that, due to the inherent variability of production in construction, intended task management degenerates into mutual adjustment by teams on site. It is argued that the transformation view and the flow view should be synthesized into a new theoretical view on construction. The inherent causes of variability in construction can be explained and the countermeasures for eliminating variability or stemming its impact can be pinpointed by this new theoretical view. It is shown that the Last Planner method is compatible with this new view. }, author_keywords={Production theory, construction, project management, Last Planner. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lee1999, author={Lee, Seung-Hyun and Diekmann, James E. and Songer, Anthony D. and Brown, Hyman }, editor={ }, title={Identifying Waste: Applications of Construction Process Analysis}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={63-72}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/77}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Construction Engineering & Management, University of Colorado- Boulder, seungl@colorado.edu ; Professor, Construction Engineering & Management, University of Colorado-Boulder, diekmann@colorado.edu ; Assistant Professor, Construction Engineering and Management, University of Colorado- Boulder, asonger@colorado.edu ; Senior Instructor, Construction Engineering and Management, University of Colorado- Boulder, brownh@colorado.edu }, abstract={Implementation of lean production philosophy into the construction environment represents tremendous opportunity and challenge. One aspect challenging lean construction advocates is the systematic identification and quantification of waste, development of lean operations, and improvement verification. Through case studies, this paper discusses the use of the Construction Process Analysis (CPA) technique as an appropriate tool for lean management in construction. Results indicate that for highly repetitive processes such as steel erection, CPA is effective at identifying and quantifying waste. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, construction process analysis, structural steel construction process. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mendez Jr.1999, author={Mendez Jr., Ricardo and Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. }, editor={ }, title={Towards Production Control on Multi-Story Building Construction Sites}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={313-324}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/78}, affiliation={Lecturer, Departamento de Construção Civil, mendesjr@cesec.ufpr.br ; Senior Lecturer, Departamento de Eng. de Produção, gecon@eps.ufsc.br }, abstract={This paper reports a construction site intervention that is part of a research program devoted to the topic of production control in multi-story building construction. An early work by the authors introduced a preplanning method using the line of balance technique. This present work aggregates some tools previously used such as the Last Planner and Lookahead planning in order to develop a production control on site. The paper describes the application of site production control sub-system on a multi-story building construction site. The various steps used to implement the system are briefly described. The tools used by the crew were simple spreadsheets during the first phase and production cards (kanban) associated with some control charts derived from JIT and line of balance techniques. Information was managed using electronic spreadsheets. This work shows that production planning and control can be effectively implemented on construction sites, using very simple tools. These facts are in accord with the authors’ conviction that a lasting lean construction change in the construction industry will be from the bottom up. }, author_keywords={Buildings, production control, lean construction, line of balance. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Naim1999, author={Naim, M. and Naylor, J. and Barlow, J. }, editor={ }, title={Developing Lean and Agile Supply Chains in the Uk Housebuilding Industry}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={159-170}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/79}, affiliation={Corresponding author: NaimMM@cardiff.ac.ukTel: +44 (0)1222-874271 Fax: +44 (0)1222-874301Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP. ; Formally LSDG, Cardiff, now Unipart UK. ; SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RF, j.g.barlow@sussex.ac.ukTel: +44 (0)1273-877166 Fax: +44 (0)1273 685865. }, abstract={The paper presents the concept of ‘leagility’. Building on lean and agile literature, the paper describes the similarities and differences between these concepts and the application of each paradigm within the context of the total supply chain. Particular attention is paid to the notion of the ‘decoupling point’, which determines the location within the supply chain at which a product is customised. Using examples from various industries, the potential for the application of ‘leagility’ in housebuilding is described, as well as the barriers to its introduction in the UK. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, process orientation, lean thinking, agile construction, housebuilding. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Orrechia1999, author={Orrechia, Federico and Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={ }, title={Reflections on Money and Lean Construction}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={253-262}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/80}, affiliation={M.S., President, PIC – Produtividade Counstultora LTDA. Rua Pedro de Cunha, 65 Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05010-020 Brazil, 55-011/3872-6595, orecchia@uninet.com.br ; P.E., Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, 208/726- 9989, fax 208 726 0699, ghowell@micron.net }, abstract={Money is a particularly tricky resource to manage because it comes with its own set of rules. Value is created by the application of cost concerns to choices in design. Likewise cash flow considerations during construction may lead to adjusting design to minimize risk of schedule overrun. Here again the role of money is to help clarify value for the client. In some cases the speed of the project may be limited by the rate of cash flow and while managing to assure no overrun how ever small is simplified by reliable work flow, some additional time should be added to the schedule to account for variations in cash flow. By contrast, if a precise and rapid completion date established early in the project is important to an owner, steps must be taken to insure the project is not sensitive to disruptions which might cause the project to be late. In this case, a buffer of additional money is prudent. In either case, the problem of matching cash flow to construction demands is eased by reliable workflow. }, author_keywords={Money, financing, lean construction, lean production, production management }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salagnac1999, author={Salagnac, Jean-Luc and Yacine, Madjid }, editor={ }, title={Logistics: A Step Towards Lean Construction}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={121-132}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/81}, affiliation={Head of project “Site and Industry” at the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, 4 avenue du recteur Poincaré, 75782 PARIS Cedex, France, +33 (1) 40 50 28 39, fax: +33 (1) 40 50 29 10, salagnac@cstb.fr ; Is preparing a PhD on the development of logistics in construction at the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées and is presently responsible for studies at the transport and logistics engineering company EUROSIRIS, 60/62 rue d’Hauteville, 75010, PARIS, +33 (1) 44 79 91 41, fax : +33 (1) 47 70 11 93, eosiris@mhnet.fr }, abstract={Some factors are likely to impel a deep change in the construction industry in France. As in other European countries, this activity remains traditional in spite of a significant flow of innovations concerning both industrial products and execution of works on site. Experimental building operations have been carried out within the frame of a national five year programme focused on the improvement of the activity on site. The consequences of these experiments on the relations between actors have been studied from different points of view. Nearly one hundred operations will have been supported by the end of 1999. This paper is based on the evaluation of several of these experimental operations with a special emphasis on site logistics, which is considered as a step towards lean construction, because it clearly reveals where are the limitations to improvements. The variety of projects, of size of contracting companies, and of constraints of industrial products involved in these experiments allow concluding remarks concerning the conditions of development of lean construction in France }, author_keywords={Logistics, lean construction, quality, transport. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos1999, author={Santos, Auinaldo dos and Powell, James }, editor={ }, title={Potential of Poka-Yoke Devices to Reduce Variability in Construction}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={51-62}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/82}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate, Civil Engineer, M.Sc., University of Salford, Department of Surveying, Bridgwater Building M54WT, England, a.santos@surveying.salford.ac.uk, Homepage: http://www.geocities.com/Paris/1262/ ; Professor and Director of the Academic Enterprise, D.Sc., OBE, CEng., Eur. Eng., B.Sc., M.Sc, Ph.D., AMIST, FIOA, FIMgt., MCIOB, University of Salford, M54WT, England, j.a.powell@enterprise.salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper discusses the application poka-yoke devices to reduce variability in construction sites. Initially it presents the main pressures for improving production practices in the sector and then it describes the main aspects of reduction of variability. Subsequently, it presents poka-yoke as one of the basic heuristic approaches to implement this principle in practice. The researchers investigated the application of poka-yoke in construction through six case studies carried out in Brazil and England. The pattern-matching approach, supported by quantitative and qualitative data, has confirmed the usefulness of this approach in construction practice. However, the empirical evidences revealed that the sector makes little use of this approach at the present moment. In this sense, there is great scope for developing mechanic and electronic mistake-proof devices to adapt into existing construction machinery. Construction suppliers should reflect on the idea of building poka-yoke devices in their products in order to guarantee the correct use of their products on site. }, author_keywords={Poka-yoke, mistake-proofing, reduction of variability. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Silva1999, author={Silva, Fred Borges da and Cardoso, Francisco Ferreira }, editor={ }, title={Applicability of Logistics Management in Lean Construction: A Case Study Approach in Brazilian Building Companies}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={147-158}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/83}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M. Eng. Candidate, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, fred@pcc.usp.br ; Professor Dr., Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, fcardoso@pcc.usp.br }, abstract={Logistics management concepts and tools currently have a great value for several business sectors that are searching for productivity and competitiveness improvement, providing costs reduction and better customer satisfaction. With that purpose they are trying to promote a better integration between internal and external actors who support logistics activities. This paper reports on three case studies undertaken as part of a Master Research program, which has the main objective of investigating how logistics concepts and tools are being applied to the Brazilian building construction sector. As a conclusion, guidelines are presented in order to improve logistics efficiency and effectiveness in the building production process. These guidelines are based on positive and negative experiences of some construction companies presented briefly in three case studies and on experiences of companies from other sectors of the economy. }, author_keywords={Logistics, supply chain, supply logistics, site logistics, lean construction, Brazil. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Singh1999, author={Singh, Amarjit and Barnes, Rick and Yousefpour, Ali }, editor={ }, title={High-Turnaround and Flexibility in Design and Construction of Mass Housing}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={181-194}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/84}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822. 808/956-3933, fax: 808/956-5014, singh@wiliki.eng.hawaii.edu ; Research Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822. ; Research Assistant, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822. }, abstract={There is a tremendous housing shortage in the world that can only be overcome by innovative designs and enlightened production management. This paper presents a method for fast erection of apartment housing units that have architectural flexibility, manufacturing flexibility, and erection flexibility. The paper describes innovative jointing methods for large panel erection and presents characteristics of an appropriate structural system to correspond to the mechanical jointing and quick erection needs. Erection speeds using this method are about ten times as fast as conventional methods. Details of erection requirements and equipment are given. }, author_keywords={Flexibility, architecture, production, joint, precast, industrial housing, mass housing, prefabrication, structure, throughput, erection, manufacture, FMS, construction. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Taylor1999, author={Taylor, John and Bjornsson, Hans }, editor={ }, title={Construction Supply Chain Improvements Through Internet Pooled Procurement}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={207-218}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/85}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020. ; Director, Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020. }, abstract={Construction material supply chains have evolved over time to base production and materials management decision-making on demand information from the immediate downstream node in the supply chain. This myopic view leads to demand signal amplification as individual upstream nodes attempt to forecast and fulfill orders. Further compounding this demand distortion is the fact that a great amount of demand uncertainty exists between the supply houses and contractors. Supply houses are challenged to base production and materials management decision-making on orders received from a large number of disparate contractors from diverse trades. The aforementioned demand distortion and uncertainty causes construction supply chain distribution channels to be crowded with unnecessary inventory. This paper investigates a new business model for Internet-enabled pooled procurement in construction supply chains based on research currently in-progress. Through global integration of procurement information over multiple projects, pooled procurement leads to efficiency in material manufacturing and distribution, decreased material costs to contractors and owners, and reduced transaction costs. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, pooled procurement, Internet-enabling technologies. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein1999, author={Tommelein, Iris D. and Li, Annie En Yi }, editor={ }, title={Just-in-Time Concrete Delivery: Mapping Alternatives for Vertical Supply Chain Integration}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={97-108}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/86}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Constr. Engr. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Senior (B.S. Degree), Constr. Engr. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/536-1782, annieli@uclink4.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper explains concepts underlying a just-in-time production system. Just-in-time production systems as implemented by Toyota are pull systems in which ‘kanban’ convey the need to replenish the right inventory at the right time and in the right amount. In this paper, symbols from manufacturing are introduced to map resource flows in order to help distinguish traditional- from lean production processes. These symbols are then applied to construction. Ready-mix concrete provides a prototypical example of a just-in-time construction process. Ready-mix concrete is a perishable commodity, batched to specifications upon customer demand. This makes just-in-time delivery necessary. Based on data from industry case studies, alternative forms of vertical supply chain integration were investigated. The most common one is where the batch plant also delivers the mix to the contractor’s project site. An alternative is for the contractor to haul the mix from the batch plant to the project site with their own revolving-drum trucks. One alternative is favored over the other depending on the amount of control the contractor wants in terms of on-time site delivery of concrete and the variability in the contractor’s demand for concrete project after project. Insights can be gained from these two examples on how the construction industry has adopted a just-in-time production system for at least one part of the concrete supply chain. The examples provided will help the reader think through issues pertaining to the need for having information, materials, and time buffers at strategic locations in construction processes. }, author_keywords={Supply-chain mapping, vertical supply-chain integration, ready-mix concrete, pull-driven scheduling, just in time, JIT, kanban, lean construction. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein1999, author={Tommelein, Iris D. and Weissenberger, Markus }, editor={ }, title={More Just-in-Time: Location of Buffers in Structural Steel Supply and Construction Processes}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={109-120}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/87}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712 and Research Associate, Lean Construction Institute, phone: 510/643-8678, fax: 510/643- 8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Exchange student in the Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program at U.C. Berkeley in 1997-98, now Senior (5-year Civil Engineering Degree), Technical Univ. Hamburg-Harburg, Germany, weissenberger@tu-harburg.de }, abstract={The erection of a building’s structural steel frame is a major construction phase on many a project. The main resource in this process, the steel erector’s crane, defines not only the pace of erection of steel, but also the pace for handling and installing many other structural and non-structural materials. This production system cannot afford any delays. Some claim that structural steel therefore is managed as a just-in-time (JIT) process with materials being delivered to site as needed and installed promptly. This is the case only in appearance as is clear when one considers the JIT principles that were developed as part of Toyota’s lean production philosophy. To illustrate the point, this paper draws on examples of typical structural steel supply chains from the industrial- and building construction sector. The use of symbols from manufacturing is investigated to map key production steps as well as buffers in-between them in order to elucidate where resources do and do not flow. Industry practices in these two construction sectors vary significantly. Neither one is lean. This paper reports on a preliminary investigation into the location of buffers in the structural steel supply and construction process. The reasons for having buffers at various locations are explored. A more in-depth investigation is recommended to gain a deeper understanding of the buffer sizing criteria and steel component sequencing rules that govern current practices. Insight into these will then help determine which buffers can be trimmed in order to reduce work in progress and cycle time. This will support the effort of achieving “more JIT” by making processes within individual companies as well as across the entire steel supply chain leaner. }, author_keywords={Supply-chain mapping, integration, structural steel, fabrication, erection, pull-driven scheduling, just in time, JIT, kanban, buffer, lean construction. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos1999, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Considerations on Application of Lean Construction Principles to Design Management}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={335-344}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/88}, affiliation={M.Sc., Research assistant at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, patit@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Senior Lecturer at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3 o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP: 90.035-190 }, abstract={Several studies have pointed out the importance of the building design process in terms of improving the performance of the construction industry, and that it is a very difficult process to manage. It involves thousands of decisions, sometimes over a period of years, with numerous interdependencies, under a highly uncertain environment. As distinct from production, quality in the design process has to be achieved by a careful identification of customer needs and subsequent translation of those needs into specifications. The aim of this article is to present an analysis on the application of some lean construction principles to design management, considering the three different views of design (design as conversion, design as flow and design as value generation), proposed by Huovila et al. (1997). This discussion is based on empirical data collected in two case studies developed in Brazil. Each case study involved the development of a model for managing the design process for a small-sized house building company. }, author_keywords={Building design, design management, lean construction, process management. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Villagarcia1999, author={Villagarcia, Sofia and Cardoso, Fancisco }, editor={ }, title={New Supply Chain Network in Brazil’s House Construction Industry}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={171-180}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/89}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica of the Universidade de São Paulo, E-mail: sofia@pcc.usp.br ; Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica of the Universidade de São Paulo,Universidade de São Paulo, E-mail: fcardoso@pcc.usp.br. }, abstract={Brazil’s house construction industry is currently undergoing changes in its structure due to the new competitive environment. In São Paulo, among other states, production is passing from an in-house type to a subcontracted type. Finding an effective way to manage the supply chain is crucial for the success of this new situation. With the main focus on the Brazilian supply management in this industry, this paper seeks to identify and discuss the principal key factors the supply chain management has to be aware of in order to facilitate the implementation of lean production in construction projects in this country. From a brief review of literature that exists on supply chain management, four key factors can be identified to improve supply chain performance: lean designs, system reliability, supplier co-ordination and supplier development. Based on a description of the supply chain and current management procedures in this country, the relevance given to these key factors is discussed. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, lean construction, lean design, reliability, supplier coordination, supplier development. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef1999, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Roles of Supply Chain Management in Construction}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/90}, affiliation={Research Scientist, TNO Building and Construction Research, Department of Strategic Studies, Quality Assurance and Building Regulations, P.O.Box 2600, NL-2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands, +31 (15) 2695228, fax: +31 (15) 2695335, r.vrijhoef@bouw.tno.nl ; Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Concurrent Engineering, P.O. Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, +358 (9) 4564556, fax: +358 (9) 4566251, lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={Supply chain management (SCM) is a concept that has flourished in manufacturing, originating from Just-In-Time (JIT) production and logistics. Today, SCM represents an autonomous managerial concept, although still largely dominated by logistics. SCM endeavors to observe the entire scope of the supply chain. All issues are viewed and resolved in a supply chain perspective, taking into account the interdependency in the supply chain. SCM offers a methodology to relieve the myopic control in the supply chain that has been reinforcing waste and problems. Construction supply chains are still full of waste and problems caused by myopic control. Comparison of case studies with prior research justifies that waste and problems in construction supply chains are extensively present and persistent, and due to interdependency largely interrelated with causes in other stages of the supply chain. The characteristics of the construction supply chain reinforce the problems in the construction supply chain, and may well hinder the application of SCM to construction. Previous initiatives to advance the construction supply chain have been somewhat partial. The generic methodology offered by SCM contributes to better understanding and resolution of basic problems in construction supply chains, and gives directions for construction supply chain development. The practical solutions offered by SCM, however, have to be developed in construction practice itself, taking into account the specific characteristics and local conditions of construction supply chains. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, construction supply chain, interdependency, myopic control }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Al-Sudairi2000, author={Al-Sudairi, Abdulsalam A. and Diekmann, James E. and Songer, Anthony D. }, editor={ }, title={Interplay of Project Complexity and Lean Production Methods}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/91}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, alsudair@rtt.colorado.edu. ; Professor, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, diekmann@spot.colorado.edu. ; Assistance Professor, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado- Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, asonger@spot.colorado.edu. }, abstract={Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of lean production methods for improving the effectiveness of construction processes. This study investigates the effect of lean production principles on construction projects that manifest different degrees of structural complexity. The importance of specific lean principles (specify value, rethink your operating methods, focus on actual objects, release resources for delivery just when needed and strive for perfection) is evaluated using discrete event simulation for three different structural steel projects. The projects' configurations range from simple to complex and include a small commercial building, a mid-rise office building and a hospital expansion. Results of simulation analysis indicate that the more complex projects exhibit increased "lean" process improvement when compared to the simpler projects. Our results also indicate that traditional production planning methods are more effective on simpler projects. In addition, domain uncertainty and project complexity are highly coupled as regards the improvements that are realized by applying lean principles. In short, project characteristics play a significant role on the impact of lean production theory when it is applied to construction processes. It is possible that hybrid construction process design approaches, such as a push-pull system, will behave better than a pure pull system. There is a need for a better understanding of how to apply lean principles to maximize improvement to construction systems. }, author_keywords={Lean principles, process simulation, project characteristics, complexity, volatility, buffer size }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Freire2000, author={Freire, Javier and Alarcon, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Achieving a Lean Design Process}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/92}, affiliation={Graduate Student at Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. jfreire@entelchile.net ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={An improvement methodology is proposed for the design process in construction projects. Based on concepts and principles of Lean Production the methodology considers the design process as a set of three different models: conversion, flow, and value. Four stages are necessary to produce improvements and changes: (1) diagnosis/evaluation, (2) changes implementation, (3) control, and (4) standardization. The methodology suggests the application of seven tools in accordance to specific needs (detected and desired) on five potential areas of improvement (CAPRI): Client, Administration, Project, Resources, and Information. Results of an application included: an increase of 31% in the share of value adding activities, 44% reduction of unit errors in the products, up to 58% decrease of waiting times in the process, and an expansion of the utilization in the cycle times. In this manner, not only did the efficiency and effectiveness of internal engineering products improve, but also the whole project, by improving one of the main suppliers of construction. }, author_keywords={Lean design, design process, flow, value, value stream mapping, CAPRI, improvement methodology, design management. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2000, author={Alves, Thais da C.L. and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Guidelines for Managing Physical Flows in Construction Sites}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/93}, affiliation={M.Sc., Research Assistant, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Brazil, e-mail: thaiscla@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Brazil; Visiting Scholar at the University of California at Berkeley, USA e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={The process model that has been mostly used in construction management tends to neglect the importance of flow activities in production. By contrast, the New Production Philosophy (Lean Production) states that both conversions and flows should be considered in production management. While the conversion management aspect of production seems to be relatively well defined, further research into the management of physical flows is required. This paper proposes some guidelines for managing physical flows in construction sites based on case studies carried out in small sized building companies in the South of Brazil. In this research work, physical flows refer to both material and production unit flows. The authors propose that decision making concerned with such flows should be part of the production planning and control process. This means that the flows of people, equipment, and materials must be explicitly and systematically planned and controlled, considering distinct hierarchical decision making levels. It is expected that these changes in production planning and control will increase process transparency and, at the same time, will create conditions for reducing variability in site conditions and thereby reduce waste. }, author_keywords={Physical flows, process transparency, production planning and control, lean construction }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Andery2000, author={Andery, Paulo and Vanni, Claudia and Borges, Gisele }, editor={ }, title={Failure Analysis Applied to Design Optimisation}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/94}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Construction and Materials Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil, Phone + 55 31 2381856, FAX + 55 31 238 1857, paulo@demc.ufmg.br ; Researcher, Construction and Materials Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil, Phone + 55 31 238 1850, FAX + 55 31 2381857, claudia@demc.ufmg.br ; Architect, MBS Architects, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil, Phone/FAX + 55 31 2414344, myssior@myssior.com.br }, abstract={The present work points out a procedure, conceptually based on lean thinking principles, that focuses on co-ordinating different design disciplines (architectural, structural, etc.), thus avoiding errors due to lack of design compatibility caused by inadequate management of information flow. A design protocol is developed, helping the designers to outline constructability guidelines, applied to the specific conditions of a project. The procedure is based on the application of failure analysis methods, particularly the FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis), adapted to be used in building construction design. The procedure allows the detection of potential failure modes related to the coordination of different building design specifications. Thus, it looks for “what could be wrong”, leading to the improvement of the design reliability. The application of FMEA as a phase of the procedure leads to failures detection, its prioritisation and the establishment of countermeasures against those failures. A set of guidelines has been generated and can be incorporated into later design phases. Some results of the implementation of the procedure are briefly discussed. }, author_keywords={Lean design, design coordination, failure analysis }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2000, author={Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Positive Vs. Negative Iteration in Design}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/95}, affiliation={Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 888/771-9207, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu; Lecturer, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712 }, abstract={Iteration is essential for generating value in design processes. However, not all iteration generates value. Iteration that can be eliminated without value loss is waste. Moving towards lean design requires a better understanding of both value generation and waste reduction. This paper contributes to the development of lean design by examining how waste can be reduced through elimination of negative iteration. Preliminary research findings are presented regarding such design management techniques as reduced batch sizing and set-based design. Future research is proposed. }, author_keywords={Iteration, lean design, set-based design, value, value generation, value loss, waste }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bogus2000, author={Bogus, Susan and Songer, Anthony D. and Diekmann, James }, editor={ }, title={Design-Led Lean}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/96}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering, CB 428, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80302. susan.bogus@colorado.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering, CB 428, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80302. asonger@spot.colorado.edu ; Professor, Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering, CB 428, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80302. diekmann@spot.colorado.edu }, abstract={Lean thinking is a concept begun in Japanese manufacturing that strives to eliminate all waste from a process while pursuing perfection in the finished product. Lean thinking has been applied to the construction process in the form of lean construction. However, traditional resistance by the construction industry to manufacturing ideas has limited the extent of lean construction. When used, lean thinking has been limited to only the design process or only the construction process. This paper introduces the idea of design-led lean as a method of improving construction performance by incorporating lean principles at the earliest stage of a project – design. The goal of design-led lean is to design a project in a way that avoids, reduces, or mitigates variability during the construction process in order to facilitate flow. Design-led lean builds on the constructability concepts identified by the Construction Industry Institute through the addition of flow considerations. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean production, constructability, design-build, design process, variability, flow }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Childerhouse2000, author={Childerhouse, Paul and Hong-Minh, Séverine M. and Naim, Mohamed M. }, editor={ }, title={Selecting The Right Strategy To Meet Customer Requirements}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/97}, affiliation={Research Associate, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, UK, FAX 029 20874301, TEL 029 20876915, childerhouse@cardiff.ac.uk ; Research Associate, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, UK, FAX 029 20874301, TEL 029 20876915, hongminhsm@cardiff.ac.uk. ; Reader, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, UK, FAX 029 20874301, TEL 029 20874635, naimmm@cardiff.ac.uk. }, abstract={Supply chain management has received a great deal of interest during the past few years. There is a concurrent view that a ‘save all’ strategy applicable to all circumstances is available to industrialists. This paper challenges this view and puts forward alternative house building supply chain strategies for particular market circumstances. Initially a review of the UK house building value stream is presented along with a description of the way in which supply chain management plays a critical role. The general principles behind the two recent popular supply chain approaches, Lean and Agile are presented along with the combination of the two into a single holistic approach called Leagility. Customer requirements are diverse in the house building sector and as a result the supply chain must be matched to best service these alternative marketplace conditions. The Leagile strategy is expanded via different positions of the strategic stock, de-coupling point into four alternative strategies: Make to stock, fit out to order, shell and fit out to order and design to order. Each strategy is explained in depth and the paper concludes with a matrix designed to match these four alternatives with different customer requirements. Thus, a tool is provided for selecting the right supply chain strategy given any type of customer requirements. }, author_keywords={UK house building, supply chain strategies, Lean, Agile, Leagile }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Choo2000, author={Choo, Hyun Jeong and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={WorkMovePlan: Database for Distributed Planningand Coordination}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/98}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, choohj@ce.berkeley.edu ; Associate Professor, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215-A McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Planning during construction is a distributed process that involves many participants because needed information is usually not found within one party but is spread out among parties. As projects are becoming more dynamic and complex, and the involvement of specialty contractors is increasing, well-structured communication and coordination are more than ever essential for a project to succeed. Nevertheless, few existing planning tools provide the means to facilitate these processes. To fill this need, a new tool is presented here. This paper describes a WorkMovePlan, a database program that has been created to systematically develop lookahead plans and weekly work plans. Weekly work plans are detailed to include labor and equipment assignments as well as space use. Together with lookaheads, these plans are automatically shared so planners can detect potential conflicts and prevent expensive adjustments later on site. WorkMovePlan's distributed, bottom-up approach to planning, which complements the current centralized top-down approach, radically differs from practices supported by existing computing tools. We are currently working with general contractors and specialty contractors to identify the possibilities provided by the interactive coordination of distributed work plans in order to better coordinate work. }, author_keywords={distributed planning, coordination, scheduling, planning, space scheduling, conflict detection, weekly work planning, lookahead planning, Last Planner, WorkMovePlan, WorkPlan }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Coffey2000, author={Coffey, Michael }, editor={ }, title={Developing and Maintaining Employee Commitment and Involvement in Lean Construction}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/99}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, School of Land & Construction Management, University of Greenwich, Oakfield Lane, Dartford, Kent, DA1 2SZ, U.K. +44 (0)20-8331-9327, M.W.Coffey@gre.ac.uk }, abstract={The principles of lean production are currently being broadly adopted by firms right across the construction industry. As yet the implementation of lean construction is in its early days, with only a limited number of accounts of its operation and success emerging so far. Of these accounts few have addressed the human resource aspects of lean construction. Yet lean construction depends heavily upon the potential and abilities of employees in order to successfully perform many of its functions and achieve its potential. Two particular aspects of human resource management, upon which lean construction is dependent, are the commitment and involvement of workers, both essential contributors to many of the functions of lean construction. These aspects produce a crucial consideration for all organisations seeking to implement lean construction, that of whether they will be able to attain the necessary commitment and involvement of their employees. The issue is especially difficult, having regard to the previous record and patterns of employment in the construction industry. The paper considers the human resource requirements for the implementation of lean construction into the UK construction industry, specifically with regard to whether worker involvement and commitment can be developed and maintained. The paper draws upon the experience of organisations operating lean production in other industries, together with the results from earlier research that sought to determine the potential of workers with respect to their involvement and participation at work. The relationship between commitment and involvement is established. The role and significance of involvement in the various constituent aspects of lean production are identified and considered, together with the employee characteristics that must be developed and maintained in order to achieve the required level of employee involvement. Finally, ‘survivor syndrome’ is considered as a potential major impediment to involvement as a result of the radical change induced by the introduction of lean production and the trauma generated. Survivor syndrome is the psychological state that occurs in individuals who have survived a traumatic event but cannot rationalise the reasons for their survival. }, author_keywords={Employee involvement, commitment, participation, HRM }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Common2000, author={Common, Gavin and Johansen, Eric and Greenwood, David }, editor={ }, title={A Survey of the Take-Up of Lean Concepts Among UK Construction Companies}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/100}, affiliation={Construction Manager, Keycare Northern Ltd, gcommon@compuserve.com ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Northumbria, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2, 3NN, UK. 0191-227-4691, eric.johasen@unn.ac.uk. ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Northumbria, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2, 3NN, UK. 0191-227-4691, david.greenwood@unn.ac.uk. }, abstract={There are a number of initiatives designed to encourage the take-up of lean principles in construction. The aim of this research was to test the transfer of lean principles to construction by investigating their penetration into large construction companies in the UK. A conceptual framework with key indicators was developed and a survey carried out among a sample of general contractors. The first objective was to explore whether there was any consensus on what constituted lean construction. Then the indicators that had been selected were tested for validity. The third objective was to explore whether the indicators were indeed present in the study organisations, and if so, whether lean principles were restricted to board level, or had actually filtered down into the site production process. Finally, the respondents, were questioned about the likelihood of lean production techniques being adopted in the construction process. The survey revealed only a limited knowledge of lean construction techniques at both boardroom and site levels. There has been some adoption of lean techniques, but these exist side-by-side with traditional approaches. There was a great variation in perceptions: only a minority recognised the importance of the issues of design and planning. Many respondents professed to have embraced lean culture while further questioning suggested otherwise. Further research should investigate the reasons for this, and ultimately address the fundamental question of the transferability of lean principles to construction. }, author_keywords={Lean production, take-up, transferability, survey. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Davey2000, author={Davey, C.L. and Powell, J.A. and Cooper, I. and Hirota, E. }, editor={ }, title={Innovation and Culture Change Within a Medium-Sized Construction Company: Success Through the Process of Action Learning}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/101}, affiliation={Projects Manager, Academic Enterprise, University of Salford. ; Director of Academic Enterprise, Academic Enterprise, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT Tel. 0161-295 5000 , j.a.powell@salford.ac.uk (correspondence author). ; Architect and Consultant, Eclipse Research Consultants. ; Post-doctoral Researcher, Construction. }, abstract={This paper examines the role of Action Learning in promoting innovation and culture change within one medium-sized construction company. Its adoption by that company – George and Harding – was an exemplary part of a larger study involving a total of 28 construction professionals. This larger study, stimulated by the CIOB’s Innovation and Research Committee, was prompted by the desire to encourage the construction industry, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, to engage in life-long learning and implement good practice, without falling into the trap of an unthinking adoption of the latest management fashion. Action Learning has been shown to drive significant and sustainable cultural change in other engineering disciplines, along the lines proposed by both Latham (1994) and Egan (1998). It has also been used with the construction industry in Brazil (Hirota and Formoso, 2000). Our detailed case study focuses on middle managers from different divisions of the same company who wanted to become more innovative on the one hand and 'leaner' on the other. It shows that Action Learning is able to generate a motivated, committed and innovative workforce, as well as better site management and leadership. Continuous Staff Development (CSD), an in-house training course developed by the company’s Action Learning SET, produced over 100 ideas for improving company performance, which are being implemented by many different groups of staff. The Chairman of George and Harding estimates that CSD has given his company a 12-month lead over its competitors. Action Learning gave middle managers “time to think” about strategic issues and empowered them to collaborate with the Chairman in overcoming personal and political barriers to change. Furthermore, as a result of discussions during SET meetings and contact with a consultant from the University of Salford specialising in transparency on construction sites, the managers were prepared to actually implement some of the concepts of 'lean production'. Thus, Action Learning is shown to have helped middle managers overcome any resistance to change, as well as drive innovation and real cultural change within a construction SME. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dunlop2000, author={Dunlop, Paul and Smith, Simon }, editor={ }, title={A Non-Deterministic Investigation of the Concrete Placing System}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/102}, affiliation={Postgraduate student, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, The King’s Building, Edinburgh, UK, EH9 3JN, Tel: 0131 650 5790, P.Dunlop@ed.ac.uk. ; Lecturer in Project Management, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Edinburgh }, abstract={Many areas of the construction industry rely heavily upon cyclical processes, some of which do not always deliver a satisfactory level of performance. One such area is the system involved in concrete placing operations. A deterministic analysis of these processes may not allow for the random distribution of system actions, resulting in unrealistic system attributes. The process of concrete batching, transport and finally placement is subject to interruption, irregularity and fluctuation and can be treated as a stochastic system. To enable contractors to deliver the highest quality of service it is fundamental that these uncertainties are managed as best as possible. Accordingly, this paper follows the flow and transfer of the concrete placing process and “lean” techniques can be applied in order to investigate the process efficiency. For this study, examples are presented using data gathered over a two-year period from a major civil engineering project in the North-West of England. The data consists of the relevant times from over seventy concrete pours. The majority of concrete operations observed involved concrete being pumped into formwork, which was seen to be a complex queueing system. }, author_keywords={Concreting operations, queueing systems, stochastic systems, concreting productivity, construction simulation }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gil2000, author={Gil, N. and Tommelein, I.D. and Kirkendall, R.L. and Ballard, G. }, editor={ }, title={Contribution of Specialty Contractor Knowledge to Early Design }, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/103}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Constr. Engrg. & Mgmt. Program, Civil & Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall, U.C. Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ngil@uclink4.berkeley.edu, http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~nunogil/ ; Associate Prof., Constr. Engrg. & Mgmt. Program, Civil & Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall, U.C. Berkeley, CA 94720-1712 , USA, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein/ ; Sr. Interior Designer, Industrial Design Corporation, 2020 S.W. Fourth Avenue, 3rd Floor, Portland, OR 97201, USA, robert.kirkendall@idc-ch2m.com ; Lecturer, Constr. Engrg. & Mgmt. Program, Civil & Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215, McLaughlin Hall, U.C. Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, and Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper discusses what knowledge specialty contractors may contribute to the early design of architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) products. In current practice in the United States, specialty contractors are seldom involved in the early design effort, but their early involvement is increasing. The paper reports on research that focused on the processes for designing and building semiconductor facilities. The research consisted of conducting a series of one-to-one interviews with experienced practitioners, ranging from labour managers to lead designers and owner representatives. The aim was to unveil what kinds of knowledge specialty contractor may contribute to early design in order to improve process efficiency and product quality. We catagorize this knowledge and provide examples that stem from current practice or that present opportunities for implementation. We discuss reasons why specialty contractor knowledge may be ignored. Changes taking place in the AEC industry nevertheless suggest that organisations are creating conditions to increase the interaction between designers and specialty contractors. Such interactions may help AEC organisations retain and share the knowledge of individuals as well as develop new knowledge and thereby increase their competitive advantage. }, author_keywords={Specialty contractor, knowledge, lean construction, early design, concurrent engineering, product development, process improvement }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Green2000, author={Green, Stuart D. }, editor={ }, title={The Future of Lean Construction: A Brave New World}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/104}, affiliation={Department of Construction Management & Engineering, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 219, Reading, RG6 6AW, UK }, abstract={Lean construction is considered from a human resource management (HRM) perspective. It is contended that the UK construction sector is characterised by an institutionalised regressive approach to HRM. In the face of rapidly declining recruitment rates for built environment courses, the dominant HRM philosophy of utilitarian instrumentalism does little to attract the intelligent and creative young people that the industry so badly needs. Given this broader context, there is a danger that an uncritical acceptance of lean construction will exacerbate the industry's reputation for unrewarding jobs. Construction academics have strangely ignored the extensive literature that equates lean production to a HRM regime of control, exploitation and surveillance. The emphasis of lean thinking on eliminating waste and improving efficiency makes it easy to absorb into the best practice agenda because it conforms to the existing dominant way of thinking. 'Best practice' is seemingly judged by the extent to which it serves the interests of the industry's technocratic elite. Hence it acts as a conservative force in favour of maintaining the status quo. In this respect, lean construction is the latest manifestation of a long established trend. In common with countless other improvement initiatives, the rhetoric is heavy in the machine metaphor whilst exhorting others to be more efficient. If current trends in lean construction are extrapolated into the future the ultimate destination may be uncomfortably close to Aldous Huxley's apocalyptic vision of a Brave New World. In the face of these trends, the lean construction research community pleads neutrality whilst confining its attention to the rational high ground. The future of lean construction is not yet predetermined. Many choices remain to be made. The challenge for the research community is to improve practice whilst avoiding the dehumanising tendencies of high utilitarianism. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, human resource management, utilitarian instrumentalism, propaganda, best practice. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hammond2000, author={Hammond, Jamie and Choo, Hyun Jeong and Austin, Simon and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Integrating Design Planning, Scheduling, and Control With DePlan}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/105}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics, LE11 3TU, FAX +1509 223981, j.w.hammond@lboro.ac.uk ; Ph.D. Candidate, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, choohj@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor of Structural Engineering, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics, LE11 3TU, FAX +1509 223981, s.a.austin@lboro.ac.uk ; Associate Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Director of Research, Lean Construction Institute, and Lecturer, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The planning and management of building design has historically focused upon traditional methods of planning such as Critical Path Method (CPM). Little effort is made to understand the complexities of the design process; instead design managers focus on allocating work packages where the planned output is a set of deliverables. All too often there is no attempt to understand and control the flow of information that gives rise to these deliverables. This paper proposes the combined use of the Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT) and Last Planner methodology as a tool called DePlan to improve the planning, scheduling and control of design. ADePT is applied during the early planning stages to provide the design team with an improved design programme that takes into account the complex relationships that exist between designers, and the information flows that flows between them. Then the Last Planner methodology is employed, through a program called ProPlan, to schedule and control the design environment. DePlan has been implemented as a PC-based computer program with web interface. }, author_keywords={Design Management, ADePT, ProPlan, Last Planner, Production Management, Planning, Scheduling, Control, Dependency Structure Matrix. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Holzemer2000, author={Holzemer, Matt and Tommelein, Iris D. and Lin, Shih-Lun (Aaron) }, editor={ }, title={Materials and Information Flows for HVAC Ductwork Fabrication and Site Installation}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/106}, affiliation={Master of Science, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/845-6486, FAX 810/592-8112, holge@uclink4.berkeley.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Master of Engineering, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, shihlunl@uclink4.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Designing and building heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems requires a set of complex activities and handoffs between multiple architecture-, engineering-, and construction practitioners. This paper highlights one part of the HVAC production network, namely the information and materials flow between fabrication shop workers and field installers. The presented work aims to contribute to lean construction theory by describing current practices and strategies contractors use to cope with interacting sub-cycles and the upstream flexibility needed to accommodate downstream uncertainty. Accordingly, this paper explains what HVAC materials are handled and how. It then builds on qualitative data from several companies to illustrate two different production models used to fabricate and install HVAC components. One scenario describes how materials are “pushed” to the site. A second scenario describes how some materials are “pushed” and others “pulled.” Scenarios vary because each contractor has to meet several project demands at the same time, because they have a specific business market niche and fabrication capabilities, different from competitors’. The exploratory research described here paves the way for research into means to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of planning, the development of production system metrics to evaluate and promote better system-wide performance for fabricators and installers, and the implementation of heuristic- or optimisation tools for researchers to experiment with alternative production control scenarios in order to improve system-wide performance. Ultimately, our aim is to create explicit knowledge on how to increase the efficiency, reliability, and profitability of HVAC production systems. }, author_keywords={Supply chain mapping, HVAC contractors, specialty contracting, push-driven scheduling, pull-driven scheduling, kanban, lean construction. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2000, author={Howell, Gregory A. and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Reforming Project Management: The Role of Lean Construction}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/107}, affiliation={Director, Lean Construction Institute. Box 1003, Ketchum, Id, 208/726-9989, FAX 707/248-1369, ghowell@micron.net. ; Senior Research Scientist, VTT Building Technology, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={Project management as taught by professional societies and applied in current practice must be reformed because it is inadequate today and its performance will continue to decline as projects become more uncertain, complex and pressed for speed. Project management is failing because of flawed assumptions and idealized theory: it rests on a faulty understanding of the nature or work in projects, and a deficient definition of control. It is argued that a reform of project management will be driven by theories from production management that add the management of workflow and the creation and delivery of value to the current emphasis on activities. Of all the approaches to production management, the theory and principles drawn from Lean Production seem to be best suited for project management. Promising results in this regard have been reached already in one project management area, namely in Lean Construction. }, author_keywords={Project Management, Lean Production, Theory, Construction }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2000, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Is the Earned-Value Method an Enemy of Work Flow?}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/108}, affiliation={Ph.D Student, Constr. Engrg. And Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720, ywkim@uclink4.berkeley.edu ; Director of Research, Lean Construction Institute; Lecturer, Construction Engineering and Mangement Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., University of California at Berkeley, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Project control tools are commonly used in the construction industry. Unfortunately, many projects run over budget and behind schedule, which suggests that there is something wrong in our project control system. The earned-value method (EVM) is a project control technique that provides a quantitative measure of work performance. It is considered the most advanced technique for integration of schedule and cost. Work flow can be defined as the movement of information and materials through a network of production units. Current construction control systems focus on local speed and cost rather than reliable release of work downstream; i.e., reliable work flow. This paper presents potential problems of the earned-value method with a brief review of the cost management concept. Traditional cost systems are reviewed in this paper from the viewpoint of work flow. Critique of the earned-value method includes: 1) While each cost account or activity is assumed to be independent in the earned-value method, they should be considered dependent. 2) Managers can manipulate work sequences when releasing work to the field and it is possible to release work assignments that are not shielded from uncertainty. 3) In order to make cost variance (CV) positive, managers try to decrease the actual cost of work performed (ACWP) as much as possible. Overload resulting from reduced capacity can make work flow less reliable, which in turn can impact the performance of downstream production units (PUs). }, author_keywords={Earned value, dependence, work flow, quality assignment }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2000, author={Koskela, Lauri and Vrijhoef, Ruben }, editor={ }, title={The Prevalent Theory of Construction a Hindrance for Innovation}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/109}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Research Scientist, TNO Building and Construction Research, Department of Strategic Studies, Quality Assurance and Building Regulations, P.O.Box 2600, NL-2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2695228, Fax +31 15 2695335, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bouw.tno.nl }, abstract={It is argued that construction innovation is significantly hindered by the prevalent theory of construction, which is implicit and deficient. There are three main mechanisms through which this hindrance is being caused. Firstly, because production theories in general, as well as construction theories specifically, have been implicit, it has not been possible to transfer such radical managerial innovation as mass production or lean production from manufacturing to construction. Direct application of these production templates in construction has been limited due to different context in construction in correspondence to manufacturing. On the other hand, without explicit theories, it has not been possible to access core ideas of concepts and methods of these templates, and to recreate them in construction environment. In consequence, theory and practice of construction has not progressed as in manufacturing. Secondly, it is argued that the underlying, even if implicit, theoretical model of construction is the transformation model of production. There are two first principles in the transformation model. First, the total transformation can be achieved only by realising all parts of it. Thus, we decompose the total transformation into parts, finally into tasks, ensure that all inputs are available and assign these tasks to operatives or workstations. Second, minimising the cost of each task, i.e. each decomposed transformation, minimises the cost of production. It is argued that these principles, in which uncertainty and time are abstracted away, are counterproductive, and lead to myopic control and inflated variability. Practical examples show that these deficiencies and related practical constraints hinder the top-down implementation of innovations. Thirdly, empirical research shows that also bottom-up innovation - systematic learning and problem solving - is hindered by this deficient theory. Thus, the advancement of construction innovation requires that a new, explicit and valid theory of construction is created, and business models and control methods based on it are developed. }, author_keywords={Production theory, innovation in construction, radical innovation, top-down innovation, bottom-up innovation, diffusion of manufacturing templates }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lane2000, author={Lane, Robert and Woodman, Graham }, editor={ }, title={“Wicked Problems, Righteous Solutions” Back to the Future on Large Complex Projects}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/110}, affiliation={Airside Civil Engineering Delivery Manager, BAA Terminal 5 Project Team, PO Box 620, Longford House, 420 Bath Road, Longford, West Drayton, England UB7 0NX (44)208 745 1628 FAX (44)208 745 2379, boblane@T5.co.uk ; Associate Director TPS Consult, The Landsdowne Building, Landsdowne Road, Croydon, CR0 2BX, England, (44)208 256 4226, FAX (44)208 256 4572, woodman.graham@tpsconsult.ltd.uk }, abstract={Most large, long and complex projects are “Wicked” Problems. To deal with change and uncertainty on such projects, the project Delivery Process (Definition, Design, Manufacture and Assembly) needs to be considered with the Development Process (Business case, statement of need, Functional Brief) as a total system. The Development Process needs to deliver a minimum usable subset of Business, Customer and Operational requirements to enable the Delivery process to start. In return the Delivery Process needs to improve flexibility to allow the Business, Customer and Operator to respond to changes due to technology improvements or market conditions and still improve efficiency and be “lean”. The project team for Terminal 5 at Heathrow Airport has identified tools and techniques to help solve the wicked problems of Project Development and also to improve flexibility of Delivery through the use of Last Responsible Moment (LRM) for information transfer and decisions. These are established by working backwards from completion. The LRM concept together with lean techniques and “decoupled” project delivery systems has given a new view on traditional Project Management techniques and project processes. “The world’s most refreshing Interchange” project of Terminal 5 at Heathrow costing some £1.9Billion is starting the delivery process utilising LRM concepts in an information driven project system developed in-house using simple rules and a simple visual basic programme which links process mapping, planning & programming and information control }, author_keywords={Last Responsible Moment, Information Driven Project System }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lantelme2000, author={Lantelme, Elvira and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Improving Performance Through Measurement: The Application of Lean Production and Organisational Learning Principles}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/111}, affiliation={MSc, PhD candidate at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Brazil, e-mail: lantelme@cpgec.ufrgs.br. ; PhD., Associate Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Brazil, Visiting Scholar at the University of California at Berkeley, USA, e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Performance measurement is an essential element of production management. It provides the necessary information for process control, and makes it possible to establish challenging and feasible goals. It is also necessary to support the implementation of business strategies. Despite the fact that construction managers recognise the importance of performance measurement, it has not been widely implemented in this industry. Most managers still make decisions mostly based on their intuition and common sense, and on a few broad financial measures which are no longer adequate in today’s competitive environment. In the Lean Construction theoretical framework, performance measurement plays an important role in terms of providing process transparency. It makes visible attributes that are usually invisible, and helps the employees to see how they are performing, creating conditions for decentralised control to be implemented. A number of studies have investigated the use of measures for evaluating the impact of improvement programs in production systems. However, few them are concerned with the problem of implementing measurement systems in organisations. Although choosing the right measures is important, it is also necessary to enable people to use measures in their routine work, so that root causes of problems are identified and corrective action implemented. This article proposes a number of guidelines to implement performance measurement systems in construction firms, considering both the lean construction theoretical framework and organisational learning principles. This study is based on the development of a system of performance indicators developed for the construction industry in Brazil, and also on a number of interviews carried out with managers who have been involved in the implementation of measures in their companies. }, author_keywords={Performance measurement, organisational learning, lean construction }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leinonen2000, author={Leinonen, Jarkko and Huovila, Pekka }, editor={ }, title={The House of the Rising Value}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/112}, affiliation={Research Scientist, VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, + 358 9 456 4555 (voice), +358 9 456 6251, jarkko.leinonen@vtt.fi ; Group Manager, VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, + 358 9 456 5903 (voice), +358 9 456 6251, pekka.huovila@vtt.fi }, abstract={Construction is a practice-oriented business, partly due to its long history. The practice-oriented approach leads to the fact that the focus of management is on getting the building constructed i.e. on transforming inputs to outputs. When the focus has been heavily on transformation, enough weight has not been given to value generation process to fulfill customers’ needs and expectations. Recently a new vision of the theory of construction has provided us the basis to understand the problems and essence of value generation. Value process consists of three phases: (1) finding out the customers’ requirements, (2) creating solutions to conform these requirements and (3) verifying during the project that these requirements are met in the best possible manner. Even though interest in value generation is rising among practitioners, lack of practical and applicable tools still causes problems. This paper presents the current problems in the value generation of the design phase and discusses their consequences to the project and to the end product. A tool providing assistance in the project definition phase is introduced. Experiences from piloting the tool, EcoProP, in building construction projects are described. The tool is based on a generic classification of building properties. The tool supports documentation of requirements in a form of values or classes so that their conformity in design can be verified. Its intended use is to produce the design brief and to serve as a guide for designers. The decision-making procedure with EcoProP is transparent and the well-documented objectives can be revisited in need of change. The tool is currently implemented in projects of different building types with the emphasis on eco-efficient facilities. }, author_keywords={Construction, value, performance approach, customer, ecoefficiency }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leiringer2000, author={Leiringer, Roine }, editor={ }, title={Construction Process Models – Enabling a Shared Project Understanding}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/113}, affiliation={Doctoral Researcher, Construction Management and Economics, Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, roine@recm.kth.se }, abstract={The search for improvement in construction continues, with many novel as well as longstanding initiatives applied to the process in attempts to drive down cost and raise quality. Success is often claimed, but it is not always possible to reproduce the same result elsewhere. Research for the Swedish government on a ‘design and build’ housing project has examined the underlying process and has found a series of discrepancies between what is claimed and what appears to have happened. A comprehensive computer-based model was created in order to pinpoint inconsistencies and omissions in the process. Whilst this ‘lean project’ was judged overall to have been a success, questions remain not least in relation to the synchronisation of off-site production with on-site construction. Areas of concern include the project definition stage in particular the mismatch between the project programme and the detailed workings that lie behind it. The programme appears to present construction personnel with insufficient insight into the detailed steps that are needed to undertake some key activities. The paper concludes by arguing for a much more detailed analysis of the process and one that integrates the efforts of specialist contractors and off-site production with on-site construction. By doing so, it would help to balance resources and increase the likelihood of achieving a project’s cost, quality and time objectives. }, author_keywords={Process modelling, project planning, supply chain }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lindfors2000, author={Lindfors, Christian T. }, editor={ }, title={Value Chain Management in Construction: Controlling the Housebuilding Process}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/114}, affiliation={Researcher, Department of Construction Management and Economics, The Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, lindfors@recm.kth.se }, abstract={Managing the complexity of the housebuilding process, in terms of differentiating between value and non-value adding activities, forms part of the current work in the research project ‘Value chain management in construction’. The research project includes an investigation of the possibilities for improvement in the value chain, in terms of time, cost, and quality within a major housebuilding company in Sweden. One hypothesis is that project success is linked to the extent to which the company is able to manipulate its value chain to add value for the customer, whilst improving its internal management. In order to be in a position to understand the true extent and complexity of a project process, extensive functional models have been created using a computer-based tool. This first pass through the organisational infrastructure has produced detailed ‘as-is’ models of the functions needed to perform a project. Other techniques and tools have been used during this first mapping of the process, for instance analysis and auditing of company specific documentation and structured interviews with process actors. The preliminary results of this project already point to areas of considerable scope for improvement, which are under examination. }, author_keywords={Value chain management, process modelling, process initiatives, housebuilding, information flows, Total Commitment }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{London2000, author={London, K. and Kenley, R. }, editor={ }, title={The Development Of a Neo - Industrial Organisation Methodology for Describing & Comparing Construction Supply Chains}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/115}, affiliation={Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia ; Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia }, abstract={The model draws from theories of industrial economics and supply chain literature, and is an attempt to advance the construction supply chain field through the development of an industrial organisational methodology to describe construction supply chains. Empirical studies have examined the industrial organisation of other industries, typically forming descriptions based upon vertical integration and horizontal market concentration. A review of the trends in the supply chain literature indicate there is a need to develop a model to describe the industrial organisation of the construction industry through supply chain structure. The merging of the supply chain concept with the industrial organisation model as a methodology for understanding the structural characteristics is an important contribution to construction economic theory. The paper begins to develop a language for describing the structure and behaviour of supply chains specific to the construction industry and is so doing suggests a neo-industrial organisation approach. }, author_keywords={industrial organisation, supply chain management, subcontracting }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mecca2000, author={Mecca, Saverio and Masera, Marco }, editor={ }, title={A Planning Approach Oriented to a Technical and Organisational Risk Analysis of Flow Management}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/116}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Construction Management, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Università di Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2, 56126 Pisa, Italy, saverio.mecca@ing.unipi.it ; Research Assistant, Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Università di Pisa Via Diotisalvi 2, 56126 Pisa, Italy, marco.masera@ing.unipi.it }, abstract={A lean approach to the planning of the construction process is a strategic challenge to analyse and manage organisational and technical factors that characterise decisions. Towards a non-schematic, non-repetitive, shared planning, construction managers need a flexible technique, tailored to the organisational process and able to represent an articulated semantic of the construction process. The in-progress research aims at the application of a planning technique, that permits flow processes to be represented through plan state sequences . Based on a careful description of activities, it may be possible to manage an interface analysis and to explicitly outline the complex frame of constraints put backward by every activities sequence. The objective is to support the contractors and the construction managers at the planning stage, paying attention to risk factors influencing quality and constructability performances. A planning system model representing interrelated construction activity requirement and performance data sets of is proposed. The aim is to extend the temporal and resource constraint of traditional planning techniques to sets of detailed constraints, formally described as conditions and effects, logically connected to pursue a quality goal. Quality planning requires clear decision traceability, planning consistency related to information availability, partial planning integration and flexible replanning while respecting external constraints. Related work and an experimental schema of integrated techniques oriented to a quality management implementation program are presented. }, author_keywords={Technical Risk Analysis, Planning, Lean Construction }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mendonca2000, author={Mendonca, Luis Viega and McDermott, Peter }, editor={ }, title={Lean Design Management Applied to Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids: A Redesign Process Model to Portuguese Design Companies}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/117}, affiliation={Research Center for the Built and Human Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK. ; Research Center for the Built and Human Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK. }, abstract={This paper refers to the need of reengineering the design process in Portugal. It’s a paper that derives from a research project (course of advanced study and research for the degree of PhD, in the University of Salford) to redesign the process management of Portuguese construction design companies. Nowadays, the companies present design projects with poor construction details, long cycle times and low profits. We don’t see long-time partnerships, which could generate synergies and would allow a knowledge management approach. The research project intends to create, initially, a more generalist model, which may be applied to design projects in general, and a more specific one, to the design of reinforced concrete liquid retaining structures. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{O'Brien2000, author={O'Brien, William J. }, editor={ }, title={Multi-Project Resource Allocation: Parametric Models and Managerial Implications}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/118}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil and Coastal Engineering, 345 Weil Hall/PO Box 116580, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6580,USA, 352/392-7213, FAX 352/392-3394, wjob@ce.ufl.edu }, abstract={Subcontractors have finite resources they must allocate to multiple projects, often in conditions of competing demand and uncertainty about project schedule. Subcontractors will shift resources fluidly between projects to meet demand, seeking to optimize productivity across projects. Choices about resource allocation are perhaps the most important operational decision that subcontractors make. Despite this, construction research has only recently begun to appreciate the multi-project environment of subcontractors, taking instead a view of production in the context of single projects. As a starting point for a multi-project model, this paper presents a parametric model of subcontractor productivity on a work package. The model relates site conditions, resource allocation, and productivity, allowing quantitative assessment of the impact of shifting resources to or from the work package. An application of the model is presented for one subcontractor with calibrated parametric functions. Use of the model for multi-project resource allocation decision is discussed, and several implications for subcontractor and site management are developed. Many of the central implications are derived from the shape of the productivity modifying functions in work area and resource balance, suggesting a natural categorization of subcontractor technologies. }, author_keywords={Subcontractor production, resource allocation, multi-project coordination, supply chain management. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Picchi2000, author={Picchi, Flavio A. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Principles and the Construction Main Flows}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/119}, affiliation={Consultant, Picchi Consultoria S/C Ltda, R. Vergueiro, 3086 cj. 112 - São Paulo - CEP 04102-001, Brazil, +55-11-570-9613, FAX +55-11-570-9613, piccon@xpnet.com.br. Starting on July 2000, the author will be developing and applying some of the ideas presented in this paper in a research project, at MIT, in collaboration with Lean Enterprise Institute. }, abstract={This paper will discuss the five lean principles (value, value stream, flow, pull, perfection) and some specific construction characteristics, proposing three main flows for the analysis of construction: business, job site and supply flows. In manufacturing, the three flows (from order to cash, from concept to launch, from raw materials to customer) can be well characterized inside one plant, inside one corporation, or within the total value chain. Considering the total value stream in construction, "from order to cash" has an strong interface with the cycle "from concept to launch". This cycle was named "Business Flow", or "from business concept to keys delivery", and includes the design flow as a sub-flow. The "raw materials to customer" main cycles are: the "Supply Flow" (within the total value stream) and the "Job Site Flow" (door to door on a job site). }, author_keywords={Lean principles, flow, lean construction. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2000, author={Santos, Aguinaldo and Powell, James Andrew and Sarshar, Marjan }, editor={ }, title={Reduction of Work-in-Progress in the Construction Environment}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/120}, affiliation={Lecturer at the Civil Engineering Postgraduate Programme, Paraná Federal University, Jardim das Américas C.P: 19011 CEP: 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil Fax: 005541 2669174 Phone: 0055 322 3535 ext: 6402, asantos@cesec.ufpr.br ; Professor and Director of the Academic Enterprise. The University of Salford, M54WT, England, Fax: 0044 2955999, Phone: 0044 2955000, , j.a.powell@enterprise.salford.ac.uk ; Lecturer at the Bridgewater Building M54WT Salford School of Construction and Property Management, The University of Salford, England, Fax: 0044 295 5011, Phone: 0044 161 295 5317 m.sarshar@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={“Reduction of work-in-progress” is one of the core heuristic approaches for reducing production cycle time according to modern production management theories. However, traditional management sees production as a transformation of inputs and outputs and, thus, usually ignores the large quantities of waste generated by excessive work-in-progress. In this context, this research has investigated the degree in which English and Brazilian construction companies currently apply this heuristic in construction. The analysis of empirical evidence confirmed that “reduction of work-in-progress” is not well understood among construction managers and there is great misunderstanding regarding the actual effects of work-in-progress on cycle time. The high process variability, the sequential mode of production and poor interface design between processes were major factors contributing to the poor performance of case studies in this respect. }, author_keywords={Reduction of Cycle Time, Reduction of Work-in-progress, Lean Production }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seymour2000, author={Seymour, David and Rooke, John }, editor={ }, title={Commitment Planning and Reasons Analysis}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/121}, affiliation={ }, abstract={The paper contrasts the Planning Model, identified by Suchman (1987), which posits that planning precedes action (evidence of the application of which is to be found in many aspects of organisational practice and research), with an Alternative Model which emphasises the situated, interactive nature of planning and action. It argues that the logic which underlies Commitment Planning and Reasons Analysis, as developed by the LCI, implicitly embraces this Alternative Model. Some practical and theoretical considerations concerning the use of these tools for process improvement and for the understanding of organisational change are discussed. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, planning, commitment planning, reasons analysis. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ju2000, author={Ju, SHEN Li and Chua, David H.K. and Hwee, BOK Shung }, editor={ }, title={Distributed Scheduling With Integrated Production Scheduler}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/122}, affiliation={Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, 65/874-6498, engp8591@nus.edu.sg ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, 65/874-2195, FAX 65/779-1635, cvedavid@nus.edu.sg ; Senior CAD/CAM Specialist, National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, 119260, 65/874-2599, engboksh@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Construction process is vulnerable to uncertainties if the constraints at bottlenecks cannot be effectively identified and removed in advance. The present means of look-ahead planning does poorly in locating constraints hidden in the processes, the supply chain, and the information flow. This problem becomes more acute when the project is very complex and project players are distributed over a large scale. With the intention of implementing Lean Construction principles and the Theory of Constraints, a distributed scheduling tool, i.e. Integrated Production Scheduler (IPS), is proposed to improve the reliability of look-ahead plans, reduce uncertainties in supplies, resolve resource conflicts and alleviate delays in processes. The types of constraints modeled in the IPS are specified and a new method for look-ahead planning called Integrated Constraints Modeling is introduced. By presenting a three-layered structural model, the IPS planning process is addressed in details and the role of distributed systems is also discussed. The full implementation of IPS is based on the Internet technology, especially Java and XML. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soibelman2000, author={Soibelman, Lucio and Kim, Hyunjoo }, editor={ }, title={Generating Construction Knowledge With Knowledge Discovery in Databases}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/123}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 ; Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 }, abstract={As the construction industry is adapting to new computer technologies in terms of hardware and software, computerized construction data becomes increasingly available. Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) and Data Mining (DM) are tools that allow us to identify novel patterns in construction projects through analyzing the large amount of construction project data. Those technologies combine techniques from machine learning, artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, statistics, databases and visualization to automatically extract concepts, interrelationships, and patterns of interest from large databases. This paper presents both the steps required for the implementation of KDD and DM tools on large construction database and one case study demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed approach. In order to test the feasibility of the proposed approach, a prototype of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) system was developed and tested with a database, RMS (Resident Management System), provided by the US Corps of Engineers. }, author_keywords={Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD), Data Mining, Machine Learning, Lean Construction, Knowledge, Decision Trees, Neural Networks }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Swain2000, author={Swain, Brian and Martin, Jeff }, editor={ }, title={Applying Lean Thinking Principles in the UK Roofing and Cladding Industry}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/124}, affiliation={Brian Swain and Jeff Martin are members of Rubicon Associates ; Brian Swain and Jeff Martin are members of Rubicon Associates }, abstract={Through the description of a case study, which comprises a number of lean transformation projects, this paper discusses an approach to the implementation of lean thinking principles and techniques within the roofing and cladding tributary of a construction value stream – from inquiry through estimation, contract, design, fabrication, materials delivery and site management to installation. }, author_keywords={Lean Thinking, value stream analysis, current and future state maps, lean transformation policy deployment }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2000, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Swanlund, Eric and Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={ }, title={Case Study for Work Structuring: Installation of Metal Door Frames}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/125}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Mobile: 510/593-4884, FAX: 510/643-8919, ccytsao@alum.calberkeley.org ; Associate Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Project Engineer, Oscar J. Boldt Construction Company, Redgranite Correctional Institution Job Site, 1008 County Road EE, Redgranite, WI 54970, USA, 920/566-0453, FAX: 920/566-0568, eswanlun@boldt.com ; Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, USA, Mobile: 206/660-2216, FAX: 707/248-1369, ghowell@micron.net, www.leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Work structuring means developing a project’s process design while trying to align engineering design, supply chain, resource allocation, and assembly efforts. The goal of work structuring is to make work flow more reliable and quick while delivering value to the customer. Current work structuring practices are driven by contracts, the history of trades, and the traditions of craft. As a result, they rarely consider alternatives for making the construction process more efficient. To illustrate current practice and the opportunities provided by work structuring, this case study discusses the installation of metal door frames at a prison project. Because the project is a correctional facility, the door frame installation process involves a special grouting procedure which makes the installation process less routine. Those involved recognized the difficulty of the situation but better solutions were impeded by normal practice. This case study thus provided the opportunity to illustrate how one may come up with alternative ways to perform the work without being constrained by contractual agreements and trade boundaries. By doing so, we illustrate what work structuring means. Local and global fixes for the system comprising walls and doors are explored. In addition, we discuss the importance of dimensional tolerances in construction and how these affect the handoff of work chunks from one production unit to the next. }, author_keywords={lean construction, work structuring, process design, operations design, first run study, methods analysis, precast concrete, door installation, planning, coordination }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tyagi2000, author={Tyagi, A. and Chua, D.K.H. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Function Deployment}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/126}, affiliation={Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering , National University Of Singapore, Singapore – 119260, Ph: (65) 874-4857 , engp9818@nus.edu.sg ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering , National University Of Singapore, Singapore – 119260, Ph: (65) 874-2195 , cvedavid@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={This paper introduces and formalises a technique for minimising the share of non-value adding activities by improving the workflow reliability in AEC processes. The technique has been named Lean Function Deployment (LFD). Its framework is built upon the existing system of QFD and draws its essence from the principles of the new construction philosophy which views the construction to be composed of conversion processes and material and information flow processes. Ways to implement this technique as well as to use it for analysing the wastes has been discussed. It is proposed that LFD can play a significant role in rationalising and re-engineering the workflow processes of the AEC sector thereby allowing for preventive actions against occurrence of wastes in the flow processes. }, author_keywords={LFD, workflow, wastes, conversion processes, flow processes }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Akel2001, author={Akel, Nadia G. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Boyers, J.C. and Walsh, Kenneth D. and Hershauer, James C. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Considerations for Streamlining a Vertically-Integrated Company - A Case Study}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/127}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, P.E., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, TEL/FAX 925/944-9598, ngakel@uclink4.Berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Corporate Alliance Team Operations Manager, Butler Manufacturing Company, 700 Karnes Blvd. (64108) P.O. Box 419917, Kansas City, MO, 64141-0917, 816/968-3914, FAX: 816/968-4385, jcboyers@butlermfg.com ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 85287-0204, 480/965-3615, FAX: 480/965-1769, ken.walsh@asu.edu ; Professor, Department of Management, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 85287-4006, james.hershauer@asu.edu }, abstract={This study focuses on the application of vertical integration, supply chain management, and lean construction practices to Butler Manufacturing Company, a pre-engineered metal building manufacturing company. Butler engineers, designs, manufactures, and erects building systems and architectural products for the nonresidential construction market. It is currently the leading producer in the 5 billion-dollar metal pre-engineered metal building market. Butler is vertically integrated. Nevertheless, its design, manufacturing, and construction businesses operate more-orless independently. The company therefore is not able to reap the benefits of a truly integrated enterprise. In addition to describing the industry and Butler’s organization, the purpose of this case study is to explore vertical integration within Butler for two reasons: (1) to identify means for achieving true integration amongst the company’s various businesses and (2) to guide the company in becoming a “lean” organization. This study investigates the possibilities of achieving closer alignment between Butler’s design/manufacturing arm and its construction arm. Such alignment may be achieved by implementing lean production principles not only within but also across organizational boundaries. This study also briefly touches on the company’s supply chain. This paper points out that Butler’s design/manufacturing arm and its construction arm are not taking advantage of available opportunities presented by vertical integration, supply chain management, or lean production practices. It recommends that these divisions of Butler learn to work together more closely and toward joint exploitation of these opportunities. }, author_keywords={Vertical integration, supply chain management, lean construction, pre-engineered metal building systems, Butler Manufacturing, BUCON, corporate strategy. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon2001, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Diethelm, Sven }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Organizing to Introduce Lean Practices in Construction Companies}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/128}, affiliation={Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: sdiethel@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={This paper describes organizational issues addressed by seven companies in their attempt to introduce “Lean Construction” practices and techniques in their organizations. Seven Chilean construction companies are currently developing a collaborative research and implementation effort to improve their competitiveness in the local and international market. These companies have committed to develop several activities together: a) The implementation of methods to identify and reduce waste in construction projects, b) The development and implementation of a performance measuring system for internal and external benchmarking, and c) Implementation of the “Last Planner” concepts in their project planning systems. The paper provides an overview of the research and implementation activities and then focus on organizational and management issues faced by the companies during this project. The organizational approach of each of the companies is described together with their successes and failures, in an early stage of the project. These findings are compared with others reported in the literature in an effort to identify the ingredients of the most successful strategies. }, author_keywords={Change management; lean construction; human resource management, improvement organization. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon2001, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Grillo, Alejandro and Freire, Javier and Diethelm, Sven }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Learning From Collaborative Benchmarking in the Construction Industry}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/129}, affiliation={Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Corporación de Desarrollo Tecnológico, CDT, Chilean Chamber of Construction. Marchant Pereira 221, Oficina 11, Santiago, Chile, e -mail: agrillo@cdt.cl jfreire@cdt.cl ; Corporación de Desarrollo Tecnológico, CDT, Chilean Chamber of Construction. Marchant Pereira 221, Oficina 11, Santiago, Chile, e -mail: sdiethel@ing.puc.cl ; Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: sdiethel@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={A collaborative research effort among construction companies has allowed the design and implementation of a performance measurement system in Chilean construction companies. This effort is starting to give preliminary results as new companies are adopting the system that is expected to reach critical mass in the Chilean construction industry. In the future, international organisations are expected to join this effort to extend the potential impact to new countries and companies. The system database will be useful to develop third party benchmarking to contribute to the improvement of the industry as a whole. The implementation of performance measurement systems, which include measures adapted to lean construction, is discussed in this paper. The paper discusses the development process, the performance measures selected and some implementation issues. The paper also shows some preliminary findings from the baseline data obtained from the companies and projects already included in the database. The paper illustrates the value that can be obtained for the companies and for the industry from this collaborative benchmarking effort and extends an invitation to companies world-wide to share their experience using this exciting methodology. This benchmarking project, currently underway, provides an excellent starting point for collaborative research carried out in different countries and locations. }, author_keywords={Benchmarking; lean construction; construction performance measures. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2001, author={Ballard, Glenn and Koskela, Lauri and Howell, Gregory and Zabelle, Todd }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Production System Design in Construction}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/130}, affiliation={Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, ballard@leanconstruction.org, and Associate Adjunct Professor, Construction Eng. & Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil & Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley ; Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. 208/726-9989, howell@leanconstruction.org ; President, Strategic Project Solutions and member, Board of Directors, Lean Construction Institute. 415/533-8494, tzabelle@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={Guidelines are proposed for the design of production systems, which are understood to involve both designing and making products. Production system design serves the three goals of production systems: do the job, maximize value, and minimize waste. For each of the latter two, ends-means hierarchies are proposed that progressively answer the question “What should we do to achieve a goal?”, moving from desired ends to actionable means. Production system design extends from global organization to the design of operations; e.g., from decisions regarding who is to be involved in what roles to decisions regarding how the physical work will be accomplished. Previously, project planning has focused primarily on organizational structuring and creation of work breakdown structures that divide the work to be done. We propose to include the production system itself, which has been virtually invisible and taken for granted. Doing so necessarily involves moving from a conception of production solely in terms of transformation of inputs to a wider concept of production that acknowledges the flow and value generation character of production. The paper ends with a discussion of further research needs, originating from the endsmeans hierarchies developed. }, author_keywords={Construction, production system, production system design, waste, value, value generation. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2001, author={Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Cycle Time Reduction in Home Building}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/131}, affiliation={Associate Adjunct Professor, Construction Eng. & Mgt. Program, Dept. of Civil & Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley, and Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, ballard@leanconstruction.org. }, abstract={Even Flow Production is an innovation in residential construction intended to increase the reliability of work flow. That objective is to be accomplished by adherence to a standard schedule for sale, design, construction, and turnover of a home. In turn, increased work flow reliability reduces cycle time, the time required to deliver a home to a customer. Reliability increases as variability is reduced, allowing a reduction of slack in activity durations and of inventory previously needed to accommodate that variability. Increased work flow reliability is also a necessary condition for taking other actions to reduce cycle time. This paper proposes a method for reducing cycle time within the context of even flow production. The key innovation is the formation of multicraft teams responsible for specific systems and components of a house. Each team is to be helped to: 1) Overlap activities within their phase of the work, 2) reduce activity durations through time studies, and 3) reduce work-in-process through the development of multi-skilled workers. }, author_keywords={cycle time, even flow production, multi-skilled workers, work flow reliability }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2001, author={Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Lean Construction as an Integrated Production}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/132}, affiliation={Consulting Engineer; Project Manager, Habitat as; Director, Sven Bertelsen Strategic Consultant, Morlenesvej 22, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, +45 4542 4705, FAX +45 4541 4705, sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={The general approach within lean construction is to make the construction process, as it is normally undertaken on the construction site, leaner by reducing non-value-generating activities. This is usually done respecting the traditional division of work into trades. However, inspired by the manufacturing industries, this approach might be challenged. Manufacturing industries very seldom keep up the division of work into trades. Instead the product is divided into subassemblies, often made of independent suppliers down the supply chain under individual design and manufacture contracts. The paper presents a five year Danish experiment within the housing sector, making this approach within six completed schemes and three in progress comprising app. 350 apartments, mostly in terraced houses. Even though cost reductions have been hard to demonstrate, a number of other benefits have been found. Increased focus on customer value, shorter project completion time, much fewer faults and omissions, and higher customer satisfaction. The paper outlines the approach and reports on some of the lessons learnt and discusses the experiences in relation to the Lean Construction theories. }, author_keywords={Lean production, integrated production, industrialization, modularization, complexity. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Choo2001, author={Choo, Hyun Jeong and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Requirements and Barriers to Adoption of Last Planner Computer Tools}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/133}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, choohj@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215-A McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The Last Planner methodology has been applied to construction and design. These efforts have resulted in the development of computer programs (WorkPlan and DePlan) that guide production units in creating reliable work plans. One of these programs was extended to include distributed planning and coordination and space scheduling capabilities as well (WorkMovePlan). During and after the development of these tools, LCI member companies used them and provided valuable feedback. Some of these companies have developed in-house spreadsheet applications to meet their own particular needs. These beta-testers were familiar with the Last Planner concepts, which allowed them to make suggestions based on their conception of the Last Planner methodology. This paper reports on the feedback from the beta-testers of WorkPlan, DePlan, and WorkMovePlan. This feedback provided a foundation for further specifying requirements for the Last Planner computer tools. The paper also discusses barriers to adoption of Last Planner tools in companies that are new to lean construction and in companies that have already started lean transformation. These findings not only assist in improving existing tools but also reveal new areas for computer tool implementation. }, author_keywords={Last Planner methodology, lean construction, design management, construction management, production management, computer tools, distributed planning, coordination, planning, scheduling, space scheduling, WorkPlan, DePlan, WorkMovePlan, work package, assignment. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{David2001, author={David, K.H. Chua and Shen, Li Jun }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Constraint Modeling and Buffer Management With Integrated Production Scheduler}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/134}, affiliation={Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Nat. Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260. 65/874-2195, E-mail: cvedavid@nus.edu.sg ; Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, 65/874-6498, Email: engp8591@nus.edu.s }, abstract={Constraint modeling is a necessary step in construction planning. The basic CPM approach provides a simple and practical means for resolving time-related precedence constraints between activities. However, most CPM-based tools do not support dealing with the constraints regarding resource and information availabilities at the productionlevel planning phase. When these constraints are concealed in the work plan, it is difficult to assure that they are removed in time so that work takes place as planned. Consequently, the reliability of work plans/assignments will be reduced. This paper presents a scheduling tool called integrated production scheduler (IPS) to handle the nonprecedence constraints in supply chain and information flow. The IPS has three main objectives to be fulfilled. The first is to promote work plan reliability. The second is to increase resource utilization and throughput based on the estimated resource profile. The third is to maintain a stable work flow through reducing uncertainties in the supply chain and information flow. To further facilitate reliable planning, a set of schedule buffers are established to help manage the constraints. Specifically, the working buffer and the shielding buffer ensure quality assignments by removing resource conflicts and supply chain uncertainties. The pulling buffer and the screening buffer increase resource and information availabilities by managing the delivery issues in advance. With the proposed schedule buffer management, it is feasible to enhance the reliability of look-ahead plans and consequently achieve lean process management. }, author_keywords={Constraint, buffer management, lean construction, look-ahead planning, Integrated Production Scheduler. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chua2001, author={Chua, D.K.H. and Tyagiq, A. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Process-Parameter-Interface Model for Lean Design Management}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/135}, affiliation={Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260 email: cvedavid@nus.edu.sg ; Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260 email: engp9818@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Successful management of design is critical to cost-effectiveness, timeliness and quality of the entire project. This paper presents a model for managing the AEC design from a lean perspective. The model, through its constituent components, aims at achieving lean philosophy objectives, such as, reduction in the share of non-value adding activities, increased transparency, process simplification and increased output flexibility. The model has been called Process-Parameter-Interface model. The entities associated with the model include a Design Dictionary, an Interface, the model engine and an information-based design dependency matrix. These entities enable the design management capabilities in the model, with a focus on lean philosophy. }, author_keywords={Lean, design rework, transparency, process simplification, output flexibility, key design parameter, Interface, Design Dictionary, Information-based design dependency matrix. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Crutcher2001, author={Crutcher, Caren A. and Walsh, Kenneth D. and Hershauer, James C. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Effects of a Preferred Vendor Relationship on an Electrical Component Supplier and Electrical Contractor - A Case Study}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/136}, affiliation={Graduate Research Assistant, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 85287-0204, 480-965-3615, FAX: 480-965-1769, caren.crutcher@asu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 85287-0204, 480-965-3615, FAX: 480-965-1769, ken.walsh@asu.edu ; Professor, Department of Management, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 85287-4006, james.hershauer@asu.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510-643-8678, FAX: 510-643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Proven supply chain management techniques hold much promise for the further development of construction as an industry, in terms of gaining efficiencies and streamlining processes. Because construction processes rely so heavily on people working together, examining new ways that participants on a project communicate and form relationships is vital to the advancement of the construction industry. This paper focuses on a case study that explores the effects of a strategic partnership directly observed in practice. This partnership evolved to support an alliance formed between a major owner/client, a general contractor, a mechanical contractor and an electrical contractor. The partnership is a preferred vendor relationship between the electrical contractor and an electrical component supplier. In this sense, the partnership on which the case focuses is one tier removed from the alliance, from a supply chain perspective. The implementation of this strategic partnership involved restructuring the process for procuring non-engineered, commodity type electrical components. This restructuring resulted in marked increases in productivity, reduction of inventory, and in efficiencies gained in material handling. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, construction supply chain, strategic partnering, inventory management, electrical contractor, distributor. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cuperus2001, author={Cuperus, Ype }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={An Introduction to Open Building}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/137}, affiliation={Director, OBOM Research Group, Delft University of Technology, De Vries van Heystplantsoen 2 2628 RZ Delft, The Netherlands, ph: +31.15.278 5400, FAX +31.15.278 8295, y.j.cuperus@bk.tudelft.nl }, abstract={This paper aims to connect Open Building to Lean Construction. The concept of Open Building identifies the conflict between the inertia of the building and construction industry and a consumer demand in constant state of flux. It suggests distinguishing different levels of decision making, in order to decouple building parts with different life cycles, controlled by different parties, built by different trades. In order to decouple and yet coordinate, a set of rules for dimensioning, positioning and interfacing was developed. The paper concludes with examples of systems and product development, based on the principles of Open Building. It is an introduction to Open Building for a forum of Lean construction experts. Future discussions will show whether a synergy between the two concepts mentioned is worth exploring. }, author_keywords={Open Building, Lean Construction, levels of decision making, positional and dimensional coordination. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dulaimi2001, author={Dulaimi, Mohammed Fadhil and Tanamas, Caoline }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={The Principles of the Application of Lean Construction in Singapore}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/138}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, 4 Architecture Drive, National University of Singapore, tel: 0065-8746501, fax: 0065-7755502, mdulaimi@nus.edu.sg. ; Building Batchelor Student, Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, 4 Architecture Drive, National University of Singapore }, abstract={Lean construction is a new way to design and build capital facilities. It advocates the simultaneous consideration of product and process development using simultaneous engineering. This philosophy has challenged the belief that there is always a trade off between cost, time and quality. This study examines the pre-requisites and barriers for the possible implementation of lean construction in the local industry. Interviews are done with the managing directors and construction managers from selected Singapore ISO 9000 certified construction firms. From the research findings, it is found that only certain features of lean construction have been implemented locally. The biggest barrier is the cultural resistance to change. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Quality, Barriers, Singapore, Value, Waste. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{El-Mashaleh2001, author={El-Mashaleh, Mohammad and O'Brien, William J. and London, Kerry }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Envelopment Methodology to Measure and Compare Subcontractor Productivity at the Firm Level}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/139}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civl & Coastal Engineering, University of Florida, mashaleh@ufl.edu ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civl & Coastal Engineering, University of Florida, 345 Weil Hall, PO Box 116580, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6580, USA, wjob@ce.ufl.edu ; Senior Lecturer, School of Construction, UNITEC, Carrington Rd, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, New Zealand, klondon@unitec.ac.nz }, abstract={This paper describes a conceptual approach to measure and compare productivity of resource utilization at the firm level, adapting a set of techniques known as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Within this approach, the paper addresses the issues of multiple inputs and multiple outputs of a construction firm, level of detail for data collection, and the required transformations to correct for differences among projects. In particular, we focus on the resource management of subcontractors. Subcontractors manage multiple, concurrent projects and must allocate limited resources across these projects. Interaction between projects and resource allocation creates non-linear effects, and therefore the productivity of the firm is not simply the productivity of its projects. The proposed measurement methodology will allow assessment of the impact of different management policies (including many of those proposed by lean construction researchers) on firm performance. It is hoped that this novel approach to productivity measurement will help subcontractors identify efficient practices and superior management policies, and will promote adoption of these policies. }, author_keywords={Construction productivity, construction efficiency, subcontractor resource management, total factor productivity, data envelopment analysis, lean construction. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Garas2001, author={Garas, Gihan L. and Anis, Ahmed R. and Gammal, Adel El }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Materials Waste in the Egyptian Construction Industry}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/140}, affiliation={Associate researcher, National Research center, & Ph.D. student Cairo University Faculty of Engineering, garas-g@usa.net ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering, aanis@masrawy.com ; Assistant Professor, National Research center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt , ELGAMMALADEL@hotmail.com }, abstract={This paper addresses the incidence of material waste in the Egyptian Construction Industry. Construction material waste has proved to have a negative effect on the national economy and the environment. To evaluate the current practices, an in-depth study aiming to identify and quantify waste generation rates and their causes was conducted. A waste diagnostic survey was carried out on a sample of 35 top contractors. The contractors’ selection was based on their size of capital and experience according to the classification of the Egyptian Union for Building and Construction Contractors. The survey focused on the waste rates and causes of the most dominant materials influencing the projects’ costs. The study indicated that among the most fundamental causes of material waste were “Late information”, and “Changes to design”. A comparison between the local materials waste values in the Egyptian Industry and recently published international values was also carried out. This article is part of a Ph.D. thesis currently underway by the first author and supervised by the other two authors. }, author_keywords={Materials wastes, waste rates, dominant causes, construction industry }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gil2001, author={Gil, N and Tommelein, I.D. and Kirkendall, R. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Modeling the Design-Build Development Process for a Facility Component}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/141}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Constr. Engrg. & Mgmt. Program, Civil & Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall, U.C. Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ngil@uclink4.berkeley.edu, http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~nunogil/ ; Professor, Constr. Engrg. & Mgmt. Program, Civil & Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall, U.C. Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein/ ; Sr. Interior Designer, Industrial Design Corporation, 2020 S.W. Fourth Avenue, 3rd Floor, Portland, OR 97201, USA, robert.kirkendall@idc -ch2m.com }, abstract={In unstable environments, characterized by frequent client-driven changes in design criteria and by huge pressure to compress project delivery times, practitioners must search for innovative ways to structure the design-build process. Involving specialty contractors from project inception onwards, helps to satisfy client needs. Based on empirical research in the semiconductor industry, this paper presents a product-process model that reflects the joint system of designing and building a facility component. The model expresses, in a parametric fashion, critical design, procurement, and construction decisions as the design-build process unfolds. A model implementation that uses discrete-event simulation contrasts the effects of early vs. late specialty-contractor involvement in design. Results show that early contractor involvement benefits the average project duration but increases the duration variability and may significantly increase the waste of construction resources if improperly implemented. Postponement of design decisions helps to reduce waste without penalizing the project duration much. Results also show that fabrication decisions should not be neglected in early design efforts when expediting a project. }, author_keywords={design-build development process, design postponement, specialty contractor knowledge, design criteria change, discrete-event simulation, early commitment, postponement }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Goh2001, author={Goh, Choon Kwee and Chng, Grace Siew Tuan and Nashila, Abas Binte and Lenihan, Donal }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={The Effectiveness of Internal Quality Audits on ISO 9000 Quality Management Systems in the Construction Sector}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/142}, affiliation={Senior Quantity Surveyor, Cost Control & Contracts Management, KPK Quantity Surveyors, Singapore ; Marketing Officer, Building and Construction Authority, Singapore ; Clerk-of-Works, Housing and Development Board, Singapore ; Lecturer, Faculty of the Constructed Environment, RMIT University, Melbourne }, abstract={This paper examines the effectiveness, within the construction sector, of the Internal Quality Audit (IQA) and its contribution to Quality Management System (QMS) based on the ISO 9000 Certification Scheme. Once a company has obtained ISO Certification the IQA is amongst the requirements specified in the ISO Standards that must be maintained. However, the way the IQA is conducted has an effect on its contribution to the QMS. This specifically includes company risk management and compliance with contractual obligations. A literature review establishes the relationship between the QMS, ISO implementation and the auditing system. The four indicators of an effective IQA are identified. These indicators are then be used as a basis to measure effectiveness of IQAs when applied to construction. This paper draws on the findings of recently conducted case studies conducted on the use of IQAs in the construction industry in Singapore. The key finding is that IQAs are under utilized in terms of a measure of the effectiveness of the QMS and also as a measure of demonstrating compliance with contractual obligations. The recommendations arising from this research fall into two categories. The first category relates to the need to increase the frequency of conducting IQAs in order that there is adequate evidence of implementation of the QMS for the purpose of risk minimization, third party audits and compliance with contractual obligations. The second area is the need to train and educate staff to understand the role and contribution of the IQA to the overall QMS process. }, author_keywords={Quality Management Systems, Quality Assurance, Internal Quality Audits, ISO 9000 Certification }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hirota2001, author={Hirota, Ercilia H. and Fomoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Barriers to Management Innovations: Communicating Meanings}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/143}, affiliation={Dr. , senior lecturer at State University of Londrina, Brazil – Centro de Tecnologia e Urbanismo – Campus Universitário – C.P. 6001 – 86.051-970 – Londrina – Paraná – Brazil - e-mail: ehirota@sercomtel.com.br – phone number 55 43 371-4455.. ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil – Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 – 3. Andar – 90.035- 190 – Porto Alegre – RS – Brazil – e-mail: formoso@cpgec.ufrgs.br – phone number: 55 51 316-3815. }, abstract={The application of the New Production Philosophy (Lean Production) in the construction industry is a challenge to both researchers and professionals due to its innovative approach to the management of production systems. In addition, the consolidation of a theory in this field demands the application of its concepts and principles in practical situations. However, the implementation of Lean Production concepts and principles faces some communication and learning barriers. This paper presents some of the results of a PhD research project concerned with the development of management competencies, which proposes an integrated use of action learning and cognitive approaches to encourage the application of Lean Production concepts and principles in construction management. This study assumes that learning is strongly influenced by cultural values and beliefs. This cultural approach to learning implies that the development of management competencies requires not only a set of new knowledge but also an in depth questioning process in order to develop adequate attitudes towards production management problems. A reflection on the meanings of Lean Production concepts and principles was undertaken, assuming that the adoption of this theoretical framework by the industry requires a change in the current construction management paradigm. The objective of this paper is to discuss Lean Production concepts and principles from a cultural perspective and the use of Action Learning approach to identify some cognitive and cultural barriers to the implementation of such managerial innovation. A discussion on Action Learning is followed by an analysis of the changes observed in the attitudes of one construction manager, who took part in an Action Learning set. }, author_keywords={action learning, cognition, concept mapping, culture, lean construction, meaning }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Horman2001, author={Horman, Michael J. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Modeling the Effects of Lean Capacity Strategies on Project Performance}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/144}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Architectural Engrg., Pennsylvania State Univ., 211 Engineering Unit A, University Park, PA 16802-1417, 814/863-2080, FAX 814/863-4789, mjhorman@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={Common lean wisdom concerning efficient operations is to reduce variability in workflow throughput. Lean producers use various methods to dissipate production variability in a system that provides wide product variety in order to allow production to better match demand. Amongst these is the use of flexible capacity strategies to adapt to changeable conditions when this approach best suits. Yet, this is a part of lean thinking that is not yet well understood by the lean construction community. This paper models the effects of adaptable capacity strategies on project performance. Construction operators tend to match capacity to situations of minimal variability. Consequently, they do not always have sufficient capability to efficiently engage the changeable conditions commonly encountered in construction projects. The analysis in this paper focuses on the effects of additional capacity on project performance. A stochastic model was run over a number of projects, indicating in all cases improved performance when an optimal amount of capacity was added. The best results achieved were a 40% reduction in project delivery time and 10% reduction in project costs. It is concluded that further research is needed to develop more adaptable capacity management strategies, as there is strong evidence to suggest improved project performance as a result. }, author_keywords={Capacity, resources, process dynamics, lean construction, simulation modeling. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2001, author={Howell, Gregory A. and Ballard, Glenn and Hall, Jerome }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Capacity Utilization and Wait Time: A Primer for Construction}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/145}, affiliation={Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. Ph: 208/726-9989, Fax: 707 248-1369. ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Construction Eng. & Mgt. Program, Dept. of Civil & Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley, and Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, ballard@leanconstruction.org. ; Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1351. Ph. 505.277.1418, jerome@unm.edu }, abstract={The relationship between capacity utilization, wait time and variation is well understood in traffic and industrial engineering where the relationships are stated as fundamental laws. This paper will explain this concept and its implications for construction, and will challenge the current view that time and cost must always be in tension. The paper will show that reducing variation in work flow will improve performance and that the resulting improvement can be applied to reducing duration and/or cost. }, author_keywords={Capacity Utilization, Cycle Time, Last Planner, Little’s law, Production Management, Productivity, Throughput, Variability, Wait Time }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2001, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Activity-Based Costing and Its Applicationto Lean Construction}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/146}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Constr. Engrg. And Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, University of California at Berke ley, CA 94720, ywkim@uclink4.berkeley.edu ; Director of Research, Lean Construction Institute, and Associate Adjunct Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., University of California at Berkeley, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, ballard@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Activity-Based Costing (ABC) has been popular since the 1980s because it prevents cost distortions and provides a process view which traditional cost accounting cannot provide. Activity-Based Costing is based on a “flow view” in production theory in that ABC adopts two-staged costing, i.e., resources are assigned to activities and activities are assigned to cost objects. Lean construction comes from recognizing the limitations of current project management and applying “lean production” to the construction industry. This paper presents an application of ABC and an example of applying ABC to construction, exploring the relationship between activity-based costing and lean construction. It shows that lean project control can encompass cost control by adopting an activity-based costing system. }, author_keywords={Activity-based costing, resource-based costing, transformation view, flow view, and lean construction }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2001, author={Koskela, Lauri and Howell, Greg }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Reforming Project Management: The Role of Planning, Execution and Controlling}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/147}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, VTT Building and Transport, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Director, Lean Construction Institute. Box 1003, Ketchum, Id, 83340, U.S.A., Phone 208/726-9989, Fax 707/248-1369, E-mail ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={In this paper, we focus on the need for reforming the role of plans, execution (or action) and control in project management. We argue that the present style of project management, as described in the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) of PMI, is based on two underlying theories in this regard: management-as-planning (for planning and execution) and the thermostat model (for control). Unfortunately, both theories can be shown to be heroically simplistic and insufficient from the point of view of project management reality. In consequence, the practice of project management suffers from three shortcomings. The vague interface between planning and execution is the cause for two of them. First, the role of planning is not realistically defined, and short term planning (that is critical from the point of view of execution) is customarily poorly carried out or simply neglected. Secondly, there is no systematic way of managing execution, i.e. taking into account the actual conditions of the real world as higher level plans are translated into short term plans and then into action. Thirdly, control is too narrowly seen as measuring and taking corrective action, rather than as a process of learning. These arguments are justified by empirical data and theoretical discussion. }, author_keywords={Project management, plan, execution, control. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2001, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={On New Footnotes to Shingo}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/148}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, VTT Building and Transport, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={The Toyota Production System (TPS) has continually inspired scholars of production management to a search for its essence. Two new interpretations have recently been advanced. Firstly, Johnston has argued that conventional production management is based on an approach to management called management-as-planning. The central assumption is that intentional activity is based on a representation of the world. Thus, management is essentially about planning, i.e. manipulation of that representation. Instead, the TPS is essentially based on an approach called management-as-organizing. Here it is assumed that human activity is inherently situated, i.e. a response to the situation in question. Secondly, Spear and Bowen have claimed that the key to understand the TPS is the idea of the scientific method. When a production standard is defined, it also establishes a hypothesis that can be tested. Thus, they seem to emphasize the approach of managementas- learning as the foundational idea behind the TPS. It is shown that while providing fresh and deeper understanding to management in the TPS, these interpretations are partial and can be positioned inside the view on production management presented by Shingo. In fact, based on Shingo and other extant analysis, it can be argued that there are four approaches to management that are applied in tight coupling and synergistically in the TPS: management-as-organizing, management-as-planning, management-as-adhering and management-as-learning. It is concluded that the superiority of the TPS in comparison to its rivals is founded not only on a better theory of production, but also on a better theory of management. }, author_keywords={Toyota production system, management, organizing, planning, adhering, learning. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lam2001, author={Lam, Patrick T.I. and Kumaraswamy, Mohan M. and Ng, S. Thomas }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={The Multiple Roles of Specifications in Lean Construction}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/149}, affiliation={Lecturer, Building & Real Estate Dept., Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 852-27665799, FAX 852-27645131, bsplam@polyu.edu.hk ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering. University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 852-28591976, FAX 852-25595337, mohan@hkucc.hku.hk ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering., University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 852-28578556, FAX 852-25595337, tstng@hkucc.hku.hk }, abstract={The primary goal of Lean Production is to avoid the wastage of time, money and other resources. In the construction setting, a lot of wastages are attributed to delays, rework and the subsequent non-productive efforts expended in resolving disputes arising from such inefficiencies. Deficient specifications have been implicated in many waste scenarios. Despite that, little research has been conducted to examine the deficiencies of specifications. In this paper, the causes of deficient specifications are firstly examined under a postulated framework of issues that can be reasonably expected to be addressed by specifications – embracing formatting, technical, people management, legal and communication issues. Secondly, this paper aims at exploring the potential roles of specifications in the context of some of these issues, in elevating construction performance levels through a lean construction based strategy. }, author_keywords={Lean Production, Specifications, Deficiencies, Improvements, }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leiringer2001, author={Leiringer, Roine }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={The Scope for Innovative Thinking Within Public Private Partnerships}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/150}, affiliation={Doctoral Researcher, Construction Management and Economics, Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, roine@recm.kth.se }, abstract={The construction sector is routinely accused of being cost driven, with many key decisions taken on the basis of lowest cost instead of quality, safety, the environment and the long-term use of its products. The sector is plagued by traditions, customs and practices that preserve narrowly defined corporate interests at the expense of collaboration and customer orientation. Construction work is traditionally based on a statement of the perceived needs of the client and is accompanied by practices in which cost cutting is prioritised ahead of searching for something different and better. It is not so much about “lean thinking”, as “mean thinking”. Meanwhile, advocates of Public Private Partnership (PPP) procurement claim that not only are projects able to be initiated earlier and result in lower costs, they also provide better value for money, shorter construction times and higher quality in the end-product. Greater scope for innovation and improved working procedures are also claimed, supporting lean thinking, theories and applications. The paper explores some of the implications that Public Private Partnerships now present for the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Lean Thinking, Lean Construction, Public Private Partnerships, Technology Innovation }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lindfors2001, author={Lindfors, Christian T. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Process Orientation: An Approach for Organisations to Function Effectively}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/151}, affiliation={Researcher, Department of Construction Management and Economics, The Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, lindfors@recm.kth.se }, abstract={Managing the complexity of construction, in terms of controlling, handling and directing large organisations and projects to achieve success, forms part of the current work in the research project ‘value chain management in construction’, being undertaken in collaboration with a major Swedish construction company. Some of the early work has pinpointed deficiencies in current management thinking and practise within the subject company. One hypothesis is that project success is linked to the extent to which an organisation is able to manipulate and develop its processes to add value for the customer, whilst improving its internal management. A programme has therefore been initiated to systematically identify processes within the organisation and particularly the interaction between such. The work of identifying processes and their numerous interrelated and interacting processes has therefore been the focus of this research. To visualise the processes, extensive functional models have been created. From this a new process management approach has been derived, by the development of a project management system. The paper addresses the introduction of process orientation and process management to improve organisational efficiency and a structured way of making a systematic representation of processes. }, author_keywords={Value chain management, process modelling, process management, process orientation }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marchesan2001, author={Marchesan, P.R.C. and Formoso, C.T. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Cost Management and Production Control for Construction Companies}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/152}, affiliation={MSc. – Research Assistant, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS. e-mail: prmarchesan@iname.com ; PhD – Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS. e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Construction, like other industries, has been experiencing profound changes involving both the business environment and internal organization. In this context, new cost management information that provides better understanding and helps managing increasingly turbulent and complex production processes is needed. Activity-based costing (ABC) has been suggested as the leading contender method to replace traditional cost accounting systems, due to its capability to make the processes and activities performed in the organization more transparent and observable. This paper reports the main results of a research project which aimed to develop a cost accounting system capable of providing useful information to manage production processes in construction and devise a model that integrates this system to the Production Planning and Control process, based on the new operations management paradigm and on the ABC ideas. The study involved three case studies, a series of interviews with construction managers and the development of prototype software. The main conclusions of this research work are that the cost information provided by the proposed management accounting system (a) makes the production processes more transparent; (b) helps to identify production inefficiencies; (c) encourages managers to introduce corrective actions; and (d) allows the evaluation of corrective actions to be undertaken. The study also indicated that the proposed model has contributed to establish systematic procedures for production control concerned not only with time management but also with cost management. }, author_keywords={Cost management, activity-based costing, lean construction, production control. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Miles2001, author={Miles, Robert S. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Problems in the Interface Between Mechanical Design and Construction: A Research Proposal}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/153}, affiliation={VP Gowan, Inc., 5550 Airline Drive, Houston, TX 77076. 713/696-5491; rsmiles@ix.netcom.com. ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Const. Eng. & Mgt. Program, Dept. of Civil & Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley, and Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656; ballard@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={As construction projects emerge from the traditional delivery processes to modern fasttrack forms, stress has developed in the interface between the design professional’s delivery process and effective construction production. This is no greater evidenced than at the specialty contractor level. The current attempts at fast-track team type projects remain largely a time-compressed form of the traditional processes with respect to the design-construct production flow. While many of these projects are comprised of a preselected “team” of design and construction firms, in most cases the role of the specialty contractor is limited to pricing exercises and perhaps some traditional “value engineering” suggestions during the design phases. Substantial improvements in production workflow, if any, have been generally limited to the area of cooperative construction activity sequencing and scheduling. Problems arising from this situation are illustrated and research is proposed for testing possible solutions. }, author_keywords={Construction, fast-track, value chain, production process, pull, lean construction, delivery process }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mitropoulos2001, author={Mitropoulos, Panagiotis (Takis) and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Performance Improvement Programs and Lean Construction}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/154}, affiliation={Process Improvement Coordinator, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, Ca, 94603, (650) 474-1450, Takism@dprinc.com ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID, 83340, 208/726-9989, ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={The paper examines the relationship between Lean Construction and Performance Improvement programs in construction organizations. The authors argue that the structure and focus of existing performance improvement programs are a barrier to Lean Construction’s entry into the organization. The paper first analyzes the characteristics of successful performance improvement programs, and develops a model that identifies three critical elements: 1) Time Spent on Improvement, 2) Improvement Skills and Mechanisms, and 3) Improvement Perspective and Goals. The authors identify different ways to “structure” the improvement program: outcome focused (such as Critical Success Factors) and process focused (such as Lean Construction). The paper discusses the implications of the different “perspectives” and argues that they lead to different improvement approaches each reflecting different paradigms for the nature of the change. The authors propose that “result-focused” improvement programs may be a barrier to the adoption of Lean Construction. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Implementation, Improvement programs }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Picchi2001, author={Picchi, Flavio A. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={System View of Lean Construction Application Opportunities}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/155}, affiliation={Doctor in Engineering, Consultant, and Director of Lean Institute Brasil. R. Vergueiro, 3645 cj. 906 - São Paulo - CEP 04101-300, Brazil, +55-11-5579-9613, FAX +55-11-570-9613, piccon@xpnet.com.br. }, abstract={Construction has been one of the first sectors to discuss Lean Thinking in an environment different from that where it was developed. Lean Thinking is a broad concept and construction is a highly diversified and complex sector, so the opportunities for application are very wide. This paper will discuss these opportunities in a systematic framework, useful for identifying interactions among applications developed so far as well as gaps for future studies. This framework will be constructed crossing Lean Thinking core elements and construction main flows. Due to differences between construction and manufacturing, lean tools direct application is not suitable in most cases. Lean principles deployed to a detailed conceptual level, named core elements, is argued to be a better basis for the discussion of potential applications in different environments, as construction. According to lean concept, construction is understood in this paper as a connection of five main flows. The discussion of each core element for each flow points up opportunities of application. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, applications, system view. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Riley2001, author={Riley, David and Horman, Michael }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={The Effects of Design Coordination on Project Uncertainty}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/156}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Penn State University, 104 Eng. Unit A, University Park, PA, 16802. Ph: 814/863-2079 driley@engr.psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Penn State University, 104 Eng. Unit A, University Park, PA, 16802. Ph: 814/863-2080 mjhorman@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={Improved design coordination can minimize project uncertainty by decreasing disruption, and reducing waste in the construction processes. While the relationship between coordination and uncertainty is understood, there is little empirical evidence that quantifies the linkage. This paper explores the effects of design coordination on project uncertainty, and demonstrates that investments in design coordination can typically return savings to building projects by reducing field-generated change orders and disruptions. Evidence is provided to demonstrate the cost-benefit relationship between investment in coordination planning and the cost of field conflicts. The effects of project delivery systems on the coordination process are examined through a comparison of the coordination process on fourteen laboratory construction projects. Suggestions for characterizing coordination effort based on project type and delivery system are provided and recommendations are made for future research on the time and cost metrics of the coordination process. }, author_keywords={Design coordination, Variability, Work Flow }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2001, author={Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Guimaraes, Lia Buarque de Macedo }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Integrating Safety Into Production Planning and Control Process: An Exploratory Study}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/157}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate at LOPP/UFRGS (Products and Processes Optimization Laboratory / Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). E-mail: saurin@vortex.ufrgs.br. Praça Argentina, nº 9 - sala 402. CEP 90040-020. Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil. ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at NORIE/UFRGS (Building Innovation Research Group). E-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., C.P.E. Associate Professor at LOPP/UFRGS. E-mail: liabmg@ppgep.ufrgs.br }, abstract={This paper presents partial results of an ongoing research project that aims to develop a safety planning and control (SPC) model, integrated to the production planning and control process. A pilot study aiming to evaluate the feasibility of the integration was carried out at the site of a small sized building company. Safety planning was introduced in an existing planning and control cycle. One of the main conclusions of the study is that some lean production concepts and methods that have been used for production planning and control (such as the Last Planner Method, for instance) can be easily extended to safety planning. For instance, a performance indicator named PSW (Percentage of Safe Work Packages), similar to PPC, is potentially effective for safety control. Based on the overall analysis of the case study, some guidelines for further improvements in the SPC model are proposed. }, author_keywords={Safety, production management, planning and control, macroergonomics. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seymour2001, author={Seymour, David and Rooke, John }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={The Role of Ethnography in the Implementation of Lean Construction}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/158}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Eng., U. of Birmingham, U.K. d.e.seymour@bham.ac.uk. ; Research Associate, respectively, Dept. of Civil Eng., U. of Birmingham, U.K. }, abstract={Lean Construction is a radically new way of thinking about the construction process. To engineer its adoption means questioning assumptions, ways of thinking and practices - the culture - into which people have long been schooled. Therefore, efforts have been made to understand the existing culture; to establish the reasoning and rationales it embraces in order to change it. Part of this project has resulted in the presumption that there are mental models, mindsets or general dispositions to think and act in a certain way. While these constructs may be a useful first step in putting oneself ‘in the other’s shoes’ in order better to develop and negotiate change strategies, there are a number of dangers associated with them. There are two in particular. The first is the ‘cultural dope’ fallacy where another’s action is seen simply as the acting out of a version of that other’s culture which has been constructed by the analyst. The second is the presumption that it is possible for an analyst to provide such constructs without being subject to the fact, which has become a commonplace in management studies, that everybody (including the analyst) has a point of view; a mental model of her own. With reference to case material, the paper explores some ways in which ethnographic research methods can help to avoid these dangers and at the same time contribute to the management of change. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, ethnography, culture, research methodology, action research, change management }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2001, author={Tommelein, Iris D. and Beeche, Greg }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={De-Coupling Cladding Installation From Other High-Rise Building Trades: A Case Study}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/159}, affiliation={Professor, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil and Envir. Engrg., 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein ; Director of Market Development, Beeche Systems Corp., Scotia-Glenville Industrial Park Building 202, Scotia, NY 12302, 518/381-6000, FAX: 518/381-4613, gbeeche@beeche.com, http://www.beeche.com/ }, abstract={This paper presents a system to handle and install exterior cladding on high-rise buildings. The system is innovative in that the cladding panels are installed from the building’s exterior without the use of a tower crane or man lift, and without on-floor staging. Accordingly, all work pertaining to the panels effectively is de-coupled from most other construction work going on concurrently on site. This results in flexibility and work that can progress at a fast, continuous pace, thereby also allowing for project schedule acceleration. The paper includes illustrations of the use of this innovative cladding installation system in the process of constructing the 70-story Trump World Tower in New York City. The system was developed recognizing that tight handoffs between trades may lead to detrimental performance. De-coupling of interacting trades is one step towards implementing a lean construction system. }, author_keywords={Parade of trades, interacting sub-cycles, de-coupling, exterior cladding installation, curtain wall construction, high-rise building construction, Trump World Tower, lean construction. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2001, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Integrated Product-Process Development by a Light Fixture Manufacturer}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/160}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Mobile: 510/593-4884, FAX: 510/643-8919, ccytsao@alum.calberkeley.org ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein }, abstract={This paper describes a brand of indirect light fixtures, developed by a process-oriented manufacturer whose product development efforts have supported supply-chain performance. To help explain the relationship between product and process design, the paper outlines the lightfixture supply chain with several key stakeholders and handoffs. The manufacturer’s choices are then viewed from the perspective of meeting requirements and creating value for customers, namely owners, designers, and electrical contractors. Electrical contractors have found this manufacturer’s short lead times, delivery reliability, and installation ease to be valuable in planning and executing work. Owners who select this manufacturer’s products appreciate the low total-installed-cost and the lead times that contribute to shortening the overall project schedule. The manufacturer’s strategic materials selection, outsourcing decisions, and modular design, supporting a commitment to a 10-day lead time for standard products, provide good examples of work-structuring contributions towards the implementation of a lean project delivery system. }, author_keywords={lean construction, work structuring, product design, process design, operations design, methods analysis, indirect lighting, light fixture, electrical contractor, supply chain management, value, waste }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos2001, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Betts, Martin }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Planning the Product Development Process in Construction: An Exploratory Case Study}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/161}, affiliation={M.Sc., Ph.D. student, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, FAX + 44 (0)161 2955011, e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brasil. FAX:+ 55 51 316 4054, e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; BSc, Ph.D., MCIOB, Head of School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, FAX + 44 (0)161 2955011, e-mail: m.betts@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The emergence of a new production paradigm has been widely discussed in the literature. Concepts developed in operations management research related to the new paradigm should also be valid and useful in construction. Unfortunately, these have been weakly applied in the product development processes in most companies, despite the importance of this process. The product development process (PDP) comprises the set of activities needed for the conception and design of a product, from the identification of a market opportunity to its delivery to the final client. Its main objective is to translate customer requirements and needs into a design solution. Successful PDP requires the effective control of the work developed by the teams involved and of the exchange of information between them. This paper aims to contribute to the integration of the existing theories related to product development and operations management, looking for linkages between them. It also presents the results of an exploratory case study that aimed to propose a model for planning and controlling the PDP, based on the adaptation of tools originally developed for physical production planning and control. This involved the implementation of a previously defined process model for managing the PDP, as a basis for long term planning. The main benefits and difficulties faced during the implementation of this planning method are discussed. }, author_keywords={Product development, process planning, operations management, design management. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2001, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Koskela, Lauri and Howell, Greg }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Understanding Construction Supply Chains: An Alternative Interpretation}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/162}, affiliation={Research Scientist, TNO Building and Construction Research, Department of Strategic Studies, Quality Assurance and Building Regulations, P.O.Box 49, NL-2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2695228, Fax +31 15 2695335, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bouw.tno.nl ; Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Director, Lean Construction Institute, P.O.Box 1003, Ketchum, Id, 83340, U.S.A., Phone +1 208 7269989, Fax +1 707 2481369, E-mail ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Much research work has assessed that construction is ineffective and many problems can be observed. Analysis of these problems has shown that a major part of them are supply chain problems, originating at the interfaces of different parties or functions. There have been several kinds of initiatives aiming at improvement and renewal of construction supply chains, but only few have a track record of consequent and significant successes. Here construction supply chains are approached from an alternative theoretical viewpoint, namely that of the language/action perspective. In this approach, organizations are seen as networks of commitments. Two avenues have been pinpointed for practical application of this approach. First, the process of requesting, creating and monitoring commitments can be facilitated by heuristic models and computer systems, when suitably designed. Secondly, people can learn to communicate for action by developing new sensibility towards the ways their language acts participate in networks of human commitments, and improving their skills in understanding requests, and making commitments. By closer study, existing empirical observations support the idea that a large share of construction supply chain problems are caused by poor articulation and activation of commitments. But would this new approach also facilitate the implementation of a new supply chain management that has proved to be so difficult in practice? In this regard, two initiatives are reviewed. The Dutch initiative to create a framework for communication in large civil engineering projects is first presented and initial experiences from its implementation are discussed. Then, Last Planner implementations are analyzed. By drawing on the concept of small wins, it is concluded that these implementations act as a stimulus for wider changes towards an environment of firm commitments and high trust. The paper ends with a review on research tasks ahead. }, author_keywords={Construction supply chain, language/action perspective, small wins }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Whelton2001, author={Whelton, Michael and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Application of Design Rationale Systems to Project Definition – Establishing a Research Project}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/163}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, mwhelton@uclink4.berkeley.edu ; Adjunct Associate Professor, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Better design decision management is possible through the use of lean production planning and control techniques, group decision-making, and knowledge management tools. Central to the success of these tools is the capture and timely management of the design rationale underlying design decisions. This research views design as a collaborative decision-making process, and highlights the need for supporting group technologies. The literature is summarized regarding relevant design processes, decision models and group support systems available to designers. Design viewed as an explicit decision making process is discussed and background research on group decision-making is documented. This paper also explores the benefits of employing design rationale systems to promote quality design assignments, value generation, and team learning among project stakeholders. A need for understanding the interfaces of design process, group decision-making and information technology support is established. A research model is proposed to integrate design rationale management with design process planning and control for the project definition phase of project delivery. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, design rationale systems, group decision-making, knowledge management, lean design, organizational learning, project definition, }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Yang2001, author={Yang, Tung and Ioannou, Photios G. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Resource-Driven Scheduling for Repetitive Projects: A Pull-System Approach}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/164}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 1340 G. G. Brown, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, 734/7640528, ityang@engin.umich.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 2354 G. G. Brown, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, 734/7643369, photios@umich.edu }, abstract={Having resources work continuously has long been the goal for scheduling repetitive projects. Waste (unforced idleness) in repetitive projects is observed when labor and equipment (resources) are waiting, being idle, because the preceding resources have not finished their jobs. In this paper we investigate the existence and influence of unforced idleness. In contrast to the push-system approach used by traditional critical path method (CPM), we propose a pull-system scheduling system to eliminate unforced idleness in repetitive projects. We use the term pull in applying repetitive scheduling ideas to lean construction in a new way. The scheduling system is able to model general repetitive projects by relaxing impractical assumptions posted by previous models and provides a computational algorithm to generate planned and as-built graphical schedules. We also define the necessary elements of the scheduling system and describe the concept underlying a computational algorithm. A computer program, Repetitive Project Planner (RP2), is incorporated and a real-life pipeline project is implemented to demonstrate the application. The pull-system scheduling system can serve as a practical tool toward continuous work flow. }, author_keywords={Repetitive scheduling, resource-driven scheduling, pull-system, just in time, continuous work flow }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdelhamid2002, author={Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Everett, John G. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Physical Demands of Construction Work: A Source of Workflow Unreliability}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/165}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu ; Assistant Professor, 2352 G. G. Brown, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125. Email: Everett@umich.edu }, abstract={Improving workflow reliability is paramount to the success of lean-based production operations. Unreliable workflow results from variability in performance. In the construction industry, sources of variability include late delivery of material and equipment, design errors, change orders, equipment breakdowns, tool malfunctions, improper crew utilization, labor strikes, and environmental effects. Another important source of variability, which is often overlooked in research and practice, is worker physical performance degradation. This degradation is caused by long term physical fatigue resulting from physically demanding work that remains ubiquitous in the construction industry. This research was motivated by the need to investigate the physical demands of construction work as an indirect source of workflow unreliability. Using work physiology principles, physiological measures of energy expenditure, including oxygen consumption and heart rate data, were collected for 18 construction laborers performing actual construction work. The results reveal that some workers routinely exceed one or more published guidelines for acceptable levels of physiological demands. The research points to the need to promote concepts of work physiology at the workplace to better the occupational safety and health of the construction workforce while simultaneously reducing performance variability and enabling lean conversion efforts. }, author_keywords={Occupational Ergonomics, Work Physiology, Construction Safety }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2002, author={Alarcón, Luis F. and Diethelmand, Sven and Rojo, Oscar }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Collaborative Implementation of Lean Planning Systems in Chilean Construction Companies}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={541-551}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/166}, affiliation={Professor of civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Research Engineer, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: sdiethel@ing.puc.cl ; Research Engineer, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: orojo@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={This paper describes the strategies applied by the research team of the Universidad Católica de Chile to implement the Last Planner System in twelve construction companies. The paper reports the results obtained, analyzes critical factors, barriers found in the organization and strategies to manage them in order to strengthen the implementation process. Twelve Chilean construction companies are currently developing a collaborative research and implementation effort to improve their competitiveness in the local and international market. The strategies followed for implementation include some key elements such as: training for action, collaborative sharing among companies, coaching and action research. All these aspects are part of an overall strategy to introduce principles of lean construction and better practices in the organizations. The incremental nature of the implementation, has made it possible to observe, analyze and identify the impacts of individual changes in the planning process and in the project/production management practice of the companies. The paper discusses some important aspects of the Last Planner implementation, including human and organizational aspects that seem to be key for a successful implementation. }, author_keywords={Last Planner; lean construction; production management; human resource management }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2002, author={Alarcón, Luis F. and Seguel, Loreto }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Developing Incentive Strategies for Implementation of Lean Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={403-414}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/167}, affiliation={Professor of civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Graduate Research Assistant, Graduate Research AssistantUniversidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lseguel@puc.cl }, abstract={This paper describes a methodology that has been developed by a group of Chilean construction companies to select employee and organizational incentives to encourage participation and commitment to the implementation of improvement actions in their organizations. These companies are carrying out joint efforts to implement lean practices that will lead them to gain improved competitiveness in their markets. The selection of incentives to introduce changes in an organization goes beyond the economic aspects and should address a full range of aspects and levels within the organization, involving upper and middle management, and workers. This paper focus mainly in the incentives for middle management, a level that has been found to be key for successful implementation of changes in the organizations. The methodology considers theoretical aspects as well as attitudes and perceptions obtained from each organization. The focus of the methodology is in identifying “drivers for change” at different levels: individuals, organizations and as a group of companies. As a result the methodology support the selection of incentives at each one of the levels addressed. }, author_keywords={Employee Incentives; lean construction; organizational change; human resource management }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alwi2002, author={Alwi, Sugiharto and Hampson, Keith and Mohamed, Sherif }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Non Value-Adding Activities: A Comparative Study of Indonesian and Australian Construction Projects}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={627-638}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/168}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta 11440, INDONESIA, sualwi@hotmail.com ; Professor and CEO of CRC for Construction Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, AUSTRALIA, k.hampson@qut.com ; Senior Lecturer, School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4217, AUSTRALIA, s.mohamed@mailbox.gu.edu.au }, abstract={Construction managers have for a long time focused their attention on conversion processes, with little attention given to flow activities, leading to uncertain flow processes, expansion of non value-adding activities, and reduction of output value. This paper investigates the incidence of non value-adding activities in construction projects in Indonesia and Australia, focusing on non-residential building and infrastructure projects. Data was collected via questionnaires and personal interviews targeting 99 respondents from Indonesia and 50 respondents from Australia. A quantitative approach was adopted for this research utilising the results of a questionnaire survey involving 53 variables that relate to non value-adding activities. The variables were then separated into two classifications: waste categories that contribute to a reduction in the value of construction productivity and waste cause variables that could be defined as factors producing waste. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the different perceptions amongst the respondents and to determine the key variables of non value-adding activities. The paper illustrates the key waste categories, the key waste cause variables and leads the contractors to focus their attentions on these issues in order to reduce the incidence of non value-adding activities during the construction process. }, author_keywords={Non value-adding activities, construction-contracting companies, Indonesia, Australia }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Amorim2002, author={Amorim, Sergio R. Leusin de and Peixoto, Lucia and Nunes, Roberta and Madeira, Luis C. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Specification Standards for the New Management Settings of Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/169}, affiliation={Head Professor, Architectural Department., Universidade Federal Fluminense - Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil, Rua Passo da Pátria 156/sala360 - São domingos - Niterói - Cep: 24.210-240.Tel: (21) 2721-1378 - Fax: (21) 2719-1252, leusin@civil.uff.br ; Research Assistant, MBA, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil, Rua Passo da Pátria 156/sala360 - São domingos - Niterói - Cep: 24.210-240.Tel: (21) 2721-1378 - Fax: (21) 2719-1252, lap@civil.uff.br ; Architect, M.Sc., Universidade Federal Fluminense - Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil, Rua Passo da Pátria 156/sala360 - São domingos - Niterói - Cep: 24.210-240.Tel: (21) 2721-1378 - Fax: (21) 2719-1252, robin@pobox.com.br ; Architect, M.Sc. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, luiscsmd.rlk@terra.com.br }, abstract={The new forms of management, which have been applied to construction, imply a differentiated demand of information contents on products and services. The alterations in the contract models, project development, control methods, as well as the quality management system requirements, need both content and form of product and services data dissemination to be homogeneous, in order to allow the interoperability of systems and agents. Many product-classification systems already co-exist and, at the moment, an impressive international standardisation effort is taking place through OCCS. This proposal, which is mainly focused on products, does not encompass important points for the management of the whole life span of a building. For this, it will be necessary to add new facets to the classifying structure and to deepen product definition, including the description of the production space. The creation of descriptive standards associated with these classification systems may consolidate a more understandable language for construction management, which may be transcribed or incorporated by languages such as XML or IFC standards. The basis for building these standards must be a consolidated terminology. Based on this, it will be possible to establish associative networks of concepts linked to building management and production processes. It will also be possible to define the most common characteristics linked to each category of products and services, treating them as attributes of these items, as well as all types of uses, elements and spaces composing the environment where the management process takes place. }, author_keywords={Specifications standards, building management systems, terminology. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Anquino2002, author={Anquino, Janayna Patricia R. de and Melhado, Silvio Burrattino }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Importance of the Design for Production in the Design Process Management in Building Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/170}, affiliation={M.Sc. candidate, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091- 5422, fax +55 11/3091-5544, janayna.aquino@poli.usp.br ; Ph.D. Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091- 5164, fax +55 11/3091-5715, silvio.melhado@poli.usp.br }, abstract={The design model, hitherto adopted by building companies, is sequential, lacks coordination and, most of the time is disengaged from the production process. It is now undergoing reformulation because of the intense concern with quality in this sector. Building companies are beginning to admit the importance of the production chain, with design acting as an element which preempts problems on the building site. The design process management assumes large importance in lean construction: adopting constructability principles; minimizing waste and reducing time. In this field of action, the design for production has been put to use by building companies to improve the production process, since it holds the necessary elements. Inserted in the design process, it seeks to support continuous improvement on building sites. The present work intends to evaluate the importance of the design for production in the design process management, checking its validation while being a support element to the production. It is intended to do this via a bibliographic review and a case study of a building and incorporating company in the state of Sao Paulo. This work will put in focus the improvement of quality of the design process through the introduction of several designs for production (masonry, rendering, etc.), and the reduction of waste with design and production costs by their use. }, author_keywords={Design process, Design for production and Constructability, Lean Construction, Building Construction }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2002, author={Arbulu, Roberto J. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Alternative Supply-Chain Configurations for Engineered or Catalogued Made-to-Order Components: Case Study on Pipe Supports Used in Power Plants}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/171}, affiliation={Master of Engineering, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, USA, arbulu@uclink.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Many construction inefficiencies are due to supply-chain (SC) problems that occur at the interface between processes or disciplines. This paper illustrates such problems by describing a case study on the supply of pipe supports used in power plants. Pipe supports often arrive late at the construction site because their design tends to be pushed towards the end of the power plant design process due to the interaction of supports with other power plant systems. Since power plants are typically fast-track projects, the design and construction phases overlap. Late support design therefore constrains the SC and may ultimately cause project delays. This paper presents the five alternative SC configurations that have been identified in the case study. It addresses the need to accelerate the design, procurement, and fabrication processes of engineered or catalogued made-to-order pipe supports in order to avoid late arrivals to the site while making best use of the capabilities available in all SC participants. This paper concludes with a set of recommendations for performance improvement in the supply of pipe supports. Finally, it identifies research opportunities to achieve further improvement. }, author_keywords={Supply-chain management, construction supply chain, interdependency, batch size, alliance, standardization, modularization, push vs. pull, pipe support, design, procurement, fabrication, power plant, process mapping. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2002, author={Arbulu, Roberto J. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Value Stream Analysis of Construction Supply Chains: Case Study on Pipe Supports Used in Power Plants}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={183-195}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/172}, affiliation={ }, abstract={Waste is omnipresent in construction supply chains. It often occurs at the interface between processes, disciplines, or organizations. To illustrate several causes of waste, this paper focuses on a case study that documents the most common configuration of the supply chain for pipe supports used in the power plant industry. Using value-stream mapping across organizational boundaries, this paper illustrates how work flows throughout the design, procurement, and fabrication phases of pipe supports. Industry data obtained through tens of interviews helps to evaluate value-added and non-value-added times, batch sizes, and lead times for this particular supply chain configuration. The paper provides considerations for eliminating waste in order to reduce the total delivery lead time of pipe supports and thereby improve supply chain performance. It concludes by summarizing the case study findings and identifying additional research opportunities to achieve further improvement. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, construction supply chain, waste, value-stream mapping, value-added time, non-value-added time, lead time, batch size, multi-tasking, pipe support, power plant. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2002, author={Ballard, Glenn and Harper, Nigel and Zabelle, Todd }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={An Application of Lean Concepts and Techniques to Precast Concrete Fabrication}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/173}, affiliation={Glenn Ballard is Research Director for the Center for Innovation in Project and Production Management (dba Lean Construction Institute) and Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, ballard@leanconstruction.org. ; Nigel Harper is Operations Director for Malling Precast Products Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of O’Rourke Ltd., nharper@orourke.co.uk. ; Todd Zabelle is President of Strategic Project Solutions, tzabelle@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={Fabrication is a vital part of the extended production system for a construction project. As shop fabrication is a type of manufacturing and ‘lean thinking’ arose in manufacturing, use of lean concepts and techniques in the management of fabrication processes would seem to be a natural and beneficial application. Fabrication can be divided into pre-manufacturing, manufacturing, and postmanufacturing. In a separate paper, the authors have reported the application of lean ‘rules and tools’ to the manufacturing of precast concrete. This paper presents an overview of the entire intervention, which confirms the applicability of lean concepts and techniques to the management of fabrication processes, and illustrates the benefits achievable in improved management of demand, reduced cycle time, greater productivity, heightened work force involvement, and increased revenue and profitability. Suggestions are made for future research. }, author_keywords={cycle time, fabrication, flow, lead time, Last Planner, lean production, management, pull, production system design }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bernardes2002, author={Bernardes, Mauricio M.S. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Contributions to the Evaluation of Production Planning and Control Systems in Building Companies}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/174}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Architecture, Rua Sarmento Leite, nº 320, sala 504, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90050-010, moreiraesilva@terra.com.br ; Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, PPGEC – Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, nº 99, 3º andar, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90035-190, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={It is widely accepted that the overall performance of construction companies is largely affected by the lack of effectiveness of their production planning and control systems. Through the evaluation of such systems, one can identify the origin of existing problems and actions that can improve the performance of production systems. The contributions presented in this article arise from a research project that had as one of its primary goals the development of a production planning and control model for small sized building companies. A set of practices underlying this model was defined in order to evaluate the effectiveness of its implementation. The identification of these practices was based on production management core concepts and principles. An indicator measuring the implementation effectiveness of the model was also proposed. The results indicated that most successful planning and control systems in terms of implementation were those in which short term planning and control was effective and stable. }, author_keywords={Production Planning and Control, Planning System Evaluation, Performance Measurement, Implementation }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2002, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Managing the Three Aspects of Production in Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={13-22}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/175}, affiliation={M.Sc., Research Director, The Benchmark Centre for the Danish Construction Sector, Strandgade 27B, 1401 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Phone +45 3264 1441. E-mail: sven@bertelsen.org ; Senior Researcher, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O.Box 1800, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={It has been argued that production can be conceptualized in three complementary ways: transformation, flow and value generation. In production management, each of these aspects should be tackled. The interactions of these three kinds of managerial work provide for further generic managerial tasks. Also the contingent nature of management has to be taken into account. Based on the essential characteristics of construction, an ideal type of management of each aspect is presented. The paper ends with practical examples where the different types of management as discussed have been explicitly deployed. The managerial model outlined contrasts with the conventional managerial practice where only transformations are explicitly attended. }, author_keywords={Production management, project management, transformation, flow, value }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2002, author={Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Bridging the Gaps – Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of Lean Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={23-35}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/176}, affiliation={MSc, Research Director, The Benchmark Center for the Danish Construction Sector, Strandgade 27B, 1401 Copenhagen K, DK Denmark. Phone +45 3264 1441. E-mail: sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={Since the start of the work on the Lean Construction theory and methods in 1993, two major contributions have governed the process as seen from practice. One is Lauri Koskela's understanding of construction as a production, based on the Transformation- Flow-Value concept (the TFV-concept), the other is Glenn Ballard and Greg Howell's Last Planner method of production control. These two contributions still stand as two isolated islands even though a number of ideas have been presented in order to bridge the gap between them, concerning for instance the understanding of project management, the value generation process and the cooperation during the project life cycle. The paper highlights and discusses the primary understanding behind the two main lines of thinking and proposes minor modifications to the two major theories. Three more viewpoints on construction are then proposed as stepping-stones across the gap between the main islands. The use of these principles in project management is briefly touched upon with a reference to recent Danish experiences. Finally, areas for further research are proposed. }, author_keywords={Construction, production theory, Last Planner, complexity, project management }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Caldas2002, author={Caldas, Carlos H. and Soibelman, Lucio }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Automated Classification Methods: Supporting the Implementation of Pull Techniques for Information Flow Management}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/177}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. 3142 Newmark CE Lab. Urbana, IL 61801. caldas@uiuc.edu. ; Assistant Professor. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. 3129c Newmark CE Lab. Urbana, IL 61801. soibelma@uiuc.edu. }, abstract={One of the requisites for implementing lean construction processes is the management of information flows through the networks of cooperating project organizations. Information flows about directives, criteria, prerequisites, availability, commitments, and resources are essential to production control and work structuring. Since a large percentage of these project information is generated in text format, methods for managing the information contained in these types of documents becomes essential to improve work flow reliability. Information management systems have been used for this purpose. One limitation of the text-based information management aspects in current systems is the reliance on push methods. Push systems schedule the release of information based on demand. On the other hand, pull systems release information based on system status. For that reason, the implementation of pull information systems is an essential requirement of lean construction delivery systems. This paper describes a methodology to support the implementation of pull techniques in construction management information systems based on automated text classification methods. }, author_keywords={Construction management, information flows, information management, machine learning, pull systems, text/data mining. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Conte2002, author={Conte, Antonio Sergio Itri }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Lean Construction: From Theory to Practice}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/178}, affiliation={Director of Lean Construction Institute of Brazil. e-mail:asiconte@leanconstruction.com.br Logical Systems Consultoria S/C Ltda.R. Caravelas, 326 – Vila Mariana – São Paulo – SP – 04012-060 Fone/Fax: (11) 5573-6937 e-mail:lcibr@uol.com.br }, abstract={The application of Lean Construction principles and techniques implies the adoption of a new organization design that can make Project Management systems feasible in the construction sector. The flexibility achieved by Production Management systems with the adoption of this model should come together with new applications that monitor the operating performance of each Project being executed. They go from execution deadlines and production costs to compliance levels related to quality standards and job safety specific to each particular Project. This paper discusses the results obtained by the practical application of Lean Construction to ventures located in several Brazilian cities, with a total accumulated built-up area of more than 250,000 square meters. We emphasize the example of building an upscale, 18-floor residential building in São Paulo with four flats per floor and a built-up area of 14,230 square meters. The Project employed specific control techniques that sought to consolidate a management vision focused on the systematic reduction of activities that did not add value to the end product. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Project Management, Production Management, Cost Performance. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cuperus2002, author={Cuperus, Ype }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Almere Monitor - An Evaluation of 19 Consumer Oriented Housing Projects in the Netherlands}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/179}, affiliation={Director, OBOM Research Group, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Berlageweg 1, NL-2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2785400, Fax +31 15 2788295, Email y.j.cuperus@bk.tudelft.nl }, abstract={In The Netherlands, housing changes from a supply towards a demand market. This will have serious implications on the building industry. This is analyzed in a multiple case study, conducted at 19 mass- customized projects in the Dutch town of Almere. It is a thirty-year-old new town, built on reclaimed ground and is still under construction. Since all land was initially state owned and municipality controlled, it offered the opportunity for many experiments in urban planning, social housing and management. In 2001 the ‘Eilandenwijk’ scheme was completed, consisting of 450 units, subdivided over 15 developers/ builders. The main constraint was that no two units should be the same and that all units should be customer- determined. The OBOM Research Group was commissioned by SBR (Foundation for Building Research) to evaluate the potential conflicts and gains between highly efficient building processes, influenced by consumer demands. The evaluation aims to visualize the lead times of separate, yet connected decisions with regard to building parts and building part groups of the 15 projects mentioned. The evaluation should result in a benchmark for future mass customized housing projects. The preliminary results are due to be published in October 2002. }, author_keywords={Consumer oriented housing, mass-customization, lead-time. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Degani2002, author={Degani, Clarice Menezes and Cardoso, Francisco Ferreira }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Environmental Performance and Lean Construction Concepts - Can We Talk About a Clean Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/180}, affiliation={M. Sc. Student, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of Sao Paulo. FAPESP grants. Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil. E-mail: clarice.menezes@poli.usp.br. ; Ph. D. Assistant Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of Sao Paulo. Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508- 900, Brazil. E-mail: francisco.cardoso@poli.usp.br. }, abstract={This paper tries to answer this question: in the same way that lean production concepts give support to lean construction ones, can we talk about a 'clean construction', supported by environmental performance and lean construction concepts? The goal should be to better meet environment demands, while respecting the production purposes. This paper shows that the answer is affirmative. More than that, it shows that we can improve the performance of the production management process, including environmental aspects. This new approach could lead to a so-called 'clean construction'. This article shows the state of the art in this matter, describing some of the solutions found in academic researches and some on-site experiences concerning environmental aspects in building construction. The main objective is to identify the major environmental approaches that could lead to a 'clean construction', respecting production goals, so that the building sector could contribute to a more sustainable development. }, author_keywords={Sustainable development, environmental performance, lean construction, clean production, clean construction. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Draper2002, author={Draper, John D. and Martinez, Julio }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Evaluation of Alternative Production System Designs With Discrete Event Simulation}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/181}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Vecillio Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. 703/583-9098, jodraper@vt.edu ; Associate Professor, Vecillio Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. 540/231-9420, julio@vt.edu }, abstract={The business model of the building construction sector of the construction industry has changed very little over the years. The highly fragmented structure of the industry has led to an overwhelming focus on project management vice production control and has resulted in “artificial” constraints that limit the ways in which the physical product actually gets built. These artificial constraints render it difficult if not impossible to design the production system from a product-centric approach. The functionally-aligned traditional approach is characterized by four types of waste: (1) Duplicated direct and indirect overhead expenses generated by the numerous business entities involved in the construction, (2) Multiple mobilization/demobilization cycles, (3) Inability of subcontractors to organize their work as efficiently as they could if the other subcontractors were not in the picture, and (4) Rework to correct components that are damaged, disturbed or knocked out of alignment by others. An alternative production system design is proposed, modeled on a parallel flow system used by Volvo in a final assembly plant in Uddevalla, Sweden. The advantage of this type of arrangement in accommodating variation is demonstrated with a simulation model of an idealized process. A research program is outlined which develops and evaluates with discrete event simulation similar type production system designs for selected building construction processes. }, author_keywords={Production system design, simulation, parallel process }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elfving2002, author={Elfving, Jan and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Reducing Lead Time for Electrical Switchgear}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/182}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, FAX: 510/643-8919, elfving@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 888/771- 9207, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu: Associate Adjunct Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712 }, abstract={This paper highlights some of the key problems in reducing lead times for engineered-toorder construction products, specifically items of equipment such as electrical switchgear (“permanent plant equipment” in the jargon of the process industries). Lead time reduction has long been considered a fundamental objective in overall business improvement and is a cornerstone in lean thinking. The benefits include reduced inventories and costs, greater flexibility and responsiveness, and better satisfied customers. In construction projects, shorter lead times could significantly reduce the number of change orders and/or make projects more robust to changes. The authors suggest that the focus on reducing engineering lead times will have a greater impact on lead time reduction than a further focus on the manufacturing stage and that the product specification stage may play a more significant role in lead time reduction. An example of a switchgear supply chain demonstrates how long lead times lead to inadequate information from various players in the product specification stage impairs the process and leads to a chain reaction further down the supply chain. As a result, numerous design iterations and change orders occur, which further propagate the long lead times. This pernicious system dynamic is further complicated by the fact that some players in the switchgear supply chain profit from (or believe they profit from) change orders. }, author_keywords={Engineered-to-order product, lead time reduction, lean construction, order, procurement, product specification }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fiallo C.2002, author={Fiallo C., Mario and Revelo P., Victor Hugo }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Applying the Last Planner Control System to a Construction Project - A Case Study in Quito, Ecuador}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/183}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc. Candidate at Central University of Ecuador (UCE), Assistant Researcher at Postgraduate Institute, Quito - Ecuador, 593-2-2296610, 593-9-9923905, FAX 593-2-2296610, mfiallo@interlap.com.ar ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc. NORIE / Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS (Brazil), Business Management Specialist (PPGA/UFRGS), Professor and Researcher at the Postgraduate Institute at Central University of Ecuador (UCE), Brasil 802 y Mariano Echeverría, Quito - Ecuador, 593-2- 2448754, 593-2-2244905, 593-9-9230808, FAX 593-2-2244905, likavito@interactive.net.ec , grupotsi@interactive.net.ec }, abstract={Lean Construction is a new philosophy oriented toward construction production administration. It sets productive flows in motion in order to develop control systems with the aim of reducing losses throughout the process. One of these production control systems was designed by Ballard and Howell and is known as the Last Planner System (LPS). This system presents fundamental changes in the way projects are planned and controlled. The functions of the Last Planner System include: productive unit and work flow control, and completing quality assignments. In addition, it makes it easier to get to the root of the problems, and to make timely decisions regarding adjustments needed within the operation, in order to execute actions opportunely, thereby increasing productivity. The main objective of the study is to disseminate the results obtained from an application of the Last Planner System in a construction project in Quito, Ecuador. The results demonstrate that every time the contractor applies LPS, both the Percent Plan Complete (PPC) and the Performance Factor (PF) improve. The PPC and PF rates show an improvement trend every time the system is used. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Lean Construction, flow, productivity, project and planning control, production improvement. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2002, author={Filho, Antonio N. de Miranda and Menezes, Emilio Araujo }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Development of an Operational Parameter Measuring System}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/184}, affiliation={Civil Eng., M.Sc, Lecturer at the Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br ; Economist, PhD., Senior Lecturer at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil, emilio@eps.ufsc.br }, abstract={In search of a more comprehensive view of construction processes’ true problems, this paper proposes an Operational Parameter Measuring System based on the principles of Lean Production. By measuring waste, activity rating, cycle time and cost, the System aims to provide accurate information to site management so that actions can be taken to correct the identified problems or to reestablish the process on its course. In order to adapt Lean Production to construction peculiarities, a bridge was built between traditional practices and new developments. The Measuring System is in this way based on the integration of Activity Sampling and Activity Based Costing principles. The combination of both tools made it possible for the System to be conceived on the principles of focusing control on the complete process, increasing process transparency and building continuous improvement into the process. The application of the Measuring System on the masonry process in a construction site during a period of 15 days allowed for the combined processing and information analysis of the performance measurements. This procedure pointed out opportunities for improvement and led to important conclusions about the influence of labor allocation on the increase of product costs and the occurrence of waste. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, process control, performance measurement, waste control. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Giandon2002, author={Giandon, Andre Carneiro and Mendez Junior, Ricardo and Scheer, Sergio }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Implementing Electronic Document Management System for a Lean Design Process}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/185}, affiliation={M.Sc. Candidate, Civil Engineer, Civil Construction Post-Graduate Program, Federal Univ. of Paraná, Caixa Postal 19011, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil, FAX 5541-361-3110 PHONE 5541- 361-3110, giandon@cesec.ufpr.br ; Assistant Professor, Civil Construction Department, Federal Univ. of Paraná, Caixa Postal 19011, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil, FAX 5541-361-3110 PHONE 5541-361-3110, mendesjr@ufpr.br ; Adjunct Professor, Civil Engineering Research Center, Federal University of Paraná, Caixa Postal 19011, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil, FAX 5541-2669174 PHONE 5541-3613218, scheer@ufpr.br }, abstract={This paper analyzes how the implementation of the Electronic Document Management (EDM) can contribute for a lean management in AEC sector, particularly in the design process. The main concepts of EDM are presented and illustrated with examples of its application in the design process. Some considerations are show on the document management problems in design process. The most common errors embedded on documents are: Inconsistency in design information, mismatch between connected parts, component malfunction. The authors propose how to use EDM systems for a lean design process based on the ideas proposed earlier by Koskela and Tzortzopoulos and Formoso. The lean concepts discussed here are: Reduce the share of non-value-adding activities, reduce variability, reduce cycle time, simplify by minimizing the number of steps and parts, increase output flexibility, increase process transparency, balance flow improvement with conversion improvement. The paper ends with a brief description of an implementation of EDM for a lean design process. The purpose of the paper is to bring the discussion on Information Technology (IT) usage on a lean management context. The ideas presented here is an initial step on this research in order to have a theoretical framework to analyse case study under development in a construction company in Curitiba. }, author_keywords={Document management, information systems, workflow, design process. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gil2002, author={Gil, Nuno }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Can Know-How Be Signaled?}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={37-48}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/186}, affiliation={Visiting Scholar at Sloan Management School, M.I.T. Lecturer, Project Management Division, Manchester Centre for Civil & Construction Engineering, UMIST and The University of Manchester. E-mail: nuno.gil@umist.ac.uk; Tel. +44 (0) 161 200 4632; Fax +44 (0) 161 200 4646 }, abstract={Knowledge here is defined as applying to the body of facts gathered by study, observation, and experience, as well as to the ideas inferred from those facts. Knowledge connotes an understanding of what is known. Whereas explicit knowledge has been formalized and codified, tacit knowledge may exist only in the heads of individuals. Know-how here means a subset of tacit knowledge, comprised of its operational and logistic dimensions. First, this paper articulates the problem of the lack of transference of tacit knowledge between designers and builders. It questions to what extent means and methods can be developed to help individuals signal some degree of tacit knowledge, and thereby enhance the subsequent transfer of know-how across architecture-engineering-construction (AEC) organizations’ boundaries. Then, a literature review of knowledge engineering and management as applied to the AEC domain is presented. Finally, the objectives and the expected results of a proposal to investigate hypothetical ways to help designers and builders signal their know-how are discussed. }, author_keywords={Knowledge management, communication, tacit knowledge }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heineck2002, author={Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. and Leite, Madalena Osorio and Pereira, Pedro Eduardo and Rocha, Francisco Eugenio Montenegro da }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Technological Interventions in the Control of Services in a Lean Environment}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/187}, affiliation={PhD., Professor at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Production Engineering Department, Univ. of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, FAX +5548/3317075, heineck@eps.ufsc.br ; Civil Engineer, IRB Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., 1200 Marcos Macedo, Fortaleza, CE 60150- 190, Brazil, FAX +5585/261-2319, madalenaleite@uol.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Consultant, M Informática Comércio e Serviços Ltda., 304-01 Santos Dumont, Fortaleza-CE, +5585/252-5225, FAX +5585/252-5122, minfo@secrel.com.br ; Civil Engineer, CEO, Fibra Construções Ltda., 966-603 Dom Luis, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, +5585/2615558, feugenio@fortalnet.com.br }, abstract={Lean construction concepts were used to improve concrete slab molding and mortar floor screeding operations. Detailed monitoring of site activities using handheld computers allowed the identification of cost reducing opportunities, both in relation to materials and labor. Floor screed was chosen as the first major building service to be improved, but soon concrete pouring followed suit according to the following steps: i) reduction of concrete slab height in the wet areas; ii) rendering of floor screed just after concrete pouring in an enlarged building cycle; iii) change from ready mix to on site concrete production; iv) increase in the number of formwork supporting props; v) leaving setting out marks on the floor screed to guide brickwork first course. Results are depicted using a comparative table showing general production indicators before and after processes were improved. }, author_keywords={Technological intervention, floor screed for ceramic tiles, lean construction. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heineck2002, author={Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. and Pereira, Pedro Eduardo and Leite, Madalena Osorio and Neto, Jose de Paula Barros and Pinho, Igor Barros }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Transparency in Building Construction - A Case Study}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/188}, affiliation={PhD., Professor at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Production Engineering. Department, Univ. of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, FAX +5548/3317075, heineck@eps.ufsc.br ; Civil Engineer, Consultant, M. Informática Comércio e Serviços Ltda., 304-01 Santos Dumont, Fortaleza, +5585/252-5225 FAX +5585/252-5122, minfo@secrel.com.br ; Civil Engineer, IRB Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., 1200 Marcos Macedo, Fortaleza, CE 60150- 190, Brazil, FAX +5585/261-2319, madalenaleite@uol.com.br ; Dr. in Administration, Professor at the Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, FAX +5585/2889612, jpbarros@ufc.br ; Civil Engineer, IRB Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., 1200 Marcos Macedo, Fortaleza, CE 60150- 190, Brazil, FAX +5585/261-2319, igorbpinho@zipmail.com.br }, abstract={This paper reports on managerial developments that a particular building company made during the last 5 years using mostly the transparency concept as advocated by lean construction. Productivity measurement is taken just as another transparency managerial action and comes after the building company reaches a state of maturity in its administrative and technological processes. It concludes by showing that wide dissemination of production and productivity information not only creates new issues for site communication and discussion, but also gives support to the perpetuation of administrative and technological developments, as long as positive outcomes are documented. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, transparency, productivity measurement }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2002, author={Howell, Gregory A. and Ballard, Glenn and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Mitropoulos, Panagiotis }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Working Near the Edge: A New Approach to Construction Safety}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={49-60}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/189}, affiliation={Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. 208/726-9989. ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook, Oakland Ca. 510/530- 8656. gballard@leanconstruction.org ; Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. tabdelha@msu.edu ; Ph.D., Process Improvement Coordinator, Menlo Park, CA, 94025. takism@earthlink.net }, abstract={Construction safety has substantially improved, but has reached a plateau. Further improvement will come from spreading Best Practice throughout the industry, or from Breakthrough that transcends Best Practice. We are working on Breakthrough and propose that what is needed is a new theory of accidents. Current Best Practice is described along with its underlying theoretical assumptions. An alternative theory is proposed, based on the work of Jens Rasmussen, a leading thinker on risk management in dynamic environments. A research program is proposed to test that theory and to develop a new approach to safety management. }, author_keywords={Accident, accident theory, decision making, hazard, risk, safety }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Inouye2002, author={Inouye, Kelly P. and Melhado, Silvio B. and Souza, Ubiraci E.L. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Design Process at Public Companies Dealing With Housing Production - Evaluation by Means of a Case Study}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/190}, affiliation={Graduate student, Departamento de Construção Civil e Urbana – Av. Prof, Almeida Prado, Trav. 02, no 380 Univ. of São Paulo, São Paulo, CA: 05508-900, 550/113091-5459, kelly.inouye@poli.usp.br ; Associate Professor Departamento de Construção Civil e Urbana – Av. Prof, Almeida Prado, Trav. 02, no 380 Univ. of São Paulo, São Paulo, CA: 05508-900, 550/113091-5164 ,silvio.melhado@poli.usp.br ; Associate Professor Departamento de Construção Civil e Urbana – Av. Prof, Almeida Prado, Trav. 02, no 380, Univ. of São Paulo, São Paulo, CA: 05508-900, 550/113091-5428, ubiraci.souza@poli.usp.br }, abstract={This paper evaluates the housing design process, at public companies, and suggests ways to improve it. The evaluation results come from a case study developed at CDHU, a very large Brazilian company dealing with housing building production. Interviews with designers, accesses to the company rules and to its home pages provide the basis for understanding the design process. The authors focused on a specific housing program, named “Empreitada Global” or EG, adopted at 76%4 of the company production during the last seven years. Understanding the design process flow was considered to be the first step to attain the goal of this research. After its description, an analysis over the design process is conducted and suggestions are made in order to help avoid detected problems. All the actions proposed are discussed in terms of advantages and difficulties expected on the action implementation. }, author_keywords={Design process, public housing program }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Johansen2002, author={Johansen, Eric and Glimmerveen, Henk and Vrijhoef, Ruben }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Understanding Lean Construction and How It Penetrates the Industry - A Comparison of the Dissemination of Lean}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/191}, affiliation={School of the Built Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2, 3NN, UK. 0191-227-4720, eric.johansen@unn.ac.uk ; School of the Built Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2, 3NN, UK ; Department of Project Management and Real Estate, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, Tel +31 15 2783049, Fax +31 15 2783171, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl }, abstract={Common et al (2000) investigated the take up of lean concepts in UK construction and found it low with a lot of confusion and limited knowledge of lean construction techniques and a great variation in perceptions. After establishing the background of the industry in the Netherlands a limited study with the same questionnaire from the UK was used to survey a similar sample of Dutch contractors and to make comparisons. The objectives were to see whether the indicators of lean culture or principles as seen through the existence of factors based on a conceptual framework were present in the contracting industry of the Netherlands, to compare the results of the survey with the original results and to see if there were reasons for any differences that might occur. The results indicate that the dissemination of lean concepts in the Netherlands is even lower than the UK although there is more consistency in perceptions. Within two countries with fairly common construction industry problems there is a difference in approach to lean construction. The lack of a focussed driver for change such as the UK’s Rethinking Construction report (Egan 1998) is given as one reason for the difference. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean concepts, lean penetration. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kagioglou2002, author={Kagioglou, Michail and Lee, Angela and Cooper, Rachel and Carmichael, Stuart and Aouad, Ghassan }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Mapping the Production Process - A Case Study}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/192}, affiliation={Centre Manager, University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 3855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 4587, Email: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: a.lee@salford.ac.uk ; Professor of Design Management, University of Salford, School of Art and Design, Centenary Building, Peru Street, Salford, M3 6EQ. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 6146, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 6174, Email: r.cooper@salford.ac.uk ; Architect, Pickavance Consulting, 5 Charterhouse Sq, London, EC1 6EE, Tel: +44 (0)20 7490 7755, Fax: +44 (0)20 7490 0010, Email: stuartcarmichael@pickavance.co.uk ; Professor of IT and Construction Management, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5176, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: g.aouad@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The mapping of the design and construction process has been gaining momentum in the last few years. However, the focus has been on mapping the high level processes or the information required to perform certain processes. One such high level process that has enjoyed considerable success is the Process Protocol. It integrates the various participants of a project into multi-functional teams, operating within a stage-gate based project environment. This paper will present how process mapping can be used to increase transparency within a production environment. The case study examines a multi-million development project and it demonstrates how the introduction of mapping the design and production processes, based on the Process Protocol Model and principles, has improved communications, enabled increased design fixity and reduction of downtime caused by late deliveries of certain project activities and information. In addition the implementation issues involved in introducing such process mapping practices is examined and analysed in the case study project. }, author_keywords={Process Modelling, Design Management, Design Fixity, Production Modelling }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kestle2002, author={Kestle, Linda and London, Kerry }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Towards the Development of a Conceptual Design Management Model for Remote Sites}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/193}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture and Design.UNITEC, Auckland, Aotearoa, NZ ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture and Design.UNITEC, Auckland, Aotearoa, NZ }, abstract={Remote and environmentally sensitive sites present unique challenges for participants involved in the design and construction process. Worldwide advances in information technology coupled with improved site accessibility and manageability has enabled the construction industry to undertake such projects with greater ease. Furthermore, research on information technology in construction has begun to focus our attentions on our increased ability to work virtually in distributed teams. These remote sites have a range of development potential as clients have varied interests including; tourism, scientific investigation and resource exploration and processing which impact upon the management of the design process. These sites pose unique challenges to the project teams and in particular for the management of project design. The conceptual design phase is often marked by an iterative and creative process, which tends to be a sociologically oriented world where designers respond to a range of functional, aesthetic, environmental and even spiritual concerns. Strategic decisions made during the briefing and conceptual design stage may impact upon construction logistics and sustainability. Detailed design for construction tends to be a production oriented world. There is a significant body of literature that addresses the application of lean thinking to improving the interface between detailed design and construction production. There is little literature that takes a holistic view of design management for remote sites. The lean design management field of research has much to contribute to the design management of these projects. The review of the literature indicated that much of the lean thinking has been primarily concerned with sequential production. However, lean thinking is based upon principles of flow and value, which is also conducive to the complex process involved in design management for remote sites. A conceptual model is developed that considers both the production and sociological approaches to design management, in response to the peculiar demands of the site and their project teams. }, author_keywords={Remote sites, design management, lean design, lean production, design sociology }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2002, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Case Study - Overhead Costs Analysis}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/194}, affiliation={Ph. D. Candidate at University of California at Berkeley, ywkim@uclink4.berkeley.edu ; Research Director at Lean Construction Institute (LCI) and Associate Adjunct Professor at University of California at Berkeley, gballard@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Construction projects become complicated and fragmented so that many specialty contractors are involved. In such changed environments, a general contractor’s overhead costs are increasing comparable to direct costs. In addition to an increase of volume, activities consisting of overhead costs play an important role in coordinating different participants who include different specialty contractors and client. This paper reviews traditional overhead control and critiques problems thereof through literature review, interviews with professionals, and data collection. It proposes a new overhead cost control method, called profit-point analysis (PPA) applying activitybased costing (ABC). It is followed by a case study presented to exemplify the new method. }, author_keywords={Construction overhead costs, activity-based costing (ABC), profit point analysis (PPA), nurturing relationship }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2002, author={Koskela, Lauri and Howell, Greg }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Theory of Project Management: Explanation to Novel Methods}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/195}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O.Box 1800, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Director, Lean Construction Institute. Box 1003, Ketchum, Id. 83340, U.S.A., Phone 208/726-9989, Fax 707/248-1369, e-mail ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={In a series of prior papers, the authors have explored the theoretical foundation of project management. In this paper, this theoretical foundation is consolidated and used for explaining the novel features of two project management methods, which radically deviate from the conventional doctrine of project management: Last Planner and Scrum. Both methods have emerged since mid-nineties as practical responses to the failure of conventional project management methods, Scrum in the field of software projects, Last Planner in the field of construction projects. It is shown that both methods reject the underlying theoretical foundation of conventional project management and instead subscribe, implicitly or explicitly, to alternative theories, which better match the situation in question. }, author_keywords={Project management, lean construction, agile programming, theory }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marosszeky2002, author={Marosszeky, Marton and Thomas, R. and Karim, Khalid and Davis, S. and McGeorge, D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Quality Management Tools for Lean Production - Moving From Enforcement to Empowerment}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/196}, affiliation={Associate professor, Building R9,Randwick Campus Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, Australia Tel +61 (2) 9385 4830, E-mail m.marosszeky@unsw.edu.au ; ; Deputy Director of Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, Building R9, Randwick Campus Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, Australia Tel +61 (2) 9385 4830, E-mail k.karim@unsw.edu.au ; Lecturer, Department of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Tel +61 (2) 9385 6767 ; Professor of The Built Environment, Faculty of the Built Environment, The University of New South Wales UNSW Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, Tel +61 (2) 9385 4787, E-mail: d.mcgeorge@unsw.edu.au }, abstract={The recent, worldwide, push for improved construction quality has led to the attempted implementation of ISO9000 in many countries. This has resulted in the application of a bureaucratic management model to both design and construction processes. However, as the principals’ and head contractors’ motivation to use these bureaucratic management models was contractual risk shedding rather than the desire to control the process, in most instances, the resulting quality systems tend to be abstract and have scant relevance to the actual construction process on site. In this paper the shortcomings of current quality management approaches are discussed, suggestions for a new conceptual framework are made and management tools developed from a process control perspective are presented. This new framework combines the logic of Last Planner™ for creating reliable processes through careful planning with a PLAN-DO-CHECK loop that brings quality assessment and improvement into the weekly planning and review cycle. It also embraces lean philosophies with regard to quality control and worker empowerment. }, author_keywords={Quality management, production control, managerial tools }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mawdesley2002, author={Mawdesley, M.J. and Long, G. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Prefabrication for Lean Building Services Distribution}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/197}, affiliation={Dr, School of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham UK ; Mr, School of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham UK }, abstract={This paper is concerned with the use of prefabrication for the distribution of building services (HVAC), concentrating mainly on the construction of office facilities. This is a good example of an application of lean construction methods. It assures reliable workflow and predictability in the project, it minimises waste and increases performance; it enables concurrent engineering to occur and delivers value throughout the project’s life. An analysis of the use of off-site fabricated building services as a method of lean construction is given with reference to features of its use such as design freezes, Just-in-Time (JIT) deliveries and predictable processes. However, it requires different procurement processes to be totally effective. The paper compares two procurement routes both theoretically and by the use of two real examples of construction projects. It illustrates some potential problems and shows that the solutions lie not in the technical aspects but in better communication and planning throughout the life of the project. }, author_keywords={Prefabrication, Building Services, Lean Construction, Procurement }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mesquita2002, author={Mesquita, Maria Julia M. and Fabricio, Marcio M. and Melhado, Silvio B. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={E Concurrent Engineering in Construction - Studies of Brief-Design Integration}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/198}, affiliation={Architect, M.Sc., Dr. candidate, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo. Researcher. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508- 900, Brasil, phone +55.11/3091-5422, fax +55 11/3091-5544, julia.mesquita@poli.usp.br ; Civil Eng., M.Sc., Dr. candidate, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo; Professor in Architecture Department, Engineering School of São Carlos – University of São Paulo. Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, n. 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brasil. phone +55 16/273-9308, fax +55.16/2739294 marcio@sc.usp.br ; Ph.D. Professor, Civ il Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091- 5164, fax +55.11/3091-5715, silvio.melhado@poli.usp.br }, abstract={The design process is influenced by the estate developers and programmers of the construction projects, which are co-responsible for the briefing and for designers selection. The design, in turn, has the mission of transforming the brief into design specifications and defining products (buildings) and its production process. Often, both of these moments of a new project involve interactions between developers and designers, with consequent redefinition into the brief and the design. So, the proposed quality and design development depends on the interface between brief developing and product detailing, as well as cooperation and communication among involved players. This paper, through bibliographical and local studies characterizes the interface between briefing and design; analyses the main deficiencies and show solutions for optimise relationship between players and the management of the design process. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Project planning, Design Management, Concurrent Design. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neto2002, author={Neto, Jose de Paula Barros }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Relantionship Between Strategy and Lean Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/199}, affiliation={Civil Engineer; Doctor in Administration; Professor at Federal University of Ceará; Address: R. Coronel Jucá, 1612/401 Fortaleza/CE – Brazil - CEP: 60.170-320; E-mail: jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={Lean construction is a philosophy that has been implemented in building firms around the world, in last years. But it is important to answer some questions: Will this implementation be the better alternative to these firms, in this moment? Will it be the best way to implement the principles of lean construction? Will the implementation of lean construction help firms to improve their competitiveness and success? What is the relationship between market and lean construction? Helping answering these questions is the aim of this paper, since it is necessary to introduce strategic aspects in the discussions about lean construction because firms are not isolated in the market. They have customers, labor force, competitors and other stakeholders that influence the performance of the organizations and consequently in the introduction of lean construction. This paper is a theoretical proposal that intend to show the importance of linkage between the implementation of lean construction and market aspects and, consequently, to stimulate and to facilitate the introduction of these principles in building firms. }, author_keywords={Strategic planning; Lean construction; Small firms. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{O'Brien2002, author={O'Brien, William J. and London, Kerry and Vrijhoef, Ruben }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Construction Supply Chain Modeling - A Research Review and Interdisciplinary Research Agenda}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/200}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, M.E. Rinker, Sr. School of Building Construction, University of Florida, 101 FAC /PO Box 115703, Gainesville, FL, 32611-5703, USA, Tel +1 352 392 7519, E-mail wjob@ufl.edu ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture, School of Construction, UNITEC, New Zealand, Tel +64 9 815 4321 7270, E-mail klondon@unitec.ac.nz ; PhD Researcher, Department of Project Management and Real Estate, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, Tel +31 15 2783049, Fax +31 15 2783171, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl }, abstract={Supply chain management has emerged as a popular and useful concept in the construction industry and research community since the mid 1990s. Research in construction supply chain management draws from a broad range of disciplines, notably: (1) industrial organization economics to better understand market structure and forces and their effect on firm and supply chain behavior and (2) Analytic modeling of supply chains to improve supply chain performance along metrics such as speed, cost, reliability, quality, etc. Both industrial organization and analytic modeling provide useful but ultimately incomplete perspectives and prescriptions for construction supply chain management. As such, this paper proposes development of an interdisciplinary research agenda that draws from both fields. Towards that agenda, a review of research is presented to introduce the main ideas, relevant literature, and theory and methods in each of the two areas. From these independent reviews, applications that could benefit from a combined perspective are identified and used as a basis for development of an interdisciplinary research agenda. }, author_keywords={Construction supply chain management, research agenda, industrial organization economics, transaction costs analytical modeling }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2002, author={Pasquire, Christine L. and Connolly, Gary E. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Leaner Construction Through Off-Site Manufacturing}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/201}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Leics, UK, c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Director; Manufacturing Centre; Crown House Engineering, Ettingshall, Wolverhampton UK, GConnolly@carrillionplc.com }, abstract={This paper describes the improvements realised through the application of lean production methods in the off-site manufacturing of integrated mechanical services modules and proposes off-site manufacturing as a step forward in the integration of lean theory into construction. Using the manufacturing case study as a model the techniques implemented and the lessons learned are described and the significant components of process improvement identified. The paper highlights some of the principal failures in current construction practice and argues these form major constraints in the drive for lean project delivery. The final portion of the paper links lean enterprise with lean construction and argues that the definition and realisation of benefit is the only driver for change. }, author_keywords={Pre-assembly, off-site manufacturing, benefit, business improvement, kaizen, lean production. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Picard2002, author={Picard, Hans E. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Construction Process Measurement and Improvement}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/202}, affiliation={President, P+A Innovators, Corp., Construction Management Consultants, Cincinnati, Ohio, e-mail: h..picard@wordnet.att.net }, abstract={Production management is an integral part of the industrial construction process. The process lends itself to measurement by means of statistical tools – to help control the process. Reducing the variation or variability in a process is considered a sign of improved quality of the construction process. To quantify variability and distinguish the “vital few, trivial many” causes, control charts are used, that are constantly updated and communicated for timely feedback on process performance. Site-level experience on hundreds of projects suggests key construction performance measures include the variability and mean (average) percentage level of value-adding, productive work activity. The purpose of this paper is to submit that process metrics provides useful insight for constructing ‘lean,’ i.e., producing value efficiently. Measurement of the construction process involves statistical monitoring and analysis of value- and non-value-added work activities during project execution, using cost-effective random sampling of work activity combined with observation of the workflow. Effective application of the technique of work process measurement and continuous improvement includes elimination of non-value-added activity and waste, and ‘just-intime’ manpower scheduling. Using the correct approach and the proper mindset, work process improvement is saving a major U.S. utility significant contractor labor cost on construction, plant overhaul and modification projects. Construction process sampling is a useful ‘diagnostic’ tool for understanding right action by management, supervision and workers alike – to optimize the work environment and create customer value at all times. Experience demonstrates that the quality of the tactical implementation of sampling is as important as the quality of the strategic planning of its use to transform the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Construction process variability, construction process work sampling, construction process benchmarking, construction process improvement, construction productivity. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rossetto2002, author={Rossetto, Carlos Ricardo and Rossetto, Adriana M. and Mello, Rodrigo B. de }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Influence of Revolutionary and Evolutionary Strategic Changes According to Tushman and Romanellis Model in the Construction Sector}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/203}, affiliation={Doctor in Production Engineering. Professor at the University of Vale do Itajaí (SC) and Associate Professor for Postgraduate Programs in Production Engineering and Management at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. E-mail: rossetto@upf.tche.br ; Master in Civil Engeneering. Doctoral candidate in Production Engineering at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Professor at the University of Passo Fundo (RS), Civil Engineering Department. E-mail: arossetto@upf.tche.br ; Doctor in Production Engineering. Professor at the University of Vale do Itajaí (SC), Brazil. E-mail: rmello@big.univali.br }, abstract={The objective of this paper is to discuss strategic changes in construction companies according to the model of Tushman and Romanelli (1985). A multi-case study was developed, in which it could be observed that most of the time, the process is incremental, punctuated by revolutionary changes, caused mainly by the federal government's economic plans. Based on the history of the companies, and on a number of critical events the strategic periods of each company was described, using both Miles and Huberman’s (1984) and also Mintzberg and McHugh’s (1985) throug methodologies. This aim of this research study was to explain how companies in the Building Industry formulate their strategies. }, author_keywords={Construction Sector, Strategic Changes, Qualitative Method }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rossetto2002, author={Rossetto, Carlos Ricardo and Salvador, Edson and Mello, Rodrigo B. de }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Strategic Adaptation in the Construction Industry - A Case Study in the Town of Passo Fundo}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/204}, affiliation={Doctor in Production Engeneering. Professor at the University of Vale do Itajaí (SC) and Associate Professor for Postgraduate Programs in Production Engeneering and Management at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. e-mail: rossetto@big.univali.br ; Master in Administration. Professor at the University of Passo Fundo (RS), Departament of Economics and Management. Phone +55 54 3131988/99811988; salvador@upf.tche.br ; Doctor in Production Engeneering. Professor at the University of Vale do Itajaí (SC), Brazil. E-mail: rmello@big.univali.br }, abstract={Through a case study this paper describes how a company from the Building Industry, located in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, strategically adapted the perception of its dominant coalition. The study was developed through a qualitative research, using Pettigrew’s (1987) methodology and the three strategic dimensions: context, content and process. Besides the qualitative character (Trivinõs 1992) and the contextual analysis (Pettigrew 1987), the longitudinal and historical vision were also used (Kimberly 1976; Salama 1992). Due to the methodology adopted, our concern was not to generalize, in a statistical sense, the results of this study. What we aimed at was to present elements to aid in the explanation of the strategic adaptation process of the analyzed organization. }, author_keywords={Strategic Adaptation. Civil Construction. Strategic Change }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saffaro2002, author={Saffaro, Fernanda Aranha and Paula, Edi Carlos Pires de }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Formulating the Work Flow Plan for Horizontal Projects - Case Study}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={513-526}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/205}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Construction Department, University Campus – Rodovia Celso Gracia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, CEP 86051-990, Brazil, 43 371-4455, FAX 43 371-4082, saffaro@uel.br ; Under graduate student, University campus – Rodovia Celso Gracia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, CEP 86051-990, Brazil, 43 371-4455, FAX 43 371-4082, edicarlos@uel.br }, abstract={Recently much research has been done in the field of Production Management, focusing on the concepts and principles of Lean Construction. Regarding the topic Production Planning, some contributions are extremely important as they aim to protect production from uncertainty and also to fight variability through a new insight into the productive process. However, in the first stage of preparation of the planning process, where the formulation of the work flow plan (object of this study) takes place, there is still insufficient research, in spite of the importance of this issue for the definition of the physical flows in the building site. Regarding this issue, a case study was developed in a small construction company, aiming to clarify what the scope of a program which formulates the work flow plan would be, and also to explain how this stage of the planning process can be appended to the Production Planning and Control Model proposed by NORIE (Post-Graduation Program on Civil Engineering - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). }, author_keywords={Lean construction, work flow, physical flows, production planning and control, strategic plan. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sakamoto2002, author={Sakamoto, Masanobu and Horman, Michael J. and Thomas, H. Randolph }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={A Study of the Relationship Between Buffers and Performance in Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/206}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Depart. Civil & Envir. Engrg., Penn. State Univ., 104 Transportation Research Building, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-1910 FAX 814-865-3039, mus107@engr.psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Depart. Archi. Engrg., Penn. State Univ., 211 Engrg. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-2080 FAX 814-865-4789, mjhorman@engr.psu.edu ; Professor, Depart. Civil & Envir. Engrg., Penn. State Univ., 203 Transportation Research Building, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-1901 FAX 814-865-3039, hrt1@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={Lean proponents argue that we should eliminate buffers because they are wasteful, impede workflow, and hinder performance. Yet, there is some work in (lean) construction that calls this into question. Buffers have been commonly used to shield production by absorbing the impact of uncertainties and variability that would normally disrupt production. Buffers can take many forms including materials (inventory), W.I.P. (work-in-procress, subassemblies, stock, safety stock), deliberate and unintentional delays (time buffers, lags, pacing mechanisms), and excesses of labor and equipment capacity (capacity buffers). To lean producers, these items slow production, obscure and worsen quality problems, and burden management with unnecessary activity. However, in construction, where conditions are often uncertain and variable, lean constructors have suggested that buffers be sized and located according to the conditions. This paper analyzes the relationship between buffers and performance in construction with data collected from three commercial projects to see how buffers influence performance. The size of the buffer between rebar fabrication and installation in the construction of a structural system is compared to the labor performance of the crew. The results show that some buffer is needed between steps in order to achieve best performance in the construction operations studied. }, author_keywords={Buffers, lean construction. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2002, author={Santos, A. dos and Moser, L. and Tookey, J.E. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Applying the Concept of Mobile Cell Manufacturing on the Drywall Process}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/207}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, MSc., PhD, Address: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19011, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil E-mail: asantos@cesec.ufpr.br Homepage: http://www.cesec.ufpr.br/~asantos ; Civil Engineer, MSc. candidate, Address: PPGEC, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19011, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil E-mail: moser@cesec.ufpr.br ; Industrial Engineer, BSc, PhD. Address: School of the Built and Natural Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, United Kingdom. Email: jet@gcal.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper presents the results of an exploratory study investigating the application of the “mobile cell manufacturing” concept within the construction environment. The investigation was carried out using a case study research method and focused on the drywall process. The initial phase of the project involved a diagnosis of drywall practices in a medium sized company. That diagnosis pointed out a number of problems such as equipment improvisation, poor workflow planning and the absence of adequate drywall design plans. In order to tackle these problems simultaneously we experiment with the idea of “cell manufacturing” in one case study. Using Hyer and Brown (1999)´s list of cell manufacturing enablers we conclude that our cell got to the stage of a “latent physical cell” because it was characterised by spatial proximity, but with deficiencies in time and information linkages. The study indicates that the concept of “mobile cells” is feasible in construction and deserves further research and dissemination in industry as it enables (and requires) a simultaneous integration of all lean construction ideas within a single environment. Future studies on this topic need to start right from the beginning of the construction project in order to prepare the site for the new production dynamics required by “mobile cells”. }, author_keywords={Drywall, mobile cell, cell manufacturing, innovation }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2002, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Guimaraes, Lia B.M. and Soares, Aelandre C. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Safety and Production - An Integrated Planning and Control Model}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/208}, affiliation={M.Sc., Assistant Professor at the University of Caxias do Sul (UCS) and Ph.D. candidate at LOPP/UFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Praça Argentina nº 9, 3º andar - sala LOPP. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: saurin@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, PPGEC – Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, nº 99, 3º andar, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90035- 190, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., C.P.E. Associate Professor at LOPP/UFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Praça Argentina nº 9, 3º andar - sala LOPP. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: liabmg@ppgep.ufrgs.br ; M.Sc. candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, Quality manager at BSF Engenharia. E-mail: qualidade@bsfeng.com.br }, abstract={This paper presents a safety planning and control model (SPC) that has been integrated to the production planning and control process. The model integrates safety into three hierarchical levels of production control. Safety long-term planning starts with the preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) of construction processes. These plans are detailed and updated at both medium-term and short-term planning levels. The main performance measure adopted for safety evaluation at the short-term level is the Percentage of Safe Work Packages (PSW), which monitors the degree in which work packages are safely carried out. The model also proposes a participatory mechanism that allows workers to point out existing risks as well as to evaluate risk controls. This paper discusses an empirical study in which the model was implemented in the refurbishment of an industrial building. }, author_keywords={Safety, production planning and control, operations management, performance measurement. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shimizu2002, author={Shimizu, Julio Y. and Cardoso, Francisco F. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Subcontracting and Cooperation Network in Building Construction - A Literature Review}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/209}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politecnica, University of Sao Paulo. CNPq grants. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091-5422, fax +55 11/3091-5544, julio.shimizu@poli.usp.br ; Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politecnica, University of Sao Paulo. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091-5469, fax +55 11/3091-5715, francisco.cardoso@poli.usp.br }, abstract={Owing to recent structural transformations in the construction sector in many countries like Brazil, production is much more subcontracted nowadays than in the past. Consequently, supply chain management became more important, including the management of subcontractors. Cooperation networks appear to be an advantageous way of supply chain organization, which is beneficial to subcontractors and building firms. Cooperation networks are consequences of strategic alliances between some agents of the supply chain. Such firms, organized together, cooperate, reaching better results than they would obtain individually. With the main focus on subcontractors and building constructors, this paper, based on a literature review, seeks to deal with the decision of make or buy (subcontracting) and to analyze its importance in the formation and development of cooperation networks in building construction. Brazilian current management practices that happen in constructor firm-subcontractor relationship are described, as well as a parallel with the case of Great Britain. About stimulating cooperation networks in the sector, some actions are also quoted. It can be said that supply chain integration in a cooperation network through strategic partnering is a key success factor for increasing competitive advantages in the sector. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, subcontractor, cooperation network, lean construction, building construction. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soares2002, author={Soares, Alexandre C. and Bernardes, Mauricio M.S. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Improving the Production Planning and Control System in a Building Company - Contributions After Stabilization}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/210}, affiliation={M.Sc. candidate (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul), Planning and Control Coordinator, BSF Engenharia Ltda, Rua Portugal, 776, Higienópolis, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil, CEP 90520-310, e-mail: alexandre.soares@bsfeng.com.br ; Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Architecture, Rua Sarmento Leite, nº 320, sala 504, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90050-010, bernarde@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Av. Osvaldo Aranha, nº 99, 3º andar, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90035-190, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Several papers have discussed the importance of the Last Planner Method as a means of stabilizing the production process in building sites. After process stabilization, however, a continuous effort is necessary in order to maintain and perfect the positive results obtained from the implementation of production planning and control systems. This article presents the preliminary results from an ongoing research project undertaken in a construction company from the South of Brazil. The main objective of this investigation is to propose guidelines to maintain and improve production planning and control systems after process stabilization. A series of fifteen projects were studied, aiming to identify the main barriers and also factors that contribute to the success of planning and control systems in the long term. The main sources of evidence used were the PPC (Percentage of Plans Completed) indicator, causes of the non-completion of work packages and interviews with company directors, clients and site engineers. One of the major factors that contributed to the success of planning and control system was the realization of weekly meetings focussed on learning rather than problem solving. This meeting involves company directors, a planning and control coordinator, and all site engineers. The results achieved in different sites are periodically disseminated throughout the company, pointing out the main barriers for implementation. Also, a strong emphasis is given in those meetings to the discussion of the Last Planner Method underlying ideas. }, author_keywords={Production Planning and Control, Planning system, Last Planner Method, Learning, Implementation. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sriprasert2002, author={Sriprasert, Eknarin and Danwood, Nashwan }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Ext Generation of Construction Planning and Control System - the Lewis Approach}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/211}, affiliation={PhD Student, Centre for Construction Innovation Research, School of Science and Technology, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, 44-01642/218-121 ext. 3402, FAX 44- 01642/342401, s-e.sriprasert@tees.ac.uk ; Professor, Centre for Construction Innovation Research, School of Science and Technology, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, 44-01642/342-405, FAX 44-01642/342401, n.n.dawood@tees.ac.uk }, abstract={The traditional construction planning and control system, as described in the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge published by the Project Management Institute, has been criticized in terms of insufficiency of its underlying theories and ineffectiveness of its techniques. Based on this traditional approach, major problems including separation of execution from planning and after-the-fact variance detection are typically acknowledged. It is evident that the current practices are still suffering from low productivity and high production waste. To address these deficiencies, this paper proposes a vision for the next generation of construction planning and control as multi-constraints, visual, and lean-based system. An implementation of this vision has resulted in a prototype called “LEWIS – Lean Enterprise Web-based Information System for Construction”. An elaboration on the system framework and an underpinning methodology to integrate information and constraint management with 4D planning and control system is the focus of this paper. It is anticipated that successful implementation of this system will enable generation of reliable plans and constraint-free assignments to the work face, which in turn, reduce production wastes and improve on-site productivity. }, author_keywords={Constraint management, information system, lean construction, planning and control, 4D visualization }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Taylor2002, author={Taylor, John and Bjornsson, Hans }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Identification and Classification of Value Drivers for a New Production Homebuilding Supply Chain}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/212}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020. ; Director, Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305- 4020. }, abstract={The United States homebuilding industry experienced significant consolidation over the past ten years. The largest builders in the industry grew from building around 7,500 homes per year to over 30,000 homes per year. The supply chains for homebuilding were not designed to facilitate this level of mass production of homes. To achieve economies of scale in the Denver production homebuilding market, recent process improvements have been made by USBuild Corporation, a new player in the supply chain. These improvements have focused on using the Internet, a proprietary information system, and a new distribution channel to integrate information and material flows. The resulting opportunities for value creation in USBuild’s “e-chain” supply chain during the first six months of operation in 2001 were significant. This paper identifies the value drivers in the case of USBuild’s supply chain intermediation in the Denver market. Further, the value drivers are classified using an established framework for how Internet-enabled information technologies are impacting the extended supply chain. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, Internet, information technology, production homebuilding. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thomas2002, author={Thomas, R. and Marosszeky, Marton and Karim, Khalid and Davis, S. and McGeorge, D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Importance of Project Culture in Achieving Quality Outcomes in Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/213}, affiliation={Associate professor, Building R9,Randwick Campus Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, Australia Tel +61 (2) 9385 4830, E-mail m.marosszeky@unsw.edu.au ; Deputy Director of Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, Building R9, Randwick Campus Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, Australia Tel +61 (2) 9385 4830, E-mail k.karim@unsw.edu.au ; Lecturer, Department of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Tel +61 (2) 9385 6767 ; Professor of The Built Environment, Faculty of the Built Environment, The University of New South Wales UNSW Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, Tel +61 (2) 9385 4787, E-mail: d.mcgeorge@unsw.edu.au }, abstract={This paper presents a review of developments that have led to current construction quality management philosophies. The primary factors responsible for the relatively poor quality outcomes currently achieved by the sector are reviewed and the influences of bureaucratic and hierarchical management systems are considered. It is posited that, in general, the typical approach to procurement by the principal and head contractor is motivated more by risk shedding than by a desire to improve the control of the process. Furthermore, arguments are drawn from the literature to show that a productive culture and teamwork within the supply chain are essential for the achievement of planned quality outcomes. A study of the relationship between project cultures as assessed by Quinn’s Competing Values Framework and the quality of outcomes on thirteen construction sites is presented. Clan type cultures were found to correlate with improved quality outcomes, whereas market cultures, more common on construction projects, were found to correlate with weaker quality outcomes. }, author_keywords={Quality management, project culture, teamwork }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2002, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Comparing and Implementing Alternative Work Structures - Installation of Door Frames}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/214}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Mobile: 510/593-4884, FAX: 510/643-8919, ccytsao@alum.calberkeley.org ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={For each new project, supply chain participants (SCPs) must decide whether to adopt a ‘tried and true’ past work structure or an alternative that involves designing and building perhaps using an unfamiliar approach. Significant risks but also rewards may be associated with using different work structures. Conservative SCPs therefore favor work structures that involve no change or only incremental change, as opposed to radical change. Often, a project’s tight budget and schedule induce SCPs to use only the ‘tried and true’ because the corresponding processes and outcomes are predictable. In addition, directions given to SCPs instruct them to design and build projects in a certain way, so it is difficult to consider building projects any differently, especially if the current method works. If one SCP sees an opportunity for improvement with an alternative work structure, others remain to be convinced that it is an opportunity before they will help obtain approvals and manage implementation. This paper describes such a case. It presents ways to characterize and compare work structure alternatives. SCPs might use similar comparisons to guide their selection of work structures on future projects. }, author_keywords={Work structuring, process design, product design, supply chain management, door frame installation, precast concrete wall installation, caulking, grouting, design build, project management, change management, first-run study }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos2002, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Betts, Martin and Cooper, Rachel }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Product Development Process Implementation - Exploratory Case Studies in Construction and Manufacturing}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/215}, affiliation={M.Sc., Ph.D. student, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, Tel:+ 44 (0161) 2954284 FAX + 44 (0161) 2955011, e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; BSc, Ph.D., FCIOB, FRSA, Head of School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, FAX + 44 (0161) 2955011, e-mail: m.betts@salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D., Research Centre for Design, University of Salford, Centenary Building, Peru Street, Salford, Greater Manchester, M3 6 EQ, UK, Tel: +44 (0161) 295 6146, e-mail: r.cooper@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The problems of construction are well known (Egan et al., 1998). The increasing complexity of modern buildings, rising pressures for reducing process lead-time and costs, and the growing necessity of fulfilling client requirements lead to an everincreasing importance of product development processes (PDP). The construction industry has been trying to improve its processes for many years. This led to the development of a number of process models, which are important management tools for understanding how value is delivered to customers (Winch and Carr, 2001) and to suggest improvements. Unfortunately, the implementation of these models in practice is very slow and until now there are no measurable and demonstrable improvements resulting from these process models. Thus, there is a need of a better understanding of the issues involved in implementing product development processes. The aim of this paper is to explore the implementation of process models within construction and manufacturing companies. It presents the results of exploratory case studies, which are part of an ongoing PhD research. The main results describe that there is clarity of the importance and methods used to develop process models, but little information is available either in the literature or within companies on how processes can be implemented. Furthermore, people issues are pointed out as the main barriers to implementation. }, author_keywords={New product development, process, implementation. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vaidyanathan2002, author={Vaidyanathan, Kalyan }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Case Study in Application of Project Scheduling System for Construction Supply Chain Management}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/216}, affiliation={Senior Product Manager, i2 Technologies, 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge MA 02142, 617/551/-2780, FAX 617/761-2974, kalyan@i2.com }, abstract={The AEC industry traditionally operates on trust based relationships formed on a project-byproject basis. Inefficiencies in the AEC industry lead to unreliable project due dates, inability to meet project budgets, and low customer satisfaction levels. In some cases, businesses involved in the AEC industry have capitalized on ill-defined information to increase margins. The paper will discuss these issues in the context of a case study of a large retailer involved in the house reconstruction market. The retailer is attempting to change its business process, manage their supply chain, and manage their orders that have products and services as projects. The paper will describe the difficulties involved in changing the business process and data collection and provide insight into issues involved in implementing the objectives of the retailer. It can be proven that by a fundamental change in the business process, if all the people involved in the project to openly share information, the inefficiencies in the project can be substantially reduced, if not eliminated. This can lead to on-time intelligent procurement of materials, better on-site coordination of labor and material, an overall increased utilization of labor, and ultimately to reduced project delivery time. But in order to realize this objective, businesses must be willing to share proprietary enterprise data, disparate legacy systems have to be integrated to exchange information in a consistent format, and data essential to the new business model needs to be collected. Finally, the savings realized through such streamlining has to be shared among all parties to be fair. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, collaboration, communication, retail, data collection, information flow, information sharing, business process re-engineering }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2002, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Cuperus, Ype and Voordijk, Hans }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Exploring the Connection Between Open Building and Lean Construction - Defining a Postponement Strategy for Supply Chain Management}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/217}, affiliation={PhD Researcher, Department of Project Management and Real Estate, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2783049, Fax +31 15 2783171, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl ; Director, OBOM Research Group, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, De Vries van Heystplantsoen 2, NL-2628 RZ Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2785400, Fax +31 15 2788295, E-mail y.j.cuperus@bk.tudelft.nl ; Associate Professor, University of Twente, Faculty of Technology and Management, Dept. of Construction Process Management, P.O. Box 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, Phone +31 53 4894214, Fax +31 53 4892511, E-mail h.voordijk@sms.utwente.nl }, abstract={Open Building has been known as a building concept characterized by an explicit customer focus, modular pre-engineered product system, and a sequential process structure. Open Building advocates a concept of modularity, which includes the separation of different levels of decision-making, and the decoupling of building parts within a modular system. The process of Open Building is characterized by a systematic and interconnected sequence from interactive client specification of the built object, through components manufacturing, to site assembly, supported by a uniform product and information management system. In essence Open Building applies lean manufacturing concepts and techniques to the delivery of a building. Therefore, the characteristics of Open Building and Lean Construction are being compared on a number of basic aspects, including order fulfillment, components manufacturing, materials distribution and assembly, in order to find similarities and differences, and to explore the connection between the two concepts. The connection between Open Building and Lean Construction is found in the similarities of the way the supply chain is organized and managed. By its specific product and process co-ordination, Open Building implicitly prescribes a specific organization of the supply chain. This is characterized as a postponement strategy for supply chain management, by its delayed differentiation strategy. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Open Building, supply chain management, postponement strategy, delayed differentiation strategy. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Whelton2002, author={Whelton, Michael and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Project Definition and Wicked Problems}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={375-387}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/218}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, whelton@ce.berkeley.e ; Adjunct Associate Professor, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={It is now almost 30 years since Horst Rittel coined the term “wicked” for ill-defined problem sets which are too complex to be solved by rational systematic processes. To what extent today’s industry practice has adequately come to terms with such problems still remains open to discussion. This paper is concerned with team decision making during project definition, understood as the phase in which the design task is defined and its constraints are established sufficiently to launch design development. The concept of wicked problems is applied in an effort to improve project definition processes. Based on collaborative argumentation and reflection processes, a project learning model is proposed to better manage the resolution of wicked problems in project definition. Particular emphasis is placed on considering project definition as an adaptive process that incorporates project change through the co-evolution of problem formulation and solution generation. }, author_keywords={Design management, organizational learning, project definition, stakeholder complexity, wicked problems. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Yang2002, author={Yang, I-Tung }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Stochastic Analysis on Project Duration Under the Requirement of Continuous Resource Utilization}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/219}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan, 886/4/23323000 Ext. 4590, ityang@mail.cyut.edu.tw }, abstract={In repetitive construction projects (e.g., multistory buildings, pipelines, and highways), resources (labor and equipment) perform work and move from one repetitive unit to the next. The Repetitive Scheduling Method (RSM) has been proposed to ensure the continuous utilization of resources from unit to unit, which meets the goal of eliminating waste (i.e., unproductive idleness between units) in Lean Construction. This paper demonstrates possible cost-saving benefits associated with continuous resource utilization. Having resources work continuously, however, may require postponements on the start time of resources in certain units. The resulting RSM schedule possesses fewer floats than the early schedule in the Critical Path Method (CPM). The impact of continuous resource utilization on floats is illustrated through an example six-unit project. Since floats can be used to accommodate uncertainty of production rates during planning and variability during execution, fewer floats (buffers) in the planning phase may more likely lead to a longer project duration in the execution phase. A probabilistic model is simulated to compare the impact of the RSM and CPM schedules on the project duration. }, author_keywords={Repetitive scheduling, continuous resource utilization, float management, simulation }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdelhamid2003, author={Abdelhamid, T.S. and Patel, B. and Howell, G.A. and Mitropoulos, P. }, editor={ }, title={Signal Detection Theory: Enabling Work Near the Edge}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/220}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu ; Graduate Student Research Assistant, 9 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: patelbh3@msu.edu ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. Email: ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; PhD, Process Improvement Consultant, Menlo Park, CA 94025. Email: takism@earthlink.net }, abstract={Occupational accidents are unquestionably wasteful and non-value adding events in any system of production. Safeguarding construction workers from occupational hazards, whether arising from traumatic, ergonomic, and/or exposure accidents, is part and parcel of the lean construction ideal of waste elimination. Howell et al. (2002) proposed a new approach to understand construction accidents based on Rasmussen’s theory of cognitive systems engineering. One aspect of the model focused on worker training to recognize hazards (unsafe conditions). The underlying assumption here is that workers will always recall what constitutes a safe or unsafe situation as well as respond to perceived or actual risks in the same manner. Therefore, a methodology to assess worker sensitivity to unsafe conditions and risk orientation is needed. This paper proposes a methodology based on Signal detection theory that was originally developed as an assessment technique for tasks requiring the detection of defective components in an industrial setting. Discussion of signal detection theory and how it could be tailored for assessments of the sensitivity and risk orientation of construction workers to unsafe conditions is presented. Application of the methodology is demonstrated using a pilot study involving structural steel workers. The methodology presented in this paper could be used to give guidance to workers on how to enhance their abilities to identify the boundary beyond which work is no longer safe. }, author_keywords={Occupational Safety, Construction Safety, Signal Detection Theory, Construction Accidents, Safety Training }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdelhamid2003, author={Abdelhamid, Tariq S. }, editor={ }, title={Six-Sigma in Lean Construction Systems: Opportunities and Challenges}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/221}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu }, abstract={One of the tenants of lean construction states that achieving reliable workflow is possible when sources of variability are controlled. Under a lean paradigm, the effects of variability are buffered through excess inventory, flexible capacity, and/or work-ready backlogs. The common element between these three approaches to tackle production process variability is that they are all attempts to combat the effects of variability and not to reduce or eliminate variability altogether. Reducing or eliminating the variability that plague production processes requires the removal of the root causes of variability –a difficult but not impossible task. Six Sigma is a statistical-based methodology that provides a structured framework to organize and implement strategic process improvement initiatives to attain reductions in process variability. In this paper, the origin of Six Sigma is reviewed with a brief discussion of its methods and metrics. The application of the Six Sigma rolled throughput yield and sigma quality level metrics to the Last Planner System is demonstrated. Using the Lean Project Delivery System as a foundation, the paper suggests Six Sigma applications and research opportunities in Lean Construction. }, author_keywords={Six-Sigma, Performance Metrics, Lean Construction, Lean Project Delivery System, Last Planner System }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon2003, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Calderon, Rodrigo }, editor={ }, title={A Production Planning Support System for Construction Projects}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/222}, affiliation={Professor, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax : 011-562-686-4806, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Research Assistant, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax : 011-562-686-4806, e-mail: rcalderg@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={This paper describes a computer system developed by the Production Management Center of the Catholic University of Chile (GEPUC) and companies involved in collaborative projects. The general objective of the system is to provide a support tool that could integrate the overall GEPUC improvement initiative. The current version of the system “Plan Control” used the LPS as the core of the development, providing integration capabilities with other tools used in the implementation effort. One specific objective of “Plan Control” is to facilitate better management of the information of the LPS to allow a learning and transparency stage to take place in the companies, to generate a continuous improvement mechanism. A second specific objective is to provide support for the implementation of the LPS concepts across all the parties in the construction project, to obtain a better understanding of the concepts and to facilitate their adoption. This paper shows as a collaborative work between GEPUC and companies, during the creation of the prototype Plan Control, breaks up with the cultural barrier of adoption of this type of support tools. The first impacts generated by the application of the prototype system are commented, and the components of the definitive system, currently under development, are presented. }, author_keywords={Plan Control, Last Planner System, learning process, transparency process, collaborative work. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Almeida2003, author={Almeida, Joao C. and Salazar, Guillermo F. }, editor={ }, title={Strategic Issues in Lean Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/223}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, FAX 508/831-5808, joao@wpi.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, 508/831-5262 FAX 508/831-5808, salazar@wpi.edu }, abstract={This paper reviews the basic components of lean construction, with references to the development of lean production systems by manufacturing organizations and the advances of lean construction research. The paper also presents the key concepts on strategic management and industry structure analysis. It discusses the implications on the implementation of lean construction with regard to a firm’s strategic planning as well as to the conditions for the industry to lesser the barriers for lean construction implementation. Finally, the paper describes the objectives and anticipated contributions of current research conducted at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute involving strategic issues in lean construction. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, strategic management, competitive strategy }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2003, author={Alves, Thais da C.L and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Buffering and Batching Practices in the HVAC Industry}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/224}, affiliation={Ph.D. student, Engineering and Project Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, thaiscla@uclink.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Engineering and Project Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper discusses batching and buffering practices in the Heating, Ventilating, and Air- Conditioning (HVAC) industry based on a literature review and an on-going investigation of mechanical contractors in charge of designing, fabricating, and installing made-to-order ductwork systems. Batching practices affect or create buffers in production systems whether intentional or not. Buffers in production systems may be characterized by location, size, product mix, criticality, etc. Here, the focus is specifically on the location of buffers that result from batching and buffering practices in the production system for duct fabrication and installation. These practices are influenced by organizational issues, production capabilities, labor union regulations, product characteristics, ‘received traditions,’ and local optimization objectives. They are also influenced by the difficulty of forecasting the available capacity and production demand in terms of labor-hours and product mix. A rule of thumb for contractors that perform work in the ceiling space of a building, as is needed for HVAC duct, is “the first one to get in wins.” Therefore, these contractors have to be agile in turning out parts to the construction site in order to avoid major changes in their design, fabrication of parts, or installation sequencing. All these characteristics and influences interact in a dynamic way and thereby contribute to the batching and buffering practices that have become custom and accepted. While these practices may meet local optimization criteria, they also embed a lot of waste in the production system at large. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate current practices so as to promote understanding of the system’s characteristics and development of metrics to optimize system performance at a more global level. }, author_keywords={Buffer, batch, inventory, sheet metal, duct work, HVAC system, specialty contracting, mechanical contractor. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2003, author={Arbulu, Roberto and Ballard, Glenn and Harper, Nigel }, editor={ }, title={Kanban in Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/225}, affiliation={Consultant, Strategic Project Solutions, rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; Research Director for the Center for Innovation in Project and Production Management (dba Lean Construction Institute) and Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, ballard@leanconstruction.org ; Managing Director, Laing O’Rourke, nharper@laingorourke.com }, abstract={Kanban is a lean approach developed in the automotive industry to pull materials and parts through production systems on a just-in-time basis. A particular type of kanban is called supplier kanban which transmits a replenishment signal to outside suppliers. This paper presents a material management strategy that uses supplier kanbans to signal the need for replenishment of selected products from preferred suppliers to site. The objective of this strategy is to accomplish material management functions with least waste; e.g., unnecessary inventories and processing time, waiting time, and physical waste. The primary means for achieving the objective is to simplify the processes of acquiring, storing, distributing and disposing of selected made-to-stock products on site. The kanban strategy is being implemented in the construction of a major international transportation hub in the U.K. The paper highlights one of the most important findings from the implementation phase of the strategy: the need to rationalize stock profiles. }, author_keywords={Inventory, just-in-time, kanban, lean construction, made-to-stock, material management, pull, supply chain integration, value stream, waste. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Azambuja2003, author={Azambuja, Marcelo M.B. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Guidelines for the Improvement of Design, Procurement and Installation of Elevators Using Supply Chain Management Concepts}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/226}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc., marcelo@cpgec.ufrgs.br, researcher at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil ; Ph.D, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br, Associate Professor at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil }, abstract={The application of supply chain management concepts has been investigated as a possible alternative to develop solutions to some of the existing problems and to the introduction of improvements in the construction sector. This paper aims to propose guidelines to improve the process of design, procurement and installation of elevators, using supply chain management concepts. The research method was divided into three major stages. Initially, the elevator supply chain processes and their main problems were described in general terms, based on a literature review and also on interviews with architects, production managers, and experts in construction management. In the second stage, a case study on the relationship between the supply chain agents in the City of Porto Alegre was carried out, aiming to identify problems in the material and information flows. That involved interviews with elevator manufacturers and installers, visits to construction sites, the analysis of documents, and also a survey with elevator users. Finally, a number of guidelines for improving the process under investigation were proposed. Among the main conclusions of the study, there were problems related to the co-operation practices adopted, and to the lack of coordination and integration of material and information flows between agents, indicating that there is an opportunity to apply supply chain management concepts for improving the processes that were investigated. }, author_keywords={Supply Chain Management, Processes integration, Materials and information flows, elevators }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2003, author={Ballard, Glenn and Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={ }, title={An Update on Last Planner}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/227}, affiliation={Research Director and Managing Director, respectively, Center for Innovation in Product & Production Management (dba Lean Construction Institute), gballard@leanconstruction.org. }, abstract={The Last Planner system of production control has now been in use for a number of years. Its inventors provide an update consisting of a description of innovations and changes, thoughts on theoretical foundations, proposals regarding work structuring, phase scheduling and reliable promising, and recommendations for further development. Special emphasis is placed on the relationship between scheduling and production control, and also on the technique of phase scheduling to specify the handoffs that are the control foci for Last Planner. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, linguistic action, phase scheduling, production control, project control, work structuring }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Benjaoran2003, author={Benjaoran, Vacharapoom and Dawood, Nashwan }, editor={ }, title={Development Framework of an Artificial Intelligence Planner Framework for Bespoke Precast Concrete Production}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/228}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Centre for Construction Innovation Research, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, +441-642-342494, b.vacharapoom@tees.ac.uk ; Professor, Centre for Construction Innovation Research, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, +441-642-342405, FAX +441-642-342401, n.n.dawood@tees.ac.uk }, abstract={Precast concrete industry is highly involved in construction projects through the supply of bespoke products. It delivers many advantages to the construction industry in terms of saving time, cost, and reducing congestion on construction sites. However, precast manufacturers are facing a substantial problem of long customer lead-time for bespoke concrete products. Most of time and effort is spent on a long production process consisting of product design, production planning, and shop floor manufacturing. Also, variations in the process due to many uncertainties, many parties and human involvements extend buffers of the customer lead-time. Lean construction concepts that are adapted for the unique production system of construction work recognize the above problem as waste and directly aim to eliminate them. Complying with the concepts, the authors have proposed an automatic planning system called artificial intelligence planner (AIP). The AIP retrieves product data from design process for the automatic planning process. In order to develop requirements and specifications of the AIP, this paper concisely describes precast design and production planning processes from a case study of a precast company. Artificial intelligence and flow-shop scheduling techniques that provide development background are reviewed. Also the components of the AIP are described. The AIP is expected to reduce the customer lead-time, assist precast manufacturers to manage changes in product requirements and/or delivery dates; therefore, the construction industry will share the benefits. }, author_keywords={Precast production, bespoke product, customer lead-time, artificial intelligence, flow-shop scheduling, planning. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2003, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Avoiding and Managing Chaos in Projects}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/229}, affiliation={M.Sc., consulting engineer. Sven Bertelsen, Strategic Counselor aps. Senior Research Advisor to Lean Construction – Denmark. sven@bertelsen.org ; Senior Researcher, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O.Box 1800, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={Construction projects are often very complex and dynamic by their nature, and it is a well-known fact that such systems exist on the edge of chaos. The paper’s objective is to study construction projects poised on the edge of chaos and to explore the forces that may turn projects chaotic in the sense that the project crosses this dangerous edge. The prime aim is to understand how the phase transition may take place and to propose an approach for understanding this risk and keeping it under control in project management. The paper explores this understanding of the construction project further by proposing a way of analyzing its complexity and dynamics along the four characteristics: the project’s complexity, the project’s internal and external setting and the project organization. The aim is not only to reach a deeper understanding of projects’ nature, but also to outline a tool for analyzing and comparing projects' risk of turning chaotic. However, before addressing this main theme, the phenomenon of chaos in a project is introduced through a literature review and illustrated with empirical project cases. Complexity was identified as an IGLC championship at the IGLC-9 conference in Singapore in 2001 and was included in the theory championship at the IGLC-10 in Gramado, Brazil in 2002. The paper is contribution under this championship }, author_keywords={Project management, construction, complexity, order, chaos theory }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2003, author={Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={ }, title={Complexity - A New Way of Understanding Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/230}, affiliation={M.Sc. consulting engineer. Sven Bertelsen, Strategic Counselor aps. Senior Research Advisor to Lean Construction – Denmark. sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={The general view of the construction process is that it is an ordered, linear phenomenon, which can be organized, planned and managed top down. The frequent failures to complete construction projects on budget and schedule give rise to a thinking that the process maybe not is as ordered and predictable in its nature as it may look. A closer examination reveals that construction is indeed a complex, nonlinear and dynamic phenomenon, which often exists on the edge of chaos. The paper introduces the world of complex systems and examines construction in this perspective, and by that it proposes several new elements to the understanding of project management. }, author_keywords={Construction, complexity, project management }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2003, author={Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={ }, title={Construction as a Complex System}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/231}, affiliation={M.Sc. consulting engineer. Sven Bertelsen Strategic Counselor aps. Senior Research Advisor to Lean Construction – Denmark. sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={Complexity and complex systems’ theory are issues coming more and more into focus as it seems that most systems in our lives must be understood in this perspective. This new way of understanding, explains features otherwise ignored or considered noise in an ordered perspective. The paper argues that construction should also be understood as a complex, dynamic phenomenon. It analyzes the construction process, the production system and the industry, as well as the social systems formed by humans involved in the project execution from a complexity perspective using a number of general characteristics of complex systems. It finds all of these characteristics present in the construction system. The paper concludes that the complexity view should thus be more in focus when discussing new project management paradigms. }, author_keywords={Construction; complex dynamic systems; project management; chaos }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brondsted2003, author={Brondsted, Jakob and Walloe, Pernille and Bindslev, Knud }, editor={ }, title={Object Oriented Information Modelling for Use in Lean Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/232}, affiliation={M.Sc. Construction Management, Lean Construction-DK, Danish Technological Institute. jakob.brondsted@teknologisk.dk ; B.Sc. (Hon), Lean Construction-DK, Danish Technological Institute. pernille.walloe@teknologisk.dk ; M.Sc., Managing Director KB Informatik. proxima@image.dk }, abstract={As part of the Danish Classification Project a report describing the information flow in a traditional building project has been published. By defining the final product as the building as well as the documentation, the value chain throughout the different phases of a Construction project is identified. Between the design and Construction phase the value-perception changes from adding value to the documentation to adding value to the physical Construction. To reduce the amount of work converting the documentation to the exact information, the contractor needs to carry out each activity; a classification hierarchy based on the ISO 12006-2 standard is currently being defined. The hierarchy is being developed in preparation for introducing an object-oriented datastructure with ”Work Result” as a common object for carrying information throughout the building lifecycle. ”Work Result” is the outcome of the activities (the transformation of resources) in the Weekly Work Plan used in the Last Planner System. At the same time the ”Work Result” object is the link to integration between object oriented product models and process models, in this case the three levels of planning proposed in the Last Planner System. }, author_keywords={Value chain, documentation, information flow, objects oriented, classification, and strategies of implementation. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chen2003, author={Chen, Qian and Chua, David K.H. and Song, Yuanbin }, editor={ }, title={Information Flow Integrated Process Modeling}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/233}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Building Construction Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, 540/231-9877, FAX 540/231-7339, qchen@vt.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, 65/6874-2195, FAX 65/6779-1635, cvedavid@nus.edu.sg ; h.D. Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, 65-6874-4643, FAX 65-6779-2248, engp0361@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={In recent years, construction management has paid considerable attention to lean production, a philosophy that attaches great importance to flow issues and emphasizes the need to balance flow and conversion improvements. This paper presents the Information Flow Integrated Process Modeling (IFIPM) technique, which implements four procedures: (1) establishing information dependencies by using IDEF0 modeling method, (2) identifying information loops and conflicts in process relationships, (3) resolving information loops/conflicts, and (4) improving and re-computing the CPM schedule. This technique is capable of making information flows more explicit. As a result, the implicit information dependencies between construction activities can be made more obvious to all project participants and can be taken into consideration during process planning and scheduling. In this way, both the project process schedule and coordination among specialty subcontractors can be improved. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, information flow, coordination, specialty subcontractor, and CPM }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Costa2003, author={Costa, Dayana B. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Guidelines for Conception, Implementation and Use of Performance Measurement Systems in Construction Companies}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/235}, affiliation={Civil Eng., M.Sc., Research Assistant at NORIE/UFRGS, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 – 3º andar. CEP 90035- 190 Porto Alegre – RS. E-mail: dayana@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Civil Eng., Ph.D., Associate Professor at NORIE/UFRGS – Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 – 3º andar. CEP 90035-190 Porto Alegre – RS. E-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Despite recent efforts carried out by academics and the growing interest from construction sector associations to disseminate performance measurement concepts and practices, the use of performance indicators is not systematic in most construction companies. The lack of adequate measures has been pointed out as a major difficulty for establishing performance measurement systems in those companies. This article describes some results of a research project that aims to propose some guidelines to the conception, implementation and use of performance measurement systems. Such guidelines emphasise the need to establish a link between performance measurement and firms’ competitive strategies, as well as the effective insertion of measures into the management of critical processes. This research project is based on five case studies carried out in medium and small sized companies from the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This paper focuses on the framework that was proposed to establish performance measures aligned with the firm’s competitive strategy. It identifies a number of best practices and improvement opportunities related to the conception and implementation of such systems. }, author_keywords={Performance measurement, strategies, process management, best practices }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dean2003, author={Dean, John T. and Dawood, Nash }, editor={ }, title={New Paradigm in Concrete Products Production}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/236}, affiliation={D (Prof) Student University of Teesside, Site Manager, Aggregate Industries, North End Works, Ashton Keynes, Swindon, Wiltshire, England SN6 6QX, E-mail John.Dean@aggregate.com ; Professor of Construction Management and IT, Centre for Construction Innovation Research, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, E-Mail n.n.dawood@tees.ac.uk }, abstract={The production of Wet Cast concrete paving units with complex decorative edge shapes has traditionally required operators to remove cured products from their moulds (de-moulding) by hand and to stack the finished product onto pallets by hand. A study utilising postural analysis of these operations taking into account the weights of paving units involved some of which exceeded 25kgs. Revealed excessive flexing and twisting of the trunk, uneven loading of the knees and at times excessive exertion according to Borg’s rating system. Whilst retraining in correct postural methods has produced positive results and fewer manualhandling accidents, it was concluded that an automated solution had to be developed. An automated solution was needed to remove undesirable body movements but retain all of the agility associated with human activity capabilities of: product inspection, zero size changeover time, rejection of faulty product and a fast cycle time of 6 seconds per paving unit. A new concept of de-moulding was developed utilising three axis linear motion, edge compliance and a Robot working in synchronous action with the linear motion device. A vision camera for inspection purposes with at least pixel level resolution was developed to work in conjunction with a second Robot working within the movement arc of the first Robot. This second Robot rejected any camera inspection failures via a software handshake and stacked the paving on to pallets. The robotic solution provided an agile tool to enable the application of lean concepts by reducing, manpower, material waste, energy waste, from a relatively unsafe environment and provided a platform for further implementation of more advanced production planning methods. }, author_keywords={SMED, Bar Code Technology, Lean and Agile, Process Map }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Diekmann2003, author={Diekmann, J.E. and Balonick, Josh and Krewedl, Mark and Troendle, Lou }, editor={ }, title={Measuring Lean Conformance}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/237}, affiliation={K.Stanton Lewis Professor, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, James.Diekmann@Colorado.edu ; Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Joshua.Balonick@Colorado.edu ; Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Mark.Krewedl@Colorado.edu ; Project Director, Washington Group International, Troy, Michigan }, abstract={The Construction Industry Institute (CII) is interested in the applicability of lean thinking to the construction process. CII has formed a research team to understand lean principles and to evaluate their applicability to their members' construction processes. As part of the work, the research team has developed a questionnaire to measure a firm's "conformance" to lean ideals. This paper presents the questionnaire, describes its formulation, and illustrates its use. }, author_keywords={Lean production, lean principles, lean construction conformance, lean construction questionnaire. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elfving2003, author={Elfving, Jan A. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={An International Comparison of the Delivery Process of Power Distribution Equipment}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/238}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, FAX: 510/643-8919, elfving@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 888/771-9207, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu: Associate Adjunct Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712 }, abstract={This paper compares and contrasts the delivery and assembly processes of power distribution equipment on three projects. Included are switchboards, panelboards, and motor control centers. Two projects were from the US and one was from Finland, which also gave an opportunity to compare the American National Electrical Manufacturing Association (NEMA) standard with the European Standard (EN) with respect to power distribution equipment and the delivery process. Data was collected by observation, records analysis, and interviews or workshops with owners, users/operators, architects, electrical engineers, project management firms/ general contractors, electrical contractors, and equipment manufacturers. Identifying and exploring the similarities and differences between projects, has greatly broadened the understanding about the delivery process for this type of engineered-to-order product for both the researchers and industry participants. 24 process performance measures were developed. The causes of the main differences among the measures were investigated. Even though the components of the equipment are acquired mostly from the same manufacturers, there were notable differences in the engineering and manufacturing methodologies in the U.S. and Finland. This had a significant impact on engineering lead time, manufacturing cycle time, and design changes and/or errors. Also the procurement methodology has a large impact on the power distribution equipment delivery lead time. Some of the areas of weaknesses identified are incomplete and uncertain input data, lack of systematically collecting input data throughout the process, lack of knowledge and resources to process information, adversarial process environments, and destructive incentives. }, author_keywords={Engineered-to-order product, equipment, lead time, standard, lean construction, manufacturing procurement, product specification }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emmitt2003, author={Emmitt, Stephen }, editor={ }, title={Learning to Think and Detail From First (Leaner) Principles}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/239}, affiliation={Professor of Innovation and Management in Building, Department of Civil Engineering, Building 115, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. Email. se@byg.dtu.dk }, abstract={Why are buildings detailed like they are? Why do we seem to come to the same kinds of solutions every time? Are we satisfied with this? In an age of increased environmental awareness the answer to the third question has to be no. We need to encourage an innovative approach to detailed design thinking and decision-making, starting with education and through into practice. This paper provides an overview of an innovative Level 3 undergraduate module that was designed with the aim of encouraging students to approach architectural detailing from first principles and within an environmentally responsible framework. A simple nine-cell matrix was used to help students to develop their detailed design work and more importantly encourage them to think beyond the familiar (inappropriate?) solutions taught in construction technology modules. Ease of maintenance and disassembly strategies was investigated as part of a whole life approach to architectural detailing. By focusing on the detail, the joint solution, students were able to reappraise their approach to detailing, generate new ideas and develop their transferable skills. Analysis of the module delivery and student feedback helps to highlight the need for extending the constructability framework, while also illustrating opportunities for considering and realising a leaner approach to design and construction. }, author_keywords={Constructability, Design quality, Detailed design, Disassembly, Education, Innovation, Productivity, Sustainability. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Horman2003, author={Horman, Michael J. and Messner, John I. and Riley, David R. and Pulaski, Michael H }, editor={ }, title={Using Buffers to Manage Production: A Case Study of the Pentagon Renovation Project}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/240}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Arch. Engrg. Department, 104 Engr. Unit A, Penn State Univ., University Park, CA 16802, 814-863-2080, FAX 814-863-4789, mjhorman@engr.psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Arch. Engrg. Department, 104 Engr. Unit A, Penn State Univ., University Park, CA 16802, 814-863-2080, FAX 814-863-4789, jmessner@engr.psu.edu ; Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg. Department, 104 Engr. Unit A, Penn State Univ., University Park, CA 16802, 814-863-2080, FAX 814-863-4789, driley@engr.psu.edu ; Ph.D. Candidate, Arch. Engrg. Department, 104 Engr. Unit A, Penn State Univ., University Park, CA 16802, 814-863-2080, FAX 814-863-4789, mpulaski@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={In construction, it is not common to discuss the use of buffers to manage production. Some companies are clearly better at using these mechanisms than others, even if they do not explicitly discuss their buffer management practices. Certain projects and the way they are organized and managed are better suited for the use of buffer management techniques. This paper explores the implementation of buffer management techniques for the planning and execution of the renovation of the Pentagon. This case project provides a good example of the successful use of buffers. The Pentagon Renovation Project (Wedge 2 to 5) is a $840 million, 10 year project with a high degree of repetition. The project is phased by wedge moving from Wedge 2 to Wedge 5. The work of the project was planned using a technique known as short interval production scheduling (SIPS). This schedule segmented the wedges into smaller work zones and sequenced a “parade of trades” through each zone. Each trade was provided a period of one week in each zone to complete their work. However, some parts of the project involved differing amounts of work for the trade contractor. This was particularly true of the mechanical contractor and it meant that resources could not be optimally balanced to avoid unproductive periods. This contractor used buffers to help smooth the varying levels of work between these zones. The methods used to plan their work are analyzed along with an analysis of the plan execution. Lessons and challenges to the use of buffers in this application are identified. }, author_keywords={Buffers, Pentagon renovation, lean construction. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huber2003, author={Huber, Bob and Reiser, Paul }, editor={ }, title={The Marriage of CPM and Lean Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/241}, affiliation={Scheduling Manager, The Boldt Company, Box 419, Appleton Wisconsin USA 54912-0419. bob.huber@boldt.com ; Vice President, Production and Process Innovation, The Boldt Company, Box 419, Appleton Wisconsin USA 54912-0419. paul.reiser@boldt.com }, abstract={Critical Path Method (CPM) scheduling is the hallmark of current project management practice. This paper explains how one practitioner applies the Lean ideal of a “custom product, delivered instantly, without waste” to CPM scheduling. The paper also demonstrates how CPM scheduling and the Last Planner™ System can be complimentary processes that improve crew flow and work flow in a Lean based project management approach. Further, the paper introduces the concept of attention as a wasteable project resource and presents methods for its efficient utilization. }, author_keywords={CPM as product, crew flow mapping, interactive scheduling, soft logic, crew-centric planning, coordinating conversations, attention as resource, pull intensity }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Johansen2003, author={Johansen, Erik and Porter, Geoff }, editor={ }, title={An Experience of Introducing Last Planner Into a Uk Construction Project}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/243}, affiliation={School of the Built Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1, 8ST, UK. 0191-227-4720, eric.johansen@northumbria.ac.uk ; Sustainable Cities Research Institute, Northumbria University, 6 North Street East, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1, 8ST, UK, geoff.porter@northumbria.ac.uk }, abstract={The Last Planner methodology developed by the Lean Construction Institute is a production control tool which has possible benefits for improving planning in the UK construction industry. Its application has been considered in countries outside the UK but there is scope for considering whether it is a practical tool for use in UK construction projects. The application of the methodology to a UK construction project was studied with a view to establishing the value of the tool and the possible barriers to its implementation. After training by the writers the method was developed for use on a project by the project team and applied to the main activities. The writers observed the process and interviewed the participants. The methodology had some success in terms of improving structure and discipline in planning but there were structural and cultural barriers identified which need to be addressed before it can be fully successful. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, lookahead, subcontractors. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Josephson2003, author={Josephson, Per-Erik and Saukkoriipi, Lasse }, editor={ }, title={Non Value-Adding Activities in Building Projects: A Preliminary Categorization }, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/244}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Building Economics and Management, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, per-erik.josephson@bem.chalmers.se ; Master of Science, Building Economics and Management, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, lasse.saukkoriipi@bem.chalmers.se }, abstract={There is a general opinion and common agreement within the building and construction industry that the costs are too high, but a disagreement on which cost elements and what reasons are lying behind this situation. The Swedish Construction Federation states that the burden of taxation on new houses in Sweden is 65%. Other groups of actors mean that the production is inefficient or that material prices are too high. An alternative way to tackle the problem is to identify activities, which do not add value to the customer. This paper gives examples of non value-adding activities and discusses their costs and causes. A preliminary action-oriented categorization, related to when action should be taken, who should act and how to act to avoid non value-adding activities, is presented and discussed. }, author_keywords={Non value-adding activities, poor quality costs, building project, categorization. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kagioglou2003, author={Kagioglou, Michail and Wu, Song and Aouad, Ghassan and Lee, Angela and Cooper, Racel and Fleming, Andrew }, editor={ }, title={An IT Tool for Managing the Product Development Process}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/246}, affiliation={Senior Research Fellow, Centre Manager, University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 1NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 3855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 4587, Email: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 1NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: s.wu@salford.ac.uk ; Professor of IT and Construction Management, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 1NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5176, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: g.aouad@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 1NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: a.lee@salford.ac.uk ; Professor of Design Management, University of Salford, School of Art and Design, Centenary Building, Peru Street, Salford, M3 6EQ. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 6146, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 6174, Email: r.cooper@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 1NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: a.fleming@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Throughout the last two decades a number of improved product development processes have been suggested that illustrate and clearly define the nature, scope and holistic representation of the issues involved in understanding and managing the product development process (PDP). The degree to which they have actually added value in the industry, even when lean principles have been incorporated, has been debated by many authors. Many agree that one of the main reasons for the above is that those processes/models are rarely implemented fully or the integrity of the embedded philosophy has been diluted through wrong adaptation. One such model of an improved PDP is the Process Protocol. This paper presents how the development of an IT tool can enable the easy and fast adaptation of the Process Protocol Model without loosing the integrity of the holistic approach and without diluting the Philosophies on which it was based. The IT tool adopts the Process Protocol model as a template with enough information that makes it appropriate but flexible enough to allow individual company innovations to be part of the model in a nonprescriptive nature. }, author_keywords={PDP, process management, process modeling, IT }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kamara2003, author={Kamara, John M. }, editor={ }, title={Enablers for Concurrent Engineering in Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/247}, affiliation={Lecturer, Sch. of Arch., Planning & Landscape, Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 191 222 8619; Fax: +44 (0) 191 222 8811; Email: j.m.kamara@ncl.ac.uk }, abstract={Concurrent engineering (CE) is implemented through a variety of tools, which facilitate the key CE strategies of multi-disciplinary teamwork, concurrent parallel and integrated processes, and upfront consideration of lifecycle issues. Since this concept was first considered as a viable proposition integrating the construction process, various attempts have been made to develop enabling tools for CE in construction (CEC) This paper discusses various enablers for CEC. Organization- and technology-based tools are considered, and the extent to which they provide an enabling environment for CEC both with respect to the principles of CE, and the various levels of support required, is also assessed. The analysis revealed that there is broad support (to varying degrees) for CE in construction, but that this is mostly project-centric. There is therefore need for support at the organization level, and also for individuals. Issues relating to the wider implementation of CE identified by the analysis of various enablers suggest that although much progress is being made, there is still more ground to cover. It is also concluded that the role of clients should not be overlooked as they are key to the successful implementation of CE in construction. }, author_keywords={AEC industry; concurrent engineering; CE enablers; CE tools; Computer integration }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kendall2003, author={Kendall, Stephen }, editor={ }, title={An Open Building Strategy for Converting Obsolete Office Buildings to Residential Uses}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/250}, affiliation={Director, Building Futures Institute, College of Architecture and Planning, Ball State University, Muncie, IN., 47306. TEL: 765.285.1911. EMAIL: skendall@bsu.edu. Website: www.bsu.edu/cap/bfi }, abstract={This paper reports on a study of a strategy for the conversion of obsolete office buildings to residential use. We use a case study method with an existing historic structure in Detroit, the Kales Building, designed in 1924 by the famous architect Albert Kahn. The building, typical of many in downtown urban centers in the United States, is planned for conversion into 108 residential units. We compare an open building strategy to the conventional approach. Our study involves architectural and engineering design methods, new business forms, supply chain and information management, trades, and construction management. The study is intended as a demonstration of an open building approach that can be applied to many similar multi-unit buildings as well as to new construction. The ultimate goal is the creation of an Indiana company making integrated fit-out product bundles, thus taking this innovative process into the market. This open building strategy has several elements that are congruent with lean construction principles, not the least of which is deep rethinking of supply channel management, logistics reordering, and just-in-time services. }, author_keywords={Open building, conversion, product bundling, supply chains, lean construction, industrial ecology }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2003, author={Koskela, Lauri and Ballard, Glenn and Howell, Greg }, editor={ }, title={Achieving Change in Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/251}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O.Box 1800, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 456 4556, Fax +358 9 456 6251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Glenn Ballard is Research Director for the Center for Innovation in Project and Production Management (dba Lean Construction Institute) and Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, ballard@leanconstruction.org. ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. 208/726-9989. E-mail ghowell@leanconstruction.org. }, abstract={It is generally admitted that there is a need for change in construction, and various initiatives and programmes have been launched in many countries for achieving that change. However, only few have a track record of consequent and significant successes, even if success in small scale has been reported. This paper considers the scope of change needed, the big foundational ideas of change, as well as the initiation of the change and keeping its momentum. The discussion draws on theoretical, empirical and action research carried out by the authors. The reasons for the sluggish results from change initiatives are also briefly analyzed. }, author_keywords={Construction, organizational change, learning }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Larsen2003, author={Larsen, John and Odgaard, Gunde and Buch, Sidse }, editor={ }, title={A Trade Union's View of the Building Process}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/252}, affiliation={President of the Cartel of unions in the Building, Construction and Wood sectors (BAT-kartellet) and President of the building and construction section of The National Union of General Workers. John.larsen@sid.dk. ; General Secretary of the Cartel of unions in the Building, Construction and Wood sectors (BAT-kartellet). BAT-secretariat, Kampmannsgade 4, DK-1790 Copenhagen. Gunde.odgaard@sid.dk. ; Consultant in the Cartel of unions in the Building, Construction and Wood sectors (BAT-kartellet). BATsecretariat, Kampmannsgade 4, DK-1790 Copenhagen. Sidse@sid.dk. }, abstract={The Danish Building and Construction Workers Unions primary concern is to improve the overall working conditions for the construction workers. We are also determined to increase the quality, productivity and efficiency in the construction industry. We consider the theory of Lean Construction as a viable means to achieve these goals. Lean Construction puts the construction worker into focus, as he is the only participant in the building process directly generating value to the customer. Since the building process is a co-operation vertically and horizontally between many different participants it can best be understood as a form of teamwork. The teamwork inherent in this building process requires every participant to be dependent on each other. The process must be based on mutual respect and recognition of all the participants’ competencies. If the trade unions are to achieve our goals this recognition is an absolute prerequisite. The unions view Lean Construction as a means to increase the construction workers’ responsibility and influence by recognizing their qualifications regarding planning, coordination, cooperation and decision-making. The International Federation of Building and Woodworkers, IFBWW4 supports these views, although pointing out that the concept of Lean Construction is mostly applicable to the construction sectors of industrial rather than developing countries. This paper reviews research in cooperation, teamwork and life-long learning, and reports interviews with 28 construction workers who have participated in Lean Construction or Lean Construction related projects. }, author_keywords={trade union, working conditions, construction workers }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lee2003, author={Lee, Sang Hyun and Pena-Mora, Feniosky and Park, Moonseo }, editor={ }, title={Reliability and Stability Buffering Approach in Concurrent Design and Construction Projects}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/253}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Dept. of Civil and Envir. Engrg., MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, PH 617-258-9468, lsh@mit.edu ; Professor, Dept. of Civil and Envir. Engrg., UIUC, 3129 Newmark Lab, 205 n Mathews, Urbana, IL 61801 ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Bldg., Schl. of Degn. and Envir., NUS, 4 Architecture Drive SDE 1: 5-33, Singapore 117566; PH 65-6874-6430; bdgmp@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Current construction projects often need to reduce the development time while keeping their quality and budget. This increased demand for reducing development time has introduced fast tracking and concurrent engineering into the construction industry. However, the adoption of these techniques can make the process more uncertain and complex than the traditional sequential design and construction process. In this paper, we focus on iterative cycles due to error and change as the main source of uncertainty and complexity. To deal with this issue, Reliability and Stability Buffering is presented as a mechanism to reduce the impact of iterative cycles by using a simulation-based approach and different buffer locations and sizes from those used in traditional contingency buffering. Early adoption of errors and changes identified by the proposed buffering approach can help to minimize their ripple effect on the later stages of the project. }, author_keywords={Concurrent Design and Construction, Reliability and Stability Buffering, Quality and Change Management, Construction System Dynamics, Simulation. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lin2003, author={Lin, Yu-Cheng and Tserng, H. Ping }, editor={ }, title={Knowledge Management and Its Appication to Lean Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/254}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, yucheng@ce.ntu.edu.tw ; Associate Professor, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, hptserng@ce.ntu.edu.tw }, abstract={Knowledge Management (KM) has become one of the most significant terms in the IT industry. Knowledge management deals with creating, securing, capturing, coordinating, combining, retrieving, and distributing knowledge. Knowledge sharing between different projects is viewed as an essential source to gain the competitive advantage in the future. Lean construction comes from acknowledging the limitations of current project management and applying “lean production’ to the construction industry. This paper presents an example of implementing of construction knowledge management to construction projects, exploring the relationship between knowledge management and lean construction. It shows that project control could encompass the cost and time consuming by adopting knowledge management concepts and tools in lean construction. The application of knowledge management to implement the lean construction in the construction phase is discussed in this paper through the presentation of a construction project-based knowledge management concept and system for general contractors. The results of real case approve that knowledge management is a useful tool for the application of lean construction in project life cycle by utilizing the latest web technology for knowledge management systems. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Knowledge Management, Project Management. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Loria-Arcila2003, author={Loria-Arcila, Jose H. and Garcia-Garcia, Alcides and Vanegas, Jorge A. }, editor={ }, title={Assessing Design Practices on Affordable Housing Projects in Mexico Using Lean Concepts}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/255}, affiliation={Academic Secretary, School of Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, 999/941-0195, FAX 999/941-0189, larcila@tunku.uady.mx ; Graduate Student, Construction Engineering and Management Program, School of Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, 999/941-0195, FAX 999/941-0189 ; The Fred and Teresa Estrada Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Program, School of Civil and Envir. Engrg., 790 Atlantic Dr.; SEB Building, Room 328, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, 404/894-9881, FAX 404/894-5418, jorge.vanegas@ce.gatech.edu }, abstract={This paper presents the results of a research project that investigated the level of knowledge and application of lean concepts and principles among the various stakeholders responsible for constructing affordable housing developments in the Southeast of Mexico. The project developed a conceptual framework with key lean parameters, based on the results from a survey among designers and developers. There is substantial evidence showing that design can effectively be improved with the application of the lean production paradigm. Therefore the first objective was to explore whether there was any awareness of the existence of lean concepts: The survey particularly focused on lean design related terms, to explore (1) if they were indeed known by the various participants in affordable housing development projects; (2) whether lean construction concepts were applied in their organizations, and if so, if their application was restricted to senior management or had filtered down and incorporated within the design and production processes; and (3) the likelihood of lean concepts being adopted in the construction of affordable housing developments. The survey revealed very limited knowledge of lean construction (and design) concepts at both management and operational levels. Consequently, the application of those concepts is almost inexistent within the various organizations involved in affordable housing developments. Two recommendations are made for future research to focus on furthering the understanding of the design process and thus eventually providing tools that will develop integrated solutions to the problem of design in affordable housing developments. }, author_keywords={Lean design, lean construction, affordable housing. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Macomber2003, author={Macomber, Hal and Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={ }, title={Linguistic Action: Contributing to the Theory of Lean Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/256}, affiliation={Partner, Lean Project Consulting, 36 Kirkland Drive, Andover, MA 01810. hmacomber@leanproject.com ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID. 83340. ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Lean Construction springs from the failure of current project management and opens the door to significant reform. Lauri Koskela has identified the inadequate conceptual foundations of current practices in terms of both management and the project, and the resulting calls for reform offer new hope for a stagnant discipline. Lean Construction, inspired by the Toyota Production System, has applied principles drawn from production management to the design of project-based production systems. This paper argues that linguistic action contributes an essential addition to the theory of the project and management. The theory of linguistic action describes the very human processes, the purposeful ways people communicate, by which projects are conceived and delivered. This theory provides a coherent conceptual foundation for the design of the lean project delivery system and its management. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, theory, linguistic action, project management, production system design. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mastroianni2003, author={Mastroianni, Remo and Abdelhamid, Tariq }, editor={ }, title={The Challenge: The Impetus for Change to Lean Project Delivery}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/257}, affiliation={Quality Director, Walbridge Aldinger, Detroit, MI ; Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu }, abstract={A challenge from a customer to use “Lean” in our business and production processes caused a significant change in thinking and review of “Best Practices” to deliver projects better, cheaper and faster. Our research has shown that for select construction activities the valued added portion is about 5% and the remaining 95% is both necessary non-valued added and non-value added activities, also known as “waste”. The conclusion was obvious, in that, we needed to focus on reducing the non-valued activities rather than reduce margin to stay competitive. This paper presents the efforts undertaken by Walbridge Aldinger (WA) in response to a challenge from Ford Motor Company to utilize “Lean” production principles in WA’s construction delivery process. These efforts resulted in the identification and implementation of lean tools and methods that comprise a set of “Lean Construction Best Practices”. Deployment of “Lean Construction Best Practices” will reduce the waste in our processes and reduce the cost of capital facilities. Implementing lean in our businesses will be a matter of survival. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Implementation, Organizational Change, Value Stream Mapping, Logistics Planning, Visual Management, 5S, Last Planner System® }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Matthews2003, author={Matthews, Owen and Howell, Gregory A. and Mitropoulos, Panagiotis }, editor={ }, title={Aligning the Lean Organization: A Contractual Approach}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/258}, affiliation={CEO, Westbrook Air Conditioning & Plumbing, Box 5459, Orlando, Fl 32855-5459. owenm@westbrookfl.com ; Managing Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, ghlci@earthlink.net ; Research Associate, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, Takism@earthlink.net }, abstract={Maximizing value and minimizing waste at the project level is difficult when the contractual structure inhibits coordination, stifles cooperation and innovation, and rewards individual contractors for both reserving good ideas, and optimizing their performance at the expense of others. This paper describes an innovative contractual structure that aligns the interests of all contractors with the objectives of the lean delivery system. The approach, requirements for implementation, and results obtained will be described and a brief reflection on theory offered. }, author_keywords={Contract, Lean Delivery, Project Organization, Primary Team Member, Pact, formula, Integrated Project Delivery™ }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maturana2003, author={Maturana, Sergio and Alarcon, Luis Fernando and Deprez, Marcel }, editor={ }, title={Modeling the Impact of Multiskilling and Concrete Batch Size in Multi-Story Buildings}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/259}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, 562/686-4272, smaturan@ing.puc.cl. ; Professor, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, 562/686-4201, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl. ; Business and Development Engineer, Cemento Melón, Pedro de Valdivia 98, La Calera, Chile, 562/280- 0448, Marcel.Deprez@melon.lafarge.cl. }, abstract={This paper illustrates the use of a simulation model to explore ways to decrease idle time due to the lack of available working inventory during the primary phase in the construction of a multi-story building. Two strategies are analyzed: increased frequency of concreting operations and the use of multi-skilled workers who use their additional trade when there is a lack of work in their area, or when there is a shortage of employees in another area in which they are proficient. The work involved field observations in a multistory building to obtain data to build and calibrate a simulation model. In the first strategy, the results show that it would be possible to complete the primary phase using 16% less workers or in 10% less time, if concrete is poured daily instead of every other day. In the second strategy, the results show that, in average, it would be possible to complete the primary phase using 14% less workers or in 6% less time, when 30% of the workers are assumed to be multi-skilled. Upon implementing both strategies simultaneously, the results show it would be possible to complete the primary phase using 22% less workers, or in 16% less time. }, author_keywords={Multiskilling, lean construction. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Milberg2003, author={Milberg, Colin and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Application of Tolerance Analysis and Allocation to Work Structuring: Partition Wall Case}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/260}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/289-2552, FAX 510/643-8919, colinm@uclink.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Geometric tolerance as a source of variability is often ignored in project design and control research and practice. Certain best practices to buffer AEC systems from this variability are established through ‘received traditions.’ To describe the nature of this variability, basic tolerance terminology is introduced as applicable to a case study. Tolerance analysis and allocation techniques are herein applied to a very simple AEC system, a drywall partition wall with an electrical outlet. A mapping system, combining aspects of tolerance analysis tools and process mapping, reveals strategies for improved tolerance allocation that often results in the design of alternative work structures. Alternative work structures not only meet the system geometric tolerance constraints but they also attempt to remove waste from the system. The methodology for mapping and analysis are shown to mitigate geometric variations through product and process configuration. Speculation is that the same methodology is adaptable to design systems that are robust to any form of variability impacting the system. }, author_keywords={Tolerance, constructability, work structuring, lean construction, mapping }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Miron2003, author={Miron, Luciana I.G. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Client Requirement Management in Building Projects}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/261}, affiliation={M.Sc. Ph.D. Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brasil. FAX:+ 55 51 316 4054, e-mail:lumiron@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brasil. e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={In recent years, concern with value management has increased in construction, mainly due to the increasing demand for quality from clients and to the increasing complexity of construction projects. This has resulted in changes on the roles of construction organizations and professionals. In this context, the success of a project depends strongly on how the requirements are prioritized and communicated to the design team throughout the product development process. This paper describes the main results of a research study that aimed to establish a set of guidelines for managing client requirements in building projects throughout the product development process. Two case studies involving construction companies acting as the product development co-coordinators were carried out. The first was concerned with the development and construction of a house building projects for the lower middle class. The other one was carried out in a fast, uncertain and complex industrial project. For both cases, multidisciplinary product development teams were formed. They were in charge of several tasks throughout the project such as to identify the objective of the project, to plan and control the product development process, to devise the design brief, and to make design decisions, taking into account the production system requirements. The main contributions of the study are concerned with the introduction of systematic client requirements management in product development, and the application of tools for collecting data and supporting decision-making. }, author_keywords={Client requirements, value generation, building product, multi-disciplinary team }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mitropoulos2003, author={Mitropoulos, Panagiotis and Howell, Gregory A. and Reiser, Paul }, editor={ }, title={Workers at the Edge: Hazard Recognition and Action}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/262}, affiliation={Research Associate, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, Takism@earthlink.net ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, ghlci@earthlink.net ; Vice President, Production and Process Innovation, The Boldt Company, Box 419, Appleton Wisconsin. paul.reiser@boldt.com }, abstract={Supervisors and workers report they work in the danger zone where errors can have terrible consequences. Current best practice safety programs aim to train and motivate workers to avoid hazards. These programs attempt to counter pressure for improved efficiency and reduced effort but are only partly successful. A new approach has been proposed that aims to improve safety by increasing the ability of workers to work safely closer to the edge where control is lost and accidents occur (Howell, et al, 2002). In this paper we review and propose the implementation of an approach drawn from aviation. Airline safety has been improved by a system designed to alert pilots of hazards identified by anyone on the flight deck. Crew Resource Management (CRM) protocols establish a safe and emphatic way to alert the pilot that the safety of the flight is at risk. This system is designed to overcome the reluctance of junior members to make suggestions to more senior officers. Specific simple communication rules are established to assure the gravity and source of the concern is made apparent without disrupting normal roles and responsibilities. While flying a plane is different from working in a construction crew, we suspect that construction workers are reluctant, for a variety of reason to speak up when hazards are encountered. Taking risks is considered part of the job. This paper describes CRM, and proposes an experimental application in construction. }, author_keywords={Construction safety, Crew Resource Management, Human Error, Error Management }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2003, author={Pasquire, Christine L. and Connolly, Gary E. }, editor={ }, title={Design for Manufacture and Assembly}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/263}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Technical Solutions Director, Crown House Engineering, Wolverhampton, UK, GConnolly@Carillionplc.com }, abstract={The inclusion of off-site production into construction project delivery offers many benefits but its inclusion frequently results in inappropriate design work. This may be double design work largely due to detailing included in the traditional design process either repeated by the manufacturer for bespoke production or has been undertaken previously during original product design, substantial material waste due to poor sizing for standard components or incorrect design of surrounding structural elements. As the scale and number of manufactured items incorporated increases, the extent of this waste in the design process becomes more significant. To compensate for this, an amended design process is required along with major changes in the design role and the composition of the design team itself. This paper, based on research3 funded by the UK Government Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the experiences of a major mechanical services manufacturer4, presents a revised design process focused on Mechanical Engineering, showing where and how waste is eliminated and the roles of the various design team members. }, author_keywords={Design, pre-assembly, off-site manufacturing, process. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Polat2003, author={Polat, Gul and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Construction Supply Chains: Turkish Supply Chain Configurations for Cut and Bent Rebar}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/264}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90-212-285-37-37; fax: +90-212-285-65-87; gpolat@ins.itu.edu.tr ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, gballard@leanconstruction.org and Associate Adjunct Professor, Project & Engineering Mgmt. Group, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley }, abstract={This paper presents current supply chain configurations for concrete reinforcement steel (rebar) in the Turkish construction industry. The supply chains were assessed by the value stream mapping method and were investigated through visits to firms involved in the supply chain and interviews with practitioners. Five different types of rebar supply chain configurations were identified in the case studies. A significant number of problems were also identified resulting from inaccurate data transfers among participants, and also from delays and interruptions in information flow. This paper details the root causes of problems throughout the supply chain comprising engineering, detailing, reckoning, fabrication and procurement processes. It is proposed that the problems are caused by fragmentation in the construction industry, and by lack of awareness of the supply chain management concept and its benefits. Finally, a set of recommendations for performance improvement are proposed. }, author_keywords={Concrete reinforcing steel, rebar, supply chain management, supply chain management in construction, construction supply chains, process mapping, supply chain analysis, value stream mapping. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ramirez R.2003, author={Ramirez R., Ricardo and Alarcon C., Luiz Fernando and Knights, Peter }, editor={ }, title={Benchmarking Management Practices in the Construction Industry}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/265}, affiliation={Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-mail: rramirer@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Mining Center, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería,Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-mail:pknights@ing.puc.cl. }, abstract={This paper presents the results of the first application of a management evaluation system for benchmarking management practices in the construction industry. The system supports a National Benchmarking System recently established in the Chilean Construction Industry by incorporating qualitative management aspects in addition to quantative performance indicators. Different analysis were made to determine trends in the industry sector by correlating the qualitative evaluations from surveys with the performance indicators. Thirteen construction companies participated in the initial application of the benchmarking system. A correlation analysis found that safety performance was strongly related to companies having superior planning and control, quality management, cost control and subcontractor management policies. An factor analysis undertaken found that Central office priorities center on strategic management policies having longer term competitive impact, whilst site management emphasizes tactical management dimensions consistent with shorter term impact. There is scope to elevate the profile of continuous improvement initiatives to strategic significance at central 1office level. }, author_keywords={Qualitative Benchmarking, Management Dimension, Performance Indicators, Management Evaluation System. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2003, author={Sacks, Rafael and Akinci, Burcu and Ergen, Esin }, editor={ }, title={3D Modeling and Real-Time Monitoring in Support of Lean Production of Engineered-to-Order Precast Concrete Buildings}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/266}, affiliation={Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Eng., 840 Rabin Building, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, 972-4-829-3190 FAX 972-4-832-3433, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Eng., Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, 412-268-2959 FAX 412-268-7813, bakinci@andrew.cmu.edu ; Doctoral Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Eng., Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, 412-268-2959 FAX 412-268-7813, eergen@andrew.cmu.edu }, abstract={Previous research has highlighted the efficacy of the application of lean production principles in the precast concrete industry. The work also highlighted the dependence of engineered-toorder prefabrication in construction on both engineering and on process control information for production in construction. In current practice in most precast/prestressed plants in the US, producers typically fabricate pieces well in advance of their erection on site, resulting in relatively large buffers of product stored in extensive yards. This practice is generally attributed to the fact that precast production rates are significantly slower than erection rates, and to erratic demands for product from the erection process. The behavior is reinforced by the industry-wide willingness of building clients to pay up to 90% of the cost of precast products on production, rather than on delivery and erection. However, other factors prevent reduction of inventories: among them are the inability of current numbering methods and information systems to support long term erection sequence planning; the high cost and imprecision of real-time feedback (pull) information from the site and/or project management; and producers’ unreliability in identifying and shipping pieces on time from yards that are difficult to manage due to their size. We propose that resolution of these problems requires concerted application of lean principles, of advanced information technology and of real-time monitoring (using Automated Project Performance Control technologies). The potential of information systems and interpreted monitoring data to support a lean production and delivery cycle for precast construction is explored in relation to each of the problems stated. }, author_keywords={Lean production, precast concrete, 3D modeling, information technology, real-time monitoring. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Moser2003, author={Moser, Luciano and Santos, Aguinaldo dos }, editor={ }, title={Applying Visual Management on Mobile Cell Manufacturing: A Case Study on Drywall Technology}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/267}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, MSc. candidate, PPGEC, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19011, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil ,moser@cesec.ufpr.br ; Civil Engineer, MSc., PhD, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19011, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, asantos@cesec.ufpr.br, http://www.cesec.ufpr.br/~asantos }, abstract={This paper stresses the impact of using visual controls in a mobile cell implementation in the construction industry, expanding the analysis carried out by Santos, Moser & Tookey (2002) within the same research project. The investigation was carried out using a case study research method and focused on the drywall technology. The whole research was carried out in two phases. Initial phase: a diagnosis on drywall practices in three companies. The observations showed various problems such as improvisation with tools, poor workflow planning and the absence of adequate drywall design plans. Second phase: implementation of a mobile cell. The study showed that developing adequate visual controls on the workstations, packages, and the materials themselves is a key factor to enable a successful implementation of mobile cells in construction. However, the frequent movement of workstations throughout the construction site demands visual controls with higher mobility than current on-the-shelf visual controls, which is in itself an opportunity for further innovation in construction. }, author_keywords={Visual Control, mobile cell, cellular manufacturing }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2003, author={Santos, Ana Paula S. and Neto, Dimas de C. e Silva and Neto, Jose de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={A Study About Application and Refinement of a Production Strategy Formulation Model in a Building Company}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/268}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student in Administration, Federal Univ. of Ceara, Fortaleza/ Brazil, ssanapaula@bol.com.br ; Professor at the Department of Construction, Regional University of Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil, dimas_de_castro@hotmail.com ; Professor at the Department of Structural Engineering and Construction, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={In recent years, there have been some important changes in the industrial context, which have turned the production function into an important competitive force in many enterprises. This is due to the fundamental role this function has had in the acquisition of competitive criteria such as cost and quality. Based on this, the companies began to analyze the production function's decisions, no longer with an exclusively operational and short-term vision, but with a strategic approach linked to the company’s global objectives. Thus, this paper intends to study the application in a building company, of a production strategy formulation model developed by Barros Neto (1999). The objective of this application is to refine the model, as well as adjusting it to the local company's features in accordance with the work’s progress. The model’s application lasted six months and included the following stages: strategic diagnosis of the production function, knowledge of the profiles of the company’s customers and competitors, the company's objectives and the production function's objectives, development of plans and the follow up of the defined strategy implementation. It was clearly observed that the success of this work depends strongly on the company's culture, strategic planning knowledge and the importance of production function for the firm. }, author_keywords={strategic planning, production function, competitive advantage }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tan2003, author={Tan, Bo and Horman, Michael J. and Messner, John I. and Riley, David R. }, editor={ }, title={Increasing the Understanding of Lean Principles With Advanced Visualization Technologies}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/269}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Depart. Architectural Engr., Penn State Univ., 104 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-6786, FAX 814-863-4789, btan@psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Depart. Architectural Engr., Penn State Univ., 211 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-2080, FAX 814-863-4789, mjhorman@engr.psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Depart. Architectural Engr., Penn State Univ., 104 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, 814-865-4578, FAX 814-863-4789, jmessner@engr.psu.edu ; Associate Professor, Depart. Architectural Engr., Penn State Univ., 104 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-2079, FAX 814-863-4789, driley@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={Advanced production management principles, like those of lean construction, have tremendous potential to improve the construction of projects. Ideas of lean construction have been proposed for more than ten years. These have had success, but they have hardly revolutionized the industry like lean production has impacted the manufacturing industry. One significant challenge facing proponents of advance production management in construction is the ability to articulate lean construction principles in a meaningful way to new users. Advanced visualization technologies like 3D and 4D Computer Aided Design (CAD), can help managers and foremen visualize the impact and usefulness of these principles. This paper describes an experiment performed with a graduate class to assess the use of 4D CAD for visualizing the various elements of production flow. Students were asked to assess a Critical Path Method (CPM) schedule for production flow characteristics. They were then asked to review the same sequence of work in a 4D CAD model. A large proportion of the class did not identify the flow issues in the CPM schedule, but most of them identified critical flow issues in the 4D CAD model. It was concluded that this visualization technology helped the students identify, explain and develop a deeper understanding of advanced production management principles. }, author_keywords={Production flow, lean construction, 4D CAD modeling, visualization }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thomassen2003, author={Thomassen, Mikkel Andreas and Sander, Dag and Barnes, Kristine Ann and Nielsen, Anni }, editor={ }, title={Experience and Results From Implementing Lean Construction in a Large Danish Contracting Firm}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/270}, affiliation={mlt@mthojgaard.dk, MT Højgaard A/S, ; dsa@mthojgaard.dk, MT Højgaard A/S ; kab@mthojgaard.dk, MT Højgaard A/S ; nil@mthojgaard.dk, MT Højgaard A/S }, abstract={MT Højgaard – the largest contracting firm in Denmark – has in a number of years worked seriously with implementing Lean Construction. Lean methods have been used on more than 30 completed or ongoing construction projects. This paper takes stock of the experience and results obtained in the implementation process by presenting the main findings in our 2002 annual report on lean construction. The outline is as follows. First, an overview of the implementation of Lean Construction in MT Højgaard is given. This implementation consists of well-known lean methods such as “last planner” and “look ahead”, but more idiosyncratic methods are also presented in this section. For instance, the introduction of a new role on the building site (the “process manager”) and an IT-tool supporting lean-planning (called “PlanLog”). The number of lean projects performed in MT Højgaard provides an excellent opportunity for presenting aggregate data. Thus, second, the paper examines on a project level how the application of lean methods affects benchmarks such as profit (level and predictability), safety, client satisfaction and administrative costs. These preliminary data suggests that all parties can benefit from using LC. Among others, profit is increased for the main contractor as well as for the subcontractors and the workforce on the building site experiences an improvement in the working environment. The final section briefly explores some perspectives for the use of lean in MT Højgaard. In particular the possibility of using lean ideas in the design phase is raised. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Benchmarking, safety, Lean Design }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos2003, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={Application of Lean Construction Principles in Product Development Process Modelling}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/272}, affiliation={Architect, M.Sc., Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 1NU, UK, Tel:+ 44 (0161) 2954284 FAX + 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Centre manager, University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 1NU, UK, FAX + 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Several studies have pointed out the importance of the product development process in terms of improving the performance of the construction industry. Product development management is difficult because it involves thousands of decisions with numerous interdependencies, under a highly uncertain environment. This has led to the development of a number of initiatives in research and practice aiming at improving the product development process. Process models have been devised, which are useful in understanding how the process develops and suggesting ways of controlling it. Unfortunately, the implementation of these models and methodologies in practice is very slow and until now there are no major improvements resulting from these solutions. One of the reasons for this is the lack of understanding that any new product development process needs to be managed as part of a change programme within companies. The aim of this article is to present an analysis on the application of lean construction principles to product development modelling in real life settings. This discussion is based on empirical data collected in one case study that focused on the importance of integrating any new product development process within a change management framework. The case study involved the assessment of the development and implementation of a product development process model within a construction company from different perspectives, including the utilisation of information technology. }, author_keywords={Product development, process modelling, lean principles }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vaidyanathan2003, author={Vaidyanathan, Kalyan }, editor={ }, title={Value of Visibility and Planning in an Engineer-to-Order Environment}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/273}, affiliation={Senior Product Manager, i2 Technologies, Inc., 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, 617/551- 2780, FAX 617/761-2974, kalyan@i2.com }, abstract={Engineer-to-order industries are a special kind of a manufacturing industry wherein every order is custom and is managed as a project. Planning in these industries is typically done using traditional CPM techniques and likely in silos across various departments. Hence these industries are plagued with poor due-date performance problems and resource overload problems. Effective tools will help better manage these issues and improve operational performance. The paper below discusses these issues through the case of one such company that specializes in making equipment for the beverage industry and their attempt to address the problem. The solution involves better management of the entire lifecycle of the orders. Due-date quoting is improved by taking resource capacity into consideration. Better project planning tools are provided that provide resource and material constrained project plans. The planning scenario involves a multi-project planning with shared resources and the objective is to maximize the enterprise throughput. Emphasis is placed not only on enterprise wide project planning, but also on problem visibility that empower planners to better collaborate and resolve problems (project delays and resource capacity variations) as they come up. The problem visibility and advanced optimization technology provided enable the company to realize valuable savings and improve customer satisfaction. In its nature of being project based, the engineer-to-order industry is similar to construction industry. Analogies and extensions to the construction project management industry are discussed along with the potential value to be realized. But the supply chain differences between the two industries lead to problems and limit immediate adoption. Issues on how to rethink the construction supply chain to realize some of the hidden value is also discussed. }, author_keywords={Engineer-to-order, Multi-project planning, Construction supply chain, Visibility }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2003, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Koskela, Lauri and Voordijk, Hans }, editor={ }, title={Understanding Construction Supply Chains: A Multiple Theoretical Approach to Inter-Organizational Relationships in Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/274}, affiliation={Doctorate candidate, Centre for Process Innovation in Building and Construction, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl; Research consultant, TNO Building and Construction Research, Department of Building Process Innovation, The Netherlands ; Senior Researcher, VTT Building and Transport, Finland, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Process Management, Faculty of Technology and Management, University of Twente, The Netherlands, E-mail h.voordijk@sms.utwente.nl }, abstract={The transaction cost economics (TCE) approach has been applied often as a basis for the analysis and explanation of the functioning and organization of construction processes and supply chains. The objective of this paper is to develop a more complete theoretical framework to better understand inter-organizational relationships (IOR) in construction supply chains from a multi-disciplinary perspective. The starting point of this paper is the observation that the TCE perspective alone is too narrow to fully explain and understand construction supply chains. In addition to TCE, three additional perspectives are introduced to explain the organization and functioning of supply chains: production and operations management (POM), network theory, and the language/action (L/A) perspective. The POM perspective shows that an organizational form of production must be aimed at the general objective of value creation for customers, not merely on the economic argument of minimizing transaction costs. Both TCE and POM, particularly address bilateral inter-firm business relationships and do not include the complexity of wider industry networks, and additional factors of multiple inter-firm relations. Finally, TCE, POM as well as network theory disregard the dynamics associated with the recurrent process of language and action between firms and individuals. In the paper, the theoretical principles of the four perspectives are used to explain IOR in construction supply chains. Next, the four perspectives are mapped and classified in a theoretical framework, including additional directions for the further development of the framework. It is concluded, however, that the framework may still be too incomplete to fully explain and understand the organization and functioning of IOR in construction supply chains, and that a more complete theoretical paradigm is needed. }, author_keywords={Construction supply chain, inter-organizational relationships, transaction cost economics, production/operations management, network theories, language/action perspective }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Walsh2003, author={Walsh, Kenneth D. and Sawhney, Anil and Bashford, Howard H. }, editor={ }, title={Cycle-Time Contributions of Hyper-Specialization and Time-Gating Strategies in Us Residential Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/275}, affiliation={AGC-Paul S. Roel Chair for Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1324, 619/594-0911, FAX: 619/594-8078, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287- 0204, 480/965-7417, FAX: 480/965-1769, anil.sawhney@asu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287- 0204, 480/965-4513, FAX: 480/965-1769, howard.bashford@asu.edu }, abstract={High-volume home building (those homes built in large subdivisions by large homebuilders) in the United States has undergone a gradual increase in construction cycle time from start to closing over the last two decades. Part of the increase may be attributable to a concomitant increase in the size and complexity of the typical production home. Cycle times on the order of 2 months were common 20 to 30 years ago in the industry, whereas 6 to 8 months is more common at present; this dramatic increase cannot be explained by differences in the size and specification of the homes being built alone. Most large production homebuilders in the United States have discontinued the practice of self-performing work on their projects, and instead rely upon a network of highly specialized subcontractors organized by trade or activity. This change was motivated by the search for efficiency and cost reduction at the individual task level. In the present production system, 30 to 40 individual subcontractors must be coordinated to complete 100 to 150 separate activities at the home site. Typical value-stream maps of portions of the residential process are presented, illustrating the large number of interfaces or handoffs between organizations which result in the production system. Substantial quantities of wasted time are documented in the production process based on field observation. Much of the wasted time can be attributed to the large number of interfaces and the time-gating strategy of turning over each home to each trade in one day increments. The implications are demonstrated conceptually and quantitative results are derived from process simulation. The paper provides suggested modifications to the production system to reduce cycle time, even assuming existing production methods (at the activity level) are maintained. }, author_keywords={Residential construction, production systems, process mapping. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wandahl2003, author={Wandahl, Soren and Bejder, Erik }, editor={ }, title={Value-Based Management in the Supply Chain of Construction Projects}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/276}, affiliation={Ph.D.-student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, DK 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark, +45 9635 8989, soren@wandahl.net ; Associate Professor Ph.D., Department of Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, DK 92220 Aalborg East, Denmark, +45 9635 8950, i9eb@iprod.auc.dk }, abstract={The scope of this paper is to examine the idea of using the management philosophy Value- Based Management (VBM) as a supplementary management tool to control the total building process in a more efficient manner compared with conventional procedures. VBM has been used as a successful management tool inside independent companies for several years, but we want to test this tool in a building organization, i.e. an organization where different companies work together to define and build a unique building. In this paper the approach will mainly be theoretical and aimed at preparing a methodology for practical use in a building organisation. The idea has subsequently been used in a concrete building process, and the results from this project are explained in another paper. The result of the theoretical approach in this paper lead to a well-founded hypothesis stating that the supplementary use of VMB in a project organization with different legal parties can be a more proactive control tool, i.e. the management get an earlier warning if the process go off the rails compared with traditional control mechanisms. }, author_keywords={Value, Value Management, Value-Based Management, Human behavior, Community, Congruity. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Whelton2003, author={Whelton, Michael and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Dynamic States of Project Purpose: Transitions From Customer Needs to Project Requirements - Implications for Adaptive Management}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/277}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, mwhelton@uclink4.berkeley.edu ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The primary goal of the project definition process is to define the customer’s project purpose. Without properly understanding what customers are trying to achieve, designs are not likely to meet those needs. Purpose is a term to signify intent and is the primary driver in value generation. Developing project purposes is a dynamic process and changes to purpose occur throughout the course of project definition. Customer and stakeholder needs transition through various states of definition and various levels of commitment by stakeholders. We propose that purpose emerges from collaborative group interaction i.e. it is considered to be an emergent product of the group creation process. This paper is particularly centered on project managers and the way they dynamically manage changing purposes in the early phase of project definition. The research advocates the use of an adaptive management framework to manage such dynamic complexity. We seek to explore adaptive management techniques that steer the dynamic nature of purpose creation and change. Facilitation for group learning is a prime attribute of management capability in this phase. The conceptual framework is comprised of facilitative management actions supporting the transition of purpose from need to requirement. Based on this framework, a set of linguistic constructs are developed to support the management of the project definition conversation. }, author_keywords={Adaptive management, customer needs, emergence, project definition, purpose, requirements, value generation. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zhao2003, author={Zhao, Ying and Chua, David K.H. }, editor={ }, title={Relationship Between Productivity and Non Value-Adding Activities}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/278}, affiliation={Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, 65/6874-2195, FAX 65/6779-1635, cvedavid@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={From lean production perspective, the physics of production flow can be thought of as comprising value adding and non-value adding (or waste) activities. Moreover, one of its core principles for work improvement is the elimination or mitigation of the latter component. This should be translated into increased productivity at the work site. The aims of this paper are to identify the relationship between productivity at the work site and the waste or non-value-adding activities, and to find out the root causes of the wastes. For this purpose, the waste activities are categorized into 20 sources according to their causes. Productivity data of formwork crews on multiple projects are collected together with the associated wastes. A neural network is then developed to model the influence of the wastes on measured productivity. The model is incrementally pruned so that, eventually, only eight significant wastes are identified and remain. The final model shows very good conformance when compared with observed data. After that the eight significant wastes have been correlated to the project level factors to find out their root reasons. }, author_keywords={productivity, waste, neural networks, artificial intelligence }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barshani2004, author={Barshani, Afshan and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Syal, Matt }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Manufactured Housing Construction Value Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process }, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/279}, affiliation={Production Manager, Neumann Homes Inc. Email: barshana@msu.edu ; Assistant Professor, 207 FarraH Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu ; Professor, 207 FarraH Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: syalm@msu.edu }, abstract={Manufactured houses represent a large proportion of factory-built housing in the United States. There are as many variations in quality of materials used, construction techniques, and installation procedures, as there are manufacturers in this industry. This makes the decision of purchasing, given the variety of homes, difficult for the homebuyer. This study provides a framework for evaluation of manufactured houses based on a defined robust goal of construction (utility) value and utilizes the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to transform a qualitative process into a quantitative one. This AHP-based framework will aid manufacturers in determining construction value-adding features that should receive the highest priority such that value is delivered to prospective homeowners. The developed framework is inspired by current thinking in the Lean Construction literature and will especially inform the value generation focus area. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdelhamid2004, author={Abdelhamid, Tariq S. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Self-Destruction and Renewal of Lean Construction Theory: A Prediction From Boyd's Theory}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/280}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, 207 FarraH Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu }, abstract={In 1992, Lauri Koskela used the ideal production system embodied in the Toyota Production System to develop a more overarching production management paradigm for project-based production systems where production is conceptualized in three complementary ways, namely, as a Transformation (T), as a Flow(F), and as Value generation(V). In 2002, Koskela and Howell have presented a new conceptualization of Project Management theory to address the shortcomings in existing planning, execution, and control paradigms as manifested in project-based production systems. This paper introduces and explores Boyd's theory of "Destruction and Creation", which is subsequently used to trace how the Lean Construction underlying theoretical foundation, as represented by the TFV theory of production and the new Project Management theory, was conceived. Boyd's theory also reveals that the more the two theories are used to explain, predict, and control observed reality, i.e., project-based production environments, the more they will fail to match-up with observed reality signaling the need for new theories. Hence, sooner or later the TFV and the new Project Management theories will self-destruct and the chaos created by the inability to match the theories' constructs with observations will result in yet another broader theory of project-based production systems. Evidence exists of this already taking place with the new representation of the construction industry as a complex and chaotic system. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction Theory, TVF Production Theory }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maturana2004, author={Maturana, Sergio and Alarcon, Luis and Vrsalovic, Mladen }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Achieving Collaboration in the Construction Supply Chain: An Onsite Subcontractors' Evaluation Methodology}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/281}, affiliation={Professor, Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica de Chile. Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile- Phone +56 2/686-4272, smaturan@ing.puc.cl. ; Professor, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, +56 2/686-4201, lalarcon(Q)ing.puc.cl. ; Research Engineer, Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica de Chile. Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile- Phone +56 2/686-7054, mvrsalov@puc.cl . }, abstract={Subcontracting in the construction industry has greatly increased in recent years. On one hand, subcontracting as allowed shifting some of the risk from the main contractor to the subcontractor and allowed some firms to become experts in specialized topics. On the other hand, inadequate subcontracting management has frequently resulted in an adversarial relationship between main contractors and their subcontractors. Subcontracting has also meant, in many cases, uncoordinated onsite execution and disappointing quality and time table fulfillment. The development of new systems and tools to support subcontractor management is part of a collaborative research project carried out by the Production Management Center (GEPUC) from the Catholic University of Chile. This is a collaborative research project with participation of several construction companies and the Chilean Construction Chamber. The experience gained by testing prototype tools and systems in pilot projects has allowed the development of a methodology based on lean principles and partnering practices for evaluating subcontractors onsite. This methodology allows main contractors to implement an onsite subcontractor evaluation system. This system enables a fast responsive and proactive performance attitude by conducting periodic evaluations. The system can also support subcontractor selection based on their onsite performance. In the long term, this system can lead to the development of collaborative relationships with selected subcontractors based on their sustained performance in many projects. }, author_keywords={Construction supply chain, subcontractor management, lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon2004, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Betanzo, Cristian and Diethelm, Sven }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Reducing Schedule in Repetitive Construction Projects}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/282}, affiliation={Professor, Universidad Cat6lica de Chile, Escuela de fugenieria, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax: 011-562-686-4806, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Research Assistant, Universidad Cat6lica de Chile, Escuela de fugenieria, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax: 011-562-686-4806, e-mail: cbetanzo@ing.puc.cl ; General Manager, GEPUC, Universidad Cat6lica de Chile, Escuela de fugenieria, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax: 011-562-686-4806, e-mail: sdiethel@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={This paper proposes a methodology for continuous schedule reduction in construction projects. Based on concepts and principles of Lean Construction the methodology considers actions on three stages to produce improvements and changes: (1) pre-construction, (2) execution, and (3) post-execution. The methodology suggests the application of several tools in accordance with specific needs (detected and desired) on several potential areas of improvement. The methodology was applied to the construction of Gas Stations with the following results in the implementation: reduction of 35% in schedule with respect to original company projects of the same type and 18% reduction with respect to the best schedule ever achieved in previous projects. These results were obtained in a very adverse environment for implementation, therefore, the potential reduction for future projects considers a schedule reduced 43% with respect to the best schedule result obtained during the implementation. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Phase Scheduling, Work Structuring, Repetitive Construction }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2004, author={Alves, Thais da C.L. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Simulation of Buffering and Batching Practices in the Interface Detailing-Fabrication-Installation of HVAC Ductwork}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/283}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate, Engineering and Project Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, thaiscla@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Engineering and Project Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Modeling the supply chain for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HV A C) ductwork presents challenges at different stages because of the nature of the product involved. Metal coils and sheets can be quantified in terms of material, gauge, width, and weight. However, when they are transformed into ducts and fittings, quantification becomes more complex. First, some sheet metal companies measure their throughput in terms of mass of sheet metal per time and not in units of fittings and ducts per time, regardless of the level of complexity to fabricate these parts. Second, fittings and ducts have some of their characteristics specified but not all of them; there is a quite high degree of customization for both products. To improve understanding of this production process, this paper investigates the activities in the interface detailing-fabrication-installation of HV AC ductwork. The simulation software STROBOSCOPE is used to mimic different scenarios, including the behavior and outputs of these activities as well as the interaction among them. The data used to develop this model comes from an ongoing study of HV AC contractors. The model specifically deals with variations in batches and buffers sizes and their impact on system throughput, work in process, and lead times for a pull system. This paper presents more detail on inventory buffers; capacity, time and plan buffers are not elaborated on. Analysis of different scenarios provides insights as to how lean concepts can be used to trigger improvements in the interface investigated. }, author_keywords={Buffer, batch, sheet metal duct work, HV AC system, mechanical contractors, simulation }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alwi2004, author={Alwi, Sugiharto }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Training Field Personnel for Small to Medium Construction Companies: An Alternative Tool to Increase Productivity}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/284}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia, Phone +62 21/565-5801, FAX +62 211565-5805, sugihartoalwi@.hotmail.com }, abstract={Poor quality of construction personnel has a major influence on the overall performance and efficiency of construction projects. In general, contractors rely heavily on medium to high levels of construction personnel such as Site Engineers, Site Managers and Project Managers to successfully complete a construction project. The role of low levels of construction personnel, known as field personnel, is normally overlooked. This paper argues that well-trained field personnel have an important role in minimising the amount of waste activities during the construction process leading to reducing company's productivity. Hence, the paper attempts to explore the significant role of field personnel in completing construction projects productively. Based on a comprehensive data collection through a survey research and case studies targeted at small to medium construction companies in Indonesia, this paper states that a significant achievement in minimising the amount of waste and increasing company's productivity has been attained by contracting companies that have been conducting training for their field personnel. Evidence of the increase of the company's productivity is expressed by measuring the value ofPPC of the projects. }, author_keywords={Field personnel, training, small to medium contractors. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2004, author={Ballard, Glenn and Arbulu, Roberto }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Making Prefabrication Lean}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/285}, affiliation={Research Director for the Center for Innovation in Project and Production Management ( dba Lean Construction Institute), Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and partner in Strategic Project Solutions, ballard@leanconstruction.org ; Strategic Project Solutions Inc., rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={Construction is not manufacturing. However, manufacturing provides the elements from which buildings, bridges, highways, houses and factories are constructed. Many of these elements are made-to-stock, but some key elements are made-to-order; e.g., HV AC ductwork, custom piping, pipe supports, precast concrete, electrical switchgear, reinforcing steel, structural steel and building envelope facades. These made-to-order products are produced by fabrication shops, which sit squarely at the intersection of manufacturing and construction. Application of lean concepts and techniques to fabrication shops promises substantial benefits to the construction industry they serve. Perhaps chief among these benefits is reducing the lead time required for placing orders in advance of needed delivery. Long lead times can extend project durations, promote premature design decision making or otherwise avoidable design redundancy, and cause excess inventories and double handling of materials. A "long" lead time is determined relative to the ability of the customer (the construction site) to accurately forecast future states of the building process on site, and thus the ability to determine when a component will be required for installation. Lead times that exceed a site's window of reliability increase the probability of untimely delivery. On time-driven projects, such lead times also increase the risk of premature design decisions and/or building slack into designed capacities and strengths. Switching perspectives, demand variability is arguably the biggest headache for fabricators. Late receipt of design information, frequent design changes and changes in installation timing and sequence disrupt production schedules and cause fabricators to risk the loss of capacity. In this paper, we explore the interplay between demand variability and fabrication lead times and present a plan to study and understand their interdependencies. }, author_keywords={Assembly, demand variability, fabrication, fabrication shop, lead time, made-to-order products, preassembly, prefabrication }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Moller2004, author={Moller, Malene and Bejder, Erik }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Resource Basins - A Strategic Challenge for the Building Industry}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/286}, affiliation={Consultant, Department of Process & IT, Danish Technological Institute, DK 2630 Taastrup, Denmark, +45 72 20 22 54, malene.moller@teknologisk.dk ; Associate Professor Ph.D, Department of Production, Aalborg University, DK 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark, +45 9635 8950, i9eb@iprod.aau.dk }, abstract={The point of departure of this paper are assertion statements about advantages and unsuitable elements of the use ofpartnering in the construction industry today. Next, the view is turned towards the manufacturing industry for inspiration on how a learning environment is formed by making strategic partnering suitable for the nature of the construction industry. It is argued that effectiveness and efficiency in the construction industry can be improved by giving the partnering cooperation a strategic focus which involves the development of competing Resource Basins, i.e. groups of long term cooperating companies in the supply chain, or rather, in the supply network. The suggested way to form a learning environment combines some of the advantages from the production philosophies Supply Chain Management, Agile Manufacturing and Extended Enterprise in connection with Virtual Enterprise with the characteristics of construction. The idea is to establish a joint grounding in a group of companies. The solidarity and cooperation between the companies exist independently of specific projects. It forms a learning environment in the resource basin in which knowledge gained from different projects is collected and distributed to all the members of the resource basin. At the beginning of a specific project, i.e. a potential customer knocks at the door, the most suitable resources from the basin are assigned to the job. These resources form a project group for this project. This differs from a traditional project group in the building sector because these resources already are thoroughly familiar with each other, i.e. they have shared common cooperation values, and they have developed integrated logistic systems, quality systems, information systems, continuous improvement systems etc. Finally, barriers and thoughts about how this learning environment can be brought into the construction industry are discussed. }, author_keywords={Strategic Partnering, Resource Basins, Supply Chain Management, Agile Manufacturing, Extended Enterprise and Virtual Enterprise. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2004, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Koskela, La uri }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Construction Beyond Lean: A New Understanding of Construction Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/287}, affiliation={Consulting Engineer, M.Sc. Strategic Counselors ltd, Morlenesvej 22, DK 2840 Holte, Denmark. Phone +45 4542 4705. sven@bertelsen.org ; Professor, D.Sc., The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M7 lNU, United Kingdom, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Lean Construction has existed in its own right for more than ten years. At the same time the five lean principles as outlined by Womack and Jones have gained a firm foothold in the manufacturing industries, and the term lean has thus become a household term in manufacturing. Unfortunately and confusingly, the understanding of lean has taken very different trajectories in these two communities. In manufacturing, it is often voiced that the (five) lean principles provide a mature understanding of the subject, i.e. the end point. However, in the same time the theory based understanding of construction management has moved beyond the generic lean theories and principles, embodied in the Toyota Production System, to encompass disciplines such as complexity, emergence, conversations, and lifelong learning. In construction, the Toyota Production System is thus rather a st~rting point. The paper establishes an overview of the principles guiding best practice project management today, and argues that lean construction has progressed beyond lean - at least in the sense propagated by Womack and Jones }, author_keywords={Construction, management, lean, production }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bjornfot2004, author={Bjornfot, Anders and Stehn, Lars }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Industrialization of Construction -a Lean Modular Approach}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/288}, affiliation={M.Sc. Div. of Timber Structures, Lulea University of Teclmology, 97187 Lulea, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, FAX +46 920 491091, anders.bjomfot@ltu.se ; Ass. Prof., Div. of Timber Structures, Lulea University of Technology, 97187 Lulea, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491976, FAX +46 920 491091, lars.stelm@Itu.se }, abstract={The concept of industrialization and lean thinking in construction has drawn quite a bit of interest in recent years. Authors have recently begun to critically debate the direct · implementation of lean thinking in construction; instead the focus should be related to transformation, flow, and value. This paper is based on a literature review of modularity, lean construction, and buildability. Modularity is then extended to the production phase where simulated assembly scenarios are used to explore and exemplify modular effects during production of long-span timber structures. The literature review suggests that modularity is related to product management, with process management effects, while lean thinking is a process management principle. Both principles are focused on the creation of buildability which is argued to be more of a goal than a means of efficiency. The simulation scenarios indicate possible modular benefits associated with, e.g., organization, out-sourcing, preassembly, prefabrication, and development. Modularity is thus argued to advocate management of production in the form of lean construction. The focus for timber construction should be on modularity; i.e., a bottom-up product focused view enabling product value. Such a view has potential to be a driving force in the struggle for industrialization in construction. }, author_keywords={Assembly, buildability, constructability, industrialized construction, lean thinking, modularity, production, timber structures. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chang2004, author={Chang, Andrews S. and Lee, Kuan Pei }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Nature of Construction Technology}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/289}, affiliation={Associate Professor, National Cheng Kung Univ., Civil Engineering Dept., Tainan, Taiwan anschang@mail.ncku.edu.tw ; Ph.D. Candidate, Cheng Kung Univ., Civil Engineering Dept., Tainan, Taiwan, n6891121 @ccmail.ncku.edu. tw }, abstract={Construction management studies address mostly the phenomena of construction problems. Few studies explore the nature of construction technology or production systems. Technologies in manufacturing are classified into unit, mass and continuous process productions and their characteristics are examined. Construction fabrications and activities are contrasted to classify construction technology as unit production. Furthermore, technical change is studied and limitations to the change of construction technology are proposed. Although the efficiency of construction technology as unit production is low, it has many advantages such as flexibility and zero stocks. The appearance of new production systems will not replace the old unit production. Although the final construction products could not be standardized entirely, we can standardize their components, and rethink their assembling and integrating methods to increase production efficiency. }, author_keywords={Construction technology, production system, unit production, mass production, continuous process, product, automation, technical change }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2004, author={Chin, S. and Yoon, S. W. and Jung, S. 0. and Kim, Y. S. and Kim, C. D. and Choi, Y. K. and Chun, J. Y. and Lim, H. C. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={An Analysis of the Life-Cycle Curtain Wall Process Through Supply Chain Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/290}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg., Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, Phone +82-31-290-7568, Fax +82-31-290-7570, schin@skku.ac.kr ; Research Assistant, Arch. Engrg., Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, yoonsuwon@korea.com ; Assistant Professor, Architecture, Kyungbok College, Pocheon, Korea 487-717, sojung@kyungbok.ac.kr ; Professor, Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, yskim2@skku.ac.kr ; Professor, Arch. Engrg., Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea 139-701, stpkim@daisy.kwangwoon.ac.kr ; Assistant Professor, Arch. Engrg., Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea, 156-743, ykchoi@ssu.ac.kr ; Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg., Dankook University, Seoul, South Korea, 140-714,jaeyoul@dankook.ac.kr ; Assistant Manager, R&D Dept., Daelim Industrial Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea, 110-732, hclim@dic.co.kr }, abstract={This paper presents a research project named "Automated life-cycle management system for curtain walls in high-rise buildings based on supply chain management," which is jointly performed by the consortium of universities and companies involved in curtain wall design, manufacturing, and construction in Korea. The objective of this research is to improve the efficiency of the current process through the application of SCM to the C/W life-cycle. In this paper, the research results at the early stage are presented with a focus on the analysis of problems and waste in the life-cycle of the curtain wall supply chain spanning from design to construction, and to operation and maintenance. The results show that most of the problems and waste are caused by poor collaboration, information sharing, communication, and coordination among actors in the supply chain of the project life-cycle. Finally, future research issues are briefly discussed. }, author_keywords={Curtain Wall, Process Model, Supply Chain Management, Value Stream Analysis, }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2004, author={Arbulu, Roberto and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Lean Supply Systems in Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/291}, affiliation={Strategic Project Solutions Inc., rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; Research Director for the Center for Innovation in Project and Production Management (dba Lean Construction Institute) and Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, ballard@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={This paper proposes a strategy to improve the management of supply systems in construction using lean principles and techniques. The objective is to assure on-time delivery of information and materials to project sites at least cost and maximum value for the final customer. The primary mean for achieving this objective is to accomplish supply management functions with least waste; e.g., low supply and demand reliability, large inventories not needed to absorb variability, and physical waste. The paper explores supply complexity in construction in order to better understand where certain types of waste are originated. The strategy proposes the use of a web-based tool based on the Last Planner System to improve planning reliability so demand variability is minimized, the use of regional logistics centers for distribution of materials to sites, the use ofkanban techniques to pull selected materials on a just-in-time basis, and a link between production control and material management processes on site. It also highlights the importance of minimizing material lead times with emphasis on standardization and pre-assembly practices so supply systems are more effective. It concludes highlighting the most important challenges for the implementation ofthis strategy. }, author_keywords={Assembly package, inventory, just-in-time, kanban, logistic centers, pre-assembly, supply chain management, value stream. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Costa2004, author={Costa, Dayana B. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Kagioglou, Michail and Alarcon, Luis F. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Performance Measurement Systems for Benchmarking in the Construction Industry}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/292}, affiliation={M.Sc., Ph.D. candidate, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Osvaldo Aranha Av., 99, 3° floor, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil, fone: +55 51 3316 3959, e-mail: dayana@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Osvaldo Aranha Av., 99, 3° floor, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil, fone: +55 51 3316 3959, e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Centre Manager, University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Build and Human Environment, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0) 161 2953855 e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D., Professor, Universidad Cat61ica de Chile, Escuela de lngenieria, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-maillalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Performance measurement is an essential element of business management. It provides the necessary information for process control, and makes it possible to establish challenging and feasible goals. It is also necessary to support the implementation of business strategies. Despite the importance of performance measurement, it has not been widely implemented in construction companies and information on the performance of the construction industry as a whole is also scarce. In the last few years, there have been some initiatives concerned the establishment of performance measurement systems for benchmarking in different countries. The objective of this paper is to describe the scope of those initiatives and discuss its potential role for benchmarking construction companies, specially those involved in the development and implementation of new operations management ideas. This investigation is focussed on four initiatives, carried out in Brazil, Chile, the UK and the USA. The paper concludes by proposing some further directions on this research topic. }, author_keywords={Performance measurement, benchmarking, construction industry }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Crow2004, author={Crow, Tom and Barda, Peter }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Project Strategic Planning: A Prerequisite to Lean Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/293}, affiliation={Dr. Tom Crow BE, MBuil is an adjunct professor in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at UNSW, Kensington NSW Australia, crowconsult@bigpond.com.au. Mobile 61 417 427 607 ; Peter Barda LLB is a partner in Crobar. PO Box 249 Cessnock, NSW Australia, pbarda@bigpond.com }, abstract={Most of the research into lean construction practices has addressed tactical and operational issues that contribute to construction industry underperformance, however few researchers have attempted to identify the overriding strategic issues that create the productive environments that are necessary for lean practices to succeed. This paper describes a research project that has developed a framework for the creation of such environments, one that encourages the achievement of outstanding or excellent outcomes on capital works projects for end-users and clients including the creation of additional wealth. Twenty-eight completed projects that all project participants regarded as excellent were selected for the study. Then on the basis of in-depth interviews and analysis, those key issues within the client decision framework were identified that correlated with the achievement of the best outcomes. An analogy was developed between a road journey and project development phases/sequences resulting in a roadmap to project excellence, with turning points and drivers, which can be used to design project delivery strategies. }, author_keywords={Project strategic planning, client involvement, project turning points, excellent project drivers }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ebbesen2004, author={Ebbesen, Randi Muff }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={A System for Evaluating the Ongoing Building Process - Theory and Practice}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/294}, affiliation={PhD.-Student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, DK 9220 Aalborg East, +45 9635 7113, randi@iprod.aau.dk }, abstract={One of the reasons for the limited development in the Danish building industry is the lack of both documentation of achievements and the sharing of experiences. For solving this problem, a knowledge management and learning system has been developed with the aim of improving the learning as well as the communication and documentation of knowledge, both between the different trades in one project and between projects. The system consists of two parts. The first part mainly aims to support learning and the verbal communication of knowledge from person to person. It is a learning circle called "Method of seven steps". The second part is a system for the administration of data used to evaluate the building process continuously - together the two parts form the system called SAVE - an acronym (in Danish) for "System for Administrating Data to Support Continuous Assessment and Evaluation of Projects". The system is based on the measurements and commitment as known from the Last Planner System i.e. PPC and weekly planning meetings on the building site. In contrast to other systems, SAVE is a continuous assessment system that fits the actual challenges of the building project. The data and information, complemented by the personal competences of the workforce, result in a basis for action to be taken during the building process so that the people involved immediately will see the effects of the system. From spring this year, the system will be tested on two construction projects, and experience gained from the tests will illustrate the viability of the system and the theories it is built on. }, author_keywords={Communication, implementation, performance measurements, learning process, knowledge capture, lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elfving2004, author={Elfving, Jan A. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Improving the Delivery Process for Engineered-To-Order Products - Lessons Learned from Power Distribution Equipment}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/295}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Scholar, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, FAX: 510/643-8919, elfving@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94 720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce. berkeley.edu, www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 888/771-9207, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu: Associate Adjunct Professor, Civil and En vir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94 720-1712 }, abstract={Scholars and practitioners have long advocated the benefits of reduced lead times. Moreover, most, if not all members of a delivery process would gain from reduced lead times. However, the construction industry has been slow to radically reduce lead times, particularly for Engineered-To-Order (ETO) products. This paper presents key findings from a four-year study, where the objective was to improve the performance of the delivery process of ETO products with particular interest in lead time reduction of power distribution equipment. Data were collected from the US and Finland from owners, users/operators, architects, electrical engineers, project management firms/general contractors, electrical contractors, and equipment manufacturers. The paper summarizes the main causes for the long lead times, ranging from 79 to133 weeks, highlights improvement suggestions, and describes potential barriers. The data surprised the authors and industry practitioners in many ways, e.g., with respect to the relative distributions of the various phases in the delivery process, the labor hours spent on competitive bidding, and the high number of changes. The improvement suggestions were estimated to reduce the process lead time by 20-40% of the total delivery time. Also, at least 15-20% of labor hours may be saved throughout the process. }, author_keywords={Engineered-to-Order product, equipment, lead time, lean construction, manufacturing procurement, process improvement, switchboard }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elsborg2004, author={Elsborg, Steen and Dam, Allan and Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={BygLOK - A Danish Experiment on Cooperation in Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/296}, affiliation={Steen Elsborg, PhD-Scholar, Danish University of Education, Learning Lab Denmark, Emdrupvej 101, DK2400 NV, elsborg@dpu.dk. ; Allan Dam, project coordinator, Danish Technological Institute, Grgersensvej, DK2630 Taastrup, Denmark. allan@teknologisk.dk ; Sven Bertelsen, Strategic Counsellors aps, Morlenesvej 22, DK2840 Holte, Denmark. sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={BygLOK is a Danish experimental project within cooperation and learning on building sites. The overall goal is to develop a process that will make the craftsmen more and more involved in and responsible for the daily decisions. In order to achieve this goal BygLOK focuses on improving communication and cooperation between the different trades. The development was initiated through a value based process created bottom up, where all workers on the building site participated. Both managers and workers participating have evaluated the completed experiments very positively as having initiated a process where all participants across trades make significantly better use of each other's strengths. On a more specific level it was found that in spite of (or maybe because of) the fact that all workers have spent one hour every week attending a meeting in order to discuss and plan the work, they have managed to deliver on time without any deficiencies. In the evaluation ofBygLOK the managers and workers- as well as the teachers and the action researchers acting as professional facilitators - agreed that it will be possible to create a synergy effect if the efforts are made more comprehensive. As a result the experiences from BygLOK are now being widened and integrated into the implementation of Lean Construction and partnering in a new industry initiative on cooperation and learning in construction. }, author_keywords={BygLOK, BygSoL, learning, construction, management }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emmitt2004, author={Emmitt, Stephen and Sander, Dag and Christoffersen, Anders Kirk }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Implementing Value Through Lean Design Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/297}, affiliation={Hoffmann Professor of Innovation and Management in Building, Department of Civil Engineering, Teclmical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. se@byg.dtu.dk ; MTH0jgaard A/S, Denmark. dsa@mthojgaard.dk ; NIRAS, Consulting Engineers and Planners, Denmark. akc@niras.dk }, abstract={The philosophy of lean thinking has been adopted relatively quickly by contracting organisations, keen to reduce waste in the realisation of construction projects. The concept has, however, been slow to catch on in the earlier design and detailing phases where decisions have a major influence on the ensuing construction processes and the level of value realised in the project. Given a strong argument for greater synergy between design, manufacturing and construction there would appear to be considerable potential in moving the lean thinking upstream, starting with the briefing and conceptual design stages and managing the flow of decisions through to the completed building, thus helping to deliver value within a lean framework. Value is the end-goal and therefore value parameters are key to the achievement of improved productivity and client/user satisfaction. The three-phase Value/Process/Operation (VPO) model starts by identifying value parameters, then moves to designing the process and finally onto the operations. The model lies at the heart of a lean design process model implemented by a consulting company and a contractor in Denmark. The case study helps to illustrate the benefits of taking a more holistic and integral approach based on the agreement of value parameters at the project outset. Through the use of creative workshops, that encourage open communication and knowledge sharing, the lean design process model has been instrumental in delivering value and improving productivity. }, author_keywords={Communication, Design management, Information and decision flows, Lean design, Productivity, Value parameters, Workshops. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2004, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Cambraia, Fabricio B. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={A Human Error Perspective of Safety Planning and Control}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/298}, affiliation={Ph.D., Researcher at LOPPIUFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui). Praya Argentina n° 9, 2° andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55-51- 3316-4007. E-mail: tasaurin@terra.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at NORIEIUFRGS (Building Innovation Research Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui). Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3° andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55- 51-3316-4054. E-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Civil Engineer, MSc student at NORIEIUFRGS. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3° andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: fabricio@ppgec.ufrgs.br }, abstract={This paper is concerned with the impact of a safety planning and control model (SPC) on human error. This model integrates safety into the production planning and control process and it adopts some safety management best practices reported in the literature. The analysis is based on data collected in four construction sites where the model was implemented. The main conclusion of this investigation is that six elements of the model (safety planning, near miss reporting, training, percentage of safe work packages indicator, participatory cycle and planning and control diffusion) have a contribution in terms of making both the boundaries of safe work visible and respected. Safety planning also helps to make the production system error-tolerant to some extent. However, the analysis of causes of safety failures in the empirical studies pointed out a high incidence of violations of the boundaries (on average, 40% of the total safety failures), mostly by workers. Thus, the main drawback of the model regarding human error control is its modest contribution to ensure respect for the boundaries of safe work. }, author_keywords={Safety, planning and control, human error, production management. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schramm2004, author={Schramm, Fabio K. and Costa, Dayana B. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Design of Production Systems for Low-Income Housing Projects}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/299}, affiliation={Architect, Assistant Professor, Federal University ofPelotas (UFPel), M.Sc. Candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, fabioks@ufpel.edu.br ; M.Sc., Research Assistant at NORIE/UFRGS, dayana@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui (UFRGS), Building fun ovation Research Unit (NORIE), formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99/3° andar. CEP 90035-190 Porto Alegre- RS, Phone: +55 51 3316 3959 }, abstract={In Brazil, the Federal Government has recently increased investments in Programs for lowincome housing. This change has encouraged several construction companies to get involved in the development of house-building projects, which demand different capabilities compared to other market segments. These projects usually consist of fairly large number of house or apartment-building repetitive units, require a relatively short lead-time, and are limited by a fairly small profit margin. The design of the production system has a key importance on the project cost and time performance of such projects. This paper discusses the scope and the main requirements of the production system design in this context. It is based on multiple case studies carried out in the South of Brazil. The main contributions are concerned with the set of decisions involved, tools for the design of the main production flows, and the management of hand-offs between crews. }, author_keywords={Production system design, low-income housing, critical processes, work structuring, planning. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brookfield2004, author={Brookfield, Elizabeth and Emmitt, Stephen and Hill, Robert and Scaysbrook, Steve }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Architectural Technologist's Role in Linking Lean Design with Lean Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/300}, affiliation={Education and Research Officer, British Institute of Architectural Technologists(BIA T), Innovation & Research Committee, 397 City Road, London, ECIV lNH, UK. elizabeth@biat.co.uk ; BIA T Innovation & Research Committee. se@byg.dtu.dk ; BIA T Innovation & Research Committee. bob.hi113@ntlworld.com ; Vice-President, BlAT Innovation & Research Committee. steve.scaysbrook@scaysbrook.co.uk }, abstract={From a UK perspective the purpose of lean design is to improve the 'manufacturability' of a product; the purpose of lean construction is to improve the flow of information, materials and people in the production process. Both lean design and lean construction are concerned with generating unique value for the customer, thus they are part of the same process; each is highly interdependent on the other. Design (both conceptual and detail) cannot be considered as separate from the construction process: it is a team activity encompassing the input of many specialists, which need to be co-ordinated. Key to this is an understanding of design and production processes. Architectural technologists, because of their education and training, are uniquely positioned to materialise design intent as a value adding process. The argument developed in this paper places the role of the architectural technologist equivalent to, for example, the production engineer in manufacturing industry, whose key function is to manage the input of various contributors to produce a viable product. The role of the technologist as an integrator and enabler of a quality product within a whole life framework is, therefore, crucial for realising value and for providing the links between design, construction and facilities management. }, author_keywords={Architectural technologist; Constructive links; Detail design; Flows; Lean approach; }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Stehn2004, author={Stehn, Lars and Hook, Matilda }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Innovative and Lean Construction Success Factors for Component Manufacturers}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/301}, affiliation={Ass. Prof., Div. of Timber Structures, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491976, FAX +46 920 491091, lms@ltu.se ; M.SC., Div. of Timber Structures, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491028, FAX +46 920 491091, mathoo@ltu.se }, abstract={Compared to other industries, the construction industry has not achieved the same improvements in terms of productivity, customer benefits, and quality. Low innovation activity and supplier cooperation in construction might be one reason for the low level of large-scale improvements. However, the search for improvements in the construction industry has led to interest for new innovations. One way for the construction industry to improve the building process is through use of innovative managerial concepts, as lean and agile construction. The aim of this work is to categorize Swedish component suppliers of different construction materials that act with a clear supplier coordinator commitment, on the basis of lean and innovative business strategic concepts. A secondary purpose is to find success factors for the component suppliers within the derived lean and innovative concepts. Results from the exploratory comparative study of steel-, concrete-, and timber component suppliers indicate differences between different construction material suppliers. This study also suggests a possible strategy where products accompanied with technical support and software knowledge offered to the customer, customer integration in product development, and use of product development networks to generate new knowledge and components seems to be distinct success factors. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean thinking, innovation, component suppliers, success factors }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2004, author={Howell, Gregory A. and Macomber, Hal and Koskela, Lauri and Draper, John }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Leadership and Project Management: Time for a Shift from Fayol to Flores}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/302}, affiliation={Managing Director. Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. 208/726-9989. ghowell@leanconstruction.org. ; Principal, Lean Project Consulting, Inc., 36 Kirkland Drive, Andover, MA 01810. 978/470-8994. hmacomber@leanproject.com. ; Professor, The University of Salford, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk ; PhD Candidate, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg ,VA. johndraper2@comcast.net. }, abstract={Henri Fayol's definition of management establishes the "common sense" of current project management practice. That common sense is challenged by a new definition of work and management put forward by Fernando Flores. This paper explores both definitions of management and their implications for leadership. When management of work in a lean project delivery is understood as "making and keeping commitments", the nature and focus of leadership and common sense changes. Producing trust is the essential role ofleaders. }, author_keywords={Leadership, project management and lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Macomber2004, author={Macomber, Hal and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Two Great Wastes in Organizations}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/303}, affiliation={Principal, Lean Project Consulting, 36 Kirkland Drive, Andover, MA 01810. 978/470-8994. hmacomber@leanproject.com. ; Managing Director. Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. 208/726-9989. ghowell@leanconstruction.org. }, abstract={The Toyota Production System is so successful that people look for ways to apply the lean production ideas and methods in organization settings. One of those ways is the force-fitting of Engineer Taiichi Ohno's seven wastes to organizations and projects. While organizations and projects manipulate materiel, they are better characterized by their actions of accomplishing something together - coordinating action, learning, and innovating. The seven wastes don't address those actions. Attempts to add to the seven wastes have to date broken the Ohno taxonomy. The authors propose a novel set of distinctions on the principal sources ofwaste in organizational settings. }, author_keywords={Leadership, project management, and lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huang2004, author={Huang, Chun-Nen and Yi, June Seong and Russell, Jeffrey S. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Time Study on Two-Echelon Supply Chain for Steel Framing Construction by Using Networking Simulation Model}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/304}, affiliation={Associate Research Fellow and Division Chief, Ph.D. of Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison, Division of Technology Application, Taiwan Construction Research fustitute, 11F, No. 190, Sec.2, Chung-Hsing Rd., Hsintien, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., Phone +866-2-98195099, FAX +866-2-86659747, chunneh@ tcri.org.tw ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Ewha Womans Univ., 11-1 Dahyun-Dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea, Phone +82-2-32773517, jsyi@ewha.ac.kr ; Professor, Department of Civil and En vir. Engrg., Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison, 2304 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 U.S.A., Phone +1 608/262-7244, FAX 608/265- 9860, russell@engr. wisc.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a case study to discuss the application of Supply Chain Management (SCM) concept to the structural steel construction industry. The impact of scheduling and resources distribution were identified and examined by using the following methodologies: 1. Time Study and 2. Networking Simulation Models. Echelon I- steel-manufacturing phase: a simulation model has been developed based on the time study of steel beam fabrication in steel shop. This mock-up model can enables us to observe and study the different facets of its productivity, scheduled utilization, and production cost on different batch sizes. Echelon II- construction job site phase: a CYCLONE simulation model has been developed based on two precedent studies: the time study of beams and columns erection under this model, which is simulated for the entire erection process, and the assessment of productivity and production cost over each task. This study has shown the fact that the project of using the design-build (D/B) delivery process has obtained higher productivity and lower production cost than that of using the design-bid-build (D/B/B) delivery process. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, steel framing construction, time study, networking simulation. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huang2004, author={Huang, Rong-Yau and Sun, Kuo-Shun }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Non-Unit Based Planning and Scheduling of Repetitive Construction Projects}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/305}, affiliation={Ph.D., Associate Professor, Institute of Construction Engineering and Management, National Central University, Chung-li, Taiwan 32054, Tel: 886-3-4227151 ext. 4108, E-mail: rhuang@cc.ncu.edu.tw. ; Lecturer, Department of Construction Management, Diwan College of Management, and Doctoral candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University }, abstract={One of the major goals of lean construction is for waste reduction. Repetitive construction projects are good candidate for applying the lean construction principles. Their repetitiveness makes the streamlining of the delivery process more lucrative. Repetitive scheduling methods are more effective in modeling and planning the repetitive activities and are more suitable for the scheduling and resource planning of repetitive construction projects. Nonetheless, almost all the repetitive scheduling methods developed so far are based on the primitive that a repetitive project is the construction of many identical production units. In practical, however, the production units in many repetitive projects may not be identical. Besides, many repetitive projects contain, more or less, portions of non-repetitive productions. This research develops a non-unit based algorithm for planning and scheduling of repetitive projects. Instead of repetitive production units, repetitive or similar activity groups are identified and employed for scheduling. The algorithm can satisfy (1) the logical relationship of activity groups in a repetitive project, (2) the usage of various resource crews in an activity group, (3) the maintaining of resource continuity, and ( 4) the consideration of change over of different crews. Case study is conducted for demonstration and validation of the algorithm. Results and findings are reported. }, author_keywords={Construction, Scheduling, Repetitive, Production unit, Resource }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Johansen2004, author={Johansen, Eric and Porter, Geoff and Greenwood, David }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Implementing Lean: UK Culture and System Change}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/306}, affiliation={Director of Student Affairs, School of the Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NEl, 8ST, UK. 0191-227-4720, eric.johansen@northumbria.ac.uk ; Senior Researcher, Sustainable Cities Research Institute, Northumbria University, 6 North Street East, Newcastle upon Tyne, NEl, 8ST, UK, geoff.porter@northumbria.ac.uk ; Associate Dean, School of the Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1, 8ST, UK. 0191-227-4691, david.greenwood@northumbria.ac.uk }, abstract={For the IGLC 11 Conference the authors reported the results of implementing Last Planner™ methods with a large UK contracting company. The projects studied demonstrated some success but also some cultural, organizational and systemic barriers to its effective implementation. Alarcon and Conte's White Paper for the IGLC11 conference discussed these issues and invited researchers to consider them. In response, the authors have reflected upon and critically re-analysed the research as a means to re-focus their future work in implementing Lean Construction methods in UK construction. Based on a review of the literature on construction culture we have identified theoretical factors that, together with Alarcon and Conte's list of critical organizational elements, provide a framework against which the results of the research have been considered. We conclude that the implementation of Last Planner was hindered by not fully considering cultural, organizational and systemic problems and by failing to recognize how deep-seated these problems could be. We intend, in future projects, to take a more considered, and wider approach to Lean Construction (possibly using the LCI's Lean Project Delivery System) and to focus our attention upon construction ventures where efforts at culture change have already started - in particular, where strategic partnering arrangements are in place. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, construction culture, cultural barriers, implementation }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jorgensen2004, author={Jorgensen, Bo and Emmitt, Stephen and Bonke, Sten }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Revealing Cultures and Sub-Cultures During the Implementation of Lean Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/307}, affiliation={MSc., PhD student, Technical University of Denmark - Department of Civil Engineering, DTU building 1151104, DK-2800 Lyngby, DK Denmark, tel. +45 45 25 51 49, boj@byg.dtu.dk ; Professor, Technical University of Denmark- Department of Civil Engineering ; Associate Professor, Technical University of Denmark- Department of Civil Engineering }, abstract={Over the last decade the construction business has been subject to increased pressure to change its production systems towards more efficient and effective methods. Movements advocating lean construction and other initiatives based on improving production and cooperation have gained momentum, allied with broad support for closer and less rigid working relationships. This is set against dominating subcultures anchored within individual trades and professions that appear to constitute a barrier to the adoption of process-orientated forms of cooperation. Observation and analysis of the implementation of a lean process model on a large construction project in Denmark helps to illustrate the disparity between intention, current norms and culture. Despite broad understanding, and support, of the new production and cooperation principles, the members of the project organisation failed to make full use of the techniques: this appeared to be the result of a mismatch between intentions and interpretation of the procedures. The ethnographic research used was useful in identifying some of the softer issues in relation to the implementation of lean tools and methods. Questions concerning how process innovations are introduced and facilitated as well as some reflections on cultural norms and their position in the 'lean' debate are also discussed in the paper. }, author_keywords={Communication, cooperation, culture and subculture, lean construction, social systems, process facilitation. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Karna2004, author={Karna, Sami and Junnonen, Juha-Matti and Kankainen, Jouko }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Customer Satisfaction in Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/308}, affiliation={Researcher, Construction Economics and Management, Helsinki University ofTechnology, P.O. Box 2100, Finland, Phone +358 9 451 5034, sami.karna@hut.fi ; Research Manager, Construction Economics and Management, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, Finland, Phone +358 9 451 3745,juha-matti.junnonen@hut.fi ; Professor, Construction Economics and Management, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, Finland, Phone +358 9 451 3742,jouko.kankainen@hut.fi }, abstract={Customer satisfaction can be seen either as a goal or as a measurement tool in the development of construction quality. This paper examines empirically performance of Finnish construction companies measured according to the degree of customer satisfaction as perceived by customers themselves. The purpose of the study is to explore empirically the clients' main satisfaction/dissatisfaction factors. Empirical data is gathered from nearly 400 construction projects in Finland. The views of customer with respect to the performance of contractors are measured using five factors; quality assurance and handover, environment and safety at work, co-operation, personnel, site supervision and subcontracting. Several implications regarding customer satisfaction were drawn from the findings of the research. Customers were typically satisfied with the contractor's abilities to co-operate and the skills of contractor's workers and supervisors. In contrast, low satisfaction could be found for the items related to quality assurance and handover procedures and material. The common feature for the areas of low satisfaction items is that they come out in later phases of the construction project. In generally, the quality of contracted work and of overall service level have an effect on general satisfaction. }, author_keywords={Performance measurement, customer satisfaction, quality, construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemppainen2004, author={Kemppainen, Jani and Makinen, Juuso and Seppanen, Olli and Kankainen, Jouko }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Lean Construction Principles in Infrastructure Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/309}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Email j ani.kemppainen@hut.fi ; M.Sc. Student, , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, E-mail juuso.makinen@dss.fi ; PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi ; Professor, Laboratory of Construction Economics and Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, E-mail jouko.kankainen@hut.fi }, abstract={The principles of Lean Construction haven't really been adapted to infrastructure construction because there haven't been tools nor need for this. Across the globe the demand for cost effectiveness towards the private sector has risen and private sector in their part have tried to find solutions from the principles of Lean Construction. This way also the contractors have started to contribute in the development of new methods for finding cost effective solutions. Adapting Lean Construction principles in infrastructure construction means minimization of mass haul amounts and distances. In order to adapt Lean Construction principles to infrastructure construction, projects need to be managed through mass economy point-of-view. Mass economy means cost minimization for both mass handling and mass haul. Decisions for mass handling procedures and mass haul timings and transfers are made in project's mass economy plan. The decisions are made so that costs for these are minimized. Different planning alternatives can also be examined. To ensure functionality for production control project is divided into independent mass economy areas. These areas help in defining contract boundaries and in production monitoring and control. This way schedule disturbances and their cost effects can be decreased. To overcome these difficulties a software program has been developed. To help the planner program has linear and genetic optimization algorithms, which try to minimize the costs for resources, mass hauls and schedule. To help the contractor program has production monitoring and control tools, which can be used to predict and control costs and schedule. }, author_keywords={Infrastructure construction, mass economy, optimization, construction cost }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kenley2004, author={Kenley, Russell }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Project Micro-Management: Practical Site Planning and Management of Work Flow}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/310}, affiliation={Professor of Construction, School of Built Environment, Unitec New Zealand, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, New Zealand, Phone +64 9815 4321 (7374), FAX +64 9815, rkenley@unitec.ac.nz }, abstract={Lean construction presents an opportunity for theory to mix with practical solutions to achieve efficiency in construction and to rethink the way things are done to improve production. This paper overviews the history of scheduling systems in construction and suggests that current Lean Construction Thinking is dominated by task-based approaches, such as Critical-Path, and that location-based scheduling techniques provide a promising alternative. The flow of resources through locations, termed work-flow, and the resultant ability to control hand-over between both locations and crews, greatly empowers the management of construction from the perspective of day-to-day management of activities. The paper concentrates on the practical problems inherent in adopting theory and proposes new strategies for adapting scheduling systems for direct relevance to site management. The concept of micro-management is introduced, based on location-based scheduling. From this, a suite of strategies for managing sub-contracted work crews is developed, concentrating on location, work flow and site management. Principles for work planning and error management are proposed; including related procurement strategies. }, author_keywords={Site management, Scheduling, Flow. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kern2004, author={Kern, Andrea P. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Guidelines for Improving Cost Management in Fast, Complex and Uncertain Construction Projects}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/311}, affiliation={M.Sc., Assistant Professor at UNISINOS, Ph.D. Candidate at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), apkern@euler.unisinos.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3° andar, CEP 90035-190. Porto Alegre-RS ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), formoso@vmtex.ufrgs.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3° andar, CEP 90035-190. Porto Alegre-RS }, abstract={Existing traditional cost management systems are mostly based on the same principles that have been conceived for cost accounting in the mid Twenties. Cost information is usually produced too late, and it is too aggregated and too distorted to be relevant for production management. Consequently, traditional cost accounting systems often fail to support decision making in product development and production control. Particularly in the construction industry, the inadequacy of cost accounting systems has resulted in the dissociation between cost management and other managerial processes, contributing to increase the fragmentation of construction management. In general, construction cost control consists of simply monitoring actual performance against cost estimates and identifying variances. This paper discusses traditional cost management practices in the construction industry and proposes some guidelines for improving cost control in fast, complex and uncertain construction projects. Such guidelines involve the integrated application of operational cost estimating, target costing and S-curves. }, author_keywords={Cost management, cost information, production control. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2004, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Making-Do — the Eighth Category of Waste}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/312}, affiliation={The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M7 INU, United Kingdom, E-mail: lj.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The seminal authors on the Toyota Production System present a list of seven wastes. Even if many subsequent authors have suggested additions to this list, it is usually presented in its original form. This paper contends that there is a very common, generic type of waste that should be added to the list, because it can be justified using the same conceptualizations as used by the seminal authors. ~ ~ Making-do as a waste refers to a situation where a task is started without all its standard inputs, or the execution of a task is continued although the availability of at least one standard input has ceased. The term input refers not only to materials, but to all other inputs such as machinery, tools, personnel, external conditions, instructions etc. Especially in production situations where there are several uncertain inflows to the task, making-do is a common phenomenon, and requires explicit attention. In conceptual analysis, making—do is the opposite of buffering. In buffering, materials are waiting for being processed. In making-do, the waiting time of one type of material — or other inputs — is negative: processing is started before the material has arrived. However, both forms of waste are used for accommodating the impacts of variability in production. Making- do is applied especially for maintaining a high utilization rate or for avoiding schedule slippage. Thus, making-do is another penalty due to variability, and it should be added to the conceptual arsenal of queueing-theory based analysis of production (Factory Physics). }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soini2004, author={Soini, Mika and Leskela, Ilkka and Seppanen, Olli }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Implementation of Line-of-Balance Based Scheduling and Project Control System in a Large Construction Company}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/313}, affiliation={Senior vice president, NCC Construction Ltd., Jonsaksentie 4, FIN-01600 Vantaa, Finland, E-mail mika.soini@ncc.fi ; Development manager, NCC Construction Ltd., Jonsaksentie 4, FIN-01600 Vantaa, Finland, E-mail ilkka.leskela@ncc.fi ; PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 21B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi }, abstract={Line-of-Balance has been successfully used as the principal scheduling tool in large construction companies in Finland. It has been utilized to improve the production flow in the projects. The problem in full-scale utilization was that there hasn't been a comprehensive Line-of-Balance software tool in the market. In international literature the usual view has been that the Line-of-Balance is only suited for highly repetitive routine construction. However, regardless of the difficulty of project, the main activities are the same in every project. In this paper it will be shown that resource-based Line-of-Balance can be successfully implemented as the main scheduling tool of a large company if there is an easyto- use software tool to support the implementation. Many of the possible applications and benefits of the Line-of-Balance have not been realized before the development of a commercial software tool, DYNAProject™. With DYNAProject the quality of schedules can be checked, the schedule risks can be analyzed, the project flow can be systematically controlled and control actions can be graphically evaluated and optimized. Line-of-Balance is used for planning but the familiar Gantt Chart can also be printed out. NCC, a large contractor in Finland, was one of the pilot companies of the development project. NCC has started a large-scale implementation project with DYNAProject which has resulted in significant improvement in the quality of schedules. DYNAProject is the first computer tool which makes possible the systematic controlling of the schedule. The challenges of implementation included the difficulty of embracing new thinking in planning and controlling projects and how to systematically utilize the cost estimation data in schedules. In the long run, the anticipated benefits include minimizing the risk level of the projects, increasing the quality of service to the customer and optimizing the logistics of the project. }, author_keywords={Line-of-Balance, Scheduling, Implementation }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marosszeky2004, author={Marosszeky, Marton and Karim, Khalid and Davis, Steven and Naik, Nitin }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Lessons Learnt in Developing Effective Performance Measures for Construction Safety Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/314}, affiliation={Multiplex Professor of Engineering Construction Innovation, Director ACCI, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. ; Deputy Director ACCI, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. ; Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. ; Postgraduate research student, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. }, abstract={This paper presents the lessons learned to date in a safety-performance benchmarking project, where the client funded research to develop measures that would drive improvement on two concurrent hospital construction projects. The study shows the development of the performance measurement regime that was adopted and the complexity involved in developing effective feedback mechanisms for supervisors and workers on site. This work is still in progress and each week the research team and the project team gain new insights into the difficulties that are faced in any attempt to transform the construction workplace. The process to date has been crudely modelled, however it has to be recognised that such models are not generic, rather they reflect the particular process on a project. }, author_keywords={Safety in construction, performance measurement, feedback }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Milberg2004, author={Milberg, Colin and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Tolerance Mapping - Partition Wall Case Revisited}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/315}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712,510/289-2552, FAX 510/643-8919, cmilberg@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berke1ey.edu }, abstract={Geometric tolerances within a component and assembly combine to form closed loops based on the work-structure, i.e. the geometry, function, construction methods and construction sequence of the component, assembly or system. A tolerance loop is by definition overconstrained. Tolerance loops can cause fit-up or functional problems if the tolerances within the loop are inconsistent. Inconsistency is common because geometric tolerances are not given due consideration in civil systems design and construction. Milberg and Tommelein (2003) demonstrated how a combination of tolerance mapping and tolerance management techniques from manufacturing research, applied to the case of a simple partition wall, can help designers represent tolerance loops for different system workstructures. This tolerance mapping technique applied to the same case is herein expanded to include a different tolerancing system, representations of the magnitude of each tolerance and further breakdown of the tolerances by direction. The revised and more detailed mapping system is used to illustrate the benefits of the tolerance principles of datum reduction and consistency. The paper shows how the revised mapping system helps illustrate interdependencies within product and process designs and thus develops insights for better work-structuring decisions. The case is a simple one to illustrate the tolerance mapping system and provide a theoretical basis for application to more complex systems. }, author_keywords={Tolerances, Constructability, Work Structuring, Lean Construction }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Misfeldt2004, author={Misfeldt, Esben and Bonke, Sten }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Quality Control in Lean Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/316}, affiliation={Esben Misfeldt, (CEng) Construction Site Manager, MT Hojgaard a/s, Knud Hojgaards Vej 9, DK2860 S0borg, Denmark, +45 2270 9632, emt@mthojgaard.dk. ; Sten Bonke, (Sociologist MA) Associate Professor, Head of Section, Section for Planning and Management of Building Processes, BYG•DTU Department of Civil Engineering, Building 115, DK 2800 Lyngby, Denmark, +45 4525 1648, sb@byg.dtu.dk }, abstract={Quality control (QC) in lean construction is at the moment in an early stage of development. In fact, QC is nzot yet an integrated part of the overall concept of lean construction. This paper describes the guidelines for a QC system which is coherent with lean construction, and which takes the newest knowledge of lean construction and quality control theory into account. In the TrimByg-QC system [Lean Construction-Quality Control system] a large part of the quality control is executed by the building workers with only limited participation from the site management. When workers are controlling own work their general notion of quality is due to increase, and defects in quality are found and fixed faster than by traditional quality control. In this paper tools and routines for quality control of the site activities "realigning of floor slap panels" and "tamping of concrete elements" are reviewed on the basis of an empirical investigation. The analysis of the data shows that TrimByg-QC has a considerable potential for further testing and development. In connection to such further development six focus areas are identified and described. The future steps should encompass different aspects such as a continued development of the basic tools for worker-based QC and the consideration of legal aspects of building workers' role when controlling their own work. }, author_keywords={Quality Control, lean construction, managerial tools. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nakagawa2004, author={Nakagawa, Yoshitaka and Shimizuz, Yoshitugu }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Toyota Production System Adopted by Building Construction in Japan}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/317}, affiliation={Dr. Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Engineering Division, Toyo University, Saitama Prefecture, Japan, nakagawa@eng.toyo.acjp ; Managing director of Fukuda Corporation, simizu0048@dws.ikd.corjp }, abstract={This paper explains the lean construction system that adopts Toyota production system that is applied to building construction in Japan. The introduction of this system to construction site is limited. Only a few contractors and house building companies are introducing this lean construction system. ~ First, the paper explains the reasons why only a limited number of companies are introducing the lean construction system. The paper then describes the outline of this lean construction system, the effects of this adoption, and compares the details of this lean construction system, car production system, and the conventional construction system in Japan. How to eliminate waste and implement the PDCA cycle in this system are also shown. Finally, the paper explains the importance of education and incentive and motivation in order to obtain useful suggestions that will enhance lean construction. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Toyota Production System, PDCA, HT, Motivation, Incentive, Posting control board, Standard operating procedure doctnnents }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Olsen2004, author={Olsen, Willy and Ebbesen, Randi Muff and Wandahl, Soren and Bejder, Erik }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Activation of Hidden Resources: Experience from a Development Initiative in a Regional Area in Denmark}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/318}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Denmark, +45 9635 8956, wo@iprod.aau.dk ; Ph.D. student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Denmark, +45 9635 7113, randi@iprod.aau.dk ; Ph.D. student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Denmark, +45 9635 8989, soren@ iprod.aau.dk ; Associate Professor Ph.D., Department of Production, Aalborg University, Denmark, +45 9635 8950, i9eb@iprod.aau.dk }, abstract={Research for improvement of the effectiveness and the efficiency in the construction process has been in focus during the last 15 years. Although serious efforts have been made to disseminate the outcome of the research the effects seem limited. The Danish construction sector has an understanding of the necessity of improvements. However, many consider their knowledge about the latest initiatives and research results inadequate, presumably because they have difficulties linking the more theoretical approaches to their day-to-day work. A regional development initiative, BYGiNORD (in English: Build-in-the-North), started in the spring of 2003. Since then about 75 committed practitioners from the construction sector in the region have discussed new ideas and methods for improving the construction process. The discussions focus on the participants' everyday problems and their experience from practice and touch upon several issues encompassed by the concepts Lean Thinking and Lean Construction. Arrangements have been made for testing the ideas on regional construction projects in the next phase ofBYGiNORD. The experience indicates that there is a great potential for activating the often hidden resources within the construction sector itself and for creating rewarding work relations between academic institutions and practitioners in the construction sector. This paper elaborates on the experiences gained so far. They will be presented along with a discussion on how to activate a greater deal of the workforce as an important source of ideas that could stepwise improve the construction process. }, author_keywords={Learning region, action learning, lean construction, ownership, efficiency. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2004, author={Pasquire, Christine and Gibb, Alistair and Blismas, Nick }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Off-Site Production: Evaluating the Drivers and Constraints}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/319}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3UT UK. Phone+ 44 1509 222895, Fax+ 44 1509 223891, e.mail c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor, Department of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3UT UK. Phone + 44 1509 223097, Fax+ 44 1509 223891, e.mail a.g.gibb@lboro.ac.uk ; Lecturer, RMIT. Australia }, abstract={The decision making process used to evaluate to what extent a component or building system should be produced off-site is inadequate within the industry. Whilst the potential benefits of off-site production (OSP) are commonly cited when justifying an OSP approach, no clear method for assessing the applicability and overall benefit of these solutions exist. Common methods of evaluation simply take material, labour and transportation costs into account when comparing various options, often disregarding other cost-related items such as site facilities, crane use and rectification of works. These cost factors are usually buried within the nebulous preliminaries figure, with little reference to the building approach taken. Further, softer issues such as health and safety, effects on management and process benefits are either implicit or disregarded within these comparison exercises. Additionally, the factors that affect the suitability of OSP as a design solution are not formally defined, these are the factors that drive and/or constrain the design decision making. Case based research funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and Department of Trade and Industry in collaboration with eleven companies sampling over 200 people employed within the construction industry, examined these issues and developed a toolkit under the name IMMPREST4 • This toolkit facilitates the evaluation of the potential benefits of choosing one approach over the other. }, author_keywords={Pre-assembly, off-site production, drivers, constraints, benefits, measurement, value }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pennanen2004, author={Pennanen, Ari and Whelton, Michael and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={A Theory of Workplace Planning: General Principles and a Management Steering Model}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/320}, affiliation={Ph.D., Department of Architecture, University ofTampere, Finland. Project Manager and Workplace Planner, Haahtela Group, Helsinki, Finland, ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi ; Ph.D., Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, mwhelton@uclink.berkeley.edu ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a theory of workplace planning and a steering model to support the management of the facility planning process. The theory links workplace planning to production, not only to construction production, but also to the organization's general strategy. A spatial investment in an operation competes for the same resources as the other investments in the operations. Spaces are the scene of a temporal flow of operations and nonuse time. If waste of space for unneeded operations and waste of non-use-time can be reduced, more resources will be available for the other investments in operations, spatial or non-spatial. In the TFV theory of production value generation is viewed as a process where value for the customer is created through fulfillment of his requirements. This research suggests that also requirement identification should be included in production. Workplace planning is a process where valuable requirements for workplace production are determined through evaluating the values of stakeholders against the organization's strategy. The product of workplace planning for the rest of construction is the stakeholders commitment. The customer workplace is linked to a complex social system. The proposed steering model is based on dialogue between strategic and operational management. It is an application of closed loop control which operates on rapid feedback between stakeholders. The process encourages learning, group working and transparency. The steering model includes a procedure that models the customer's need for space based on the temporal and geometric factors. It gives the room schedule, functional possibilities and utilization degrees. It underlines accountability between decisions and outcomes. Achieving a final commitment of an organization is an iterative process of commitments, withdrawals and new approaches. The commitment drivers have been studied for steering model purposes. }, author_keywords={Commitment, complex systems, customer purpose, management steering, project definition, value generation, workplace planning. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Whelton2004, author={Whelton, Michael and Pennanen, Ari and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Fostering Collaboration and Learning in Project Definition: A Case Study in Workplace Planning}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/321}, affiliation={Ph.D., Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, whelton@cal.berkeley.edu ; Ph.D., Department of Architecture, University of Tampere, Finland. Project Manager and Workplace Planner, Haahtela Oy, Helsinki, Finland, ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Effective project definition requires process conditions to support group collaboration and learning. This paper presents a case study showing how a project definition methodology provides such conditions. The case was selected because it offered the opportunity to compare traditional architectural programming with an alternative workplace planning approach. Traditional programming was not successful in controlling project needs within budget constraints and failed to produce a cost-feasible definition. The workplace planning approach was successful. The study shows how project stakeholders were enabled to work within project constraints. The case study shows the group learning about their various needs and the ability to fulfil those needs within project constraints. This study demonstrates a set of management practices that engage multiple stakeholders in collaboration that resolves the purpose of projects, often in environments where collaboration was not evident before. The ability of the workplace planner to steer the problem solving process is instrumental in facilitating group learning and the group's ability to make innovative changes in their operational functions and, in the workplaces required to perform those functions. Future research is proposed to develop and generalize the project definition methodology. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, customer needs analysis, dialogue, emergence, learning, project definition, purpose, shared understanding, value generation, workplace planning. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2004, author={Chin, S. and Yoon, S.W. and Jung, S.O. and Kim, Y.S. and Kim, C.D. and Choi, Y.K. and Chun, J.Y. and Lim, H.C. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={An Analysis of the Life-Cycle Curtain Wall Process Through Supply Chain Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/322}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg., Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, Phone +82-31-290-7568, Fax +82-31-290-7570, schin@skku.ac.kr ; Research Assistant, Arch. Engrg., Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, yoonsuwon@korea.com ; Assistant Professor, Architecture, Kyungbok College, Pocheon, Korea 487-717, sojung@kyungbok.ac.kr ; Professor, Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, yskim2@skku.ac.kr ; Professor, Arch. Engrg., Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea 139-701, stpkim@daisy.kwangwoon.ac.kr ; Assistant Professor, Arch. Engrg., Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea, 156-743, ykchoi@ssu.ac.kr ; Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg., Dankook University, Seoul, South Korea, 140-714,jaeyoul@dankook.ac.kr ; Assistant Manager, R&D Dept., Daelim Industrial Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea, 110-732, hclim@dic.co.kr }, abstract={This paper presents a research project named "Automated life-cycle management system for curtain walls in high-rise buildings based on supply chain management," which is jointly performed by the consortium of universities and companies involved in curtain wall design, manufacturing, and construction in Korea. The objective of this research is to improve the efficiency of the current process through the application of SCM to the C/W life-cycle. In this paper, the research results at the early stage are presented with a focus on the analysis of problems and waste in the life-cycle of the curtain wall supply chain spanning from design to construction, and to operation and maintenance. The results show that most of the problems and waste are caused by poor collaboration, information sharing, communication, and coordination among actors in the supply chain of the project life-cycle. Finally, future research issues are briefly discussed. }, author_keywords={Curtain Wall, Process Model, Supply Chain Management, Value Stream Analysis, Information Management }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Picchi2004, author={Picchi, Flavio Augusto and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Construction Sites: Using Lean Principles to Seek Broader Implementations}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/323}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design. Av. Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, CEP 13084-971, Phone +55 19/3788-2082, FAX 19/3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br. ; Director, Lean fustitute Brazil, Rua Topazio 911, Sao Paulo/SP, Brazil, CEP 04105-063, Phone +55 11/5571-6887, FAX 1115571-0804, :fpicchi@lean.org.br }, abstract={This paper aims to evaluate Lean Thinking applications possibilities concerned with the construction job site flows, by identifying the potential of using lean principles to structure implementations, seeking broader results. From one hand, previous studies indicate that it is feasible to use lean tools and techniques in construction sites. On the other, poor implementations of lean concepts are often observed when tools are implemented in isolation, without a full lean system perspective. In a manufacturing environment, mapping the value stream is an essential step in creating a lean endeavor, generally followed by the implementation of flow and pull tools. The authors argue that using the five lean principles is a step in the right direction also on construction sites, enabling the discussion of Lean Thinking applications from a rather fragmented and isolated view to a strategic point of view. Finally, the authors suggest actions for implementing available lean tools as part of a broader perspective, based on lean principles. }, author_keywords={Lean Thinking, lean construction, construction management, construction site, flow and pull. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Polat2004, author={Polat, Gul and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Waste in Turkish Construction: Need for Lean Construction Techniques}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/324}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90-212-285-37-37; fax: +90-212-285-65-87; gpolat@ins.itu.edu.tr ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, gballard@leanconstruction.org and Associate Adjunct Professor, Project & Engineering Mgmt. Group, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley }, abstract={Waste has been considered to be a major problem in the construction industry. Not only does waste have an impact on the efficiency of the construction industry but also on the overall state of the economy of the country. Contractor firms have begun to seek ways of increasing their competitive advantage in global markets by removing all kinds of waste inherent in the construction process by means of implementation of lean construction techniques. The Turkish construction industry also encounters severe problems resulting from huge amounts of waste. This paper aims to identify the main waste causes in the Turkish construction industry in order to establish an initial framework for future studies to develop methods for prevention and elimination of waste causes inherent in the construction process. For this purpose, a survey of 116 contractors, 30 of which are also project consultants, was conducted. The survey revealed the types and frequencies of waste in the Turkish construction industry. Once the main waste causes are identified, a set of recommendations are proposed for eliminating waste inherent in the Turkish construction industry. }, author_keywords={Materials waste, time waste, waste causes, lean construction techniques }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2004, author={Ballard, Glenn and Reiser, Paul }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The St. Olaf College Fieldhouse Project: A Case Study in Designing to Target Cost}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/325}, affiliation={Glenn Ballard is Research Director for the Lean Construction Institute and Associate Adjunct Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu. ; Paul Reiser is VP of Quality and Productivity Improvement at the Boldt Companies, preiser@boldt.com }, abstract={Consumer product development uses a technique called 'designing to target cost' to systematically improve product profitability. In brief, a manufacturer sets a cost for a product to be developed that will allow an acceptable profit given the price that product is expected to fetch in the market. That target cost for the product is then split into target costs for each functional system within the product. In effect, the 'buyer' is setting the price he is willing to pay for each system. This can be extended to subsystems and components, and even to parts of components where the relevant buyer is able to impose on or negotiate prices with their suppliers. Target costing is used in the initial development of a product, in subsequent product modifications, and in the manufacturing of the product throughout its life, where the focus shifts to the production processes themselves. Designing to target cost is very likely done in some form in construction, but is not well documented and could potentially benefit from a more systematic approach. The Boldt Company very successfully introduced a form of target costing at the facility system level on a design-build project, the St. Olaf Fieldhouse project. This paper presents a study of the Fieldhouse project intended to reveal the potential for positive impact on project performance of designing to target cost, and to support the need for further research into target costing. It concludes with recommendations for next steps in developing a methodology for designing to target cost in the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Contingency, cost, cost control, cost management, design, designing to target cost, lean enterprise, project financial management, target cost, target costing }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2004, author={Sacks, Rafael }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Towards a Lean Understanding of Resource Allocation in a Multi-Project Sub-Contracting Environment}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/326}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., 840 Rabin Building, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8293190, Fax +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion. ac.il }, abstract={For many reasons, subcontracting is prevalent throughout the construction industry. Multiple subcontractors each perform work on multiple projects simultaneously. Each subcontractor strives to win sufficient jobs so as to ensure a ready supply of available work; each project manager strives to control the subcontractors on his/her project to maintain cost- and schedule-compliance, often pushing them to perform even when conditions preclude efficient or quality work. Construction subcontracting suffers the ills of traditional push workflows, but the problem for individual projects is exacerbated by subcontractors optimizing their workload across multiple projects, creating a snowball effect of growing instability for each individual project. Much of the research and implementation of lean construction has been carried out within the conceptual boundary of a single project or a single value stream. This paper proposes a multi-project, multi-subcontractor approach aimed at developing better understanding of workflow from the subcontractors' point of view, and contributing to development of a multi-project and multi-sub-contracting theory of production in construction projects. It attempts to define the questions, scope and methods for the research. A solution approach using an economic model is proposed. The long-term goal is to enable development of sub-contracting relationships and management procedures that harness the potential for both contractors and sub-contractors to benefit. }, author_keywords={Subcontracting, multiple projects, theory, resource allocation, lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salem2004, author={Salem, O. and Genaidy, A. and Luegring, M. and Paez, O. and Solomon, J. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Path from Lean Manufacturing to Lean Construction: Implementation and Evaluation of Lean Assembly}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/327}, affiliation={Head, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210071, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, Phone +1 513/556-3759, FAX 513/556-2599, osalem@uc.edu ; Associate Professor and Graduate Program Director, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Nuclear Engineering, 633 Rhodes, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0072, Phone +1 513/556-6299, FAX 513/556-4999, genaidam@uc.edu ; Vice President, Messer Construction Co., 5158 Fishwick Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45216, mluegering@messer.com ; Graduate Student, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Nuclear Engineering,, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0072, Phone+ 1 513/497- 4649, FAX 513/556-4999, paezor@email.uc.edu ; Graduate Student, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, Phone +1 513/621-6718, FAX 513/556-2599, solomoje@email.uc.edu }, abstract={Since the early 1990's, the US construction industry has taken interest in the application of lean production as a new theoretical framework. The IGLC has provided a new set of tools to improve project performance measures (e.g., productivity, quality, and safety). This article compares the techniques developed for lean assembly with those of lean manufacturing. It also introduces an assessment tool implemented by a general construction project in Ohio, USA. This assessment tool comprises six elements: Last Planner, Increased Visualization, Huddle Meetings, First Run Studies, FiveS's, and Fail-Safe for Quality. The successful understanding and impact of this tool emphasizes the need for a simple and comprehensive approach that is transferable to any construction project. }, author_keywords={Lean assessment, performance tracking, construction tools, manufacturing tools. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2004, author={Santos, Aguinaldo dos and Kristmann, Virginia Borges and Fischer, Suzana }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Assessing Total Value Requirements on Low Income Houses in Brazil}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/328}, affiliation={Professor, Head of the Design Department, Federal University of Paraná, Ed. D. Pedro I, Rua General Carneiro, 460, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 41 3605360, asantos@cesec.ufpr.br ; Professor, Mechanical Engineering Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, CESEC, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 41 3615360, vkistmann@ufpr.br ; Researcher, Civil Construction Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 41 3605360, pescador@bbs2.sul.com.br }, abstract={The present paper explores the implications of the various value dimensions on the design of low-income houses using Holbrook’s value typology. The case study involved an in-depth investigation on 40 houses chosen through a non-probabilistic approach within a single building project in Brazil. The study has brought insights on other dimensions of value that are often neglected on the construction literature. The researchers concluded that houses have to be considered as a comprehensive product that cannot be divided in separated parts during the design briefing. Similar to what happens in the car industry, value requirements for furniture, curtains, carpets, and all other products that take part on the building, need to be evaluated all together in order to obtain a briefing that best describe the customer value. That should be the case even if the construction company does not deliver the other products of the building. In the case of low-income housing projects, this approach can enable an increase the perceived value without necessarily an increase in cost. }, author_keywords={briefing, design process, developing countries }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saukkoriipi2004, author={Saukkoriipi, Lasse }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Perspectives on Non-Value Added Activities: The Case of Piece-Rate in the Swedish Construction Industry}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/329}, affiliation={Master of Science, Building Economics and Management, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins gata 6, SE-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden, +46 (0)31-7721964, lasse.saukkoriipi@bem.chalmers.se }, abstract={One strategy to reduce the costs of building projects is to reduce non-value added activities. This paper describes the concept of non-value added activities by using three separate theoretical concepts: lean production, activity-based costing and management, and poorquality costing. The piece-rate system is one part of many building projects that includes several non-value added activities. These piece-rate related activities are used as a case to elucidate how the three concepts can affect the amount of non-value added activities. }, author_keywords={Non-value added activity, lean production, activity based costing and management, poorquality costing, piece-rate, building project }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppanen2004, author={Seppanen, Olli and Kankainen, Jouko }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Empirical Research on Deviations in Production and Current State of Project Control}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/330}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 21B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland, E-mailjouko.kankainen@hut.fi }, abstract={Line-of-balance is a visual scheduling method which is suitable for construction projects because of their high degree of repetition. Line-of-balance allows the planner to explicitly account for flow of a project. To help effective project control line-of-balance enables drawing of actual lines next to the original plan. This allows for analysis of deviations during implementation. Forecasts can be made by continuing the actual lines with the same slope to show the total effect of deviations. If the forecast lines collide with each other, there will be problems as many crews will be working in the same physical space at the same time. In this paper the main types of deviations and their effects are described with line-ofbalance figures. Possible control actions and their effectiveness are examined. The prevalence of deviations and problems with production flow are shown by analysing the implementation on real projects which have the actual lines drawn next to the planned ones. The production rate deviations and interruptions of project flow were quantified. The main result of the research was that controlling of production and actively reacting to deviations is ineffective even if production start prerequisites exist. As a consequence, the production start prerequisites are lost for the succeeding tasks and the work flow is broken. The actual Lineof-Balance figures show graphically the resulting chaotic situation. }, author_keywords={Line ofbalance, scheduling, schedule control, flow, control actions, deviations }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Junnonen2004, author={Junnonen, Juha-Matti and Seppanen, Olli }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Task Planning as a Part of Production Control}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/331}, affiliation={Researcher, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, FIN-02015 HUT, Finland, E-mailjuha-matti.junnonen@hut.fi ; PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 21B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi }, abstract={The execution of a construction project requires production planning and control to be performed with different levels of accuracy. In master plans, the overall progress of the whole construction project is planned and controlled. For practical implementation, site management requires more detailed plans. This can be achieved with the help of task planning, a method of planning which begins from what should be done. and examines in detail how the time, cost, and quality objectives can be achieved. Task planning is related to look-ahead planning in the Last Planner System™. Task planning is performed before the beginning of the task. The execution of the task is planned in detail and considered from six angles: analysing potential problems, scheduling, costs, quality requirements and quality assurance, the prerequisites for the task, and ensuring the progress of the task. The objective of task planning is to ensure that the task can be started on time, that the requirements of the owner can be met, and that the master schedule can be implemented as planned. Task planning also ensures that the supervisors and workers know the objectives and demands ofthe task and how the implementation of these objectives and demands has been planned. This requires the results of the task plan to be examined together with the workers who participate in the task, e.g. in quality circles. Task planning can also be utilised in the drafting of subcontracts and delivery contracts. In this paper the connection between project master plans and task plans is described. The principles on which the making and use of task plans are based are described. }, author_keywords={Task planning, scheduling }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsen2004, author={Simonsen, Rolf and Bonke, Sten and Walloe, Pernille }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Management Innovation Brokers}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/332}, affiliation={PhD student, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Construction Management, Danish Technological Institute, Process & IT, rolf.simonsen@teknologisk.dk ; Associate Professor, Technical University ofDenmark, Department of Construction Management, sb@byg.dtu.dk ; Project Manager, Lean Construction-DK, Danish Technological Institute, Process & IT, pemille. walloe@tekno logisk.dk }, abstract={Lean Construction is a relative new management approach in Danish construction. This paper describes the journey of Lean Construction into the Danish construction sector. Lean Construction is viewed as a management concept and this paper will focus on the role of innovation brokers in the innovation process. Our intention is to show that brokers - and in this case: Lean Construction brokers- have a profound influence on how, where and when a new management concept will penetrate the construction industry. The story of Lean Construction entering Denmark is told - from the first ideas in public funded development programmes through the ongoing development in a few, leading edge construction companies and through the work of a network of brokers to the recent launch of a Danish Lean Construction Institute (Lean Construction-DK). The case is matched against established theories on the innovation process and the role of brokers. It is concluded that the innovation process in this case has been multi-levelled and emergent and has depended on several different types of brokers at different stages and with different roles. Also the case indicates that Lean Construction is well on the way to institutionalisation in the Danish construction sector. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, management concept, innovation brokers, innovation process, network }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsen2004, author={Simonsen, Rolf and Koch, Christian }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Shaping Lean Construction in Project Based Organizations}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/333}, affiliation={PhD Student, Danish Technological Institute (Lean Constuction-DK) / Technical University of Denmark, Phone: +45 7220 2251, rolf.simonsen@teknologisk.dk ; Associate Professor, Technical University of Denmark, The Section for Planning and Management of Building Processes, Bygning 115, DK-2800 Lyngby, Phone: +45 4525 1649; ck@byg.dtu.dk }, abstract={In this paper Lean Construction is viewed as a management concept and the journey into a construction company is viewed from four perspectives; social shaping, organizational politics, organisation theory and institutionalism. Common in those perseptives is that the management concept is socially constructed and negotiated. The journey of the concepts implies that they (and their surroundings) are changed during the implementation. It can therefore seldom be expected that two different domains would shape a concept in the same way. Also construction is a project-based industry. It has previously been shown how implementation of Lean Construction is a partly project specific process. This paper will present findings from ongoing empirical work in collaboration with a large Danish contractor. The work is related to the contractor's work with implementing Lean Construction in the company and how to implement it into the construction projects on site. It is discussed how certain actors have a mediating and communcating role between various communities in the company. We term these actos brokers. Lean Construction is shaped in this process, where also explicit and implicit stregies and cultures of the organization interact with the concept and its brokers. Projects are crucial units in a contractor's organisation, which play a partly independent role in the enterprise organisation. It is analysed how Lean Construction is changed when adapted on construction projects as results of the organisation's implementation strategy(ies), the will and skill of the project managers and other factors. }, author_keywords={Lean Constructio, Brokers, Social Shaping, Project Implementation, Management Concept }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2004, author={Filho, Jose Nilton Oliveira and Solbeman, Lucio and Choo, James }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Sequential Analysis of Reasons for Non-Completion of Activities: Case Study and Future Directions}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/334}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 3142 Newmark Civil Engrg. Lab., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, Phone +1 217/333-2071, foliveir@uiuc.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 3129C Newmark Civil Engrg. Lab., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, Phone +1 217/333-4759, FAX 217/265-8039, soibelma@uiuc.edu ; Product Development Leader, Strategic Project Solutions, Inc. P.O. Box 2835, San Francisco, CA 94126- 2835, Phone+ 1 415/362-3200, Fax + 1 415/362-3210, jchoo@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={Reliable work flow in production processes are of utmost importance to the successful completion of construction projects. Although a perfectly reliable work flow is unlikely to occur due to the inherent variability of production in construction, assignments should be measured and monitored, and causes for non-realization should be investigated in order to mitigate negative impacts of variability. Lean construction principles have been applied effectively in several projects and the identification of common problems demonstrated usefulness in the decrease of variability. However, the discovery of the main or primary causes of those problems and their impact on the whole project still continue to be a vague and obscure issue. The purpose of this paper is to first present a case study where a methodology to discover sequences of common non-conformances was studied and applied to a project database. Such sequences might be an indication of frequent patterns where one error category might have influenced subsequent ones. Then, the difficulties faced in this study and the relevance and importance of integrating project and external data sources for causal data analysis and knowledge discovery will be discussed. }, author_keywords={Sequential analysis, pattern recognition, data mining, knowledge discovery. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nielsen2004, author={Nielsen, Anni Schmidt and Thomassen, Mikkel Andreas }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={How to Reduce Batch-Size}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/335}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, MSc. MT H0jgaard a/s, Knud H0jgaards Vej 9, DK-2860 S0borg Phone +45 3954 4000, nil@mthojgaard.dk ; Project Manager. MT H0jgaard a/s, Knud H0jgaards Vej 9, DK-2860 S0borg Phone +45 3954 4000, mlt@mthojgaard.dk }, abstract={One of the key elements of lean is the elimination of internal inventories along the production line. However, even though the benefits from reducing inventories theoretically are well described (increased learning, visible bottlenecks and reduced capital costs and production time etc.), the concept is not easily introduced at the construction site. Thus, this mainly empirical paper aims at investigating the question: "How can significant reduction in batchsizes be achieved at the construction site". More precisely it is investigated if reduced building time is a way of forcing a reduction in batch-size at the construction site. In order to answer this question, two projects carried out by MT H0jgaard are used as case studies. Both projects have been subject to considerable reduction in the building period, although for different reasons. The paper at one hand illustrates, partly due to reduced batch-size, that it is possible to make significant reductions in construction durations and at the same time maintain and perhaps improve quality, cost and work environment on site. At the same time the case studies show that it is dangerous to reduce building time if the right contingencies are not in place. In particular, the way project management handles time pressure is of essence in this respect. The involvement of the construction crews working on site in the decision making and ongoing planning seem to be far a more efficient way of handling time pressure than by centralizing decisions at the project management level and as part of this increase the amount and richness of time schedules. Hence, this study supports the idea that The Last Planner System has an important role to play in reducing batch-size in construction. The possibility of designing activities in ways where fewer hand-overs are needed is an important way of gaining time. Experience from previous projects is also of vital importance as it allows subcontractors to be honest about their real time consumption. In this way, the case studies suggest that there is a positive interaction between reductions in building time and batch-size on one side and The Last Planner System together with the concepts of partnering and supply chain management on the other. }, author_keywords={Buffer management, work structuring, implementation, lean construction, fast track projects, last planner system }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huang2004, author={Huang, Chun-Nen and Yi, June Seong and Russell, Jeffrey S. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Time Study on Two-Echelon Supply Chain for Steel Framing Construction by Using Networking Simulation Model}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/336}, affiliation={Associate Research Fellow and Division Chief, Ph.D. of Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison, Division of Technology Application, Taiwan Construction Research fustitute, 11F, No. 190, Sec.2, Chung-Hsing Rd., Hsintien, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., Phone +866-2-98195099, FAX +866-2-86659747, chunneh@tcri.org.tw ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Ewha Womans Univ., 11-1 Dahyun-Dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea, Phone +82-2-32773517, jsyi@ewha.ac.kr ; Professor, Department of Civil and En vir. Engrg., Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison, 2304 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 U.S.A., Phone +1 608/262-7244, FAX 608/265- 9860, russell@engr. wisc.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a case study to discuss the application of Supply Chain Management (SCM) concept to the structural steel construction industry. The impact of scheduling and resources distribution were identified and examined by using the following methodologies: 1. Time Study and 2. Networking Simulation Models. Echelon I-steel-manufacturing phase: a simulation model has been developed based on the time study of steel beam fabrication in steel shop. This mock-up model can enables us to observe and study the different facets of its productivity, scheduled utilization, and production cost on different batch sizes. Echelon II-construction job site phase: a CYCLONE simulation model has been developed based on two precedent studies: the time study of beams and columns erection under this model, which is simulated for the entire erection process, and the assessment of productivity and production cost over each task. This study has shown the fact that the project of using the design-build (D/B) delivery process has obtained higher productivity and lower production cost than that of using the design-bid-build (D/B/B) delivery process. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, steel framing construction, time study, networking simulation. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2004, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Creating Work Structuring Transparency in Curtain Wall Design}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/337}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLauglin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/593-4884, FAX 510/643-8919, ccytsao@cal.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLauglin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Work Structuring is a means to align supply chain, product, process and operations designs in the course of project delivery. A challenge is to be able to recognize Work Structuring issues as they emerge, especially during design development. Participants in design coordination meetings typically use meeting tools such as agendas, CPM schedules, electronic whiteboards, 2-, 3-, or 4-dimensional drawings, and large scale physical mock-ups to identify and resolve problems. We introduce a methodology to capture Work Structuring issues that surface during design development. To demonstrate our methodology, we describe a case study involving the design development of a stone-on-truss curtain wall for a six-story research facility. Since we developed the methodology remains to be tested on future projects. }, author_keywords={Work Structuring, collaboration, process mapping, stone-on-truss curtain wall, stone panels, aluminum extrusions, insulating glass. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos2004, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Sexton, Martin and Cooper, Rachel and Kagloglou, Mike }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Evaluation of Product Development Process Models Focusing on Their Implementation}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/338}, affiliation={Architect, M.Sc., Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, Tel:+ 44 (0161) 2954284 FAX + 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Associate Head for Organisational Development, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, Tel:+ 44 (0161) 2954284 FAX+ 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: M.G.Sexton@salford.ac.uk ; Director of the Adelphi Research Institute for Creative Arts and Sciences; University of Salford, Centenary Building, Peru Street, Salford M3 6EQ, UK, e-mail: r.cooper@salford.ac.uk ; Centre manager, University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU, UK, FAX + 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The need for improving product development performance within the construction industry is widely aclrnowledged. In response to this challenge, different process models have been developed by academia and industry to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the design and construction activity. However, the effective and widespread adoption and use of process models has been limited, and the benefits resulting from these endeavours have been ambiguous at best and not existent at worst. This paper presents a framework for evaluating product development process (PDP) models focusing on their implementation. This framework has been tested in a case study carried out on a manufacturing company that have successfully implemented a PDP model for more than 10 years. The paper concludes that the role of PDP models should be defined as means for learning rather than means for control if successful implementations are to be achieved. }, author_keywords={Product development, process model, evaluation, implementation }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2004, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Tong, Michael K.L. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Understanding Construction as a Complex and Dynamic System: An Adaptive Network Approach}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/339}, affiliation={Doctorate candidate, Centre for Process Innovation in Building and Construction, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl; Research consultant, TNO Building and Construction Research, The Netherlands ; Doctorate candidate, School of the Built and Natural Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, UK, E-mail mto@gcal.ac.uk }, abstract={Construction can be characterised as a specific type of project industry, with specific features concerning the production, such as temporality, bounded location, and one-off products. The industry can be analogised as a nexus from which parties connect in temporary "project networks" bringing together numerous production factors needed for specific projects. In this paper, construction is viewed from an adaptive network perspective, bringing together various conceptual angles. The adaptive network approach is based on the emergence of flexible patterns in a quasi-structured manner. It attempts to assist in the control of fixed patterns whilst relying on self-regulation, which, in practice, often leads to chaos. In a construction environment, which differs from that of manufacturing, production systems need to be adaptive to changes from both inside and outside of the system, but need to reduce the inherent risk of chaos caused by the unstable nature of the production environment of construction. The management challenge for these types of production environments is to balance between a minimum level of predictability and controllability with a maximum level of flexibility and emergence. The adaptive network approach is discussed to be an appropriate model for the effective management of construction projects. }, author_keywords={Adaptive network approach, construction, emergence, complexity, industrial dynamics }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Walsh2004, author={Walsh, Kenneth D. and Bashfordz, Howard H. and Sawhneys, Anil }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Production Rate - Construction Quality Relationships in Us Residential Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/340}, affiliation={AGC—Paul S. Roel Chair in Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92l82—l324, TEL:6l9/594·09l l, FAX: 619/594-8078, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287- 0204, TEL: 480/965-4513, FAX: 480/965-1769, h0wa1‘d.bashford@asu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287- 0204, TEL: 480/965-7417, FAX: 480/965—l769, anil,sawh11ey@asu.edu }, abstract={Little’s Law describes the relationship between throughput, cycle time, and work-in-progress (WIP) for a process. This relationship has been shown to apply over a long time horizon in production or "high-volume" residential construction, wherein specialized trade contractors perform related sequences of work in a tightly connected production system. This finding suggests new approaches might be needed in construction management, and that other relationships from production mechanics could apply to construction operations. The dramatic and rapid workload variability in residential construction makes direct application of Little’s Law in real-time problematic, but more importantly fosters flexible crewing that confounds definition of utilization. Trade contractors employ very few crews directly, and have wide networks of additional crews they can bring on line, with ever less knowledge of their ability and quality of production. As a consequence, one might hypothesize that work- in-progress and/or throughput would exhibit a relationship to construction quality. Residential building permit and inspection data from a major residential market were analyzed to confirm the existence of such a relationship. This analysis reveals a larger question about the reasons for code compliance inspection failure and their implications for identifying production system waste. }, author_keywords={Residential constmction, Production mechanics, Variability, Code Compliance Inspections }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wandahl2004, author={Wandahl, Soren }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Value Carriers in a Construction Project - How Different Are They?}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/341}, affiliation={Ph.D.-student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstaede 16, DK 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark, +45 9635 8989, soren@wandalh.net, www.wandahl.net/phd }, abstract={In recent years focus on the human aspect of the building process has increased in 'real life' and within the world of research on construction management. A new culture that views construction as social systems, both on the site and in the management is flourishing. It is, therefore, important to develop an understanding / a theory that supports this new culture. One aspect of this new culture is the indiviudal's values. It is often said that the construction industry is tradition-bound and that the parties are locked in specific roles. This influences values of the individual and his/hers perception of value in general. These values are brought into the project organization by each individual, or are they? This paper is built on a hypothesis, which states that the different legal parties in a construction project organization have different perceptions of value, and that they, thereby, carry different values into the project. One of the main pillars of Value-Based Management states that by influencing an individual's value and by creating a common shared set of values, it is possible to improve the outcome of the production. Therefore, it is important to gain knowledge about the 'value carriers'. To test the hypothesis, three experiments are carried out, of which two are set-ups with construction industry practitioners, and the third is more an analysis of a former experiment. The analysis is of a construction project where ideaas of partnering and Value-Based Management were tested. This construction projected ended last year. }, author_keywords={Value, Social systems, Culture, Value-Based Management, Soft skills. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Walsh2004, author={Walsh, Kenneth D. and Sawhney, Anil }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Agent-Based Modelling of Worker Safety Behavior at the Construction Workface}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/342}, affiliation={AGC-Paul S. Roel Chair in Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Deiego, CA 92182-1324, TEL: 619/594-0911, FAX: 619/594-8078, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-0204, TEL: 480/965-7417, FAX: 480/965-1769, anil.sawhney@asu.edu }, abstract={A great deal of research has been directed toward developing intervention strategies for improving safety performance in construction. While the construction research community has become more enlightened about the degree to which accidents can be blamed on workers, nonetheless it must be acknowledged that a certain amount of risk-taking by workers is often involved. This behavior seems contrary to self-interest, because while the consequences to the project or the employer have been measured economically, the consequences of an incident to the worker are more direct, immediate, and severe. In spite of this perceived action against interest, incidents still occur. To consider possible connections between employer attitudes regarding production and reward systems put in place by the employer and resulting worker behavior, an agent-based simulation experiment was conducted. In this experiment, different employer attitudes and reward systems could be modeled and expeienced by a population of workers with variable degrees of native production ability and risk-tolerance, while these workers conduct operations on a simulated project site of spatially-variable danger. By using an agent-based approach, local and random interactions and events can occur and lead to emerging measures for the entire system, in much the same way that local interactions lead to a gross metric such as incident rate. The emperiment demonstrates a link between employer attitudes and reward structures and the distribution of risk-tolerance in the worker population. The impact of interactions between workers and the level of dnanger at the site is considered. }, author_keywords={Construction safet, agent-based modeling, simulation, risk tolerance. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Court2005, author={Court, Peter F. and Pasquire, Christine and Gibb, Alistair and Bower, David }, editor={ }, title={“Lean” as an Antidote to Labour Cost Escalation on Complex Mechanical and Electrical Projects}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={3-11}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/343}, affiliation={Research Engineer, Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, p.court1@btinternet.com ; Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK. c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, a.g.gibb@lboro.ac.uk ; Principal Fellow, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, UK, bowerdjer@aol.com }, abstract={This paper represents “work-in-progress” as part of a collaborative research project being undertaken at the Centre for Innovative Construction Engineering for anEngineering Doctorate at Loughborough University, UK.Theprogramme isfundedbytheEPSRCandissponsored byamajor UKmechanical and electrical contractor (the company). The project will have specific objectives, which will be capa- bleofmakingasignificantcontributiontotheperformanceofthecompany.Thatis,thetaskswillben- efit the company whether or not the Engineering Doctorate was being undertaken. It will not be a “student” project, which has only been selected to keep the research engineer busy, nor will the tasks be at the margin of the company’s interest. In the mechanical and electrical (M&E) sector in the UK, labour cost is one of the largest variables which can have a direct influence on the financial outcome of a project. Actual labour cost incurred has a dependency upon the productivity achieved on site, which in turn is dependant upon the conditions that prevail on that site. For a major UK M&E contractor, labour cost has escalated to such an extent that margin slippage has occurred. Margin slippage can be defined as the negative variation between the expected margin (gross profit) for aproject whenacquired, andthe final margin whenthe project is finished. Consequentially, the company, as part of a performance improvement initiative, have the objective of developing lean techniques to overcome the causes of the cost escalation—poor productivity, and see this research project and implementing lean as a result of it, as a vehicle to deliver the improvement. This paper will propose that lean techniques, when imposed upon a project, can be an antidote to the causes of poor productivity, and therefore prevent labour cost escalation, along with its impact on the project’s final profitability. These lean techniques, known as “interventions”, are applied to a case study project with positive results in terms final labour cost and margin. }, author_keywords={Margin slippage, Productivity, Labour, Mechanical sector, Electrical sector. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Macomber2005, author={Macomber, Hal and Howell, Gregory A. and Reed, Dean }, editor={ }, title={Managing Promises With the Last Planner System: Closing in on Uninterrupted Flow}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={13-18}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/344}, affiliation={Principal, Lean Project Consulting, Inc., 36 Kirkland Drive, Andover, MA 01810-2809, Phone +1 978/470-8994, hmacomber@leanproject.com ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, PO Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340-1003, Phone +1 208/726-9989, FAX 707/238-1369, ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Lean and Virtual Building Coordinator, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, CA 94063, Phone +1 650 474-1450, deanr@dprinc.com }, abstract={TheLast Planner System has been in use for about 10years. During that time the basic structure of the system is unchanged. However,the practices for using the LPShave continued to evolve. In our paper Linguistic Action: Contributing to the Theory of Lean Construction we showed how the structure and usual practices of the LPS creates the situation for making promises reliably. In a following paper Leadership and Project Management: Time for a Change from Fayol to Flores we introduced our un- derstanding of management and the actions needed to change to support operating a project as a net- work of commitments. Inthispaperwebuildonthelanguage-action perspective toproposeakeysetofdistinctions andset of practices for delivering promises on a reliable basis; we call that managing promises. The combination of promising reliably and managing promises creates a basis for designing production systems that are robust to the remaining breakdowns in the project setting bringing us closer to the lean thinking ideal of uninterrupted flow. }, author_keywords={Language (linguistic) action perspective, Network of commitments, Project flow }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2005, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Revisiting the Three Peculiarities of Production in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={19-27}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/345}, affiliation={Centre for Process Innovation in Building and Construction, Delft University of Technology; TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, PO Box 49, NL-2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2763138, Fax +31 15 2763024, E-mail ruben.vrijhoef@tno.nl ; Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Greater Manchester, M7 1NU, UK, Phone +44 161 2954622, Fax +44 161 2954587, E- mail L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Compared to many other industries, construction is a specific type of project industry with certain pe- culiarities influencing the characteristics of constructed products, ways of production, and the indus- try itself. Previously three major peculiarities of production in construction have been discussed, i.e. site production (i.e. organising the production around the product dependent on outdoor conditions), temporaryproductionorganisation(e.g.fragmentedsupplychain),andone-of-akindproduct(e.g.de- sign-to-order project-based production). Many times, particularly within the realms of lean construc- tion,thebasichypothesishasbeenthatthesepeculiarities leadtovariabilityandthustowaste,andlow performance levels in terms of productivity and value delivery to clients. Inversely, lean construction should be aimed at the banning of waste, thus reduction of variability, and thus the reduction or even resolution of peculiarities. In this paper, the peculiarities of production in construction are discussed and whether they always causeproblems,whethertheyarealwaysleadingtowaste,andwhethertheyalwayscanandneedtobe reduced or resolved. Some examples of solutions resolving or reducing certain peculiarities are given, such as modular housing, pre-engineered buildings and off-site production. Based on the examples, the effects and costs of reduction and resolution of peculiarities are discussed. Toconclude itisdiscussed whetherconstruction must andcanalwaysbeimproved byresolving the peculiarities, and at what cost. It is concluded that peculiarities should be resolved when they are not needed. However, before to decide to do so, the additional costs or even the potential value loss that may be caused by peculiarities must always be related to the whole life costs and value of the object built, and the extra costs and efforts for resolving the peculiarities. Finally, issues for future research are given. }, author_keywords={Construction, Peculiarities, Repetitiveness, Resolution, Waste }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2005, author={Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Construction: One Type of Project Production System}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={29-35}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/346}, affiliation={Research Director for the Lean Construction Institute and Principal in Strategic Project Solutions. gballard@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={The application of lean concepts and techniques to construction often seems to be driven by the idea thatconstruction is,orshouldbe,atypeofmanufacturing. IntheU.S.,andbroadlyintheinternational community, lean construction has been taken up with the idea that the project is a more fundamental form of production system than the factory. For the author, construction is one of many types of pro- jects for which theorists and practitioners are developing theory and tools, alongside air and sea ship- building, performing arts productions, software development, product development, fabrication (job) shops,oilfielddevelopment,healthcaredeliveryandworkordersystemssuchasplantmaintenance. This paper reports developments in thinking since the author’s 1998 IGLC paper on this topic, including a critique of the current model for categorizing production systems, specification of conditions in which job shops can be redesigned as flow lines, a critique of the value concept derived from Gilbreth’s model of flow and waste, and the role of buffers in experimentation and learning. }, author_keywords={Designing, Production, Project, Project production system, Value, Waste }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2005, author={Koskela, Lauri and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={On the Metaphysics of Production}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={37-45}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/347}, affiliation={University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, tel. + 44 (0)161 2956378, e-mail: l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, tel. + 44 (0)161 2953855, e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Sincethepre-Socratic periodofphilosophy,therehavebeentwobasicmetaphysical views.Oneholds that there are substances or things, that is, atemporal entities in the world. The other insists that there are processes, that is, intrinsically temporal phenomena. These metaphysical assumptions tend to strongly influence how the subject of the inquiry or action isconceptualized.Thething-oriented viewseemstoleadtoanalyticaldecomposition,therequirement or assumption of certainty and an ahistorical approach. The process-oriented view is related to a holistic orientation, acknowledgement of uncertainty and to a historical and contextual approach. It can be argued that production is intrinsically a process oriented endeavour. However, an analysis of current conceptualizations and methods shows that it is the thing-oriented view on the world that has dominated the research and practice of production management. The resulting mismatch between the assumed nature and true nature of production has arguably led to major generic failures of production management. As a conclusion, it is contended that the discipline of production management has to seriously address the metaphysical issues confronting both practitioners and scholars. }, author_keywords={Metaphysics, Production, Substance, Process }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kärnä2005, author={Kärnä, Sami and Junnonen, Juha-Matti }, editor={ }, title={Project Feedback as a Tool for Learning}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={47-55}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/348}, affiliation={Researcher, Construction Economics and Management, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, Finland, Phone +358 9 451 5034, sami.karna@hut.fi ; Research Manager, Construction Economics and Management, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, Finland, Phone +358 9 451 3745, juha-matti.junnonen@hut.fi }, abstract={In construction, project feedback has often been seen primarily as a means to measure customer satisfaction. Even though the measurement of customer satisfaction is an important factor, feedback information also has other purposes, for example, it highlights the frailties of the operations. With the help of the feedback information, companies can uncover development targets and develop their own competencies and co-operation competencies. Thus feedback information is also a vehicle for sharing knowledge about experiences and good solutions and thereby operates as a part of knowledge mechanism and learning. Construction can be characterized as a specific type of project industry, with specific features concerning production, such as temporality, bounded location and one-off products.From the point of view of learning, the uniqueness and temporality of the project organization bring their own challenges and difficulties. In this article we concentrate on how those challenges and difficulties can be overcome with the help of feedback information.The questions of this paper are defined as follows: • How does the uniqueness and temporality of a project organisation affect the learning processes? • How can feedback be used to intensify knowledge transfer and learning for the parties of the construction project? }, author_keywords={Feedback, Customer satisfaction, Learning organization }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emmitt2005, author={Emmitt, Stephen and Sander, Dag and Christoffersen, Anders Kirk }, editor={ }, title={The Value Universe: Defining a Value Based Approach to Lean Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={57-64}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/349}, affiliation={Hoffmann Professor of Innovation and Management in Building, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. se@byg.dtu.dk ; MTHøjgaard A/S, Denmark. dsa@mthojgaard.dk ; NIRAS, Consulting Engineers and Planners, Denmark. akc@niras.dk }, abstract={Value is the end-goal of all construction projects and therefore the discussion and agreement of value parameters is fundamental to the achievement of improved productivity and client/user satisfaction. The word ‘value’ tends to be used rather loosely in daily practice. Similarly, terms and interpretations vary within construction management literature. The aim of this paper is to put forward a number of definitions that may be used in a common language for discussing and implementing value through lean construction. Value creation and value delivery are clearly defined within a four-stage model that maps key process functions. Mapping the process provides a framework in which to highlight the differences between value-based management, value management and value engineering activities. The concept of external and internal values is also introduced. The model described is being implemented on pilot projects in Denmark, by consultants NIRAS and contractors MTHøjgaard. The model is grounded in extensive practical work and underpinned by theoretical constructs. }, author_keywords={Boundary conditions; Communication; Culture; Definitions; Value based management }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2005, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Approaches to Managing Complexity in Project Production}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={65-71}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/350}, affiliation={Roennebaervej 10, lejl. 108, DK 2840 Holte, Denmark. sven@bertelsen.org ; The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M7 1NU, United Kingdom. l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Since the seminal contribution by Shewhart, the dominating approach to production is to minimize all variation in order to get the productive activities into control. Thus, the goal is to avoid all such complexity and uncertainty which could disturb this tight control. This approach is applied in lean production,which is considered to be the superior production template of today.It has to be noted that usually our concepts, for example “waste”, are based on this understanding of production. However, there are production situations with inherent complexity and unpredictability not least in project production. The primary goal of the paper is to chart and analyze the different approaches available for coping with these situations. Four different strategies are identified and discussed: reducing complexity, codifying procedures, learning to improvise and buffering. A secondary goal of the paper is to discuss whether and how the conceptual framework in production management should be further developed for taking these different approaches to project complexity into account. }, author_keywords={Complexity; Project production; Project management; Waste }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2005, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Emmitt, Stephen }, editor={ }, title={The Client as a Complex System}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={73-79}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/351}, affiliation={Sven Bertelsen, Management Counselor within the field of Lean Construction (sven@bertelsen.org) ; Stephen Emmitt, Architect and Hoffmann Professor of Innovation and Management in Building, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (se@byg.dtu.dk) }, abstract={Construction is a process of delivering value to the client through a temporary production system, which consists of elements shared with other projects. The completed work is a one-of-a-kind product assembled at a temporary production facility, the site. This is a very complex production system that has been studied extensively over a number of years. Some members of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC) have recently used the complexity point of view to try to understand this system and to create guidelines on how to better manage it. The production system is, however, only one part of the process. The other part, and one worthy of more extensive investigation, is the client. The term ‘client’ tends to imply a person or a well-defined body of persons that act as a single entity. In the majority of projects this is not the case. The ‘client’ is a representative for a number of—often conflicting— values,interests and time perspectives. A closer look can reveal that the client is just as complex as the production system. This paper examines the characteristics of the client as well as the customer-supplier relationship in the built environment, where a better understanding of client complexity may help to deliver value to a wider range of stakeholders. }, author_keywords={Client, Complexity, Stakeholders interests, Value, Design }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2005, author={Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={ }, title={Modularization — a Third Approach to Making Construction Lean?}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={81-88}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/352}, affiliation={Sven Bertelsen is a Danish management counsellor within the field of Lean Construction (sven@bertelsen.org) }, abstract={Every construction project is characterized by being complex.This complexity causes high variability in the flows and one approach to mange this kind of production is to use situation based management approaches such as Last Planner. However, another approach is to reduce the complexity of the site production by turning the building into a product, which can be manufactured in permanent facilities, where lean production is usable and make the site-work an installation mainly.This is seen in the manufactured home industry. In recent Danish discussions these two approaches has coined these two different approaches ‘the process strategy’ and the ‘product strategy’ respectively. However, a third approach to making construction lean is modularization. By this the complex system is divided into easily manageable and clearly defined functional modules than can be developed, designed, manufactured and installed as small scale projects in an easier to manage assembly construction process. This approach has since IBM’s ground breaking modular development of the 360 series of computers proved a very fruitful route to manage complex product development and manufacturing. Experiences from a full scale Danish development program indicate that the benefits of modularization observed in manufacturing may also be obtainable in certain parts of construction. Looking closer into the development of the construction process reveals that modularization already exists to some extent,but that the potential benefits of this approach have not at all been explored and a few only have looked in detail into the nature of a construction process based on such systems. The paper investigates the process and the product strategies to managing complexity in construction and suggests a third strategy based upon the use of modularization. It proceeds by looking at the IBM360 development process and not least its consequences for the computer industry, and it then presents some ideas on how an approach to modularization in construction may be made. }, author_keywords={Modularisation, complexity, prefabrication, manufacturing, management }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koerckel2005, author={Koerckel, Andre and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Return on Investment in Construction Innovation — a Lean Construction Case Study}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={91-98}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/353}, affiliation={Implementation Leader, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery Street, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362-3200, email: akoerckel@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; Dr. Ballard is an Associate Adjunct Professor at the University of California, Berkeley; Research Director of the Lean Construction Institute; and principal of Strategic Project Solutions Inc., e-mail: ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The construction industry has frequently been criticized for not investing enough in innovation. This relates to both the managerial changes and technological developments required to support this innovation. Extending Lean Manufacturing techniques into the production based environment on one of Europe’s largest and most complex construction projects, Strategic Project Solutions, Inc. (SPS) has worked in collaboration with the joint venture contracting group and the project client to establish new business processes and implement web-based tools which enable workflow control (SPS Production Manager) and management of materials (SPS Materials Manager) at the production level.Further,this process innovation has been coupled with product management in the form of 3D digital prototyping. The outcome of this effort has demonstrated significant tangible and intangible benefits, outweighing the initial investment and further establishing a movement toward innovation that can be extended to other projects across the continent. This paper will act as a case study focusing first on the project challenges;physical,managerial,and contractual. It will then outline the success factors for the implementation of production control, illustrating the process undertaken. Unique case studies within the project will be used to reveal tangible results which exceed industry norms, and also to outline the intangible benefits that contribute to the overall results. These results will then be summarized into learning for the construction industry as a whole }, author_keywords={Innovation, Material management, Production control, Return on investment, Workflow }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bulhões2005, author={Bulhões, Iamara Rossi and Picchi, Flavio Augusto and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis }, editor={ }, title={Combining Value Stream and Process Levels Analysis for Continuous Flow Implementation in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={99-107}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/354}, affiliation={PhD student, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, iamara@fec.unicamp.br ; Professor, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, and Director, Lean Institute Brazil. Av. Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, CEP 13084-971, Phone +55 19/3788-2082, fpicchi@fec.unicamp.br ; Professor, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design. Av. Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, CEP 13084-971, Phone +55 19/3788-2082, FAX 19/3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br }, abstract={This research focuses on the use of concepts and tools of Lean Thinking seeking the implementation of continuous flow in construction. An exploratory case research approach was used in the work. Such study was carried out in a construction site of a resort in the northeast region of Brazil. Taking as a basis literature and successful implementation path used in other industries, a combined analysis was used, first in value stream level and second in processes level. As result of this research, Value Stream Maps (VSM) of the execution of the standard apartment was drawn for a sample of services, including dry wall and ceramic tiling. The maps made possible an organized discussion about the applicability of important lean concepts, such as: takt time, cell production, etc. Line of Balance, Operator Balance Charts and Standardized Work Combination Table were analysed to improve flow.As conclusion,the path of implementation suggested in lean literature and used in several other industries presented interesting potential considering this case study and encourages future studies using and detailing this approach. }, author_keywords={Continuous flow, Value stream maps, Operator balance chart, Standardized work combination table }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khalfan2005, author={Khalfan, Malik M. A. and Asad, Salman and McDermott, Peter }, editor={ }, title={Towards Demand and Supply Management in Construction Industry}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={109-115}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/355}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Manchester, M7 1NU, UK, E-mail: M.M.A.Khalfan@Salford.ac.uk ; Amey plc, The Sherard Building, Edmund Halley Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX4 4DQ, UK ; Centre for Construction Innovation, CUBE Building, 1st Floor, 113-115, Portland Street, Manchester, M1 6FB, UK }, abstract={Managing of supply and demand is becoming more and more important within recent construction management research and practices. The concept of aggregation is now being introduced not only to manage the supply of the construction services by the downstream supply chain participants, but at the same time, the concept of aggregating the demand is being adopted by leading clients to make most out of service providers and suppliers in terms of value. This concept of aggregation or bundling the supply and demand could be seen in practice within the UK construction industry. One of the elements which contributed towards the aggregation is the integration of the supply chain participants to adopt and respond to the current market situation. This paper will not only discuss the concept of aggregation but will also talk briefly about the other supply chain integration related concepts including client led supply chain, knowledge about the whole supply chain, effects of procurement on integration of supply chain, etc. The paper will also include examples from the UK construction industry on bunsupply chain, etc. The paper will also include examples from the UK construction industry on bundling the supply and demand. The paper will also include the recommendations/suggestions for aggregation in the light of some reports published in the UK. The paper also argues that lean practices could be adopted in managing demand and supply of services and products within the construction industry but trust, integration and collaboration among the supply chain participants are pre-requisite. }, author_keywords={Aggregation, Integrated supply chain, Demand and Supply management }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasqualini2005, author={Pasqualini, Fernanda and Zawislak, Paulo Antônio }, editor={ }, title={Value Stream Mapping in Construction: A Case Study in a Brazilian Construction Company}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={117-125}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/356}, affiliation={Master in Business and Administration at PPGA/EA/UFRGS, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil, fepasqualini@terra.com.br ; Professor at PPGA/EA/UFRGS, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil, pazawislak@ea.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Since 1993 the ideas of Lean Production have been introduced in construction, creating Lean Construction. Although studies have demonstrated good results from the introduction of Lean Production in construction, these efforts have turned into a specifically isolated implementation, limiting possibilities of improvement along the value flow. A tool that has been widely used in manufacture, as a way to initiate a systemic implementation of Lean Production, is called Value Stream Mapping (VSM). Because VSM represents the main principles of Lean Production, makes it possible to identify throughout the value flow the main problems and process wastes, and to consider action for improvement. Aiming to introduce the ideas of Lean Production in construction in a more systematic way, identifying its main problems and proposing actions for improvement throughout the value flow, this article describes the modifications and application of the VSM in a Brazilian construction company. Modifications of VSM were necessary due to the difference between manufacture and construction. Through its application it was possible to identify problems and to consider some actions for improvement, turning it into a more fluid production, with fewer stops and increasing the planned flow versus the accomplished one. }, author_keywords={Value stream mapping, Systemic implementation }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Toolanen2005, author={Toolanen, Bengt and Olofsson, Thomas and Johansson, Jan }, editor={ }, title={Transparency and Cooperation—Essential Factors of Lean Contracting}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={127-133}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/357}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Tech Lic., Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden Bengt.Toolanen@ltu.se ; Professor, Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden Thomas.Olofsson@ltu.se ; Professor, Div of Industrial Environment, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden Jan.Johansson@ltu.se }, abstract={Managing the growing extent of fast, complex and uncertain construction projects is in many ways the focus within prevalent Lean Construction theories. An essential prerequisite to get a more effective and lean construction process is to use adequate procurement models to promote innovation and cooperation. This paper presents a study of how different project related prerequisites affect the choice of performance, remuneration and cooperation models when contracting. The results are based on a field survey among professional construction clients with the purpose to investigate how different factors such as short lead time, market competition, different kinds of uncertainties and strategic considerations are affecting the contracting process. Choosing the performance model is mainly connected to the distribution of responsibility of the design between the client and the contractor. However, project oriented and external factors can also impact this decision, e.g. lead time for project execution, technical complexity and lack of interested bidders increases the usage of design and build types of contracts. Decisions of remuneration and cooperation models are highly connected to the risk management of projects where short lead time, poor competition and different kinds of uncertainties are present. Under these circumstances and when the client wants to participate strategically in the construction process, transparent models of remuneration and cooperation during a partnership are favoured. }, author_keywords={Procurement models, Project types, Lean contracting, Relational contracting, Field survey. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valence2005, author={Valence, Gerard de }, editor={ }, title={Production Theory and Construction Productivity}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={135-141}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/358}, affiliation={Senior lecturer, School of Construction, Property and Project Management, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway NSW 2007, Ph: 612 9514 8758, g.devalence@uts.edu.au }, abstract={The theory of production applied to the construction industry has been typically based on management theories, and the application of the economic theory of production is less common. The economic theory of production focuses on features of the demand for factors of production (inputs) and output of commodities to develop input and output functions. The issues involved on the input side are concerned with the technical constraint of production processes that determine the cost base, and on the output side with the structure of markets where prices and revenues are determined. This paper focuses on the input side. The purpose of the paper is to discuss properties of construction production technology in the context of the economic theory of production and the production function. The paper then discusses the role of technical progress and shifts in the production function due to the adoption of new techniques which affect the production process or change input/output relationships. }, author_keywords={Theory of production, Productivity, Production function }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Woksepp2005, author={Woksepp, Stefan and Olofsson, Thomas and Jongeling, Rogier }, editor={ }, title={Design Reviews and Decision-Making Using Collaborative Virtual Reality Prototypes: A Case Study of the Large-Scale MK3 Project}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={145-152}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/359}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, MSc. Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, and NCC Construction Sverige AB, NCC Engineering, SE-405 14 Gothenburg, Sweden, Phone +46 31 7715046, FAX +46 (0) 31 771151188, Stefan.Woksepp@ncc.se ; Professor, Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491362, FAX +46 (0) 920 491913, Thomas.Olofsson@ltu.se ; PhD Candidate, MSc. Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 (0) 702 702543, Rogier.Jongeling@telia.com }, abstract={LKAB, a large mining company in Sweden, is investing 290 million Euros in a new pelletizing plant in Malmberget, Sweden (MK3). The complexity of the project, the number of actors involved and the desire to involve end users such as industrial workers responsible for the future plant operations in the design makes VR an excellent enriched source of communication in the design review process. This paper describes a practical approach to facilitate decision-making, coordination and to communicate client requirements in the design review process using a number of collaborative VR (Virtual Reality) prototypes of the plant including the construction and installations. The model based working methods that are used in the case study is discussed in the context of lean construction. The case study shows that the use of VR has increased the value for the client and the reliability in the design process. VR mock-ups have also minimized the waste in the production phase by eliminating collisions between the different designs. Even though the Partnering concept facilitates the cooperation between the different stakeholders the main cause for the intense information flow and willingness to share the information has been the time pressure forcing the different design teams to act concurrently. }, author_keywords={Virtual Reality, Design review, Decision-Making, Collaborative working environments, Client requirements, Concurrent engineering. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khanzode2005, author={Khanzode, Atul and Fischer, Martin and Reed, Dean }, editor={ }, title={Case Study of the Implementation of the Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS) Using Virtual Building Technologies on a Large Healthcare Project}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={153-160}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/360}, affiliation={Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA and Business Analyst, DPR Construction, Inc, 1450 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, CA USA 94063, atulk@stanford.edu OR atulk@dprinc.com ; Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Director Center of Integrated Facilities Engineering (CIFE), Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, fischer@stanford.edu ; Chief Planner and Lean Construction Coordinator, DPR Construction, Inc. 1450 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, CA 94063, deanr@dprinc.com }, abstract={This case study presents the preliminary findings of implementing the Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS) using the Virtual Building Technologies on a 250,000 square-feet, $100M, Healthcare project in California, USA. This project is unique as it is the first time that Virtual Building technologies like 3D and 4D CADare being used in conjunction with the LPDS on such a large Healthcare facility in the USA. This study is part of an ongoing research project to study how Virtual Building Technologies can be applied on projects using the LPDS. In this paper we discuss how the project used Virtual Building Technologies, specifically 3D and 4D CAD and the LPDS during the early design phase of this project. We specifically discuss the following issues: • Organization of the Project Team for the implementation of LPDS using 3D / 4D technologies • Challenges & Benefits of using the 3D / 4D technology and LPDS on the project • Development of new Metrics to track project performance using 3D / 4D tools • A brief Guideline for implementing LPDS using 3D / 4D CAD technologies This paper is part of ongoing research and should provide a summary to the practitioners in the industry of how Visualization technologies like 3D and 4D CAD can play an important role in applying the LPDS on complex construction projects. }, author_keywords={Visualization, 3D / 4D CAD, Lean Project Delivery System }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Loría-Arcila2005, author={Loría-Arcila, José H. and Vanegas, Jorge A. }, editor={ }, title={Issues Affecting the Flow of Information During the Design Phase of Affordable Housing Developments}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={161-169}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/361}, affiliation={Professor and Academic Secretary, School of Engineering, Avenida Industrias no Contaminantes por Periférico Norte S/N, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, (999) 941-0195, FAX (999) 941- 0189, larcila@tunku.uady.mx ; The Fred and Teresa Estrada Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Program, School of Civil and Envir. Engrg., 790 Atlantic Dr.; SEB Building, Room 328, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, (404) 894-9881, FAX (404) 894-5418, jvanegas@ce.gatech.edu }, abstract={This paper presents the results of a research project that investigated the major issues affecting the flow of information during the design phase of affordable housing developments in Southeastern Mexico. A qualitative approach was selected for the research. Specifically, the case study mode of inquiry was chosen to investigate a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, based on the following sources: documentation, archival records, direct observation, and primarily, in-depth interviews. The findings indicate that the design process of affordable housing developments follows informal channels of communication, does not promote participation from other professionals involved in the process, does not incorporate lean or constructability concepts, and shows evidence of errors and generation of waste. Furthermore, the flow of information is perceived differently by each member of the design team, lacks a framework of reference, and primarily, shows substantial evidence of informality. Based on the results of the study it was possible to identify information flow patterns within the design team, and most importantly, to develop an information framework for the process, which was validated by the design team. This study provides direction for experimentation and creation of new design practice in affordable housing developments. }, author_keywords={Information flow, Design, Affordable housing, Case study }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rischmoller2005, author={Rischmoller, L. and Alarcón, L.F. }, editor={ }, title={Using Lean Principles as a Framework to Study Information Technology in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={171-178}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/362}, affiliation={Director, School of Construction, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Talca, Chile, E-Mail: lrischmoller@utalca.cl ; Professor, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: lalarcon@i_Hlt65167490n_Hlt65167490g.puc.cl }, abstract={Information Technology (IT) in Construction is currently a hot topic in research and practice. However, there is need for a theoretical framework to support the analysis of how IT impact construction processes. Research developed by the authors, that considered participation of the first author in IT implementation in real projects, explored the relationship between design and production theory principles, and the prevalent (transformation) and new production models (flow and value). A Transformation-Flow-Value (TFV) model of the design process provided important basis to understand the forces of change that IT offers to the construction industry, describing the impact of Computer Advanced Visualization Tools (CAVT) and attaining a synergistic effect between IT and Lean Principles. The research combined empirical evidence with lean theoretical background and developed a quantitative framework based in Freire and Alarcón (2000) and a qualitative framework adapted from Koskela (2000) to analyze the impact of IT CAVT. This paper presents both frameworks and discusses how the impact of IT CAVT to the design and construction processes can be studied using Lean Principles as a theoretical framework. }, author_keywords={Lean Principles, Information Technology }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsson2005, author={Simonsson, Peter and Carlswärd, Jonas }, editor={ }, title={Evaluation of a GPS Support System for Fleet Management Control}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={179-186}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/363}, affiliation={MSc., Department of Civ. and Env. Eng., Technical University of Luleå, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 (0)920-491000, peter.simonsson@ltu.se ; MSc., Betongindustri AB, Liljeholmsvägen 30, 100 74 Stockholm, Sweden, Phone +46(0)86256200, jonas.carlsward@betongindustri.se }, abstract={Delivery precision and fleet optimisation are highly prioritised within the ready mix concrete industry. Introducing a Global Positioning System (GPS) for logistic steering and planning provides a tool to make improvements on these areas. Such a system is presently under evaluation at a ready mix concrete supplier in Stockholm, Sweden. The system consists of GPS receivers in the trucks that send relevant information via the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) net to a server. A direct effect of implementing a GPS system is that the plants and the order central will be able to better control the whereabouts of the concrete trucks. As a result it will be possible to decrease the waste time at the plants. Another result is that the ratio of usage of concrete trucks will increase, leading to cut-downs in the truck fleet. It is further believed that the lead-time at work sites can be reduced as the delivery precision is improved. By eventually letting the contractor be a part of the system the possibilities for a good production planning at the work site will increase and the non-value adding activities will decrease due to reduced waiting time. The article presents findings from a pilot study in Stockholm, Sweden. An important ambition is to find out if the system gives the expected benefits. The customer value is evaluated through interviews and time measurements. }, author_keywords={GPS system, Waste time, Fleet optimisation, Non-value adding activities, Pilot Study, Production }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Henrich2005, author={Henrich, Guilherme and Tilley, Paul and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Context of Production Control in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={189-198}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/364}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc., MBA, Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 1NU, UK, Phone +44 (0161) 2954143, FAX +44 (0161)2954587, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, M. Proj. Mgt., Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 1NU, UK, Phone +44 (0161) 2954143, FAX +44 (0161)2954587, p.a.tilley@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 1NU, UK, Phone +44 (0161) 2956378, FAX +44 (0161)2954587, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={It is commonly accepted that production control systems should correspond to the context within which they are operating, i.e. the production situation. However, rarely is this context indicated or made explicit; for example, the boundary conditions or the range of validity of a particular production control method. Thus, it is the aim of this paper to analyze how the production context could more sys- tematically be taken into account when determining which production control system to use. Whilst it is acknowledged that contextual issues can be approached in a variety of ways, this is dependent on the perspective being considered (e.g. from a management hierarchy perspective, or a process stage perspective). This investigation looks at context from a process stage perspective and firstly considers the major production control approaches (such as CPM, Line-of-Balance, Last Planner System and Critical Chain) to determine their range of validity. Secondly, we endeavour to identify a typology of production control situations (ideal types), together with a suggestion for production control in each case. Finally, we attempt to deconstruct production control into its constituent elements and evaluate the alternative suggestions at this elemental level in relation to their contextual assumptions. In the paper, all three approaches are discussed and illustrated, based on prior literature and field observations. }, author_keywords={Production control, Methods, Typology, Decision functions. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2005, author={Arbulu, Roberto and Koerckel, Andre and Espana, Fernando }, editor={ }, title={Linking Production-Level Workflow With Materials Supply}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={199-206}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/365}, affiliation={Implementation Leader, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery Street, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362 3200, email: rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; Implementation Leader, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery Street, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362 3200, email: akoerckel@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; Business Development, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery Street, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362 3200, email: fespana@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={In traditional construction practice, work is done through functional silos such as planning and logistics. Typically, the planning department (or team) creates baseline schedules that drive procurement and logistics operations. Ensuring that materials are available for installation when scheduled is traditionally the objective of buyers or procurement personnel, members of another functional silo. The material management process is decoupled from work flow, potentially affecting the overall project delivery process. Lack of materials on site when required, lack of the ‘right’ materials on site, and accumulation of material inventories are just some of the types of waste generated by these practices, hampering performance through delays, low quality workmanship, cost overruns, and poor safety levels on sites. This paper presents a solution that uses Strategic Project Solutions’ (SPS) lean tools for production control (SPS Production Manager) and material management (SPS Material Manager) to improve transparency and performance across value streams, minimizing waste through the link of production- level work flow with material supply. Case studies are presented reporting better reliability of supply and demand due to a greater visibility across the value stream. Further benefits include a reduction of inventories on site, increased collaboration in the supply chain, realization of just-in-time material deliveries, and significant cost benefits. }, author_keywords={Inventory, Just-in-time, Material management, Production control, Pull, Value stream, Workflow }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nakagawa2005, author={Nakagawa, Yoshitaka }, editor={ }, title={Importance of Standard Operating Procedure Documents and Visualization to Implement Lean Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={207-215}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/366}, affiliation={Dr. Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Division, Toyo University }, abstract={In a previous paper (Nakagawa 2004), the author emphasized that standard operating procedure documents (SOPD) are important for implementing lean construction. This paper explains the need for SOPD, the conditions required of SOPD, and the factors that hamper the introduction of standard operating procedures at construction sites. The paper then explains how visualization is effective for introducing standard operating procedures at construction sites and achieving objectives in scheduling, quality, costs, and safety. Specifically, visualization in construction sites is discussed by considering the difference between manufacturing factories and construction sites. Finally, the paper explains visualization procedures, suggests that a PDCA circle using visualization and SOPD are essential for motivating kaizen (improvement). It also suggests that a strong commitment by top management is required to prevent stereotyped work. }, author_keywords={Toyota Production System, Standard operating procedures document, Visualization, PDCA, Kaizen }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2005, author={Sacks, Rafael and Goldin, Maxim and Derin, Zvika }, editor={ }, title={Pull-Driven Construction of High-Rise Apartment Buildings}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={217-226}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/367}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., 840 Rabin Building, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8293190, Fax +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, goldm@technion.ac.il ; Head, Project Planning and Control Dept., Danya-Cebus Construction Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel. }, abstract={Construction of high-rise apartment buildings is made complex by the myriad possibilities for clients to adapt their apartments to suit their individual needs and preferences; traditional construction planning practice of progressing upwards from floor to floor breaks down in the face of the arbitrary sequence in which clients finalize their decisions. The results are long cycle times for delivery of completed apartments and corollary high levels of work in progress (WIP), budget and schedule overruns, and general dissatisfaction with the process on the part of the contractors, subcontractors and the clients. This paper presents a management model that applies lean thinking to this problem. The model was first formulated in theory, then tested using a management simulation game, and subsequently developed for practical application by a dedicated team composed of university researchers and construction company personnel. It is now being tested in a large construction company. }, author_keywords={Pull-driven flow control, High-rise buildings, Residential construction }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Granja2005, author={Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Picchi, Flavio Augusto and Robert, Gabriel Torrano }, editor={ }, title={Target and Kaizen Costing in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={227-233}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/368}, affiliation={Professor, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design. Av. Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, CEP 13084-971, Phone +55 19/3788-2082, FAX 19/3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ; fpicchi@fec.unicamp.br. ; Director, Lean Institute Brazil, Rua Topázio 911, São Paulo/SP, Brazil, CEP 04105-063, Phone +55 11/5571- 6887, FAX 11/5571-0804, fpicchi@lean.org.br ; Postgraduate research student, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, gabriel.robert@bwu.com.br }, abstract={Target costing has been pointed out as a powerful strategy of lean manufacturing companies’ interaction with suppliers. In fact, recent academic and corporate literature show that target costing has a wider role in the lean business system, driving product development and production activities, when combined with kaizen costing. This research aims to develop a framework taking together these two matching approaches, providing a basis of a total cost-management system during the project’s life cycle. The main idea is to first design the project to an allowable cost consisting of the difference among target price meeting customer’s expectations and the desired profit. Cost-reduction interventions should be not restricted to the design phase; they proceed to the construction phase where a continuing series of kaizen activities are needed to achieve great product performance and, at the same time, assuring value for the customer at a lower cost. Combining target and kaizen costing is a powerful approach for construction firms performing in a competitive market, by assuring value for the customer at a low but still profitable price. }, author_keywords={Target costing, Kaizen costing, Cost reduction. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mitropoulos2005, author={Mitropoulos, Panagiotis ‘Takis’ }, editor={ }, title={‘Planned Work Ready’: A Proactive Metric for Project Control}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={235-242}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/369}, affiliation={Assistant professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287. Email: takism@asu.edu. }, abstract={Traditional project controls use “percent complete” and “earned value” to assess the project status. These metrics compare the amount of work completed (DID) against the work planned to be complete (SHOULD) and indicate if the project is on or behind schedule. This paper proposes a “proactive” project control metric that is based on the Last Planner’s lookahead process. The proposed metric is “Planned Work Ready” and indicates what portion of the work in the lookahead plan is expected to be ready as planned in the lookahead horizon (CAN vs. SHOULD). The metric does not include only work that is ready at that point in time, but also work that is expected to be ready as planned with a high degree of confidence. This metric indicates the “momentum” of the project and in combination with percent complete and PPC it can provide better indication of schedule performance. The paper discusses how the metric is defined, ways to quantify the metric, its relationship with other metrics (such as percent complete and PPC), and the assessment of the forecast after the fact, in order to improve the “make ready” process. }, author_keywords={Project Controls, Performance metrics, Lookahead, Make-Ready process, Constraints. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kenley2005, author={Kenley, Russell }, editor={ }, title={Dispelling the Complexity Myth: Founding Lean Construction on Location-Based Planning}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={245-251}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/370}, affiliation={Professor of Construction. School of Built Environment, Unitec New Zealand, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, New Zealand, Phone +64 9815 4321 (7374), FAX +64 9815, rkenley@unitec.ac.nz }, abstract={There has been a recent trend toward believing that projects are complex, unpredictable and that control systems of late intervention such as Last Planner are necessary to solve the problem. The complexity assumption is challenged in this paper, and it is shown that the some of the apparent complexity arises from a simple mathematical problem which is easily resolved—and thus better planning becomes not only possible but a better solution. A complex refurbishment project is used to illustrate the different approaches and to show where apparent complexity arises. It is then shown how under normal planning methods the sites are asked to resolve an intractable problem. They do their best, but they have been let down by the planners. }, author_keywords={Flowline, Complexity, Chaos, Location-based, Scheduling. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2005, author={Seppänen, Olli and Kenley, Russell }, editor={ }, title={Using Location-Based Techniques for Cost Control}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={253-261}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/371}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd., Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 29B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi ; Professor of Construction. School of Built Environment, Unitec New Zealand, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, New Zealand, Phone +64 9815 4321 (7374), FAX +64 9815, rkenley@unitec.ac.nz }, abstract={Performance measurement is an important component of lean-based management systems, however cost management systems or analysis have largely been applied at a high level and have not attempted to measure or model the production cost impacts of disruption on a lean project. While it is important to develop systems for practical site management, it is equally important to ensure that such systems can accommodate mainstream performance measurement systems. In this paper, the performance system known as Earned Value Analysis is adapted to a location-based method for planning and controlling work known as flowline or line-of-balance. The resultant method for forecasting cash flow, modeling the costs of interference and controlling costs, is described. The method is compatible with location-based scheduling methods. It uses location-based quantities and their unit prices as starting data. Because the location-based quantities are also used in developing the flowline schedule, the start and finish date for each quantity is also known. This information can be used to calculate cash flow more accurately than previously. In the preplanning phase, quantity estimates and estimated prices are used to create a location-based cost estimate. During the production phase, more accurate quantity data is available and prices from contracts can be used directly to arrive at a first cost forecast, before commencing the work. When the work is being done, cost controlling can be done by surveying the actual quantities of each location. The cost forecast is then updated based on these actual quantities and using the contract prices. The location-based schedule forecast can be used to forecast overhead costs and to forecast costs of interference. The paper contributes to our understanding of monitoring and control in a flowline-based management system in a lean-construction methodology. It also demonstrates that effective locationbased control of the payment system allows better management of sub-contractors during production. }, author_keywords={Cash flow, Earned value, Cost forecasting, Cost control, Flowline, Location-based }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2005, author={Seppänen, Olli and Kenley, Russell }, editor={ }, title={Performance Measurement Using Location-Based Status Data}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={263-269}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/372}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd., Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 29B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi ; Professor of Construction. School of Built Environment, Unitec New Zealand, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, New Zealand, Phone +64 9815 4321 (7374), FAX +64 9815, rkenley@unitec.ac.nz }, abstract={Much attention has been placed on measuring performance of activity completion in Lean literature, using techniques such as Percentage of Planned Activities Completed (PPC). Originally intended as one component of measuring plan execution, along with measures of Planned Productivity, PPC has been extensively researched but Planned Productivity has been neglected. Using a lean methodology based on location-based scheduling enables an alternative performance measurement system. This paper proposes a method which makes possible the gathering of large amounts of performance data without too much effort. The method is an important contribution to the available suite of lean methods. Performance measurement using location-based status data is a method which has much in common with earned value analysis, and is able to use the progressive performance through each location of the project as the unit of measurement. The equivalent indicator to PPC is provided by measuring against the planned completion of a location. Furthermore, before commencing work the site checks the actual quantities in each location. Planned Productivity is measured during implementation, with the start date and finish date, actual quantities and average resources used in each location being recorded. This information can be used to calculate actual productivity. The location-based data gives the ability to measure within tasks, revealing not just completion of stages as in PPC, can measure against Planned Productivity. The actual productivities can be used to forecast problems in the future and to evaluate the feasibility of alternative control actions. In addition, the location-based actual information combined with the original Bill-of-Quantities and schedule reveals the erroneous assumptions made during preplanning and facilitates learning on future projects. }, author_keywords={Flowline, PPC, Performance measurement, Location-based. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2005, author={Seppänen, Olli and Aalto, Erno }, editor={ }, title={A Case Study of Line-of-Balance Based Schedule Planning and Control System}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={271-279}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/373}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd., Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 29B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi ; MSc, Project Engineer, NCC Construction Ltd. Mannerheimintie 103A, FIN-00280 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail: erno.aalto@ncc.fi, website: www.ncc.fi }, abstract={Line-of-Balance is a graphical technique which can be used to plan and manage work flow. It is suitable for construction projects because of their large degree of repetition. Despite its strengths Line-of- Balance has not gained widespread use in construction industry internationally. However, it has been used as the principal scheduling tool in Finland since 1980s. As a result of two decades of research and use in industry, a comprehensive schedule planning and control system has been developed around location- based techniques. A computer software has facilitated implementation in construction companies. This paper describes a case study of 15,000 m2 office building project using location-based methods for schedule planning and control. Master schedule is based on Bill of Quantities where quantities have been calculated based on the project’s Location Breakdown Structure. Before implementation, different schedule alternatives were evaluated based on risk of interference, total duration and cost. During construction, the master schedule sets constraints on lower level task schedules, which were used to ensure the continuity of work for crews on a more detailed level. The master schedule was not updated even when there were deviations from the original plan. Instead the task plans were updated to catch up with the original schedule. This prevented the problems from accumulating in downstream production. In this case study the combination of PPC measurement (calculating the percentage of weekly assignments complete) and task planning was piloted. Weekly plans were made by combining assignments from all the task schedules. If the starting constraints had not been removed the task plan was updated to assess the effect on total production and to plan control actions. PPC measurement was found to improve task plan reliability. Benefits of the approach included better schedule control and possibility to examine how deviations from weekly plans affected the total schedule. Task planning provides information about how long a master schedule task actually reserves a location. This information can be used in planning master schedules of similar projects in future. }, author_keywords={Line-of-Balance, Scheduling, Task planning, Production control }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tilley2005, author={Tilley, Paul A. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Design Management—a New Paradigm for Managing the Design and Documentation Process to Improve Quality?}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={283-295}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/374}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation in the Built & Human Environment, Bridgewater Building, University of Salford, Salford M7 1NU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 161 295 4143, Fax +44 161 295 4587, P.A.Tilley@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Poor design and documentation quality has been identified as being a major factor in reducing the overall performance and efficiency of construction projects as well as being directly responsible for many projects running over budget, over time and being plagued with rework, variations and disputa- tion. Recent studies show that this problem is not only widespread, but continues to get worse in spite of the negative impact it’s having on the construction industry. In a similar way, project management deficiencies have also been shown to have a negative impact on construction process efficiency. However, by adapting Lean Production principles and viewing construction in terms of “production” as opposed to “transformation”, the concept of Lean Construction has been promoted as being successful in improving overall construction process efficiency, by improving the management of construction project operations. Whilst recent studies into design and documentation quality problems have focused on a variety of external factors (ie. design fees, design time, procurement methodology, ICT, etc.), as being the key to improving overall quality, this paper investigates whether the way in which the design process is managed, may provide more immediate and easily measurable results. Lean Design Management (LDM)—the introduction of “lean production” principles to the process of design—has been promoted as a new paradigm by which the design process can be made more efficient and better quality outcomes achieved. As part of an ongoing study into “theory-based lean project and production management”, this paper reviews the LDM approach to determine how new it really is and whether its implementation has the potential to achieve the design and documentation quality improvements required. }, author_keywords={Lean Design Management, Design and Documentation Quality }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Björnfot2005, author={Björnfot, Anders and Stehn, Lars }, editor={ }, title={Product Design for Improved Material Flow—a Multi-Storey Timber Housing Project}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={297-306}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/375}, affiliation={Tech. Lic., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, FAX +46 920 491091, anders.bjornfot@ltu.se ; Prof., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491976, FAX +46 920 491091, lars.stehn@ltu.se }, abstract={Understanding of construction has evolved to include a deeper understanding of its mechanics; in addition to traditional on-site work involving the manufacturing of building products—industrial construction. One of the most important aspects of any industrial process is flow of materials and resources. Using empirical data from a unique multi-storey timber housing project, this paper aims at building a better understanding of how product design affects flow of materials in housing construction. Even though a high degree of prefabrication was used in the project, the amount of complementary site work caused delays, complaints, and a slow learning cycle. A standardization process was used to shift product ‘know-how’ from person to product, resulting in increased flow and a reduction of errors. Prefabrication was not the sole solution to the encountered problems, but the controlled and ordered environment in prefabrication provided solutions at early stages. Instead of working towards solving the main production issues, the management was instead observed working with minor changes (first-aid solutions) to control flow. If industrialized multistorey timber housing construction is to be successful, product design decisions should be thought through, thoroughly, from start to finish using standardization as a guiding star. }, author_keywords={Assembly, Logistics, Multi-Storey Timber housing, Prefabrication, Standardization }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos2005, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Chan, Paul and Kagioglou, Mike and Cooper, Rachel and Dyson, Erica }, editor={ }, title={Interactions Between Transformations:Flow and Value at the Design Front-End for Primary Healthcare Facilities}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={307-316}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/376}, affiliation={Ph.D., Academic Fellow, SCRI (Salford Centre for Research and Innovation in the Build and Human Environment), School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, Phone:+ 44 (0161) 2954284 FAX + 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D., Research Assistant, SCRI, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, Phone:+ 44 (0161) 2956170, email: p.w.c.chan@salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D., Reader on Process Management, SCRI, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, e-mail: M.Kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Director of the Adelphi Research Institute, School of Art and Design, University of Salford, Centenary Building, Peru Street, Salford M3 6EQ, UK ; Project Director, MaST LIFT—Manchester, Salford and Trafford Local Improvement Finance Trust, e-mail: erica.dyson@mastlift.co.uk }, abstract={Design has been conceived from an operations management perspective as a process of converting inputs into outputs, as a flow of information, and as a process of generating value to customers. The integration, alignment and balance of the management needs arising from these three views has been hypothesised as essential to successful design outcomes, and it is an area in need for further research (Ballard and Koskela 1998). Such integration is challenging at the design front end, where uncertainty and poor information availability are common place. The aim of this paper is to examine the design front-end in four primary healthcare projects based on lean principles. A research hypothesis focused on better understanding the interactions between the conversion, flow and value generation aspects of the process has been developed and tested. Data has been collected through 22 semi structured interviews with diverse stakeholders involved with the projects. The ‘as-is’ design front end was mapped out and examined accordingly to good practices described in the literature. The paper identifies the influences of the procurement method used over lean design management, and the influences of design management and role definition over requirements capture and value generation. Finally, causal relationships between issues related to the transformation, flow and value views are discussed. }, author_keywords={Design Management, Requirements capture, Value generation. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Höök2005, author={Höök, Matilda and Stehn, Lars }, editor={ }, title={Connecting Lean Construction to Prefabrication Complexity in Swedish Volume Element Housing}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={317-325}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/377}, affiliation={M.Sc., Div. of Structural Engineering—Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå Sweden, Phone +46 920 491028, FAX +46 920 491091, matilda.hook@ltu.se ; Prof., Div. of Structural Engineering—Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå Sweden, Phone +46 920 491976, FAX +46 920 491091, lars.stehn@ltu.se }, abstract={Lean is about waste elimination and value creation and prefabrication of houses seems to be one way to create structure and decreased complexity and waste generated by variation. However, prefabrication decreases some types of complexity and waste but introduces other ones through new roles of the actors and a shift of focus to manufacturing. The aim of this paper is to develop an understanding of a prefabrication strategy and to show the increased need for a novel comprehension in lean construction regarding different types of prefabrication deliveries and thus different types of complexity. Complexity as such, in this paper used in a contingency context, cannot be generalized and this study explores the differences in peculiarities of on-site construction, element prefabrication and volume element prefabrication. Peculiarities in volume element prefabrication are found to consist of two connected parts; Product complexity including building element design and product design (built-in knowledge) and process complexity including internal logistics, breadth of required knowledge and integration between product and process design. The sources of complexity in volume element prefabrication are thus connected to the in-house production system, differing from on-site construction and element prefabrication peculiarities connected to fragmentation and uncertainty among actors in the value chain. }, author_keywords={Volume element prefabrication, Building peculiarities, Product complexity, Process complexity,Timber frame housing }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brookess2005, author={Brookess, Alan J. }, editor={ }, title={Theory & Practice of Modular Coordination}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={327-332}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/378}, affiliation={Prof. Dr., Technical University Delft, P.O. Box 5043 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, T +31 (0) 15 27 84297, F +31 (0) 15 27 84178, a.j.brookes@bk.tudelft.nl }, abstract={In this paper Professor Brookes will review the programme of introduction of dimensional coordination and modular coordination in UK starting from the Hertfordshire Schools of 1955. He will describe the various attempts by government and other bodies to force the mandatory use of dimensional coordination and his own involvement with the PSA Method of Building programme in 1970’s and the building of a full size test mock-up using five different types of structural frames at Building Research Establishment, Garston. He will describe his own PhD thesis on tolerances and jointing and mainly the general conclusion that 5% of building costs arise from remedial work caused by inaccuracy of construction lying outside the tolerances allowed for in design. He concludes that in recent years the situation has not necessarily improved. As a cladding consultant he is often called to advise on jointing failure arising from gaskets and sealants being outside their permissible joint sizes due to inaccuracy in the structural framework. In his own work at Singapore Arts Centre and Federation Square Melbourne, he was well aware that allowance for 3-dimensional tolerances must be provided at all critical interfaces and that all members of the building team including subcontractors must be aware of and agree the tolerances in construction related to critical dimensions and grid lines before starting manufacture and assembly. }, author_keywords={Modular, Claddings, Tolerance }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leite2005, author={Leite, Fernanda Lustosa and Miron, Luciana Inês Gomes and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Opportunities for Client Requirements Management in Low-Income House Building Projects in Brazil}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={333-341}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/379}, affiliation={M.Sc., Research Assistant at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3316 4054, e-mail: fleite@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; M.Sc., Ph.D. Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3316 4054, e-mail: lumiron@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3316 4054, e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={This paper describes the main results of multiple-case studies concerned with client requirements management in the product development process (PDP) of eight low-income house-building projects, carried out in the South of Brazil. These projects were developed in two different existing forms of housing provision in Brazil: the Residential Leasing Program (Programa de Arrendamento Residencial—PAR) and the City Entrance Integrated Program (Programa Integrado Entrada da Cidade—PIEC). Both are new forms of housing provision as far as they have created new types of client- supplier relationships that have never been experienced in Brazil before. The aim of this paper is to describe the PDP of both forms of housing provision as well as to discuss opportunities for client requirements management, emphasizing the role of the state in value generation. This investigation was based on the analysis of design, production control and legal documents, semi-structured interviews carried out with design and production professionals, as well as the evaluation of users’ degree of satisfaction. This study is part of a broader research project, which aims to propose guidelines for client requirements management in low-income house-building projects. }, author_keywords={Client requirements management, Value generation, Product development process, Low-Income house-building projects. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Orr2005, author={Orr, Cameron }, editor={ }, title={Lean Leadership in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={345-351}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/380}, affiliation={Cameron Orr MEng, Senior Lean Specialist, RWD Technologies, Birmingham, UK, Tel +44 121 770 1011, Fax +44 121 329 0834, corr@rwd.com }, abstract={Lean leadership is the missing link between theoretical solutions and application in practice. This is the difference between superficial attempts at implementing Lean, where the tools and techniques are evident, but the behaviors haven’t changed, and the results are disappointing or not sustained beyond a few brief weeks of enthusiasm. The key to understanding how to implement Lean successfully is to realize that Lean leadership is an integral part of the Toyota Production System (TPS), not an afterthought. The principles of Lean leadership are summarized in construction, which bring the ‘Lean toolbox’ to life and realize the benefits predicted by the academic models. The principles are then developed into practical behaviors that can be demonstrated, understood and replicated using rapid learning techniques, with particular focus on team leadership. The critical success factor for accelerating the take up of Lean construction is contractor leadership. The reason why the contractor’s role is key in leading the other stakeholders in the value stream is examined, and comparisons are made to leadership in the TPS. Contractors have many opportunities to embark on the Lean journey, yet the claimed benefits often lack credibility. This often leads to the danger that a “Lean” façade is bolted onto their existing operations to attempt to convince their demanding clients that they are forward thinking organizations, and that their apparent skills in Lean will earn them another “tick in the box”. This paper outlines the practical benefits of embracing Lean to fundamentally change the construction value stream, the contractor’s business, to astonish their clients, and to deliver lasting tangible benefits. }, author_keywords={Lean leadership behavior, Vision, Change management, Human centered focus, Process }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zuo2005, author={Zuo, Jian and Zillante, George }, editor={ }, title={Project Culture Within Construction Projects: A Literature Review}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={353-361}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/381}, affiliation={ PhD Candidate, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia, Phone +61 8 8302 1858, FAX +61 8 8302 2252, Jian.Zuo@postgrads.unisa.edu.au ; Associate Professor, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia, Phone +61 8 8302 2379, FAX +61 8 8302 2252, George.Zillante@unisa.edu.au }, abstract={In recent years culture has become one of the most studied topics in construction management research. Some studies have investigated the influence of culture at different levels such as national culture, industry culture, organizational culture and professional culture. Few studies however, have focused on culture at the project level and its influence on construction project management practice. Project culture is raised as a general concept in some academic papers and industry reports. These studies indicate that project culture is very important for the processing of construction projects however they do not provide a clear definition of project culture. In addition, there is no model that specifically examines the project culture of each construction project. This paper reviews the literature about cultural studies in a construction projects context, especially the culture at project level and concludes by suggesting a modified version of one current and generally used organizational culture model. }, author_keywords={Project culture, Construction projects, Organizational culture }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Buch2005, author={Buch, Sidse and Sander, Dag }, editor={ }, title={From Hierarchy to Team—Barriers and Requirements in Relation to a New Organisation of Building Sites}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={363-374}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/382}, affiliation={M.Sc., Cartel of unions in the Building, Construction and Wood Sectors (BAT-kartellet). BAT Secretariat, Kampmannsgade 4, DK-1790 Copenhagen. Sidse@3F.dk ; Constructing Architect, B.com., Process Development Manager, MTHøjgaard, Knud Højgaards Vej 9, DK-2860 Søborg. Dsa@mthojgaard.dk }, abstract={The transition from a hierarchical organisation of building sites to a team-based organisational structure calls for a change in management style and a new approach to people. The middle manager becomes the pivotal point in the change process, playing a key role in terms of ensuring successful change. If the middle manager is not willing to leave his or her previous role as a planner and controller to become an active coach who pushes developments in the right direction, all change attempts will by all accounts fail. Change management will be a key concept in the new understanding of building site organisation. All parties involved in the building process and in the building industry certainly need to break away from set patterns of behaviour and fixed attitudes. This article illustrates problems related to a shift from hierarchical to team-based organisations, outlining specific knowledge about team-based management. It describes the new roles of middle managers and crews and formulates training requirements. }, author_keywords={Changed organisational structure, Middle manager role, Lifelong learning, Change management,Autonomous crews }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shen2005, author={Shen, Li Jun and Chua, David K.H. }, editor={ }, title={Impact of Variability on Construction Schedules}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={375-383}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/383}, affiliation={Research Engineer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, (65) 68744643, cveslj@nus.edu.sg ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, (65) 68742195, FAX (65) 67791635, cvedavid@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Variability degrades project performance. Two types of variability may affect a construction schedule, namely, task duration and the availability of resource and information (RI) prerequisites. It is well known that the variability of task duration could delay project completion, however, the effect of RI availability/unavailability on construction schedule needs to be depicted. This paper presents a simulation model which allows studying the effect of RI related variability on construction schedule. Comparisons are made to illustrate the impact of each type of variability as well as the combination of both types of variability. The results suggest that both types of variability should be minimized in order to achieve reliable work plans which is important to reduce project delays and schedule changes. }, author_keywords={Variability, Integrated Production Scheduler, Constraints, Reliable plan }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2005, author={Alarcón, Luis F. and Diethelm, Sven and Rojo, Oscar and Calderon, Rodrigo }, editor={ }, title={Assessing the Impacts of Implementing Lean Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={387-393}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/384}, affiliation={Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Manager, Production Management Center, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, ; Researcher, Production Management Center, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: orojo@ing.puc.cl ; Researcher, Production Management }, abstract={Over the last 10 years an increasing number of companies have implemented lean construction practices in an attempt to improve performance in construction projects. Most companies, and also some researchers, have reported satisfactory results from their implementation. However, there is still a need to provide more extensive analysis of the empirical evidence available to assess the impact of the implementation of lean construction. The authors have researched the implementation of the Last Planner System and other Lean Construction techniques in over one hundred construction projects over the last five years. They have also developed strategies and support tools for implementation. This paper analyzes some of the main impacts observed in the studied projects, and some of the lessons learned from implementations. The paper discusses difficulties and barriers for implementation, productivity improvements, variability reduction and effectiveness of implementation strategies. The paper also provides recommendations for future implementation and research. }, author_keywords={Implementation, Last Planner System, Information Technology }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jørgensen2005, author={Jørgensen, Bo and Emmitt, Stephen and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Divergent Focus in the Application of Lean Ideas: Examples From Denmark and California}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={395-403}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/385}, affiliation={M.Sc. (Eng.), Ph.D. student—Technical University of Denmark, Department of Civil Engineering, DTU Building 115, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Phone: +45 4525 5149, BOJ@byg.dtu.dk ; Professor, Ph.D. - Technical University of Denmark, Department of Civil Engineering, DTU Building 115, DK- 2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Phone: +45 4525 1660, SE@byg.dtu.dk ; Associate Adjunct Professor - University of California at Berkeley, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 214 McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA. Phone: +1 510 530 8656, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Through different conceptual initiatives lean construction has entered many construction environments around the world and is now an established and widely recognised approach to the management of construction activities. The adoption of the lean philosophy has taken, and continues to take place, under different social, organisational and structural conditions. These contextual factors are reflected in different issues being emphasised through the local application of lean ideas. A phenomenon illustrated in this paper with examples drawn from Denmark and California. One concern coming out of the case study material is that early lean construction initiatives may become locally institutionalised. Rigid perceptions and practice of lean construction could, arguably, constitute an impediment to future development. Collaboration between academia and practitioners can support local dissemination of insight gained in foreign environments. This may enhance future development on a practical level and hence help actors in the construction process to implement and benefit from current good practice over the longer term. }, author_keywords={Application strategies; Culture, Institutionalism; Organisational change }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2005, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Jang, Jin-Woo }, editor={ }, title={Case Study: An Application of Last Planner to Heavy Civil Construction in Korea}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={405-411}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/386}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Constr. Mgmt. and Wood Product Engrg. Department, 153 Baker Lab, State Univ. of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, 315/470-6839, FAX 315/470-6879, ywkim@esf.edu ; Ph.D. Student, Constr. Mgmt. and Wood Product Engrg. Department, 153 Baker Lab, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, jijang@syr.edu }, abstract={The Last Planner is a production planning and control tool used to improve work flow reliability. Many companies have adopted the principles and reported the results of the case studies. The lean construction and the Last Planner principles have recently been introduced in Korea. Some companies in Korea are trying to adopt the Last Planner as their production control tool. However, they often face difficulties in applying the tool to their sites for a variety of reasons. The application can encounter some resistance when applied to the sites that contain different planning and organizational systems. These barriers make the application of the Last Planner to the country with a greatly different culture, interesting. This paper introduces case studies of two heavy civil construction projects, along with descriptions of the ways that the Last Planner was applied, and how the work flow reliability was improved. It also discusses the prerequisites and barriers to implementation, of the Last Planner, in heavy civil construction projects in Korea. The results can be used as a reference for companies to improve their work flow reliability for future projects. }, author_keywords={The Last Planner, Heavy civil construction, Production control, Work flow reliability }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bortolazza2005, author={Bortolazza, Rodrigo Cremonesi and Costa, Dayana Bastos and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={A Quantitative Analysis of the Implementation of the Last Planner System in Brazil }, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={413-420}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/387}, affiliation={M.Sc. candidate, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Osvaldo Aranha Av., 99, 3º floor, Porto Alegre–RS, Brazil, fone: +55 51 3316 3959, e-mail: bortolazza@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; M.Sc., Ph.D. candidate and researcher assistant, UFRGS/NORIE, e-mail: dayana@genesis.cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, UFRGS/NORIE, e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={In Brazil, the Last Planner system has been implemented since 1996 in a large number of construction sites. However, most research studies developed so far have emphasized the analysis of qualitative data, based on single or on a small number of case studies. Therefore, it seems that a good opportunity exists to learn more from the implementation of the Last Planner System by analysing data that are available from large samples of projects. A database was built including data from 115 projects, which have been investigated in previous research projects at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). This sample of projects was divided into three market sectors (residential and commercial building, industrial building and low-income housing). The PPC (percentage of plans completed) indicator was analyzed for all those projects. In 51 of them the causes for the noncompletion of work packages was also investigated. Moreover, a checklist of production planning and control good practices has been proposed to assess the application of some core ideas of the Last Planner system. Data mining tools, like decision trees and neural networks were also evaluated in searching for interesting patterns in the sample of 51 projects. Preliminary results on the causes for non-completion of work packages indicate that most projects still have limited success in the implementation of look-ahead planning. The paper also presents future steps in this research project. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Performance measurement, Data mining. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mohan2005, author={Mohan, Satish B. and Iyer, Sumathi }, editor={ }, title={Effectiveness of Lean Principles in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={421-429}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/388}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, 223 Ketter Hall, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, Phone: (716) 645-2114 extn. 2412, FAX (716) 645- 3733, smohan@eng.buffalo.edu ; Project Consultant, ADR Consulting, Inc., 11281 Pyrites Way, Suite A, Gold River, CA, 95670, Phone (916) 233-4490 }, abstract={This paper analyses the experiences of 16 companies who utilized lean construction principles, during the 1990 to 2003 period. A total of 41 lean principles were applied, and a total of 29 benefits were realised. Eliminating those principles that were used less than average times resulted in 11 major lean construction principles, and 6 major benefits. The two most applied lean principles included: ‘Percent Plan Complete’ (PPC), used on 10 projects; and ‘Lookahead plan’, used on 8 projects. The 6 major benefits included: (i) Cost savings, (ii) Less management cost, (iii) Project time reduction, (iv) PPC increase, (v) Less inventory, and (vi) Less rework. An analysis of the 11x6 lean principles vs. benefits table revealed that the most effective lean principle was the ‘Percent Plan Complete (PPC)’, seventy percent (70%) of the projects, who monitored PPC, experienced cost savings, and 60% experienced time reductions. ‘All parties involved in design’ principle was also very effective, reducing project times on 100% of the projects. This paper relates the major lean principles to their benefits. The experience of 16 construction companies presented in this paper will guide the future lean construction managers in selecting the most effective principles. }, author_keywords={Effectiveness, Principles, Benefits }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dahl2005, author={Dahl, Peter K. and Horman, Michael J. and Riley, David R. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Principles to Inject Operations Knowledge Into Design}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={431-436}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/389}, affiliation={Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Arch. Engr., Penn. State University, 104 Engr, Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, Phone 814/865-6394, FAX 814/863-4789, pkd109@psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Arch. Engr., Penn. State University, 104 Engr, Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, Phone 814/865-6394, FAX 814/863-4789, MJHorman@engr.psu.edu ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Arch. Engr., Penn. State University, 104 Engr, Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, Phone 814/865-6394, FAX 814/863-4789, DRiley@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={Buildings represent a significant financial investment to owners, which is often carried for many years. Just as Toyota realized that the car assembly line accounted for only 15% of the total manufacturing process, the design and construction of a building amounts to only 20% of the total cost of a facility over its life-cycle. Importantly, research has shown that when just one percent of a project’s upfront costs are spent, up to 70% of its life-cycle costs may already be committed. More research is needed to bridge the information divide between the development and operation of a facility. Progressive tools and strategies such as Design-Build-Operate-Maintain (DBOM), Design for Maintainability (DFM), and Concurrent Engineering have been developed to assist the design team in their focus on operations and maintenance (O&M) issues. Yet obstructions to the use of O&M knowledge in design still remain. It is argued that this is because the information flow of O&M knowledge into project design is poorly understood. This paper develops a model for exchanging information between design teams and O&M using the principles and tools of lean production to be implemented as a case study. To achieve anO&Mcompatible design,O&Minformation ideally ought to be received by the design team in a just-in-time fashion. This paper first explores the obstructions to O&M knowledge transfer, and then proposes a kanban system to facilitate the exchange of information. The paper discusses the triggers and media for the pull ofO&Minformation into building design, as well as the types of projects that would be most receptive to this strategy. }, author_keywords={Sustainable Construction, Operations and Maintenance, Design for Maintenance, Design Process,Design Intent Document }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Polat2005, author={Polat, Gul and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Comparison of the Economics of on-Site and Off-Site Fabrication of Rebar in Turkey}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={439-447}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/390}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90-212-285-3737; Fax: +90-212-285-6587; E-mail: gpolat@ins.itu.edu.tr ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, gballard@leanconstru_Hlt38276566c_Hlt38276566tion.org; Associate Adjunct Professor, Project & Engineering Mgmt. Group, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley; and Principal, Strategic Project Solutions. }, abstract={Most Turkish contractors prefer on-site fabrication of rebar due to several factors most of which are peculiar to developing countries. Therefore, the economics of on-site and off-site fabrication of rebar need to be compared in the project environment, which is subject to most of those factors, and it should be answered whether the strong preference for on-site fabrication is more economical than off-site fabrication in developing countries, namely in the Turkish construction industry. This study presents an economical comparison of the on-site and off-site fabrication practices of rebar by means of a simulation model that makes use of actual data obtained from a trade center project in Istanbul, Turkey. The study suggests that had the off-site fabrication practice been used in the project in Istanbul, the total cost of rebar would have been 1.2% higher than the total cost of rebar in the on-site fabrication practice. This finding also reveals the need for ‘infrastructural’ changes in the Turkish construction industry before its participants can enjoy the benefits of lean construction; a change that may be necessary in some degree for other developing countries as well. }, author_keywords={Cut & bent rebar, On-site fabrication, Off-site fabrication, Simulation model }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Polat2005, author={Polat, Gul and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Why Is on-Site Fabrication of Cut & Bent Rebar Preferred in Turkey?}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={449-456}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/391}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90-212-285-3737; Fax: +90-212-285-6587; E-mail: gpolat@ins.itu.edu.tr ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, gballard@leanconstruction.org; Associate Adjunct Professor, Project & Engineering Mgmt. Group, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley; and Principal, Strategic Project Solutions. }, abstract={Off-site fabrication of materials is a key feature of lean construction. However, the tradition of the industry has long been to fabricate materials on-site, and there are various factors that compel contractors to continue that tradition. These factors are especially powerful in developing countries. As an example, there is a strong preference for fabricating cut & bent rebar on-site in the Turkish construction industry. Using open-ended interviews, this study identifies the reasons for that preference and offers recommendations for improving off-site fabrication performance in Turkish construction. This study suggests that the preference for on-site fabrication of cut & bent rebar is based on the lack of management capability of contractors including the poor coordination capability and the defective ordering procedure, and it enables contractors to fiddle the numbers on workers and scrap in order to increase the money they receive from clients. The paper hopes to make a contribution to the theory and practice of lean implementation, especially in developing countries. }, author_keywords={Developing countries, Implementation, Cut & bent rebar, On-site fabrication, Off-site fabrication. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cuperus2005, author={Cuperus, Ype and Napolitano, Paulo }, editor={ }, title={Open Building/ Lean Construction Evaluation of a Case in Brazil}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={457-462}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/392}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Building Technology, P.O.Box 5043, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, y.j.cuperus@bk.tudelft.nl ; Civil Engineer and Management Consultant, MSc.Campo Grande-MS Brazil, paulo@dengenharia.com.br }, abstract={Open Building and Lean Construction are concepts that can be described in generic terms. Their practical applications depend on different circumstances, such as differences in culture, economy, project type and size, location, and moment in time. This paper explores the application of Open Building and Lean Construction in the Brazilian context. First the generic aspects of Open Building and Lean Construction are characterized as complementary concepts. Open Building aims to structure the process of constructing and managing the built environment along lines of decision-making, thus creating capacity for future change. Lean Construction aims to reduce waste by focusing on creating value for the customer. A building project typical for the Brazilian construction industry is analyzed. Per project different clients can be identified, all demanding their specific values to be created. For example, the investor is the contractor’s client, whereas the end user is the client of the investor. An Open Building inspired breakdown of the process and building costs suggests that the base building can be built for 57% of the total construction costs. Decisions about the remaining part can be postponed, thus saving on interest costs and can be built according to the end user’s demands, thus saving on reworks. In the final analysis the paper suggests to identify different Lean Construction inspired values that can be connected to different Open Building inspired decision-making parties. They in turn connect to sets of building parts, such as base building, fit out and furniture. }, author_keywords={Open building, Chain of value for clients, Conversion, Behavior, Future value, Complexity }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hardie2005, author={Hardie, Mary and Miller, Graham and Manley, Karen }, editor={ }, title={Innovative Connecting System for Precast Concrete Planks on a Major Sports Stadium}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={463-470}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/393}, affiliation={Research Associate, School of Construction, Property and Planning, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW, 1797. Phone +61 0 9852 4323, FAX +61 0 9852 4300, m.hardie@uws.edu.au ; Associate Professor, School of Construction, Property and Planning, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW, 1797. Phone +61 0 9852 4315, FAX +61 0 9852 4300, g.miller@uws.edu.au ; Research Fellow, School of Construction Management and Property, Queensland University of technology, GPO Box 2434 Brisbane Qld 4001. Phone +61 7 3864 1762, k.manley@qut.edu.au }, abstract={Close integration of supply and design enabled the delivery of major material and labour cost savings at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane. An integrated documentation and construction contract format permitted the use of polystyrene voided concrete planks with reliable composite connections to supporting steel beams. This system was substituted for in situ concrete beams and slabs previously assessed as the lowest cost option by the project quantity surveyor. A development of technology previously used in bridge building, the “Clever Plank” system allowed the elimination of in situ formwork with its attendant time, cost and safety disadvantages. Robust linkages were achieved between the supplier and the central project participants. Confidence in the detailed design enabled the production of the planks to commence before full testing of the prototype for code compliance was complete. This project represents an example of efficiencies achieved by minimising “flow activities” and concentrating on value-added “conversions” in accordance with lean production principles. }, author_keywords={Precast concrete, Composite connections, Innovation }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lessing2005, author={Lessing, Jerker and Stehn, Lars and Ekholm, Anders }, editor={ }, title={Industrialised Housing: Definition and Categorization of the Concept}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={471-480}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/394}, affiliation={M.Sc., Div. of Design Methodology, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden. Telephone +46 708 188213, Fax +46 46 2224719, j. lessing@tyrens.se ; Prof., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber structures, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Telephone +46 920 491976, Fax +46 920 491091, lars.stehn@ltu.se ; Prof., Div. of Design Methodology, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden. Telephone +46 46 2224163, Fax +46 46 2224719, anders.ekholm@caad.lth.se }, abstract={A new and developed concept of industrialised housing is emerging in the Swedish building industry today. The general opinion is that industrialised housing contains the answer to many of the problems in the building sector. The paper presents a comprehensive definition of industrialised housing, points at its corner stones and key characteristics and discusses how it relates to the paradigms of lean and agile production. Eight characteristic areas are identified: Planning and control of the processes, Developed technical systems, Off-site manufacturing of building parts, Long-term relations between participants, Supply chain management integrated in the construction process, Customer focus, Use of information and communication technology, Systematic performance measuring and re-use of experiences. A categorization model is developed that allows an assessment of the degrees of implementation and fulfillment for each area. The categorization aims at pointing out the areas of strengths and weaknesses of companies working with industrialised housing. The categorization model is tested on two leading Swedish industrialised housing companies working with different frame systems and different organisational set up. }, author_keywords={Industrialised housing, Agile Production, Process, Industrialisation }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2005, author={Pasquire, Christine and Gibb, Alistair and Blismas, Nick }, editor={ }, title={What Should You Really Measure if You Want to Compare Prefabrication With Traditional Construction?}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={481-491}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/395}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil & Building Engineering; Loughborough University, UK c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor of Construction Management, Department of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University UK a.g.gibb@lboro.ac.uk ; Research Fellow; School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Australia nick.blismas@rmit.edu.au }, abstract={This paper presents the final part of the IMMPREST4 toolkit, describing in detail the measurement of risks and benefits of using prefabrication within a construction project. Based on extensive research in the UK and against a background of rising interest in prefabrication as a construction solution, this paper reinforces the need to make informed decisions which have auditable processes if the complexities of comparison are to be fully understood. The model field trials raise many questions about existing cost focussed approaches revealing barriers to innovation of any sort including the integration of Lean Thinking into construction. This paper builds on the work presented in three previous IGLC conferences. }, author_keywords={Prefabrication, Preassembly, Measurement, Benefits, Risk, IMMPREST, Cost, Procurement, Innovation. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Benjaoran2005, author={Benjaoran, Vacharapoom and Dawood, Nashwan }, editor={ }, title={An Application of Artificial Intelligence Planner for Bespoke Precast Concrete Production Planning: A Case Study}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={493-499}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/396}, affiliation={Researcher, Centre for Construction Innovation and Research, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, +44 (0) 1642-342406, FAX +44 (0) 1642-342401, b. vacharapoom@tees.ac.uk ; Professor, Centre for Construction Innovation and Research, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, +44 (0) 1642-342405, n.n.dawood@tees.ac.uk }, abstract={Precast concrete manufacturers are highly involved in the construction industry through the supply of bespoke products. Their workload is a complex combination of different and unique designed products, which have various delivery dates. The production process from design to manufacturing is complicated and contains uncertainties due to many factors such as: multi-disciplinary design, progress on construction sites, and costly purpose-built moulds. Lean construction concepts aim to identify and reduce all forms of wastes in the construction process including its supply chains. An integrated, comprehensive planning system called Artificial Intelligence Planner (AIP) has been proposed to improve the efficiency of the process by targeting on the production planning as a significant impact to the success of the business. Artificial intelligent techniques are used in AIP to enhance data analyses and decision supports for production planning. A case study for the implementation was conducted on a real bespoke precast concrete manufacturer. The difference between AIP and this factory setting was attended. Data from the studied were reformatted and the AIP configuration was customized. Finally, the successful implementation has showed the adaptability and flexibility of AIP to the real production conditions, and it has given the improvement of the resulted production schedules. The anticipated outcomes are the shortened customer lead-time and the optimum factory’s resource utilization. These consequently make the construction process lean. }, author_keywords={Bespoke precast concrete products, Production planning, Genetic algorithm, Neural network. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marosszeky2005, author={Marosszeky, Marton and Karim, Khalid and Perera, Salinda and Davis, Steve }, editor={ }, title={Improving Work Flow Reliability Through Quality Control Mechanisms}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={503-511}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/397}, affiliation={Professor, Multiplex Chair of Engineering Construction Innovation, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, 2052, Phone +612 93857773, m.marosszeky@unsw.edu.au ; Lecturer, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, 2052, Phone +612 93855163, k.karim@unsw.edu.au ; Postgraduate student, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, 2052, Phone +612 9385 4290, s.perera@unsw.edu.au ; Lecturer, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, 2052, Phone +612 93855052, s.davis@unsw.edu.au }, abstract={Lean construction relies on the distinction between value adding and non-value adding activities, and reducing workflow variability is one technique for reducing non-value adding activities. Planning controls such as the ‘last planner’ can go a long way in improving workflow reliability, but are limited in their capability to the extent they can expect the unexpected. The occurrence of specific defects in construction is, by the very fact of its happening, an unexpected event because whatever could be anticipated would be avoided. On the other hand, defects in construction have the compound effect of increasing workflow variability,as well as non-value adding activities in the form of rework.This paper explores two aspects of this problem, first of all a number of different tools were developed and trialed to explore their potential for improving defect avoidance, secondly the paper presents a generic analysis of the increase in rectification cost with time from an error being made. The paper outlines the implementation of trade start-up checklists; a management tool that was found to be particularly effective at improving quality outcomes on site. }, author_keywords={Construction defects, Work flow variability, Time to rework, Defect incident record, Checklists }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2005, author={Sacks, Rafael and Rozenfeld, Ophir and Rosenfeld, Yehiel }, editor={ }, title={Lean Scheduling for Safety: Development of a Time-Dependent Risk Level Model}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={513-520}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/398}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., 840 Rabin Building, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8293190, Fax +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., 840 Rabin Building, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8293190, Fax +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, roseny@technion.ac.il }, abstract={This paper presents ongoing research toward a conceptual model to support an advanced proactive safety management approach that is efficient not only in terms of the resources it requires, but also in terms of its impact on construction process flow. The model is based on the understanding that the risk levels to which workers are exposed, change through time. Accident risk levels are dependent on human factors, physical hazards, environmental factors and organizational/business factors. Many of these are time-dependent and their values can be derived from construction schedules (at various levels of detail, from the master schedule down to the weekly work plan). The model enables forecasting of risk levels for work teams and individual workers as a function of time. Forecasts will be available at different levels of planning windows. In implementation, the model will enable two main enhancements to project planning. First, in planning activities, the safety level resulting from combinations of activities planned to be performed simultaneously can be evaluated and manipulated (lowered, or peaks avoided) by safety-conscious scheduling. In many instances process flow can be enhanced if accident prevention measures can be made redundant by avoiding particular combinations of simultaneous activities. For example, an acceptable impact on overall risk level may be added as a consideration for releasing work for execution in a Last Planner meeting. Second, the activities and effort of those responsible for site safety can be ‘pulled’ by peaks of high risk levels. The goal is a dynamic, ‘lean’ level of effort invested in safety management, eliminating the ‘wasted’ effort inherent in standard practice, where a steady and uniform investment of accident prevention effort is applied throughout the project duration. }, author_keywords={Hazard, Risk level, Safety }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2005, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Cambraia, Fabricio B. and Howell, Gregory }, editor={ }, title={A Cognitive Systems Engineering Perspective of Construction Safety}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={521-529}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/399}, affiliation={Ph.D., Researcher at LOPP/UFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Praça Argentina nº 9, 2º andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55-51-3316- 4007. E-mail: tasaurin@terra.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at NORIE/UFRGS (Building Innovation Research Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3º andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55-51-3316- 4054. E-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D. student at NORIE/UFRGS. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3º andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: fabricio@ppgec.ufrgs.br ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, PO Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340-1003, Phone +1 208/726-9989, FAX 707/238-1369, ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={In recent IGLC Conferences some papers have taken a cognitive systems engineering perspective of construction safety. The assumption underlying those papers has been that traditional safety management tools have failed to recognize that it is unavoidable to work close to edge where control is lost and that new mechanisms are necessary to increase the ability of workers to work safely under such circumstances. Based on data collected in five construction sites in which the authors have implemented a Safety Planning and Control model, this paper sets a preliminary discussion on the applicability of some cognitive systems engineering concepts to construction safety. Due to the nature of the data available, the discussion is structured in four topics: identification of pressures and performance migrations towards unsafe zones of work; pre-task safety planning as a mechanism to develop judgment in workers; visibility of the boundaries of safe performance; incident analysis from the cognitive perspective. A set of opportunities for future research is outlined, such as the development of mechanisms to both identify and monitor pressures and the development of structured protocols to carry out investigations from a cognitive perspective. }, author_keywords={Safety, Cognitive engineering, Human error, Boundaries. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saha2005, author={Saha, Swapan and Hardie, Mary }, editor={ }, title={Culture of Quality and the Australian Construction Industry}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={531-538}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/400}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, School of Construction, Property and Planning, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW, 1797. Phone +61 0 9852 4316, FAX +61 0 9852 4300, s.saha@uws.edu,au ; Research Associate, School of Construction, Property and Planning, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW, 1797. Phone +61 0 9852 4323, FAX +61 0 9852 4300, m.hardie@uws.edu.au }, abstract={The importance of quality control has long been recognised by Australian business. This is particularly true in the construction industry, where regulators are requiring quality assurance (QA) implementation for almost all capital works. Recently doubts have arisen as to whether quality systems are actually achieving positive results in Australia. Much of the existing literature suggests that any reported failure is due to cultural misalignment. The aim of this research is to test by questionnaire the degree of compatibility between prevailing attitudes and the cultural values required for the successful implementation of quality systems in Australian construction. The results show some cultural trends that support the introduction of QA to the building industry, however, it was also found that, while the industry will sometimes accept such theories, their introduction may result in cultural consequences that were not anticipated. QA has sometimes been found to generate a low level of worker commitment and participation, and may actually reduce the degree of pride in workmanship and increase the level of fear on building sites. The message for lean construction advocates is that they should seek to anticipate potential cultural misalignments between their theory and current industry practice in order to implement their principles holistically. }, author_keywords={Culture of quality, Quality, Quality assurance, Total quality management, Australian construction industry. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Luo2005, author={Luo, Yupeng and Riley, David R. and Horman, Michael J. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Principles for Prefabrication in Green Design-Build (GDB) Projects}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={539-548}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/401}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Penn State Univ., 227 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A. 814/863-8313, yzl119@psu.edu ; Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Penn State Univ., 220 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. 814/863-2079, FAX 814/865-4789, driley@psu.edu ; Asst. Prof., Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Penn State Univ., 211 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. 814/863-2080, FAX 814/865-4789, mjhorman@engr.psu.edu. }, abstract={Savings in construction costs through improved production and productivity can be critical on green building projects, as they can be used to offset the costs of high performance building components. Prefabrication of building components is often used by contractors to reduce costs. If employed effectively, prefabrication can enable process standardization, shorten lead times, improve quality control, and reduce material waste. Several tools have been developed to help select prefabrication strategies and most of them focus on design-bid-build project environments. This paper explores how benefits achieved in lean approaches to prefabrication can impact green project goals. More specifically, the paper examines the effects of how an expanded use of on-site/offsite prefabricated systems can contribute or detract from green building goals through evaluating the interplay between multiple economic, environmental, and social variables. Building on previous research that has developed tools for guiding the adoption of prefabrication practices, the design of new metrics for lean and green construction will be developed and presented to provide selection guidance for the use of prefabrication on green building projects in design-build environments. }, author_keywords={Prefabrication, Sustainability, Green building. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abduh2006, author={Abduh, Muhamad and Roza, Hengki A. }, editor={ }, title={Indonesian Contractors' Readiness Towards Lean Construction}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={543-549}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/402}, affiliation={Associate Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Phone/Fax: +62 22-2502272, abduh@si.itb.ac.id ; Graduate Student, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Phone/Fax: +62 22-2502272, hengki_ar@yahoo.com }, abstract={This paper discusses development of an assessment model and its implementation to measure the readiness of Indonesian contractors towards lean construction and to identify which parts of lean construction principles and techniques the Indonesian contractors still lack and need improvements and promotion. The model measures contractors' readiness by observing how the contractors perform their business practices at project level and rating the practices to lean construction principles. Six major building construction projects, conducted by three big wellknown contractors, were assessed as case studies. The results of the case studies conclude convergent findings since those contractors have almost similar business processes at their project levels. The case studies also revealed that big Indonesian contractors have already implemented macro lean construction principles, i.e., the policy to have continuous improvement and to promote transparency. Meanwhile, on micro principles of lean construction, i.e., reduction of cycle time and reduction of variability, the Indonesian big contractors still lack of awareness and ability to implement the principles and techniques. It is also found that Indonesian big contractors still lack the capability to plan good work flow for reducing the cycle time of their construction operations. }, author_keywords={Assessment model, contractor, lean construction, readiness. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Al-Sasi2006, author={Al-Sasi, Basil and Brown, David C. }, editor={ }, title={An on-Site Material Handling Calculation Model}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={383-392}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/403}, affiliation={PhD Student, Construction Management Research Group, School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom, contact boas@soton.ac.uk. ; Lecturer, Construction Management Research Group, School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom, +44 (0) 23 80592938 dcb@soton.ac.uk }, abstract={The efficiency of the UK construction industry is estimated to be between 40 and 60%. To improve this situation many new ideas are being investigated. This paper reports on research being conducted to improve the way that materials are delivered to and moved around construction sites. The research uses four different models taken from operational research to produce a materials handling schedule for each commodity required for the construction project. The optimum schedule is the one which best matches the project objectives which will be lowest cost, shortest time or maximising the output from the available resources. The model is being tested on two construction sites at the University of Southampton and reduced cycle times for a number of operations }, author_keywords={Lean construction, material handling, scheduling }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2006, author={Alves, Thais da C.L. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Simulation as a Tool for Production System Design in Construction}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={341-353}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/404}, affiliation={Visiting Scholar, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, Bloco 710, Pici, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, Phone: +55 85 3366-9607, Ext. 36, thaiscla@yahoo.com ; Professor and Vice Chair of Instruction, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, FAX 510/643-8919, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={In this paper, the authors discuss the concepts of variability, buffers, and batches, as well as the interactions between them. The discussion aims at contributing to the identification of factors that impact production systems design, which includes the definition of buffer locations, buffer profiles, batch sizes, etc. The authors use a simulation model developed using STROBOSCOPE to represent five different scenarios for planning, fabrication, shipping, and installation of sheet metal ductwork in order to illustrate how production system design choices may affect the lead time needed to deliver a project. The data used to develop the model was obtained from time studies performed by the authors as well as from interviews conducted with field superintendents. In order to develop the model, the authors needed basic information about activities pertaining to the delivery of sheet metal ductwork. Modeled durations and quantities are approximations based on the data collected. The model highlights the need for and importance of reliable data when designing production systems and simulation models thereof. Effort needs to be put in by the construction industry and researchers to gather more representative sets of data that can be used to design production systems. }, author_keywords={Simulation, production system design, buffers, batches. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2006, author={Alves, Thais da C. L. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Investigation of Buffer Dynamics in Sheet Metal Ductwork Supply Chains}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={309-315}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/405}, affiliation={Visiting Scholar, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, Bloco 710, Pici, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, Phone: +55 85 3366-9607, Ext. 36, thaiscla@yahoo.com ; Professor and Vice Chair of Instruction, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The model discussed in this paper represents the interactions between design changes, site work, and fabrication shop work for make-to-order products. Being qualitative in nature, it serves as a basis for discussing how inventory and buffers are created in the Sheet Metal Ductwork Supply Chain due to changes in design and installation sequences. The authors chose to model changes in schedule and design because industry practitioners indicated that these are the main causes for variations that disrupt contractors’ work flow. The authors highlight selected feedback links between activities to discuss the implications of communication, timing of demand, and product standardization vs. customization. A number of insights into the model can be abstracted to other supply chains in construction. Other supply chains in construction (e.g., electrical systems, architectural components, precast concrete) can benefit from the analysis as presented. }, author_keywords={HVAC Ductwork, supply chain, buffers, information management }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2006, author={Arbulu, Roberto and Soto, Javier }, editor={ }, title={A Design Case Study: Integrated Product and Process Management}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={107-119}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/406}, affiliation={Implementation Leader, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362-3200, email: rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; Project Manager, Graña y Montero S.A., Av. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima 34, Perú, Phone: 1- (511) 213- 0444, email: jsoto@gym.com.pe }, abstract={Traditional design practices in construction indicate that most of the emphasis appears to be on product design. This may be the result of the traditional process of design-bid-build, where the design team pre-defines means and methods to the contracting team. In contrast, lean design incorporates not only product design, but also process design. Process design is commonly one of the components missing in traditional practices together with the lack of supporting systems, organizational structures, and resources required to obtain a quality design. This paper presents a case study that describes an integrated approach to manage product and process in design. The case study builds on the design phase for the construction of The Central Bus Station project in the city of Lima, Peru. The case study discusses several topics including working with cross-functional design teams, using pull to prioritize detailed engineering, applying collaborative mapping to identify design constraints so variability is minimized, measuring plan reliability, reasons for non-completion and root cause analysis, and capturing lessons learned as part of a continuous improvement process. The case study describes the use of key tools for product and process management. Preliminary results are presented including on-time completion of design milestones, customer satisfaction, better understanding of implementation constraints and challenges, and increased transparency in the overall design process. This case study represents the first implementation of lean techniques in design in the Peruvian construction industry. }, author_keywords={Cross-functional teams, design, digital prototypes, production control, production system, pull, reliability, workflow. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2006, author={Arbulu, Roberto and Zabelle, Todd }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Lean in Construction: How to Succeed}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={553-565}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/407}, affiliation={Implementation Leader, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362-3200, email: rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; President, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362- 3200, email: tzabelle@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={Implementing lean means an organization (project or enterprise) transforms itself from a current state to a future state vision that incorporates a lean ideal. This paper proposes a strategy for organizations to increase the likelihood of success when going through a lean transformation. This approach considers construction projects as the basis for transformation, and proposes a narrow and deep implementation approach for the transformation effort. The paper highlights key elements for a successful implementation including vision, skills, incentives, resources, and detailed action plans. It reinforces the need for heavy-weight project leadership to control behavioral development during the transformation and presents a series of concepts and techniques that support a better understanding of human and team behavior. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations for organizations that envision a transformation event towards lean project delivery. }, author_keywords={Behavioral development, change, construction, implementation, lean, resistance, transformation }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2006, author={Arbulu, Roberto }, editor={ }, title={Application of PULL and CONWIP in Construction Production Systems}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={215-226}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/408}, affiliation={Implementation Leader, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362-3200, email: rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={One of the main characteristics of construction is that work flows through temporary production systems from the start to the end of a project. The way the production system is designed has a major influence in the outcome of the project. This paper presents a case study on rebar that illustrates how the application of PULL and CONWIP techniques can drastically improve value delivered. Benefits include reduction in physical inventories, an increase on transparency across the production system, reduction in variability levels for both demand and supply, lead time reduction, and better collaboration amongst stakeholders. }, author_keywords={CONWIP, demand, lean, production control, PULL, production system, reliability, supply, WIP. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Azambuja2006, author={Azambuja, Marcelo M. B. and Isatto, Eduardo L. and Marder, Tiago S. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={The Importance of Commitments Management to the Integration of Make-to- Order Supply Chains in Construction Industry}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={609-623}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/409}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Construction Engineering and Project Management (CEPM), University of Texas at Austin, e- mail: azambuja@mail.utexas.edu Ph.D., Assistant Lecturer at Building ; Ph.D., Assistant Lecturer at Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), e-mail: isatto@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; M.Sc.,Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), e- mail: tiagomarder@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Most causes of the inefficiency in construction supply chains are related to managerial issues, including the poor management of commitments among their members and the lack of integration of managerial processes along the chain. This paper discusses those problems in two case studies carried out in the building elevator and cut and bend rebar supply chains. As in many of construction supply chains, both configurations are characterized by their make- to-order nature, the delivery of customized products to their customers and by having their production based on final design specifications. Focusing on the flow of information along the supply chain, the objective of this paper is to assess how the integration of these make-to- order supply chains’ processes is affected by the way commitments among chain members are coordinated. By undertaking a detailed description of both supply chains’ processes and analyzing their existing problems, the study shows that a major part of them are related to the poor integration of the information flows. The Language Action Perspective (LAP) was used to provide an additional approach for analysis, emphasizing the commitments involved in the information sharing among supply chain agents. The LAP analysis revealed that the root cause of those problems relies mainly on the poor management of commitments among supply chain members. Moreover, many of the problems could be avoided by explicitly planning the flow of commitments that are made necessary by inter-organizational processes as well as by organization's internal processes. The adoption of the LAP and the focus on the flow of commitments may support the understanding of make-to-order supply chains integration problems as well as suggest actions towards the integration of their processes. }, author_keywords={Supply Chain Management, Make-to-order, information flow, Language/Action perspective, commitments management. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2006, author={Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Rethinking Project Definition in Terms of Target Costing}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={77-89}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/410}, affiliation={Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/530-1743, FAX 510/530-1920, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={That phase of projects that immediately precedes design has been called by a variety of names, including design briefing, programming, front end loading, and project definition. It is widely agreed that this project definition phase is often ill performed, resulting in the design and construction of facilities that do not satisfy their purchasers or users. A number of lean construction theorists, including this author, have made contributions to rethinking project definition as a phase within lean project delivery. Target costing is a methodology developed by manufacturers of consumer products to systematically improve product profitability, and is now being adapted for use in the delivery of construction projects. Target costing starts with setting a target cost, which is a very complex and difficult process in construction as compared to manufacturing. In this paper, project definition is revisited as the phase in which target costs are set. Both traditional and lean project definition models are reviewed, a philosophy and approach are presented and grounded in case studies, and a research agenda is put forward for project definition/setting target cost. }, author_keywords={Customer, customer value, design, design brief, design concept, design criteria, predesign, programming, project definition, target cost, value }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Beary2006, author={Beary, Thanveer M. and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. }, editor={ }, title={Prioritizing Production Planning Problems and Normalizing Percent Plan Complete Data Using Six Sigma}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={455-465}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/411}, affiliation={Project Controls Engineer, Jay Dee Contractors, Inc., 38881 Schoolcraft Rd, Livonia, MI- 48150. Email: tmohammed@jaydeecontr.com ; Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS), with its now-famous PPC metric, has been used on many projects and has proven to be an effective production planning and control tool. Application of the LPS typically results in unearthing numerous problems with the production planning process and procedures that a contractor utilizes. With limited time and budgets, the construction manager needs a method to prioritize the process improvement initiatives to undertake. This paper explores the use of six-sigma based metrics and techniques to better reveal the efficacy of the production planning process as well as identify the common-cause and special-cause deviations in the production planning process. The paper will report on the adaptation of sixsigma metrics and techniques to data collected from an actual construction project. The results suggest that the developed tools will assist in focusing process improvement efforts. The sixsigma metric developed also provides a better basis for the normalization of the PPC metric such that intra-company and inter-company production processes can be compared for benchmarking and process improvement purposes. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Percent Plan Complete, Control Charts, Last Planner System }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2006, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Koskela, Lauri and Henrich, Guilherme and Rooke, John }, editor={ }, title={Critical Flow – Towards a Construction Flow Theory}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={31-32}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/412}, affiliation={MSc, Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org ; Professor, School of Construction and Property Management – University of Salford, 4 th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2957960, FAX +44 161 2954587, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc., MBA, Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management – University of Salford, 4 th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2954143, FAX +44 161 2954587, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of Construction and Property Management – University of Salford, 4 th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2956344, FAX +44 161 2954587, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper introduces the concept of Construction Physics as a more comprehensive way of understanding the construction process from a flow perspective. It establishes a preliminary definition of the term and investigates briefly the present knowledge, flow models and methods for their management. From this it argues that the state of the art does not fully cover the whole process and proposes a holistic view of the flow of all prerequisites feeding the process. It introduces the key term Critical Flow and concludes by recommending areas that should be investigated as a joint IGLC research, development and testing programme. }, author_keywords={Critical flow, construction physics, flow management, theory, variability }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bjornfot2006, author={Bjornfot, Anders and Sarden, Ylva }, editor={ }, title={Prefabrication: A Lean Strategy for Value Generation in Construction}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={265-277}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/413}, affiliation={Tech. Lic., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, FAX +46 920 491091, anders.bjornfot@ltu.se ; Tech., Dr., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492866, FAX +46 920 491091, ylva.sarden@ltu.se }, abstract={Despite a number of attempts to establish prefabrication as a Lean Construction method, there is still confusion of what prefabrication provides to the management of the construction process. It seems as if prefabrication can provide a means of dealing with value stream fluctuations in highly complex situations, such as a traditional construction project where it is difficult to define client value accurately. The prefabrication decision and the strategies for meeting customer demands have been studied for three Swedish producers of prefabricated timber components for multi-storey housing construction. The case study results indicate that the Swedish construction industry is slowly changing from a traditional project based generation of customer value to offering specific products, adaptable by the customer to suit their own view on value. A prefabrication strategy where a well defined and tested product is offered to customers has the effect of redistributing resources from the design process to the value stream. Such redistribution enables companies with a well developed prefabrication strategy to better control the value stream and to implement new and better ways of meeting customer requirements while continuously improving their work and eliminating waste. }, author_keywords={Lean Thinking, Multi-storey timber housing, Prefabrication, Product offer, Value generation. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bølviken2006, author={Bølviken, Trond }, editor={ }, title={10 Statements on Production and Construction Theory}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={67-73}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/414}, affiliation={Director, Business Development and Strategy, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, Postboks 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no (Veidekke Entreprenør AS is a Norwegian subsidiary of Veidekke ASA, one of the major Scandinavian construction and real-estate-development companies) }, abstract={Koskela sees production as the production of value through a flow of transformations. He analyses peculiarities characterizing the construction industry, and advocates elimination and mitigation strategies in order to reduce the disadvantages related to these peculiarities. This paper sees industrialised production as production of commodities through a flow of transformations. The commodities are seen as having dual character, possessing both use- value and price (exchange value). Within “the Lean Construction – movement” the understanding and examination of the commercial dimensions of construction is far behind the understanding of more technical or organisational issues like planning and scheduling. The commodity-term, distinguishing between the use- and monetary value-dimensions, should also be able to contribute to a better understanding of the commercial dimensions of construction. A specific industry is characterized by its specific peculiarities. This means that the existence of peculiarities is not something that is specific only to the construction industry, but which is found in all industries. As a consequence, elimination and mitigation of peculiarities in order to reduce disadvantages can no longer be seen as sufficient strategies. This paper also sees peculiarities as a potential advantage, and advocates strategies where these potential advantages are explored. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bortolazza2006, author={Bortolazza, Rodrigo C. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={A Quantitative Analysis of Data Collected From the Last Planner System in Brazil}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={625-635}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/415}, affiliation={ }, abstract={In Brazil, a large number of companies have implemented the Last Planner system in order to improve the performance of their production systems. However, most research studies developed so far have emphasized the analysis of qualitative data, based on a small number of case studies. Therefore, there seems to be a good opportunity to learn more about production control by analyzing data from a larger sample of projects, based on performance measures such as the percentage of plans completed (PPC) and the causes for the non completion of work packages. This paper presents further developments of a research project that was first presented at the IGLC13 Conference. It is based on data from 133 projects. Some of them have been investigated in previous research projects at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). The remaining data have been provided by companies that have been using the Last Planner system for several years. At first, the average PPC and the reasons for the non completion of tasks were analysed using descriptive statistics. In a sample of 96 projects multivariate regression analysis was used for explaining the variance of weekly PPC, using as independent variables the causes for non completion of work packages, number of assignments completed and timing of the projects. The results indicated that a major problem in most projects is the lack of effective implementation of look-ahead planning. Moreover, for multivariate regression analysis, some causes for the non completion of work packages, such as work force and planning have a strong contribution for explaining the variance of weekly PPC. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, performance measurement, multivariate regression analysis }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bulhões2006, author={Bulhões, Iamara Rossi and Picchi, Flavio Augusto and Folch, Alex T. }, editor={ }, title={Actions to Implement Continuous Flow in the Assembly of Pre-Fabricated Concrete Structure}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={407-419}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/416}, affiliation={PhD student, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, iamara@fec.unicamp.br. ; Professor, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, and Director, Lean Institute Brazil. Av. Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, CEP 13084-971, Phone +55 19/3788-2082, fpicchi@fec.unicamp.br ; Civil Eng., Technology and Quality Director, MUNTE Industrialized Constructions, Ltda. , atf@munte.com.br. }, abstract={Most production systems in the construction industry have a large number of interruptions in the work of gangs, resulting in waste and under-utilization of resources. Such interruptions are typically caused by variability in the production system and lack of synchronization of processes. This paper discusses the implementation of continuous flow in the process of assembling the pre-fabricated concrete structure of an industrial building, located in the State of S Paulo, Brazil. The implementation process was mostly based on Lean Thinking principles, involving tools for creating continuous flow. Action-research was the research strategy adopted for developing this study, which was divided into two main stages: (a) implementation of production control for making the production system minimally stable; (b) implementation of a proposed assembling sequence and rhythm, based on a small batch repetitive cycle. The implementation was successful in terms of reducing the cycle time, improving the productivity in the assembling process, reducing waste in the utilization of cranes, and, specially, increasing stability of the assembly process. }, author_keywords={Continuous flow, pre-fabrication, Lean Thinking, small batch, increasing stability }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Codinhoto2006, author={Codinhoto, Ricardo and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={How Analysis and Synthesis Have Been Understood in Design}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={121-134}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/417}, affiliation={The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, E-mail: r.codinhoto@salford.ac.uk ; The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, E-mail: l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; he University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, E-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, E-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={In the disciplines related to the design of products and services, such as New Product Development and Design Science, there is a lack of a commonly accepted theoretical and methodical basis. This papers starts with the proposition that the ancient method of analysis and synthesis, developed originally by Greek geometers, is the basis of models that have been used to classify and describe the ill structured design problem. In this paper, we examine the possibility of improving our understanding of the design process and therefore lean design management by bringing to light a discussion about the concepts of analysis and synthesis and how these have been interpreted through time. Also, how this concept has been used within engineering design methods. To do so, we investigate how analysis and synthesis have been understood in the literature, indicating similarities and differences between ancient and current understandings. }, author_keywords={Analysis and synthesis, design process, engineering design }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Court2006, author={Court, Peter and Pasquire, Christine and Gibb, Alistair and Bower, David }, editor={ }, title={Design of a Lean and Agile Construction System for a Large and Complex Mechanical and Electrical Project}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/418}, affiliation={Research Engineer, Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK ; Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK ; Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK ; Principle Fellow, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, UK }, abstract={This paper represents “work-in-progress” as part of a collaborative research project being undertaken at the Centre for Innovative Collaborative Engineering for an Engineering Doctorate at Loughborough University, UK. The programme is funded by the EPSRC and is sponsored by a major UK mechanical and electrical contractor (the sponsor company). The project will have specific objectives, which will be capable of making a significant contribution to the performance of the company. The sponsor company is developing a “construction system” in order to improve the performance of its projects, and earlier research in this field has shown that lean interventions, when applied to a case study project, has had positive results. This paper describes the next phase of the development of the construction system, and proposes a lean and agile production system model which is to be implemented on a major private finance initiative (PFI) hospital development, and in particular the mechanical and electrical (M&E) elements. The model builds upon a “leagile” concept developed from manufacturing theory, and shows how the need for leanness and agility depends upon a total supply chain and labour strategy. }, author_keywords={Construction system, performance improvement, lean interventions, lean and agile, mechanical and electrical, leagile, total supply chain, labour }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Esquenazi2006, author={Esquenazi, Alberto and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={Evaluation of Lean Improvements in Residential Construction Using Computer Simulation}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={137-149}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/419}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-54-6210370, alberto@mexicoisrael.com ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il }, abstract={Changes to apartment designs initiated by clients are an inherent part of residential construction. Competition for customers where supply exceeds demand, and increasingly sophisticated consumers, have forced construction companies to accept the phenomenon. However, client changes delivered during construction adversely affect the stability and flow of work at the construction site. To cope with this challenge, three main changes were suggested to the traditional approach of construction of high-rise residential buildings: reduce the batch size to single apartments, work with multi-skilled teams and schedule work with a pull controlled system. To evaluate these three changes, Sacks and Goldin developed a management simulation game, called ‘LEAPCON ™ ’, which simulates the construction process of an eight story building with 32 apartments using Lego ® pieces. Repeated executions of the live game indicated reduced cycle times, cash flow and levels of work in progress, and improved throughput. However, investigation of the separate and combined influences of each intervention could not be measured, nor could the performance indicators be monitored through time. Thus computerized discrete event simulation was needed for more complete evaluation of the three lean management changes. Twelve computerized simulations were built using the Stroboscope ® program. It was found that each one of the interventions improved one or more of the parameters of interest, while different combinations of them also improved some of the results. Reduced batch size improved cash flow and work in progress; multi-skilled teams improved labour utilization rates, and pull flow enabled execution of all client changes. However, application of all three interventions in unison was essential for achieving the anticipated results simultaneously. }, author_keywords={High-rise apartment construction, production system design, computer simulation }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Folkestad2006, author={Folkestad, James E. }, editor={ }, title={Concurrent Design for Production (Cdp): Materializing Interface Knowledge on a Us Residential Construction Project Using Computer Aided Design Objects}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={319-330}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/420}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Construction Management, Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, Phone +1 970/491-7823, FAX 970/491-2473, folkestad@colostate.edu }, abstract={The concept that design is a social process is well established in the research literature. Following the tradition of ethnographic methods used to study design in context, this paper describes a 12-month research study conducted with a US residential homebuilder. The study utilizes the concurrent design process to elicit tacit interface knowledge and explicitly define it using 3D CAD models. Three-dimensional CAD graphics were used as a concurrent design tool to provide visual representations of product and actor interfaces. More importantly, these tools created conversations that otherwise would not have taking place in traditional design process. Out of necessity, and following the spirit of the concurrent design process, the tool was modified to include intermediate production objects (IPOs) for transferring production details to field level workers. The concept of concurrent design for production (CDP) is introduced as an extension of concurrent design that provides a method for improving onsite construction processes. }, author_keywords={Concurrent design for production, production, residential construction, Computer Aided Design (CAD) }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gallardo2006, author={Gallardo, Carlos Antonio Samaniego and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Picchi, Flavio Augusto and Folch, Alex Tort }, editor={ }, title={Stabilization and Standardization of a Precast Production Process}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={205-213}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/421}, affiliation={Civil Eng., M. Sc. Candidate at GTE/Unicamp, carlosasamaniego@yahoo.com ; Ass. Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and urban Design, Department of Architecture and Building, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Campinas/SP, CEP 13083-852, Brazil, Tel.: +55 19 3788-2082, FAX + 55 19 3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br, fpicchi@fec.unicamp.br ; Ass. Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and urban Design, Department of Architecture and Building, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). Director, Lean Institute Brasil, Rua Topázio 911, São Paulo/SP, Brazil, CEP 04105-063, Tel.: +55 11 5571-6887, FAX: +55 11 5571-0804, fpicchi@lean.org.br ; Civil Eng., Technology and Quality Director, MUNTE Industrialized Constructions, Ltda. , atf@munte.com.br }, abstract={Adapting and implementing new management techniques based on principles and tools originated in the manufacturing industry have been challenging the construction industry. This research aims to present improvements achieved in the fabrication process of precast concrete roof tiles, after a first stage of diagnosis and basic stabilization of the production process. This work was carried out jointly with a Brazilian company in the state of Sao Paulo, dedicated to the erection and fabrication of pre-cast concrete components. This study is part of an ongoing action-research, where the production process of concrete precast roof tiles fabrication was already analyzed. After a first diagnosis of the production process, lean principles and tools were used to stabilize and standardize the production process of these precast components. Results allow concluding that lean implementations helped with the basic stabilization and standardization of the different work elements involved in the fabrication system of precast concrete roof tiles and could be adapted to other precast concrete components production process, providing higher reliability in the production process and production throughput improvements for these components. }, author_keywords={Precast, roof tiles, stabilization, standardization, production processes }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Garcia2006, author={Garcia, Salvador and Romero, Ariadna and Diaz, Hector and , }, editor={ }, title={Incentive Plans for Mexican Construction Workers}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={525-532}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/422}, affiliation={Professor, Civil and Construction Management. Engineering, Department, 2501 Garza Sada Street, ITESM, Monterrey, NL, Mex, 64849, Phone 52 81552540, sgr@itesm.mx ; Graduated Student, Civil and Construction Management. Engineering, 2501 Garza Sada Street, ITESM, Monterrey, NL, Mex, 64849, Phone 52 81552540, ariadnarb@yahoo.com.mx ; Graduated Student, Civil and Construction Management, Engineering, 2501 Garza Sada Street, ITESM, Monterrey, NL, Mex, 64849, Phone 52 81552540, arqhectordiaz@yahoo.com.mx ; }, abstract={Construction is one of the industries that rely heavily on the worker's performance. The construction worker is responsible for the optimal use of resources and equipment, making him an important part of the project and his performance essential to its accomplishment. The aim of the paper is to propose an incentive scheme for the Mexican construction worker that could assist the firm to achieve its goal in terms of costs, time and quality of its projects. The incentive plan is the direct result of a work study analysis conducted in a firm specialized in the construction and development of low income housing complexes in Mexico. In particular, the study focuses in three types of activities: stucco and plaster application and masonry of concrete block walls. Based on the observations from the methods employed and time spent in each process, with previous identification of the firm's objectives and benchmarks, the monetary incentive schemes are designed to meet the firm's objectives. Furthermore, the proposed incentive scheme is meant to identify the most trained workers and to build a database that could help to keep track and rehired them in the future. However, the main use of the incentive plan is the effect it has on the worker's motivation that could help him to improve his performance. The paper offers numerical results for the three activities under study in terms of productivity indicators, comparison to theoretical benchmarks and evaluation of field personnel and design of effective economic incentives }, author_keywords={Economic incentives, work study, worker's evaluation, performance, productivity }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gehbauer2006, author={Gehbauer, Fritz and Stock, Patricia and Steffek, Peter }, editor={ }, title={Swarm Intelligence and Ant Colony Approach - Can They Be Applied in Optimizing Construction Processes?}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={15-30}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/423}, affiliation={Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, gehbauer@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Chief Engineer, ifab-Institute of Human and Industrial Engineering, University of Karlsruhe, Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, patricia.stock@ifab.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Research Assistant, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, steffek@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de }, abstract={A swarm can be described as a group of individuals using direct and indirect communication to act without central command with high efficiency in problem solving. For example, the insect society as a whole is extremely efficient due to a sophisticated form of self-organization is based on an indirect communication between its members. This communication is both between the members and their environment. For example the ant behaviour leads to repeatedly finding near optimum strategies in food supply, logistics and formicary construction. Studies of this behaviour have led to the first usable algorithms in the solution of logistical problems, in evolutionary programming and in manufacturing planning and control. A few examples will be presented. This paper will further study the differences between construction intelligence and swarm intelligence and discuss the possibilities to adapt this evolution to systems and problems of construction processes. First considerations have shown that the principles of the existing ant algorithms and simulation tools of manufacturing can be used in construction as well. In case of disturbances fast reorganization of processes can be developed using the algorithm. Modifications have to be made in terms of a number of definitions and system parameters. Any self-organizing system relies on frequent measurement, rapid distribution of information and near optimum reactions. By improving the related abilities construction can be made more transparent and goal-oriented. The paper is concluded with considerations as to whether swarm intelligence and derived algorithms can make a contribution to a construction theory (understanding the processes). }, author_keywords={Swarm Intelligence, ant colony approach, wasp colony approach, managing the process, optimizing construction processes, resource planning }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{González2006, author={González, Vicente and Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Gazmuri, Pedro }, editor={ }, title={Design of Work in Process Buffers in Repetitive Building Projects: A Case Study}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={165-176}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/424}, affiliation={Ph. D. Candidate, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. Lecturer, Escuela de Ingeniería de la Construcción, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. E-Mail: vagonzag@puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Industrial Engineering, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: pgazmuri@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Variability in construction projects usually leads to schedule delays, cost overruns and productivity losses. Among the different techniques and tools employed to manage a construction project the use of buffers is a common approach to handle variability and to protect production processes from its negative impact. Time float, resource inventories and budget contingencies are examples of buffers used in construction in an intuitive and informal way. Empirical evidence recently collected about existing inefficiencies in the use of WIP (Work-in-Process) in construction projects highlights the double-opportunity to improve current practice of WIP and variability management by using WIP as buffers. The paper addresses the use of WIP buffers in construction schedules of repetitive building projects and proposes an approach for WIP buffer design. A discrete simulation model to study the impact of the optimum WIP buffer size on construction schedule was developed and this paper presents its application to a real project (case study). Finally, simulation results and the potential of WIP buffers to implement production strategies based on Lean Construction principles in construction projects are analyzed. }, author_keywords={Buffers, Lean Construction, Simulation Optimization, Variability, Work in Process }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Harel2006, author={Harel, Michael and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={Subcontractor Resource Allocation in a Multi-Project Environment – Field Study}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={467-478}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/425}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8292245, harelm@techunix.technion.ac.il ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il }, abstract={Various strategic considerations lead construction companies to reduce their core staff and employ subcontractors. Productivity is a critical determinant of profitability for subcontractors working under unit price contracts. When the flow of work on any project is unstable or unreliable, they are forced to adjust their resource allocations across the multiple projects on which they work in parallel. Earlier research explored subcontractors’ economic motivation; this research explores project managers’ and subcontractors’ behaviours de facto, through 57 in-depth interviews with experienced practitioners. The work focused on the decision-making process in allocating limited resources across multiple projects. Motivating factors other than productivity, such as cash flow, financial exposure, motivation and reputation, project work flow, etc. were explored. The main results show that productivity and work flow are in fact the primary motivating factors; that more than 50% of project managers use push control in a way that prevents subcontractors from achieving their desired productivity rates; that subcontractors believe on average that approximately 60% of the work promised will in fact become available on schedule, and therefore engage in overbooking; and that project managers tend to respond by exaggerating their resource demands by an average 20%. These findings support the hypothesis that mistrust and competition, rather than cooperative behaviour, are the norm. They form the basis for continuing research toward a descriptive theoretical model of the multi-project subcontracted environment. }, author_keywords={Subcontracting, behaviour model, resource allocation, field survey, decision-making }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Henrich2006, author={Henrich, Guilherme and Abbott, Carl and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Drivers for Innovation in Production Management}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={533-541}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/426}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc., MBA, Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 (0)161 2954143, FAX +44 (0)1612954587, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Senior Researcher, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 (0)1612953172, FAX +44 (0)1612954587, c.abbott@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 (0)1612956378, FAX +44 (0)1612954587, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The aim of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of innovative programmes in construction. The term 'best practice' is commonly used in industry in to describe and disseminate cases where high levels of performance have been achieved. Several terminologies are used to describe this phenomenon, the best practice being the most widely used term. Best practices usually stimulate a desire in other companies to achieve similar levels of performance or gains that have been obtained by those best practice companies. This desire for better performance commonly triggers an innovation adoption programme by other companies. However, there are two kinds of drivers to innovation adoption: one is usually started by normative pressures applied by customers, suppliers, regulators or senior management. This type of adoption is called push-driven. On the other hand, there is a pull-driven innovation adoption decision, which is triggered strictly by an internal need associated with a performance gap. Based on this background this paper explores the generation, development and adoption of innovative programmes by industry. }, author_keywords={Best practice, drivers, innovation, production management }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Höök2006, author={Höök, Matilda }, editor={ }, title={Customer Value in Lean Prefabrication of Housing Considering Both Construction and Manufacturing}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={583-594}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/427}, affiliation={Tech. Lic., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491028, FAX +46 920 491913, matilda.hook@ltu.se }, abstract={Prefabrication increases standardisation and repetitiveness both in processes and products and yields a progress of a construction process that is more comparable to manufacturing than on-site construction. Previous research shows that house prefabrication reduces waste and resolves some of the peculiarities of construction (e.g. one-of-a-kindness, on-site production and a temporary organisation). However, the need for value creation by considering construction peculiarities in prefabrication is also discussed within the IGLC community. Hence, the aim of this research is to contribute to the understanding of how to obtain a lean prefabrication strategy, i.e., a strategy that considers both waste reduction and value generation. To find suggestions for development within value creation of a prefabrication strategy, a multiple case study of the total population of Swedish timber volume element (TVE) prefabrication, and a customer survey of 57 potential and previous real-estate trustees of the TVE building system was performed. The result shows that value generation is connected to meeting customer needs formulated within the deep-rooted culture of construction based on historical knowledge and attitudes. Traditional on-site production is still apparently perceived to allow a higher degree of control, trust and flexibility. To obtain a lean prefabrication strategy both waste reduction, through the use of manufacturing related project orientation, and consideration of the construction culture is therefore needed. Previous researches suggest flexibility, customisation and convincing design have to be met to obtain value generation and this is empirically confirmed by this research. However, the research also shows that a lean prefabrication strategy still has to meet the traditional needs of the process, as control and trust of the production process and the product, trust of the manufacturer together with information transfer, to obtain customer value. Control and trust can be supported by information transfer via strategic alliances and demonstration houses. }, author_keywords={Lean prefabrication, Construction peculiarities, Customer value, Timber volume element housing }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2006, author={Howell, Gregory and Macomber, Hal }, editor={ }, title={What Should Project Management Be Based On?}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={41-50}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/428}, affiliation={Managing Director, Lean Construction Institute, 625 Main Street 1B, Louisville, CO 80027, +1-303-408-1098. ghowell@leanconstruction.org (Also Partner, Lean Project Consulting) ; Partner, Lean Project Consulting, 36 Kirkland Drive, Andover, MA 01810. +1-978-470-8994. hmacomber@leanproject.com. }, abstract={Projects historically have been defined as temporary undertakings carried out by a single purpose organization. Projects and their management can be described and portrayed from a variety of perspectives, each founded on some conceptual basis, hiding or revealing various aspects, and opening or closing some possibilities for action. This paper joins the continuing exploration about the nature of projects and their management. The power of lean approaches in the materiel/information domain is well established and rests on solid conceptual foundations. In this paper we explore projects as human endeavors and how our humanity with all its capacities and limits opens possibilities for improvement. }, author_keywords={Project management, Theory, Language Action Perspective }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Isatto2006, author={Isatto, Eduardo L. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={The Inter-Firm Coordination of the Construction Project Supply Chain}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={293-308}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/429}, affiliation={Associate Lecturer at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) – Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99/3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-190, Brazil, Phone (+55) 51 3316- 3959, isatto@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Associate Professor at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) – Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99/3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-190, Brazil, Phone (+55) 51 3316- 3959, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The application of supply chain management to construction has been a challenging task. An important reason for that is the difference between the industrial context where it was originated and the construction industry. Although the literature suggests that the use of multiple theoretical approaches can provide a comprehensive description and understanding of construction supply chains, so far no framework has been offered for their joint use in practical situations. This paper aims to provide a multi-theoretical approach that can be used to comprehensively describe inter-organizational coordination of construction project supply chains. The use of three theoretical approaches is discussed: the Theory of Coordination (TC), the Transaction Costs Theory (TCT) and the Language/Action Perspective (LAP). A case study is presented to illustrate the joint use of these three theoretical approaches in a practical situation. The study shows that the three theoretical approaches are highly complementary and that their joint use provides a comprehensive view of how such construction project supply chains arise, develop and finally disband. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, inter-firm coordination, project management. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Izaguirre2006, author={Izaguirre, Luis E. and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Multidimensional Modeling: A Mechanism for Improving Construction Project Management}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={355-368}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/430}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, JJC Contratistas Generales S.A., Lima, Perú, M. Sc., Universidad Católica Chile, e-mail: eizaguirre@jjc.com.pe ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax: 011-562-686-4806, E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={“Multidimensional Modeling” is an automated, visual and digital representation of various dimensions of a project which uses availably commercial software or an exclusive computational tool. A “Dimension” is any variable that a professional needs to know and analyze in order to manage a construction project, and which can be used during the whole life cycle of the project, from the design stage all the way to the operation stage. The modeled dimensions were the surface, space, time, constructive sequence and the execution strategy, quantity takeoff, cost, safety, and activities performance history. Performance indicators were used to evaluate the use of the model which was proposed as a mechanism for improving construction project management. The validation and evaluation of the multidimensional modeling was performed using the foolproof method for three case studies (Chilean building projects). The use of the multidimensional modeling increased transparency during project execution and simplified the coordination, control and planning processes. This was accompanied by improvements in availability, consistency, accessibility and reliability of information from the project, and with a decrease in uncertainty regarding project scope and performance. Additional observations included improvements in speed and in the decision making process, and improvements in communication among project participants. }, author_keywords={Information Technology, Lean Construction, Multidimensional Modeling, Construction Management }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemmer2006, author={Kemmer, Sérgio L. and Saraiva, Martina A. and Heineck, Luiz F. M. and Pacheco, Ana Valéria L. and Novaes, Marcos de V. and Mourão, Carlos A. M. A. and Moreira, Luiz C. R. }, editor={ }, title={The Use of Andon in High Rise Building}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={575-582}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/431}, affiliation={M. Sc. Student, Civil Engineering Pos-Graduate Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, kemmer@ecv.ufsc.br ; Flows Supervisor, C. Rolim Engineering Ltd., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, martina@crolim.com.br ; Ph.D., Professor, Department of Production Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, freitas8@terra.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Quality and Technology Manager, C. Rolim Engineering Ltd., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, valeria@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Director, C. Rolim Engineering Ltd., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, marcosnovaes@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Logistic and Supply Manager, C. Rolim Engineering Ltd., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Production Manager, C. Rolim Engineering Ltd., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, luizcarlos@crolim.com.br }, abstract={The Andon device is traditionally used in the manufacturing industry. This visual management tool shows the status of operations in an area and signalizes the occurrence of abnormalities. This research work takes the view that its application is connected to lean construction concepts, as its main function is to identify problems within the production line. It becomes possible to determine the origin of the production disturbances during the building process and not only at the end of it, in a way that the required measures can be taken to avoid the repetition of such problems. It is noticed also that the use of Andon improves the continuous flow of the activities and avoids rework. Moreover it provides operative crews and production managers the opportunity of learning. The application of this managerial tool has gained adepts in construction companies in the Brazilian northeast. The objective of this article is to show the steps for the application of this tool within the building construction environment. This work was developed through a case study in a multi-storey building construction and it encompasses hardware installation (both at the work place and management office), development of control charts, and the production problems analyzes. This study is concluded with the presentation of the results acquired with the use of this managerial tool. The number of work stoppages was reduced significantly, communication was greatly enhanced and transparency was enacted as production problems were readily reported, discussed and analysed. }, author_keywords={Andon, lean construction, building control }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2006, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Jang, Jin-Woo }, editor={ }, title={Applying Organizational Hierarchical Constraint Analysis to Production Planning}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={371-382}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/432}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Construction Management & Wood Product Engineering Department, 153 Baker Lab, State University of New York, Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, Phone +1 315/470-6839, ywkim@esf.edu ; Ph.D Candidate, Construction Management & Wood Product Engineering Department, 160 Baker Lab, State University of New York, Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, Phone +1 315/470-6831, jijang@syr.edu }, abstract={Construction management has de-prioritized production planning and control, especially crew- level management while great emphasis has been placed on project management. It is often found that each employee (or the Last Planner) in charge of the constraint removal tends to conceal the information (or problem) until the last responsible moment (L.R.M.) passes. This may happen because that the employee does not want to reveal that he/she has an unresolved constraint fearing that it will be interpreted as incompetence. There are times when the Last Planner is not in an ultimate position of authority, thus sometimes he/she is expected to solve constraints over which he/she has no control. When this arises, there is often an inefficient attempt by the Last Planner to eliminate these constraints, thus making the situation worse. Greater informational transparency would help to solve this problem. Due to a movement that focuses on crew-level planning and control, the authors suggest in this paper that responsibility be assigned to, or shared with, the appropriate level of organizational management as constraints are identified in the look-ahead window. The organizational hierarchical constraint analysis is defined in this paper as submitting problems to the level of management best suited to solving specific constraints. By using organizational hierarchical constraint analysis, the make-ready process is improved. This paper is followed by a case study in which organizational hierarchical constraint analysis has been applied, the results of which have been discussed with project participants. }, author_keywords={The Last Planner System, organizational hierarchical constraint analysis, make-ready process, informational transparency }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Knapp2006, author={Knapp, Steve and Charron, Roberto and Howell, Gregory }, editor={ }, title={Phase Planning Today}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={431-441}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/433}, affiliation={Project Coach, Lean Project Consulting, 625 Main St. 1B, Louisville, CO 80027, Sknapp@leanproject.com, Phone 303-717-0952 ; Project Coach, Lean Project Consulting, 625 Main St. 1B, Louisville, CO 80027, Rcharron@leanproject.com, Phone 786-287-2335 ; Principal, Lean Project Consulting, 625 Main St. 1B, Louisville, CO 80027, Ghowell@leanproject.com, Phone 303-408-1098 }, abstract={Since the publication of White Paper #7 “Phase Scheduling” (Ballard 2000), work on many projects has been planned with this technique by teams of varying configuration. Many teams have adapted their own approach to developing a “phase schedule”, in some cases called a “reverse phase schedule” or a “pull phase schedule”. During these planning sessions, ideas have been put in practice that improve on the original scheme and increase the benefits of producing a phase schedule. Perhaps the most significant being the conversations that the teams pursue during the exercise. This paper will briefly describe the authors’ current approach to and practices for preparing phase schedules and how this has become, in actuality, phase planning. It will then describe how phase planning produces the project schedule as traditionally understood, and more importantly designs the network of commitments necessary to deliver each project milestone, and how understanding and using the network of commitments improves project performance. }, author_keywords={Phase Planning, scheduling }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2006, author={Ko, Chien-Ho }, editor={ }, title={Buffer Evaluation for Demand Variability Using Fuzzy Logic}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={255-264}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/434}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering and Technology Management, Da-Yeh University, 112 Shan-Jiau Rd., Da-Tsuen, Chang-Hua 515, Taiwan, e-mail: fpecount@yahoo.com.tw, phone: +886-4- 8511888, fax: +886-4-8511270; Research Director, Taiwan Lean Construction Institute; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute Asia }, abstract={Precast fabricators face numerous challenges as they strive for business success. Among them, demand variability is arguably the biggest headache. The objective of the research is to develop a Buffer Evaluation Model (BEM) to protect fabricators against the impact of demand variability. Laws of forecasting are considered when developing the model. A pulling strategy of finishing production later relative to erection dates is established thereafter. To avoid fabricators losing capacity due to the relatively later fabrication, a time buffer is analyzed using Fuzzy Logic (FL). FL, in the BEM, is primarily used to deal with uncertain information encountered while evaluating time buffer. The study validates performance of the proposed method using a real precast project. Application results show that the proposed method can effectively reduce level of the inventory as well as reduce the risk of producing product falling victim to design changes. }, author_keywords={Fuzzy logic, precast fabrication, finished goods inventory, buffer management, demand variability }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2006, author={Koskela, Lauri and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={On the Metaphysics of Management}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/435}, affiliation={Professor, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, 4 th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom. Email: l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Centre Manager, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, 4 th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom. Email: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The question about the metaphysics of management is considered especially from the point of view of the subject, acts and object of management. Management is understood holistically, in connection to production, rather than as an independent domain in itself. In terms of metaphysics, the time-honoured question about the superiority of thing (substance, matter) ontology or process ontology is addressed. The determination of metaphysical commitments is discussed. Empirical evidence on the appropriateness of alternative metaphysical assumptions in management is forwarded. It is concluded that Western management thinking has been dominated by thing metaphysics. This has led to deficient conceptualizations and counterproductive methods, present in the 20 th century. There have been process metaphysics based correctives, which include Japanese-originated methods and out-of-the box methods developed by Western parties. These correctives have often outperformed their substance based counterparts, but their adoption in the West has been slow. It is concluded that the Western metaphysical assumptions, especially when implicit, hinder learning, understanding and implementation of the process based correctives in the realm of management. However, even if the dominant Western metaphysics constrains our thinking, it might be possible to break out of it, through appropriate ontology training. }, author_keywords={Metaphysics, management, production management, organization, change, process, substance }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lim2006, author={Lim, Chul-woo and Yu, Jung-ho and Kim, Chang-duk }, editor={ }, title={Implementing PPC in Korea’s Construction Industry}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/436}, affiliation={Graduate student, Department of Architecture Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul, Korea FAX +82-2-942-7101 (icw34@kw.ac.kr) ; Professor, Department of Architecture Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul, Korea FAX +82-2-942-7101 (myazure@kw.ac.kr) ; Professor, Department of Architecture Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul, Korea FAX +82-2-942-7101 (stpkim@kw.ac.kr) }, abstract={Developed by the Lean Construction Institute, the Last Planner ® System (LPS) consists of four steps: Master Schedule, Phase Schedule, Lookahead Planning, and Weekly Work Plan. This paper focuses on the process of measuring the Percentage of Plan Completed (PPC) at the Weekly Work Plan stage. PPC refers to the percentage of weekly assignments completed. The results of research on the use of PPC in many other countries confirm the benefits of using PPC. In Korea’s construction industry, however, the concept of PPC is still relatively new. This paper analyzes the cases of PPC application in other countries and compares it with the production control system in Korea’s construction industry. The results of this research are expected to serve as the basis for the institutionalization of the PPC implementation process in Korea. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Lookahead Plan, Weekly Work Plan, PPC, Time Management }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nakagawa2006, author={Nakagawa, Yoshitaka }, editor={ }, title={Real Time Performance Information System Using Mobile Phone}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={331-339}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/437}, affiliation={Dr. Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Division, Toyo University }, abstract={The author explained the importance of standard operating procedure documents and visualization in order to implement lean construction in IGCL12 and 13. PPC chart and Table of Reason for Failure are important tools in order to execute standard operation and visualization. But the information is often not in real time, not precise and not shared with the foreman, staff of site and head offices of both the contractor and subcontractors. In order to improve these shortcomings, author is developing real time performance information system using mobile telephone. This paper first explains if we have real time performance information of the work and reason of the performance, we can easily eliminate waste in order to pursue the perfection of construction work flow. The idea of this system came from POS system of convenience store._Then the author shows how the real time information of each merchandise item at a convenience store is used and how it is determined whether an item sold well or poorly. The real time performance information system on construction site using mobile phone now under development is explained. Finally, the author explains the examples and effects of eliminating waste using mobile phone system. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Real Time Performance Information System, Mobile Phone, PPC }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Narang2006, author={Narang, Puneet and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. }, editor={ }, title={Quantifying Workers’ Hazard Identification Ability Using Fuzzy Signal Detection Theory}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={497-509}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/438}, affiliation={Graduate Student Research Assistant, 9 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: narangpu@msu.edu. ; Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu. }, abstract={Safeguarding construction workers from occupational hazards, whether arising from traumatic, ergonomic, and/or exposure accidents, is part and parcel of the lean construction ideal of waste elimination. Howell et al. (2002) proposed a new approach to understand construction accidents based on Rasmussen’s theory of cognitive systems engineering. One aspect of the model focused on worker training to recognize hazards (unsafe conditions). The primary goal of this paper is to develop a method to quantify workers’ ability to identify these hazards. Abdelhamid et al. (2003) explored the need for an assessment of the process of identification and applied Signal Detection Theory (SDT) to assess workers’ ability to detect unsafe conditions. This research applies Fuzzy SDT, proposed by Parasuraman et al. (2000), to increase the applicability of conventional SDT analysis to construction settings where the definition of a signal event and its associated response do not follow a binary or dichotomous structure. Application of the methodology is demonstrated using a pilot study involving structural steel workers. Results from the sample of 10 ironworkers indicated the average sensitivity in identifying hazards was above average and that workers generally adopted a conservative strategy. Data analysis using conventional SDT model showed a marginally increased sensitivity, but with a very high variation. This result illustrated that fuzzy SDT model was more reflective of the ability of construction workers to identify construction hazards. }, author_keywords={Occupational Safety, Construction Safety, Signal Detection Theory, Construction Accidents, Hazard Identification }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Owen2006, author={Owen, Robert and Koskela, Lauri and Henrich, Guilherme and Codinhoto, Ricardo }, editor={ }, title={Is Agile Project Management Applicable to Construction?}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={51-66}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/439}, affiliation={PhD ‘Candidate, Phone +44 161 295 4143, r.l.owen@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Phone +44 161 295 7960, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; PhD Candidate, Phone +44 161 295 4143, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Research Assistant, Phone +44 161 295 4284, r.codinhoto@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper briefly summarises the evolution of Agile Project Management (APM) and differentiates it from lean and agile production and ‘leagile’ construction. The significant benefits being realized through employment of APM within the information systems industry are stated. The characteristics of APM are explored, including: philosophy, organizational attitudes and practices, planning, execution and control and learning. Finally, APM is subjectively assessed as to its potential contribution to the pre-design, design and construction phases. In conclusion, it is assessed that APM offers considerable potential for application in pre- design and design but that there are significant hurdles to its adoption in the actual construction phase. Should these be overcome, APM offers benefits well beyond any individual project. }, author_keywords={Agile, Project Management, Construction }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2006, author={Pasquire, Christine and Soar, Rupert and Gibb, Alistair }, editor={ }, title={Beyond Pre-Fabrication - the Potential of Next Generation Technologies to Make a Step Change in Construction Manufacturing}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={243-254}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/440}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Leics, LE11 3TU, UK Tel: ++44 (0)1509 222895 Fax ++44(0)1509 223981 c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leics LE11 3TU UK Tel: ++44 (0)1509 227636 Fax ++44(0)1509 227648 r.c.soar@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Leics, LE11 3TU, UK Tel: ++44 (0)1509 223097 Fax ++44(0)1509 223981 a.g.gibb@lboro.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper describes a number of next generation manufacturing technologies which may find applications in construction such as digital fabrication and rapid prototyping. It will also look at some of the work being undertaken within UK Government funded research projects within the overarching area of Freeform Construction. In addition to explaining the technical processes and products of these, the paper will explore the delivery management issues and theorise how these next generation technologies have the potential drive lean thinking deep into the heart of the construction industry. The technology and delivery issues will be presented in a conceptual model of construction manufacturing. The underlying premise for this research agenda is the static nature of construction – with the basic logic behind the processes being unchanged for centuries, construction is probably the last bastion standing against technological revolution. Next generation manufacturing technologies have the potential to drive the paradigm shift needed to achieve the changes the industry is being pushed towards. This paper provides a view of a different construction industry for the coming century and shows the processes that may help shape it along the way. }, author_keywords={Construction manufacturing; freeform construction, digital fabrication, rapid prototyping, automation }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pavez2006, author={Pavez, Ignacio and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Qualifying People to Support Lean Construction in Contractor Organizations}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={513-524}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/441}, affiliation={Research Assistant, MSc student, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Engineering Faculty, Construction Management School, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 3547050, ipavez@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Engineering Faculty, Construction Management School, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 3544245, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={The consolidation of the lean construction theory demands the application of its concepts and principles in practical situations, but until now most of the implementations have been very fragmented. They have focused mainly on the improvement of project performance through the application of new tools and methodologies, leaving aside organizational and human issues. This paper proposes a way to support lean construction in contractor organizations, both creating a Lean Construction Professional Profile (LCPP) (seeking what competencies are needed) and expanding the focus centered on projects to address organizational and human issues that are necessary to carry out a sustainable and successful implementation. Several research activities were carried out: an assessment of what skills Project Managers (PMs) need, a study of how construction PMs use their time, and an analysis of the best practices coming from the outcomes of executive’s studies in management science, construction industry and lean construction. Extracting the main contributions and similarities of each approach, and taking the premise of the holistic development of people as a key element, five areas of competence and knowledge were identified: (1) enterprise vision, (2) lean vision, (3) technical capacity, (4) management capacity and (5) social competence. From the five competence-knowledge areas the LCPP was defined, considering first mental models that drive acting (enterprise vision and lean vision) and then sorting the competences needed in their complexity. }, author_keywords={Organization development, human resource development, project manager, lean construction, executive work }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Polat2006, author={Polat, Gul and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={How to Promote Off-Site Fabrication Practice of Rebar in Turkey?}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={279-290}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/442}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90-212-285-3737; Fax: +90-212-285-6587; E-mail: gpolat@ins.itu.edu.tr ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, gballard@leanconstruction.org; Associate Adjunct Professor, Project & Engineering Mgmt. Group, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley; and Principal, Strategic Project Solutions. }, abstract={The authors have previously explored the practices of Turkish contractors in a series of papers, using rebar as the focal point. The exploratory studies have revealed a very complex socio- technical-economic system in play, the upshot of which is that performance is far from lean. This paper looks at the problem as representative of those faced by the construction industries in developing countries. First the system elements and dynamics are described, using force field analysis as the organizing tool. Then proposals are made for moving the industry toward lean construction practices, including optimal use of off site fabrication. }, author_keywords={rebar, off-site fabrication, barriers, improvement suggestions, Turkish construction industry }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Robert2006, author={Robert, Gabriel R. T. and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis }, editor={ }, title={Target and Kaizen Costing Implementation in Construction}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={91-105}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/443}, affiliation={Civil Eng., M. Sc. Candidate at GTE/Unicamp, gabriel.robert@terra.com.br Engineering Supervisor of a Brand Retail Unit in São Paulo, Brazil. ; Asst. Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and urban Design, Department of Architecture and Building, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Campinas/SP, CEP 13083-852, Brazil, Tel.: +55 19 3788-2082, FAX + 55 19 3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br }, abstract={The challenge of implementing a combined target and kaizen costing approach has been recognized as a promising strategy for construction companies seeking to increase their profit margins, efficacy of production process and relationship with suppliers. Construction companies use to perform their services in a competitive market and can apply this combination to reduce construction costs, while at the same time assuring their profitable business margins. This research sought to implement a combined target and kaizen costing approach along the planning and construction phases of brand retail units (BRU). A context specific case study with four BRU has been devised. The main idea was firstly to design and to specify the units to reduce historical product development costs by means of product’s definition interventions. On the target costing application the “customers care service center” of the company has been consulted about possible product conception interventions that were not perceived as value by customers. Later, the kaizen costing approach sought continuous improvements on production processes mostly based on suggestions originated by the main sub-contractors. The case study results show cost reductions around 13% compared with previous cost data of the company for these facilities. }, author_keywords={Target costing, Kaizen costing, Cost reduction, Brand Retail Units }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2006, author={Sacks, Rafael and Harel, Michael }, editor={ }, title={How Last Planner Motivates Subcontractors to Improve Plan Reliability – a Game Theory Model}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={443-454}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/444}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il ; PhD Candidate, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8292245, harelm@techunix.technion.ac.il }, abstract={There is an inherent relationship between subcontractors’ labour resource allocation behaviour and the level of plan reliability they perceive. Under fixed-price or lump sum contracts, projects with low plan reliability can only be profitable for subcontractors when buffers of ready work are large enough to shield their productivity. A normal form game theory analysis can show that subcontractors will naturally tend to behave defensively whenever they perceive that plans are unreliable, resulting in unreliable labour allocation, and thus reducing plan reliability further, resulting in a vicious circle. The Last Planner System works to improve plan reliability. However, in order to achieve continuous improvement of the system, a rigorous model is needed to improve understanding of the mechanisms by which it affects labour resource allocation behaviour. The extended form game theory model presented in this research explains the relationship between project managers and subcontractors, and indicates at what levels of trust behaviour changes from competitive to collaborative. Ideas for enhancing construction procurement and production system design to make plans more reliable are discussed against the background of this theoretical explanation. }, author_keywords={Subcontracting, game theory, Last Planner, plan reliability }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saffaro2006, author={Saffaro, Fernanda A. and Trescastro, Marcel G. and Rodrigues, Alana A. and Schramm, Fábio K. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Heineck, Luiz F. }, editor={ }, title={Saffaro Trescastro Rodrigues Schramm Formoso heineck_prototyping Contprototyping Contributions for Production Management in Constructionributions for Production Management in construction.pdf}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={421-429}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/445}, affiliation={M.Sc, Assistant Professor at the Civil Engineering Department, State University of Londrina. Ph.D. Candidate at the Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. saffaro@uel.br ; Architect, M.Sc., Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 3castro@via-rs.net ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc. Candidate at the Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. alana.rodrigues@gmail.com ; M.Sc., Assistant Professor at the Federal University of Pelotas, Ph.D. Candidate at the Building Innovation Research Unit – NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, “Este link externo ir? abrir em nova janela” fabioks@ufpel.edu.br ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit – NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Professor, Postgraduate Program in Production Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, heineck@deps.ufsc.br }, abstract={The uncertain nature of construction requires the use of tools that generate useful information and support decision making in each phase of the product development process (PDP). Experimentation techniques have been adopted by other industrial sectors with the aim of supporting product development, especially due to the existing uncertainty and risk. However, those techniques have been poorly used in construction, especially in the study of production processes at building sites. This paper describes three studies that were carried out in construction companies with the aim of investigating the role of two experimentation techniques, FRS and on-line learning, and also the requirements for their implementation. The results suggest that these techniques can be used to understand work methods and to establish standard operation elements. The production constraints did not allow the standard work to be fully adopted and interrupted the continuity of the cycle observation–reflection– action that could create in-depth knowledge on work methods. The paper discusses the requirements for establishing an appropriate environment in order to increase the prototyping contributions for creating an in-depth knowledge on work-methods. }, author_keywords={Prototyping, first run study, standard-operation }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2006, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Cambraia, Fabricio B. }, editor={ }, title={Towards a Common Language Between Lean Production and Safety Management}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={483-495}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/446}, affiliation={Ph.D., Associate Professor at LOPP/UFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Praça Argentina nº 9, 2º andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55-51- 3316-4007. E-mail: saurin@ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at NORIE/UFRGS (Building Innovation Research Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3º andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55-51-3316- 4054. E-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br ; Civil Engineer, MSc, PhD candidate at NORIE/UFRGS. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3º andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: fabricio@cpgec.ufrgs.br }, abstract={This paper discusses lean production objectives and design principles that can be shared by production management and safety management. It focuses on strategies to deal with variability, emphasizing two typical lean production concepts – autonomation and visual management – which can be used in safety management to detect variability. Moreover, considering the cognitive systems engineering perspective on safety as a basis, this paper discusses four guidelines for developing and monitoring procedures in the lean production approach: (a) take into account workers´ mental and physical capabilities; (b) stress workers involvement in procedures development and monitoring; (c) investigate reasons for successful performance rather than just causes of non-compliance with procedures; and (d) adopt a broader view on the meaning of deviations from procedures, which should not necessarily be seen as negative. It is proposed that similar analysis to the one carried out in this paper be undertaken to other lean production elements (e.g. how lean practices such as kaizen, supply chain management and total productive maintenance may benefit safety?). An inverse analysis is also necessary, since some elements that are usually included in safety management systems can be integrated to lean production practices. }, author_keywords={Safety management, cognitive systems engineering, lean production, operations management }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schramm2006, author={Schramm, Fábio K. and Rodrigues, Alana A. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={The Role of Production System Design in the Management of Complex Projects}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={227-239}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/447}, affiliation={M.Sc., Assistant Professor at Federal University of Pelotas – UFPel, Ph.D. Candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, fabioks@ufpel.edu.br ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc., Researcher at NORIE/UFRGS, alana@ppgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), formoso@ufrgs.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 – 3º andar, CEP 90035-190, Porto Alegre – RS, Phone: +55 51 3316 3959 }, abstract={Production system design (PSD) is one of the core activities of production management. It translates the intended production strategy into a set of decisions. It establishes the structure that will manage different activities, and creates appropriate conditions for control and improvement. The design of production systems should begin at the early stages of product design, including not only on-site production itself but also on suppliers’ and consumers’ processes. In operational terms, a major concern is to devise the layout and the material and information flows in order to create favourable conditions for a more efficient production system. Despite its importance, very little attention is usually given to production system design in the construction industry. This paper discusses the implementation of production system design in complex construction projects, such as hospitals, industrial and commercial buildings. This discussion is based on the findings of two case studies, using a model for production system design devised for low cost repetitive house-building projects as a starting point. Differently from low cost house-building, in complex projects the client requirements are not usually well defined at the beginning of the project. This requires the production system design to be carried out in several stages. Another difference is the large number of subcontractors and suppliers involved and the high degree of interdependence between them. Some prototyping tools were used for reducing uncertainty, and to increase transparency. The main contribution of this paper is to propose the PSD as a way to cope with certain features of complex construction projects. It proposes the scope of decisions involved, and the requirements that are necessary to perform this task effectively in such projects. The results indicated that production system design can potentially improve the performance of production systems in such projects, and improve the understanding of the impacts of client requirements and design changes. }, author_keywords={Production system design, complex projects, production management }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2006, author={Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Process Benefits From Use of Standard Products – Simulation Experiments Using the Pipe Spool Model}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={177-188}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/448}, affiliation={Professor and Vice Chair of Instruction, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, FAX +1 (510) 643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Construction materials management and supply chain management are challenging not in the least because of the sheer number and variety of types of materials being assembled in any one project. Uniqueness of materials increases system complexity. This raises the question addressed in this paper: How may the use of increasing numbers of a standard product affect production system performance? To answer this question, we build on the pipe-spool model with ‘matching problems’ that was presented at the IGLC in 1997 but we study parameters that are different from those studied previously to illustrate how management practices may affect a production system’s behavior. Specifically, we show how the use of standard products alleviates the matching problem. Computer-based discrete-event simulation is known to be a useful tool to describe how lean systems may be designed and metrics applied to analyze their performance. Accordingly, we use simulation experiments to illustrate the relationship between the use of various numbers of standard products and process execution. As shown, small numbers of standard products result in some reduction of the project duration, but increasing numbers benefit the system disproportionately more. Using lessons learned from this experiment combined with other observations based on theory and practice, we provide directions for follow-on research and recommendations for managers to design their project-based production systems by exploiting product standardization opportunities. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, variability, product standardization, process modelling, materials management, supply chain management, discrete-event simulation, pipe, piping system, process plant, industrial construction, off-site fabrication }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Toolanen2006, author={Toolanen, Bengt and Olofsson, Thomas }, editor={ }, title={Relational Contracting and Process Design Promoting Cooperation}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={191-203}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/449}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Tech Lic., Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden Bengt.Toolanen@ltu.se ; Professor, Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden Thomas.Olofsson@ltu.se }, abstract={In Sweden as in many other countries new demands have led to the set-up of public committees and research projects for scrutinizing the construction sector. The main conclusions are that traditional models for managing the building process do not match the nature of today’s fast- track, uncertain and complex projects. Since 2004 there is also a government appointed Committee in Sweden dealing with these matters. It is interesting to notice that the Committee has already given prominence to Lean Construction ideas and concepts as a model for the future of the Swedish construction sector. New ideas and innovative concepts for the development of the construction process in huge projects which are extremely quick, uncertain and complex have been tested by the Swedish mining company LKAB at a pelletizing plant project described in this paper. The project is procured as a partnering project on DB (Design and Build) basis and with transparent remuneration form. The expectations and demands from the client concerning targets regarding time, cost and functions are set high. Advanced design models such as 3D, 4D and VR has been used to support a concurrent engineering design and construction process. This paper will mainly deal with the relational contracting aspects. Especially, how the contracting model affects the process design. The results of the study presented are based on a field survey case study carried through by the authors. }, author_keywords={Procurement models, project types, lean contracting, relational contracting, field survey, process design }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Villarouco2006, author={Villarouco, Vilma and Fittipaldi, Andréa }, editor={ }, title={A Better Plan for Construction Companies}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={567-574}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/450}, affiliation={Architect; Doctorate in Production Engineering; Professor at the Federal University of Pernambuco; Address: Av. Dezessete de Agosto, 2270 - Recife/PE - Brazil - CEP: 52.061-540; Phone 55 081 2126.8301; E-mail: villarouco@hotmail.com ; Engineer; Master's in Production Engineering; CREA-PE; Address: Av. Agamenom Magalhães -s/n ,: Recife/ PE - Brazil - Phone 55 081 91117791; E-mail: adfitti@terra.com.br }, abstract={A failure to adopt measures for improving production has been identified among a number of construction companies in Northeast Brazil, especially in comparison to the south and southeast regions of the country. Studies are being carried out with the aim of understanding the current development of building construction in the city of Recife and its metropolitan area in the state of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil; and identifying obstacles to the adoption of Lean Construction. The level of knowledge on the issue among companies has also been studied. Limited awareness regarding lean construction has been identified, together with a lack of studies on construction management in engineering courses. This paper shows the results of these research projects, which also investigated aspects of ISO 9000 certification among companies, as well as environmental management, production planning and control. Suggestions are made in an effort encourage the adoption of Lean Project Delivery among construction companies in the state of Pernambuco. The case studies developed here were part of larger research. }, author_keywords={Construction companies, Northeast Brazil, lean construction }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wu2006, author={Wu, Jianfeng and Soibelman, Lucio }, editor={ }, title={Graphical Analysis on Non-Conformances of Construction Production Processes: Ongoing Research and Case Study}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={393-405}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/451}, affiliation={PhD Student and Research Assistant, Civil and Env. Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Phone +1 412/268-6126, jianfen1@andrew.cmu.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering., Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Phone +1 412/268-2952, FAX +1 412/268-7813, lucio@andrew.cmu.edu }, abstract={The Last Planner™ system of production control, based on lean construction principles, has been broadly and successfully implemented in several projects over the past years. Its focus on work plan realization is useful in helping project management teams identify main problems that constrain the timely completion of individual activities, and decrease possible variability. However, potential problems in designs of production processes, which also contribute to risks and variability during their implementations, have been seldom studied and could be only learned and used by human planners in a subjective and implicit manner. In this paper, a research approach is detailed to address this problem by creating a generic and concise data representation for networks of construction production processes in support of graphical analysis and pattern recognition. As a part of this ongoing research, a case study is presented with preliminary results, which were obtained by applying the research approach on a Last Planner™ database of production control from a large capital facility project. Networks of production processes were analyzed by comparing type descriptions of the original plans and their actual performance. Interesting and statistically valid patterns were recognized in this study, such as correlations between the topology of a work plan and its probability of having non-completions during implementation. Such objective and explicit patterns could help project managers better understand potential problems in original designs of construction processes, and make informed decisions to decrease corresponding variability and increase reliability in planning and control. }, author_keywords={Graphical analysis, production processes, pattern recognition, knowledge discovery }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2007, author={Koskela, Lauri and Rooke, John and Bertelsen, Sven and Henrich, Guilherme }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The TFV Theory of Production: New Developments}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/452}, affiliation={Professor, School of the Built Environment – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2957960, FAX +44 161 2954587, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2956344, FAX +44 161 2954587, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk ; MSc, Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc., MBA, Ph.D. candidate, School of the Built Environment – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2954143, FAX +44 161 2954587, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper aims at reporting new developments in the understanding of the TFV (Transformation-Flow-Value generation) theory of production. This theory identifies three interdependent angles to production: transformation (achieved by resources workers, machines, etc.) oriented (T), materials oriented (F) and customer oriented (V). Fundamental ontological differences in the presuppositions of the three sub theories are pinpointed. In particular, the transformation theory subscribes to thing metaphysics, whilst the value generation theory is based on process metaphysics. It is suggested that for achieving an internal alignment among the sub theories, two different understandings should be distinguished: thing-metaphysics based (TFV)t and process metaphysics based (TFV)p. It is shown that the three different sub theories have often in practice been interpreted according to (TFV)t. However, the fundamental problems associated to this understanding are also pinpointed, and the limited range of application of (TFV)t is noted. In the consideration of (TFV)p, especially the transformation theory has to be reinterpreted as a processual conceptualization. It is suggested, following a hint from Shingo, that transformations equate to work. It is suggested that the traditional command and control (or management-as-planning) mode is in coherence with the (TFV)t theory. Unfortunately, this mode of control amplifies the conceptual shortcomings of the (TFV)t, and it has been found to be inefficient in practice. Instead, for (TFV)p, more holistic modes of control are needed. An initial exploration of control coherent with the (TFV)p conceptualization is made. }, author_keywords={Transformation, flow, value generation, production, metaphysics. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2007, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Henrich, Guilherme and Koskela, Lauri and Rooke, John }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Construction Physics}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={13-26}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/453}, affiliation={MSc, Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc., MBA, Ph.D. candidate, School of the Built Environment – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2954143, FAX +44 161 2954587, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2957960, FAX +44 161 2954587, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2956344, FAX +44 161 2954587, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={At the 14th annual conference in the International Group for Lean Construction in 2006 the authors presented the concept of construction as a process being fed by a number of flows out of which one is the critical one deciding the speed with which the process takes place. This contribution takes the idea further and sets out by discussing production in general and the underlying mental flow models associated with this understanding. It then suggests a new model for the understanding of the nature of project production with a focus on all the flows feeding this complex process. It continues by discussing the nature of the flows and at the same time looks at the impact of their variability at the project level. And finally it looks at the present tools for project management and their suitability in a process understanding of the project where particularly the nature of Last Planner is discussed. }, author_keywords={Construction physics, flow, project management, mental models }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rooke2007, author={Rooke, John and Koskela, Lauri and Bertelsen, Sven and Henrich, Guilherme }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Centred Flows: A Lean Approach to Decision Making and Organisation}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={27-36}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/454}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of Construction and Property Management – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2956344, FAX +44 161 2954587, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Construction and Property Management – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2957960, FAX +44 161 2954587, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; MSc, Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc., MBA, Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2954143, FAX +44 161 2954587, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Koskela has argued that the flow conception of production is a key to understanding and generating improvement innovations. However, it has tended to be assumed that this view is appropriate for the analysis of processes, rather than of operations. However, it is notable that Shingo also conceives of operations in terms of flows. The flow conception treats the process holistically, as a continuum, time is central to understanding them. Events, rather than objects, are key units. It is argued here that the key distinction between a process flow and an operational flow is that processes are essentially passive, acted upon by operations. Conversely, operations, whether human or mechanical, have the quality of intentionality. It is suggested that the idea of 'competence', borrowed from ethno methodology is a prime analytic device for understanding operational flows. Human activities have the quality that they can be understood as practical competencies or abilities that we can acquire for ourselves. It is suggested that we can extend production theory to examine the production of organisation, as distinct from its usual focus on the organisation of production. The organisations which design, construct and manage the built environment may be viewed as social processes which are produced in the exercise of the operational competences of their memberships. }, author_keywords={Lean Theory, Flows, Operations, Organisation, Competence }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Codinhoto2007, author={Codinhoto, Ricardo and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Method of Analysis in Production Management}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={37-45}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/455}, affiliation={Research Fellow, SCRI / HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, Phone: +44 (0)161 2953507, e-mail: r.codinhoto@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, Phone: +44 (0)161 2956378, e-mail: l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Academic Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2954284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, tel. +44 (0)161 2953855, e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The method of analysis was developed by ancient Greek geometers to identify and solve problems related to geometry. From that period, well known scientists such as Newton and Descartes have applied the method. More recently, Polya has presented the method of analysis as a heuristic template to solve mathematical and other problems. Despite its continual epistemological dilution, the method has also been used to explain the cognitive process of designing. In this paper it is claimed that the method of analysis can also explain production management. It seems that the method of analysis has been used across different levels of management in production, i.e. from a holistic/strategic perspective through to detailed levels. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to discuss whether the method of analysis provides a partial theoretical foundation for production planning. The research approach is literature review with an emphasis on the method of analysis and synthesis. The conclusion is that the method of analysis and synthesis adds to the theoretical explanation of both design and production. }, author_keywords={Analysis and synthesis, production planning }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2007, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Towards a New Understanding of the Construction Industry and the Nature of Its Production}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={46-56}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/456}, affiliation={MSc, Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il }, abstract={Looking around, there is no doubt that the poor performance of today’s construction industry is a global phenomenon. This leads to reflections on the nature of the industry itself and its project performance compared to the situation before World War II. Have the projects and or the industry changed for the worse? And if so, why? And how can it be changed back again – if getting back is desirable? This paper looks at the industry and the projects from flow and complexity points of view and observes that the whole industry forms one very complex and dynamic network, whose nature and behaviour is poorly understood. It applies two basic rules to the complex network: the economic driver of service industries that demands optimization of resource utilisation, and the fundamental rule of queuing theory that relates waiting time and/or buffers to capacity utilisation rates. Taken together, these rules begin to provide an understanding of this network and its behaviour that offers a reasonable explanation for the industry’s performance. }, author_keywords={Complex networks; Construction management; Flow; Stalemate; Subcontractors; Variability. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chen2007, author={Chen, Qian and Reichard, Georg and Beliveau, Yvan }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Interface Management - A Facilitator of Lean Construction and Agile Project Management}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={57-66}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/457}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Building Construction, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, Phone +1 540/239-1479, FAX 540/231-7339, qchen@vt.edu ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Building Construction, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, Phone +1 540/818-4603, reichard@vt.edu ; G.A. Snyder Falkinham Professor and Head, Dept. of Building Construction, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, Phone +1 540/818-4602, yvan@vt.edu }, abstract={This paper aims to establish and clarify the close relationships between Interface Management (IM) and the two emerging construction management philosophies: lean construction and agile project management (APM). The applications of these two approaches face great challenges from a project’s complexity. IM, managing and controlling interrelationships or interactions among elements of complex project systems, can help augment these two strategic approaches and facilitate the implementation of related techniques and methods in the dynamic built environment. This paper first briefly introduces the new concept of IM and its benefits to construction management. Then, it reviews lean construction and APM respectively. During the review, this paper simultaneously investigates the benefits that IM can offer to these two approaches in regard to philosophy and technique. In conclusion, it is assessed that IM can greatly improve the implementation of lean production and APM in construction and help optimize overall performance of construction project systems. }, author_keywords={Interface management, lean production, lean construction, agile, agile project management, multi-disciplinary team, complexity. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Forsberg2007, author={Forsberg, Azam and Saukkoriipi, Lasse }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Measurement of Waste and Productivity in Relation to Lean Thinking}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={67-76}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/458}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Architecture and Infrastructure, Luleå University of Technology, SE- 971 87 Luleå, Sweden, +46 (0) 70-794 76 23, azam.forsberg@ltu.se ; Tech. lic, Building Economics and Management, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins gata 8, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden, +46 (0)31-7721964, lasse.saukkoriipi@chalmers.se }, abstract={In the Swedish construction sector there have been debates concerning what can be done about the current low productivity and the high levels of wastes. During the last few years it has become more common to utilize principles from lean construction as a way to enhance the problems concerning the levels of productivity and waste. The aim of this paper is to do a literature review on measurement of waste and productivity. Terms waste and productivity will be compared and discussed in relation to lean construction. Furthermore this paper will highlight the use of lean philosophy to reduce waste and improve productivity in the Swedish construction industries. The study shows that the term ‘waste’ is more closely related to lean thinking than productivity is, but both terms are according to our analysis nonetheless important when striving for cost reductions. Furthermore there is a need of changing in the way of thinking in order to create a value added activities that can cut down production cost in the Swedish construction industries. }, author_keywords={Waste, productivity, lean construction, Swedish construction industry and performance measurements. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neto2007, author={Neto, Jose de Paula Barros and Alves, Thais da C.L. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Strategic Issues in Lean Construction Implementation}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={78-87}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/459}, affiliation={Professor, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, Bloco 710, Pici, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br ; Assistant Professor, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, Bloco 710, Pici, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, thaiscla@yahoo.com }, abstract={The paper discusses topics on production strategy and the need for proper definition of strategic goals before the implementation of Lean Production/Construction in construction companies. This research was motivated by two main reasons. The first reason is that few papers in the construction management literature tackle the relationship between strategic issues and Lean, even at IGLC conferences. The second is that construction companies seem to have implemented Lean in operational levels starting from tools and principles with low level of complexity without actually linking these to the companies’ strategic goals. Without proper strategic orientation Lean implementation may fail like other initiatives to improve companies’ performance. The research method used in this investigation comprised three phases: literature review, field research, and interviews with specialists and managers in construction companies. The authors carried out a research on a group of construction companies that have been implementing Lean in their construction sites and looked for evidences that link operational action to strategic planning. The paper concludes with the results of the cross analysis between the cases and the interviews as well as recommendations to assure proper engagement between Lean and strategic issues in construction companies. }, author_keywords={Strategy, production strategy, lean construction implementation. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, is