@CONFERENCE{Alarcón1996, author={Alarcón, Luis F. and Serpell, Alfredo }, editor={ }, title={Performance Measuring Benchmarking, and Modelling of Construction Projects}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1}, affiliation={Department of Construction Engineering and management, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile ; Department of Construction Engineering and management, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile }, abstract={A research effort currently underway is described in this paper. The project comprises the design and implementation of project performance measurement systems in construction companies, with the dual purpose of supporting continuous improvement for company operations and to generate a database with empirical information on projects. This database will be useful to develop third party benchmarking to contribute to the improvement of the industry as a whole. This research proposes the development of computer models that combine empirical information with expert knowledge to perform model based benchmarking. The achievement of the objectives of this research should affect the way in which performance is measured and decisions are made in projects. The implementation of performance measurement systems, that include measures adapted to lean construction can be a real driver for continuous improvement of project processes. The compilation of empirical information, and its integration with the experience found in the industry and in project teams, will provide new evidence on project performance. This will assist in exploring the mechanisms and existing interactions through the use of simulation models. The proposed analysis may take a first step in deriving first principles on project performance. This research project lends itself to a collaborative research effort which could be carried out in different countries and locations. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard1996, author={Ballard, Glenn and Carsten, Mike and Howell, Greg }, editor={ }, title={PARC: A Case Study}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2}, affiliation={ }, abstract={ }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barlow1996, author={Barlow, James }, editor={ }, title={Partnering, Lean Production and the High Performance Workplace}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/3}, affiliation={School of Construction, Housing and Surveying, University of Westminster, 35 Marylebone Road, London, NW1 5LS UK. Tel. 0171-911 5879. E-mail barlowj@westminster.ac.uk }, abstract={Undoubtedly, more attention is being paid in the British construction industry to the lessons that can be learnt from manufacturing for improving its production processes. These include such lean production concerns as teamwork, customer focus, quality control, JIT production and continuous improvement. Arguably, though, it is the ‘softer’, ‘cultural’ areas relating to inter-organisational collaboration that have become a particular focus of attention in the 1990s. The paper, based on research being carried out for the ESRC Innovation Programme, argues that ‘partnering’ has to be seen in a context of the search for new organisational practices covering a range of related issues. These include human resource management, information management and collaborative working practices. Underlying many of these are notions of ‘high-performance’ work systems emphasising the management of employees as away of improving performance. High-performance systems involve the devolution of responsibility for decision making to smaller business units, and teams within those units, in order to create a more flexible, customer-focused organisation. Using case studies of five partnering relationships, involving some 40 companies, the research explores the way the organisational changes arising from partnering are related to wider concerns, some of which draw on notions of lean and other high performance production systems. }, author_keywords={Partnering, Construction, High-performance production systems, Managerial practices }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Horman1996, author={Horman, Michael and Kenley, Russell }, editor={ }, title={The Application of Lean Production to Project Management }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/5}, affiliation={Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia. m.horman@architecture.unimelb.edu.au ; Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia. kenley@arbld.unimelb.edu.au }, abstract={Project management that solely focuses on the management of time, cost and quality cannot comprehensively ensure the satisfactory meeting of a customer’s needs. Project management performance with regard to this issue can be improved by enhancing project management’s ability to meet a customer’s needs. This paper introduces lean project management to address this concern. Lean project management forms a complementary approach to current project management practice and has been constructed by drawing together two approaches: management of projects and lean production. The management of project’s emphasis on meeting customer needs effectively and lean production’s emphasis on meeting customer needs efficiently are utilised in lean project management to improve project management performance. The amalgamation of lean production with management of projects to form lean project management is examined and justified at the methodological level. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell1996, author={Howell, Gregory and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Can Project Controls Do Its Job? }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/6}, affiliation={Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131. 505 277 2328. Howell@UNM.EDU ; Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univerity of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. 510 530 8656. ballardz@euler.Berkeley.EDU }, abstract={Advanced practice is well out front of theory, the lack of which now inhibits further progress in practice. In order to bridge this gap, a production management model is proposed for project controls, in recognition of the dynamic nature of today’s projects and the new management challenges they pose. Projects that once were small, certain and simple are now becoming large, uncertain and complex. The models and techniques suited to the management of yesterday’s projects do not work on the projects of today. We need to control management processes, not only project outcomes. Traditional outcome measures such as cost and schedule can only be used for management decision making on dynamic projects when the project management systems are themselves in control. The primary indicator of such control is the reliability of production planning. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell1996, author={Howell, Greg and Miles, Robert and Fehlig, Charlie and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Beyond Partnering: Toward a New Approach to Project Management?}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/7}, affiliation={Associate Professor University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM 87131 ; Mechanical Technology Coordinator & Corporate Senior Advisor,, Industrial Design Corporation ((IIDC)),, 2020 SW 4th Ave,, 3rd Floor,, Portland OR 97201. ; Captain USN,, Officer In Charge of Consstruction,, Portsmouth Naval Hospital Portsmouth VA ; Ballard Management Services,, 4536 Fieldbrook,, Oakland,, CA 94619. }, abstract={Partnering is a programmatic Band--Aid on the current construction management system. Claims caused by fundamental weaknesses in this system gave rise to partnering. These weaknesses are particularly apparent on today’s complex uncertain and quick projects. Partnering exposes and partially fills a gap in current practice but has had little impact on underlying mental models, the management off production or commercial contracting. Moving beyond partnering means challenging and revising current thinking and practice. This paper proposes that the construction process must be reconceived from the purchase of a product to a prototyping process. Changing the underlying mental model makes possible new approaches to managing production from concept through completion. In turn these approaches to approaches will suggest new ways to contract. Disputes will not vanish as they will remain an inevitable consequence of innovation but the frequency of commercial conflicts may be reduced. The paper argues that partnering is an attempt to install important aspects of the prototyping model into the current product purchase model. Examples drawn from practices show the limits of current practices. They suggest a shift away form the primary focus on disputes arising in commercial contracting to the management of a concurrent design and construction process. Early examples of these trends are discussed and the workshop responses from industry representatives are reported. The paper closes with suggestion for future trends and a suggestion that Partnering be viewed as one of many programmatic efforts working to reform construction management. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela1996, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Towards the Theory of (Lean) Construction }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/8}, affiliation={VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FI-02044 VTT, Finland }, abstract={Issues related to the formulation of the theory of construction are considered. The roles of a theory in science and in practice are discussed. It is argued that many theoretical problems related to construction are due to general deficiencies of engineering and production theories, caused by one of their conceptual foundations, the conversion model. The origin and evolution of the conversion model are discussed. The shortcomings of the conversion model are illustrated by the case of project management. The beginning of a transition from the conversion model to alternative models is observed in a number of engineering and production disciplines. A similar paradigm shift is needed also for construction. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela1996, author={Koskela, Lauri and Lahdenperä, Pertti and Tanhuanpää, Veli-Pekka }, editor={ }, title={Sounding the Potential of Lean Construction: A Case Study}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/9}, affiliation={VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FI-02044 VTT, Finland ; VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FI-02044 VTT, Finland ; VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FI-02044 VTT, Finland }, abstract={The paper gives an overview on the results of a case study, where the progress of a fast track office building project was monitored. Two main issues are considered: What were the time and cost consequences of the speeding up methods utilized? What would have been the potential of further speeding up? }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Love1996, author={Love, Peter E.D. and MacSporran, Carol and Tucker, Selwyn N. }, editor={ }, title={The Application of Information Technology by Australian Contractors: Toward Process Re-Engineering}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/10}, affiliation={Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Division of Building, Construction and Engineering, PO Box 56, Highett, Victoria 3190, Australia ; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Division of Building, Construction and Engineering, PO Box 56, Highett, Victoria 3190, Australia ; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Division of Building, Construction and Engineering, PO Box 56, Highett, Victoria 3190, Australia }, abstract={Information technology (IT) has been advocated as the key enabler of process re-engineering in the construction industry. Process re-engineering represents a philosophy of change which embraces a fundamental paradigm of rethinking and redesign of processes, including lean construction. Its potential application to the construction industry is gradually being recognised. The management of processes invariably requires information, and therefore the capacity for IT to enable process re-engineering in the construction industry needs to be investigated. However, it is suggested that before the potential benefits of IT and process reengineering can be realised, current work practices need to be explored. A recent survey of 47 contracting companies’ current and future applications of IT and the benefits and problems associated with its implementation are described. The results obtained suggest that advanced applications of IT such as simulation, expert systems, and supplier direct-link ordering were limited in their appeal to Australian contractors. This paper concludes that contractors do not foresee IT as having a significant impact on their current work practices, although it is suggested that contractors are possibly not aware of its potential application.The implementation of IT as the key enabler of process re-engineering is discussed. }, author_keywords={ information technology, process re-engineering, process, enabler. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rooke1996, author={Rooke, John and Crook, Darryll }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction Theory as an Exercise in Practical Reasoning }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/11}, affiliation={School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. E-mail J.A.Rooke@bham.ac.uk ; School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. E-mail D.J.Crook@bham.ac.uk }, abstract={Of the new production philosophy of Lean Construction (LC), Koskela (1992) has argued “The conceptual basis of construction management and engineering is obsolete. Formalization of the scientific foundations of construction management and engineering is a primary goal for the research community. […] The practical application of the new philosophy has commenced and diffused without any scientific, formalised basis […] The theoretical and conceptual understanding of the new production approach is still limited. […] [T]here is yet no unified, coherent and consistent theory. […] An explicit, preferably formalized theoretical basis is necessary for transfer of the new philosophy to new settings and for effective education.” Before successful efforts at development of this theoretical and conceptual understanding can be made, there is an a priori need to achieve a sound understanding of the philosophical underpinnings of what ‘Lean Construction Theory’ might consist of. We will argue that LC theorising is a form of social enquiry and hence empirical studies of the social interaction of managers involved in projects must be the starting point, the focus, the culmination and the ultimate and only basis of all theoretical activity in LC. We examine the nature of the phenomena LC theorists are investigating and as a result dispute that LC theory will necessarily have a scientific foundation. We therefore undertake a preliminary attempt to sketch out some ground rules for a consistent and coherent approach to LC Theory. We suggest that just as construction management is the practical accomplishment of the situated social action of managers, so management theorising is the practical accomplishment of the situated social action of management theorists. Drawing throughout on the respecification of sociology offered by ethnomethodology (Garfinkel, 1984), we will highlight the nature of theorising as an exercise in practical reasoning. Just as Lean Construction has respecified the construction process, ethnomethodology has respecified the process of social research and theorising. This approach highlights the similarity between the entirely practical exercise of theory-building and those activities the theory is about. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, theory, methodology, ethnomethodology, interpretive paradigm }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos1996, author={Santos, Aguinaldo dos and Formoso, Carlos T and Hinks, John }, editor={ }, title={Method of Intervention on the Flow of Materials in Building Processes }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/12}, affiliation={M.Sc., PhD. student at University of Salford. A.SANTOS@SURVEYING.SALFORD.AC.UK ; M.Sc., PhD., NORIE, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. FORMOSO@VORTEX.UFRGS.BR ; Bsc. (Hons), MA, PhD, The Research Centre for the Built and Human Environment, University of Salford. J.HINKS@SURVEYING.SALFORD.AC.UK }, abstract={This paper discusses some aspects of a method of intervention in building processes that proved to be an effective mechanism for the learning of new production concepts. The intervention technique is designed to act as a starting point in quality and productivity improvement programs, which companies adopt and operate alone and in a competitive manner. It is oriented to producing rapid results, based on low-cost improvements, made without the need for changes in technology. The method involves an intensive data collection, the group analysis and formulation of a plan of improvements related with the operations strategy. The entire process, including the application of the improvements and a second diagnosis, required around six months for the nineteen small and medium-sized building companies involved. The principal outcomes appear to be a motivation within the companies to continue the process of improvement which the intervention started coupled with changes in the site production culture. SANTOS, , M.Sc., PhD. student at University of Salford A.SANTOS@SURVEYING.SALFORD.AC.UK FORMOSO, Carlos T., HINKS, John, }, author_keywords={ TQM, productivity, lean production, operations management, building process, process change, learning culture }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Serpell1996, author={Serpell, Alfredo and Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Ghio, Virgilio }, editor={ }, title={A General Framework for Improvement of the Construction Process }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/13}, affiliation={Department of Construction Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. ; Department of Construction Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. ; Department of Construction Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. }, abstract={A general framework developed for construction improvement and waste reduction is presented. This framework has been successfully applied during the last three years to several construction sites in Chile, through consulting services and research studies. The approach includes a set of structured activities and tools that are performed and applied for the identification and evaluation of the problems that produce construction waste, and the causes associated to them. A second stage of the approach corresponds to the development of both short and mid-term solutions in order to act on the factors that produce these problems with the purpose of reducing or eliminating their effects. A summary of the major improvements achieved through the application of this framework is also included to show the potential of this approach. }, author_keywords={construction, construction management, change management, waste reduction, productivity improvement }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seymour1996, author={Seymour, David }, editor={ }, title={Developing Theory in Lean Construction }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/14}, affiliation={School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK. E-mail D.E.Seymour@bham.ac.uk }, abstract={The consensus at the Third Annual Conference of IGLC was that a Lean Construction (LC) philosophy and practice, distinct from existing construction praxes, are beginning to emerge. The need was identified to articulate and refine LC theory. In an attempt to contribute to the pursuit of this aim , the paper elaborates the proposition that a characteristic of existing organization and management theory is its inability to provide an adequate account of its own praxis. This is so because such theory is rooted in the rationalist or Cartesian paradigm which assumes the possibility of distinguishing between objective and subjective, and is, therefore, unable to address the actual processes, dynamics and so on that currently exist. In particular, there is a need to clarify, through empirical study, the relationship between research and its associated theory building and practice. Thus, there follow two issues which must form part of the LC agenda. First, a much more detailed understanding of current practice is necessary. Second, LC researchers, in pursuing their essentially action-oriented or developmental approach, in which the demonstration of practical benefit is at a premium, must be careful not to fall into the rationalist trap. This will be achieved to the extent that whatever theory they develop reflects the empirical realities that constitute the processes in which they are involved. }, author_keywords={lean Construction, rationalist philosophy, theory, method, socio-technical systems, practical reasoning }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cooper1996, author={Cooper, Rachel and Hinks, John and Allen, Stephen and Carmichael, Stuart }, editor={ }, title={Adversaries or Partners? A Case Study of an Established Long-Term Relationship Between a Client and Major Contractor }, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/15}, affiliation={University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK. ; University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK. ; University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK. ; University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK. }, abstract={The paper presents details from a pilot case study from an IMI EPSRC funded research project. The case study examines a 20 year relationship between a client and contractor during which 15 projects have been successfully completed. The paper also examines the traditional nature of relationships in the construction industry and contrasts this to those found in the manufacturing industry. Research findings from the case study are presented and examined and, combining this with recent literature from both construction and manufacturing, a conceptual model of business relationships is presented. The intention of the research is to test and develop this model in subsequent case studies with the intention of producing practical guidelines for effective working relationships between designated stakeholders on construction projects. }, author_keywords={long-term relationships, attitudes, culture, behaviour }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Smook1996, author={Smook, Roger A.F. and Melles, Bert and Welling, Derk Th. }, editor={ }, title={Co-Ordinating the Supply Chain - Diffussing Lean Production in Construction}, journal={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={4th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/16}, affiliation={Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Building Engineering and Construction Management Section Design- & Construction Management. Delft Lean Construction Group ; Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Building Engineering and Construction Management Section Design- & Construction Management. Delft Lean Construction Group ; Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Building Engineering and Construction Management Section Design- & Construction Management. Delft Lean Construction Group }, abstract={This paper discusses the importance of co-ordinating the supply chain in the building process in the Netherlands in the case of implementing the lean production philosophy. }, address={Birmingham, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard1997, author={Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Lookahead Planning: The Missing Link in Production Control }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={13-26}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/17}, affiliation={Glenn Ballard is a founding member of IGLC, a construction industry consultant, and a Lecturer in the Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley. }, abstract={Lookahead planning is one of the decision functions that constitute production control systems. It stands between overall project coordination schedules and short term crew level commitments, shaping work flow and screening out scheduled activities that “should” but cannot be done and thereby improving the success rate of completing the tasks assigned in weekly and daily plans. When measured against such objectives, current industry lookahead planning is poorly performed. A case study is presented to illustrate current procedures and performance, and suggestions are offered for improvement. }, author_keywords={lean construction, lookahead, production control }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Conte1997, author={Conte, Antonio Sergio Itri and Martinelli, Frederico Augusto }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Aiming the Lean Enterprise The "Plano 100" Case }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/18}, affiliation={Logical Systems Consulting Ltd. fax: +55 11 573 1397, e mail: asiconte@usp.br ; Rossi Residencial Research and Development Coordinator }, abstract={Based on the model proposed by Womack and Jones in their book "Lean Thinking" (1996), this work discusses the strategy for developing and introducing a product in the market based on real state destined to medium class, developed by the company Rossi Residencial, under de commercial name of "Plano 100". In this case, the company clearly intends to involve all ||| elements of the productive chain with the objective of reaching the best results, so that the products that attract clients due to their quality and low costs are viable, as well as the operational activities both of the company and its professional team and of its main suppliers/partners in relation to materials and services supplying. }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seymour1997, author={Seymour, David and Rooke, John and Crook, Darryll }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Doing Lean Construction and Talking About Lean Construction }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={53-62}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/19}, affiliation={David Seymour is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham. His current interests include the impact of TQM, process reengineering, lean construction, culture and the role of theory in construction. ; John Rooke is a Research Associate in the School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham with interest in applying ethnomethodologically-informed ethnographic research techniques to construction. ; Darryll Crook is currently reading for a Ph.D. in the School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham and is concerned with methodological issues in construction management, focusing on the social interaction of managers in construction. }, abstract={For the ideas and practices of Lean Construction (LC) to be successfully disseminated, effective communication is at a premium. This communication takes place in various contexts: workshops, seminars, conferences, and ‘out there’, in the industry. Conventionally, a number of distinctions, the most common of which is one between theorising and practice, are used to characterise what goes on in these different settings. We suggest that, when we wish to address cultural phenomena like LC praxis (theory/practice), where the communication of what it is we mean plays such a vital role, such distinctions are misleading and give rise to much confusion. Instead, therefore, we propose that statements about LC, which might be assumed to have a distinct theoretical or abstract status, be seen as a kind of act and be treated as any other kind of act. In other words, we will suggest that talk about LC, whether this be referred to as theorising, explaining or describing and practice (doing LC) should be conceived of as essentially the same kinds of activity. }, author_keywords={lean construction, communication }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Faniran1997, author={Faniran, Olusegun O. and Oluwoye, Jacob O. and Lenard, Dennis }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Application of the Lean Production Concept to Improving the Construction Planning Process }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={39-52}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/20}, affiliation={Olusegun O. Faniran is a Research Associate in the Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology, Sydney. ; Jacob O. Oluwoye is a Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology, Sydney. ; Dennis Lenard is a Professor in the Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology, Sydney. }, abstract={The concept of lean production emphasises maximising the effectiveness of a production process while at the same time maximising the efficiency of the process. This concept provides a useful tool for developing an efficient and effective approach to managing the construction planning process. Four approaches to planning - satisficing planning, optimising planning, contingency planning and responsiveness planning - were identified from a review of general planning literature. Inputs to the construction planning process with significant value adding potential were identified using correlational analysis and were used as a taxonomy for assessing the appropriateness of the different planning approaches for efficient and effective construction planning. The assessment showed that construction firms need to shift from the current prevailing satisficing approach to construction planning and strive ultimately towards a contingency approach to construction planning in order to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in the construction planning process. A continuous improvement plan for effective construction planning was developed as a guide for construction firms. }, author_keywords={lean construction, construction planning, continuous improvement }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fowler1997, author={Fowler, Charles }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Process Improvement of the Building Services Engineering Industry: The Transatlantic Challenge }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={27-38}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/21}, affiliation={Charles Fowler is the leader of the Reading Production Engineering Group, Department of Construction Management & Engineering, University of Reading, Reading, UK. }, abstract={Currently, the UK construction industry is under great pressure to make radical improvements in its productivity and cost performance without lowering the quality of the finished product. The industry must thoroughly evaluate its processes as it moves from a base in traditional crafts to a value for money, integrated production process encompassing the whole supply chain. In response to this challenge, the best practice production techniques and processes of the building services engineering industry in the US were identified and appraised for their potential application in the UK. A typical new building in the USA may contain a higher level of engineering services than its equivalent in the UK; its construction is at the same time considerably less expensive. The visit, sponsored by the UK Department of Trade and Industry, took place between 24 November and 7 December 1996. Meetings were arranged with a variety of construction professionals from different areas, from Pittsburgh to San Francisco via St Louis, Chicago, New York, Houston and Denver. The group recorded its findings, and this paper discusses their relevance to the UK industry. Recommendations are given in the form of an Action Plan by which the UK construction industry may in the future maintain its high quality while increasing its productivity and cost effectiveness. }, author_keywords={building services engineering, process improvement, productivity }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fowler1997, author={Fowler, Charles and Gray, Colin }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Constructional Steelwork: A Strategy for Change by 2005 }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={91-102}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/22}, affiliation={Charles Fowler is the Deputy Director of the Reading Production Engineering Group, Department of Construction Management & Engineering, University of Reading, Reading, UK. ; Colin Gray is the Director of the Reading Production Engineering Group, Department of Construction Management & Engineering, University of Reading, Reading, UK. }, abstract={The construction industry is facing increasing pressure to make a concerted effort to undertake substantial improvements in productivity and cost performance without compromising standards of quality and individuality. To achieve this goal, it will be necessary for designers, suppliers, contractors and clients to work together to adopt a cohesive strategy for continuing business improvement and change. The pan-European CIMsteel project is focused onto the overall improvement of the design and delivery of structural steelwork for both light and heavy structures through the integration of the design and manufacturing processes. The conclusion of the first stage was that the cost of steel frame construction must be reduced by 15% in real terms for it to remain competitive. An improvement target such as this is only relevant in the broadest sense to be used to point the direction of change. As yet the industry has not got a robust and reliable method of assembling and publishing data on which individual project performance can be set. The data on which the target cost reduction are based do have a consistency and are based on a wide range of sources which give a certain degree of confidence in the figure. Individual project organisations will have to make their own judgement of where they are in terms of improvement, but unless they set big targets for improvement then the industry will become uncompetitive. This raises the issue of who determines the industry's competitiveness. At the moment clients and external project participants set the agenda. In the future the industry must wrest the initiative and this is the potential power within the CIMsteel project. Not only can advanced IT be used to help the industry performance it can also be used to control the interface with the project and so enable the industry to maximise its production and competitive capability. This paper is based upon stage two of the Wider Industry Challenge package of the CIMsteel project and principally discusses the implications of using benchmarks to set an agenda for sustainable change in the competitive position of the industry. An improvement methodology is given from which strategies for change are derived: a mechanism for sustainable performance improvement is postulated. Finally, the key issues which the constructional steelwork industry must address are highlighted. }, author_keywords={constructional steelwork, process improvement, benchmarking }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ghio1997, author={Ghio, Virgilio A. }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Development of Construction Work Methods and Detailed Production Planing for on-Site Productivity Improvement }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={149-156}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/23}, affiliation={Virgilio A. Ghio is with CVG Construction Engineers, Camino Real 1225, Of. 302, Lima, Peru. }, abstract={This paper describes the work conducted to improve productivity during the construction of a Shopping Centre in South America. The work was based on: detailed “design” of construction methods, including the equipment, optimum crew, work procedures, and; detailed production planning, generated in weekly and daily basis. The construction job was particularly complicated due to the hundreds of change orders demanded by the owner and the owner’s clients. The construction followed a fast track scheme, and the contractor was forced to accept last minute changes which generated all sort of delays and work peaks. As in many countries, the actual construction depends mainly on the foremen and crew leaders. The work presented in this paper empowers the construction field engineer, allowing him to plan, control and optimize on-site construction performance. Despite the many project change orders and the resistance of foremen to change, after 10 weeks the productivity of the job was increased two fold. Numerical results, as well as the methodology applied for this study are discussed in this paper. }, author_keywords={construction performance, productivity improvement }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ghio1997, author={Ghio, Virgilio A. and Valle, Ernesto and Rischmoller, Leonardo }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Preplanning: A Rewarding Experience }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={115-120}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/24}, affiliation={Virgilio A. Ghio is with CVG Construction Engineers, Camino Real 1225, Of. 302, Lima, Peru. ; Ernesto Valle is with Vainsa Engineering and Construction, Napoleon 3010, Of. 51A, Santiago, Chile. ; Leonardo Rischmoller is a Graduate Student in Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago, Chile. }, abstract={This paper describes the methodology and results obtained after productivity improvement work conducted on two consecutive building construction jobs. The first one was used to evaluate production rates and productivity, current construction methods, potentials and lacks of construction equipment, current construction planning methodology, and existing tools to asses productivity. These are briefly discussed in this paper. The second job was preplanned based on the experience and detailed documentation obtained in the first one. Work was conducted in order to “design” construction methods in detail, develop a detailed production planning based on the construction methods developed, select crew components and select their specific tasks, and design communication and control tools. Although the second job’s schedule and budget were originally calculated using standard methods (i.e. historical production rates), new schedule and budget were calculated based on the preplanning effort. Construction performance was measured against these values. }, author_keywords={ preplanning, construction performance, productivity }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein1997, author={Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Discrete-Event Simulation of Lean Construction Processes }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={121-136}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/25}, affiliation={Iris D. Tommelein is an Acting Associate Professor in Construction Engineering and Management at the Uunversity of California, Berkeley. She specializes in site logistics and materials management, and develops decision-support tools for production control. }, abstract={Little work has been done to date in formally modeling concepts of lean construction, such as uncertainty, waste, flow, conversion, and push vs. pull techniques. This lack of formalization has been blamed in part on the inability of the project-management tools commonly used in industry to describe the construction process and its salient features at a level at which lean production can be studied. However, existing process-level construction models prove to be useful in this regard. Accordingly, this paper describes the use of computer software for discrete-event simulation to represent various construction process characteristics relevant to lean production. Two examples are provided. The first one illustrates the flow and conversion of pipe spools through their design and installation process. Spools exemplify unique materials, measured in discrete quantities. The second one illustrates the flow and conversion of concrete through its batching and placement process. Concrete exemplifies bulk materials, measured by volume. The examples show what types of system-level information can be generated using discrete-event simulation and how this information may be used to redesign construction processes in order to make them leaner. }, author_keywords={lean construction; materials management; discrete-event simulation; uncertainty; process planning; concrete placement }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Horman1997, author={Horman, Michael and Kenley, Russell and Jennings, Victor }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Aa Lean Approach to Construction: an Historical Case Study }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={63-76}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/26}, affiliation={Lecturer, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ; Senior Lecturer, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ; Researcher, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia }, abstract={The paper outlines a case study revealing the early employment of flow principles in construction. Insights are gathered with a view to assist present-day efforts to adopt alternative management approaches in construction, such as lean production and just-in-time.The case is that of Jennings, previously one of the largest house-building organisations in Australia. Concurrent with Toyota’s development of lean production, including the just-in-time production method, Jennings employed some of the principles to which lean ideas are attributed. Their practices included the use of flow production, supply-chains, standardised design approach, unitary production, and quality measurement. Jennings’ practices are reviewed and the way in which the organisation initially adapted them to the characteristic conditions of construction examined. Further the circumstances surrounding the dilution of these principles, an act which has partly led to the novelty of lean approaches in construction today, are reviewed. }, author_keywords={ construction flow, supply-chains, standardisation, housing, Jennings }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela1997, author={Koskela, Lauri and Ballard, Glenn and Tanhuanpää, Veli-Pekka }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Towards Lean Design Management}, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/27}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Espoo, Finland ; Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley ; Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Espoo, Finland }, abstract={The paper forwards the following hypotheses, which are new or previously little treated, in regard to design management: (1) There is an optimal sequence of design tasks. (2) Internal and external uncertainties tend to push the design process away from the optimal sequence. (3) Out-of-sequence design process leads to low productivity, prolonged duration and decreased value of the design solution. (4) It is possible and worthwhile to enforce (through measurements and managerial control) the realization of the optimal or near optimal sequence. These hypotheses are theoretically grounded and empirically justified through results from case studies and experimentations. Associated methods, like the Design Structure Matrix and the Last Planner, are presented. }, author_keywords={design management; design structure matrix; short term planning; concurrent engineering }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marosszeky1997, author={Marosszeky, Marton and Karim, Khalid }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Benchmarking - a Tool for Lean Construction }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={157-167}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/28}, affiliation={ Associate Professor in the School of Building and Director of the Building Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia ; Research fellow at the Building Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia }, abstract={Globalisation of the economy has lead to an increased competition in what is rapidly becoming a universal market. While the manufacturing sector has been relatively quick in responding to the changing business environment, the construction industry has lagged behind. The manufacturing industry has derived great benefits from measuring its performance through critical success factors as a part of a regime of continuous improvement. The construction industry can adopt similar practices of performance measurement and comparison to develop a culture of ‘lean construction’ through continuous improvement. The objective of this approach is to lower costs and increase productivity, resulting in a sustained competitive edge. This approach will involve development of metrics for performance measurement and benchmarking them with the best. This paper looks at the elements of lean production and lean construction, as well as the current practices, issues and outcomes of performance measurement and benchmarking. Some of the key performance issues that could be targeted for improved productivity in the construction industry are highlighted along with the potential benefits that would accrue to the industry. }, author_keywords={lean construction, performance measurement, benchmarking }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Miles1997, author={Miles, Robert and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Contracting for Lean Performance: Contracts and the Lean Construction Team}, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={103-113}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/29}, affiliation={Mechanical Technology Coordinator and Corporate Senior Advisor, Industrial Design Corporation (IDC), 2020 SW 4th Ave, 3rd Floor, Portland OR 97201 ; Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley }, abstract={In a previous paper (Howell et al 1996) proposed that construction Partnering is a programmatic Band-Aid on the current construction management system. Claims caused by fundamental weaknesses in this system gave rise to partnering. These weaknesses are particularly apparent on today’s complex, uncertain and quick projects. Partnering exposes and partially fills a gap in current practice but has had little impact on underlying mental models, the management of production, or commercial contracting. Moving beyond partnering means challenging and revising current thinking and practice. Management of the construction process must be re-conceived from the purchase of a product (transactional contracting) to the execution of a production process (behavioral contracting). This dictates that the current standard construction contracting forms which are wholly based on the transactional contracting model, be revisited. A number of progressive projects in the private sector have already been operating in behavioral mode, implementing many Lean Construction practices. But these projects executed and then worked around the industry standard contracts forms. This has functioned reasonably well in strategic alliance client-designer-constructor arrangements. However, this “work-around” approach is clearly problematic in the one-off project relationship. This paper briefly discusses the shortcomings of the current construction contract forms. It then goes on to propose a framework for ongoing discussion and action. Without a revamping of the standard approach to construction contracting, propagation of the concepts of Lean Construction will be limited mainly to the arenas of strategic alliances, and government sponsored or supported experiments. }, author_keywords={lean construction, performance measurement, benchmarking }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{O'Brien1997, author={O'Brien, W.J. and Fischer, M.A. and Akinci, B.H. }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Importance of Site Conditions and Capacity Allocation for Construction Cost and Performance: A Case Study }, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={77-90}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/30}, affiliation={ Ph.D. student, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University ; Ph.D. student, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University }, abstract={Traditional construction thinking that an ‘optimal’ solution to the problem of shifting project schedules can be found via a time-cost tradeoff analysis does not take into account the influence of capacity allocation and site conditions on cost and performance. Specifically, the time-cost tradeoff can only account for the direct costs of compressing an activity's duration, not its capacity costs. Loosely restated, the time-cost tradeoff accounts for the costs of a change in an activity's duration but not the costs of a change of when in time the activity takes place (which will affect a firm's commitments to other projects and hence cause capacity costs). Similarly, moving an activity in time may place the activity in a different set of site conditions than those which were assumed when the activity's cost-time curve was generated. The cost-time curve of an activity may change as site conditions change, which can only be accounted for in the time-cost tradeoff optimization method by manually generating new cost-time curves for each instance of site conditions and solving anew (an exercise that quickly becomes too cumbersome to perform). This paper presents an in-depth case study of a £100 Million project highlighting the limited applicability of the time-cost tradeoff approach to real world situations and discusses the impact of site conditions and capacity allocations on cost and performance. }, author_keywords={time-cost tradeoff, capacity allocation, site conditions, supply chain management, construction scheduling }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tilley1997, author={Tilley, Paul A. and Wyatt, Adam and Mohamed, Sherif }, editor={Tucker, Selwyn N. }, title={Indicators of Design and Documentation Deficiency}, journal={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={5th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1997}, pages={137-148}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/31}, affiliation={ is a Construction Systems Researcher with the CSIRO, investigating issues relating to construction process re-engineering. He has extensive industry experience in construction planning, contract administration and project management. ; is a Construction Scientist with the CSIRO, Division of Building, Construction and Engineering. His research interests include information management, planning and scheduling ; is a lecturer in construction engineering and management at Griffith University. His research interests include information management and simulation modeling. }, abstract={In an ideal world, the design and documentation provided for construction projects would be complete, precise and unambiguous. Unfortunately, this is rarely the case and quite often contractors are supplied with project documentation that is incomplete, conflicting or erroneous, thereby requiring revisions and clarifications to be provided by the designers. When this is the case, it is essential that the information be supplied to the contractor efficiently and without delay. The ‘Request For Information’ (RFI) process, where contractors and sub- contractors formally obtain information clarifications regarding the contract documents supplied, is very common throughout the Australian construction industry. This process is however, highly inefficient due to the non-value adding delays which occur in obtaining the necessary information. This paper proposes that an analysis of both the RFI process and the drawing registers can provide indicators of design and documentation deficiency and overall project performance. The paper assesses the changes in the number of drawings issued, defines and quantifies the main sources of RFIs and measures RFI response times. The results from a recent study of two construction projects are included and issues for further investigation are identified. }, author_keywords={request for information, design and documentation deficiency, performance indicators }, address={Gold Coast, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Conte1998, author={Conte, Antonio Sergio Itri }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner, Look Ahead, PPC: a Driver to the Site Operations}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/32}, affiliation={Lean Construction Institute – Brazil, Civil Engineer, Master Degree in Production Engineering from Escola Politécnica of USP, Director of Logical Systems Consulting Ltd., Phone +55 011 573-6937, Fax +55 011 573-1397, e-mail: asiconte@usp.br }, abstract={The paper describes the experience of a civil engineering company of a small town in São Paulo State of introducing a model of production management in sites based on the concepts of Lean Construction. It presents the concept outlining of the model and reviews the practical results obtained in the construction of a library in the city of Campinas during the period of 18 months. }, author_keywords={Production management; civil engineering; information flow }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Akinci1998, author={Akinci, Burcu and Fischer, Martin and Zabelle, Todd }, editor={ }, title={Proactive Approach for Reducing Non-Value Adding Activities Due to Time-Space Conflicts}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/33}, affiliation={Graduate Res. Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, CA 94305-4020, USA, akinci@leland.stanford.edu. ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, CA 94305- 4020, USA, fischer@cive.stanford.edu. ; President of Pacific Contracting Engineers, Inc., 221 Main Street, Suite 1560, San Francisco, CA 94105-1934, trz@pacificcontracting.com. }, abstract={Time-space conflicts are one of the major causes of productivity losses at construction sites, and they are preventable and manageable if identified prior to construction. Current industry practice and project management tools and techniques do not support proactive time-space conflict management. Our research focuses on formalizing and automating time-space conflict analysis to assist construction managers to proactively manage spatial conflicts between activities at their sites. In this paper, we describe a case that highlights the challenges involved in time-space conflict analysis and discuss an initial framework showing the factors that determine the schedule impacts of spatial conflicts between activities. Using the presented framework, a construction manager can assess the type of a time-space conflict and predict the schedule impacts of spatial conflicts. Realizing the schedule impacts of time-space conflicts before they occur at a construction site, s/he can proactively manage spatial conflicts between activities and eliminate non-value adding activities that occur at construction sites due to time-space conflicts. }, author_keywords={Time-space conflicts, space management at construction sites, work space requirements of activities, schedule analysis. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon1998, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Mardones, Daniel A. }, editor={ }, title={Improving the Design-Construction Interface}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/34}, affiliation={Head Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Design Quality Coordinator, Delta Construction Co., Huerfanos 812, Piso 7, Santiago, Chile }, abstract={In building projects customer requirements, constructive aspects and quality standards are defined during the design phase. However, this important phase is usually carried out with little interaction between the construction and design teams causing many problems during construction such us: incomplete designs, change orders, rework, construction delays, etc. This paper describes a performance study of the design-construction interface. This study comprised: interviews with experts, data collection from several projects and design and implementation of improvement tools. A review of the most frequent design defects found during the construction phase in four building projects allowed the researchers to design several tools to prevent the occurrence of these defects. QFD was used to identify the most effective tools and to set priorities for implementation. The proposed changes were implemented in a construction company participating in the study with significant impacts on performance. The implementation comprised new design and review procedures, standards for communication as well as explicit definition of internal customer requirements and design attributes. The implementation of these changes brought important reductions on design defects and their corresponding impacts in this company, some of these results are discussed in this paper. }, author_keywords={Design quality; design process, continuous improvement, design-construction interface. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Andery1998, author={Andery, Paulo and Carvalho, Jr., Antonio N. and Helman, Horacio }, editor={ }, title={Looking for What Could Be Wrong: An Approach to Lean Thinking}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/35}, affiliation={Department of Materials Engineering and Construction, Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, R. Espírito Santo, 35 - 30160-030 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil, Phone: 55 31 238 1850, Fax: 55 31 238 1857, e-mail: paulo@demc.ufmg.br ; Department of Materials Engineering and Construction, Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, R. Espírito Santo, 35 - 30160-030 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil, Phone: 55 31 238 1850, Fax: 55 31 238 1857, e-mail: paulo@demc.ufmg.br ; Department of Materials Engineering and Construction, Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, R. Espírito Santo, 35 - 30160-030 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil, Phone: 55 31 238 1850, Fax: 55 31 238 1857, e-mail: paulo@demc.ufmg.br }, abstract={The present paper points out the idea that in order to achieve quality assurance and reliability improvement in construction processes, lean thinking practice should incorporate a rarely used method in civil construction process design. It requires to consider “what shall we do to make things go on” and also an effort to searching for “what could be wrong (and we do not know)”. This approach to process design contains the basic idea that some failures causes are implicit in building procedures, and an analysis of potential failure root causes may be done in order to find them out, thus anticipating future problems. This approach to process design - “searching for what could be wrong”- will provide a filter to “time bombs”, built-in problems in the construction conversions and flows activities. The analysis will involve the establishment of countermeasures to potential failure modes. The use of failure analysis methods (FMEA - Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and FTA - Fault Tree Analysis) in order to implement this approach is proposed and a strategy for the application of those tools, as well as some difficulties in their application, are presented and discussed. }, author_keywords={Process design review, failure analysis, construction process reliability. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Atkin1998, author={Atkin, Brian }, editor={ }, title={Unravelling the Value Chain in Construction}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/36}, affiliation={Professor of Construction Management and Economics, The Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; email. brian@recm.kth.se }, abstract={A study of project processes and information integration has been carried out on ten building projects in the UK, France, Germany and Sweden. This paper summarises the findings and includes comment on the projects and the resultant models of the design and construction process. Functional models of the process were produced, using a computer based IDEFØ tool to show information flows, participants, organisations and IT use. The models were verified and presented in as uniform an approach as possible, using a generic model of the process. Analysis was performed on the models, including checks for consistency and process integrity. The findings indicate that, inter alia, IT use is significantly affected by the attitude of the client and the IT capability and orientation of the 'constructor'. Moreover, it is essential to have all members of the project team within the operational 'loop'. Integration is about bringing people and organisations closer together. The generic model has been subsequently developed in line with the best practice elements of each project, changes in construction practices and out of sector best practice in design and production. The result is a new project generic process model that could form a blueprint for subsequent projects. This research will continue, by modelling and costing different project scenarios so that non-value added activities can be isolated and eliminated. }, author_keywords={Process modelling, functional modelling, design, supply chain, value chain, IT. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard1998, author={Ballard, Glenn and Howell, Greg }, editor={ }, title={What Kind of Production Is Construction?}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/37}, affiliation={Lecturer at U.C. Berkeley. Research Director for the Lean Construction Institute, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Adjunct Professor at Boise State and Virginia Tech. Executive Director of the Lean Construction Institute, ghowell@micron.net }, abstract={Applicability of lean principles to construction might seem to require that construction’s differentiating characteristics be softened or explained away. This is the strategy employed by those who advocate making construction more like the manufacturing from which lean thinking originated. Following that line of thought, successive waves of implementation would leave ever smaller remainders that are not yet reduced to manufacturing, and consequently not yet capable of being made lean. This approach offers tremendous opportunity for reducing the time and cost of constructed facilities. However, for our part, we are interested in that remainder, in understanding its peculiar characteristics, and in learning how to make it lean. Our interest is founded on the belief that construction is a fundamentally different kind of production; i.e., that there is an irreducible remainder. We also suspect that learning how to make construction lean will help show the way to the manufacturing of the future. Manufacturing is becoming more like construction. Far from being the most backward, in our view, construction can be among the leading edge industries in lean thinking. Adopting a single-minded strategy of transforming construction into manufacturing would be precisely the wrong thing to do. This paper explains the need to develop lean thinking for dynamic construction and lays the groundwork for a subsequent paper “Implementing Lean Construction”, in which these strategies are further developed. }, author_keywords={Construction, production theory, uncertainty, strategy, lean thinking. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard1998, author={Ballard, Glenn and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={On the Agenda of Design Management Research}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/38}, affiliation={Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. Phone: 510/530-8656. E-mail: ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland. Phone: +358-9-456 4556. E-mail: lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={We propose an agenda for design management research. That agenda is based on a new conceptual foundation for operations management. Design processes can be conceived in at least three different ways: (1) as a process of converting inputs to outputs, (2) as a flow of materials and information through time and space, and (3) as a process of generating value for customers. All three conceptions are appropriate and necessary. However, the conversion model has been dominant in the AEC (architectural/engineering/construction) industry until very recently. We review current thinking and practice of design management, suggest fundamental hypotheses, then propose an agenda for design management research based on those hypotheses. }, author_keywords={Design management, concurrent engineering, value management, project management }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barlow1998, author={Barlow, James }, editor={ }, title={From Craft Production to Mass Customisation? Customer-Focused Approaches to Housebuilding}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/39}, affiliation={School of the Built Environment, University of Westminster, 35 Marylebone Road, London, NW1 5LS, tel: 0171-911 5879, fax: 0171-911 5171, email: barlowj@wmin.ac.uk. }, abstract={There is considerable dissatisfaction with the performance of UK housebuilders in providing products which customers want to buy. Notions of ‘customer focus’, which have spread through some industrial and retail sectors have largely passed the housebuilding industry by. In its current guise, the industry is unlikely to be able to tackle the demographic and social demands which will be placed on it in the early 21st century. Its challenge is to lower the initial and lifecycle cost of housing, but at the same time improve its quality and functionality. Notions of ‘agile production’ hold lessons for housebuilders. Essentially, the industry needs to adopt concepts of ‘mass customisation’, where highly customised products are delivered at costs comparable with mass production. The paper outlines the principal features of agile production and its relationship to notions of lean production, before reporting on the extent to which UK housebuilders are shifting their competitive strategies towards increased customer focus and improved supply chain management. The paper then explores some of the organisational, institutional and cultural barriers to the adoption of agile production in British housebuilding. Finally, we introduce a major project which aims to develop and demonstrate lean and agile approaches to private and social housing supply. }, author_keywords={Housebuilding, lean production, agile production, innovation barriers. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Choo1998, author={Choo, Hyun Jeong and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn and Zabelle, Todd R. }, editor={ }, title={Workplan: Database for Work Package Production Scheduling}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/40}, affiliation={screening, work package, constraint, percent of planned completed (PPC). ; Associate Professor, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Lecturer at U.C. Berkeley and Director of the Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Rd., Oakland, CA 94619, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; President, Pacific Contracting, Inc., 222 Sutter Street, Suite 310, San Francisco, CA 94108, trz@pacificcontracting.com }, abstract={A database program called WorkPlan has been created to systematically develop weekly work plans. WorkPlan adopts the Last Planner methodology, which implements several lean construction techniques. A week prior to conducting work, WorkPlan guides the user step by step through the process of spelling out work packages, identifying constraints, checking constraint satisfaction, releasing work packages, and allocating resources; then at the end of the week, collecting field progress data and reasons for plan failure. This systematic approach helps the user create quality work plans and learn from understanding reasons for failure. The functionality of WorkPlan is detailed in this paper. Various ways of displaying work package data are illustrated. WorkPlan is to our knowledge the first computer tool designed specifically to implement lean production philosophy in construction. }, author_keywords={WorkPlan, weekly work plan, database, lean construction, production scheduling, screening, work package, constraint, percent of planned completed (PPC). }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Finch1998, author={Finch, Edward }, editor={ }, title={Embedded Internet Systems: Applications in Construction}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/41}, affiliation={M.Sc., Ph.D., Editor of Facilities, Department of Construction Management & Engineering, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AW, UK. Email: e.f.finch@rdg.ac.uk. WWW: www.construct.rdg.ac.uk }, abstract={This purpose of this paper is to explore developments in Internet communications technology on site. In particular, the paper examines the role of ‘stand alone’ or embedded systems in the context of a lean approach. These low cost devices are capable of reporting and receiving information in just the same way that computers on a network can. The advent of a new Internet communication standard, TCP/IP 6, offers significant potential in terms of remote monitoring and management of construction sites using embedded systems. In the discussion, the author considers the technological issues involved and the implications for management on site. }, author_keywords={Embedded systems; TCP/IP; protocols; networks; lean construction. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Formoso1998, author={Formoso, Carlos T. and Bernardes, Mauricio and Oliveira, Luis Fenando }, editor={ }, title={Developing a Model for Planning and Controlling Production in Small Sized Building Firms}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/42}, affiliation={Professor of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Ph.D., formoso@vortex.ufgs.br ; Dr. student of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, M.Sc., bernarde@vortex.ufrgs.br ; M.Sc. student of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, menescal@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Construction planning and control is a managerial process that is closely related to the aim of improving the effectiveness of construction projects. Despite its importance, there is growing concern over the failure of construction planning and control to achieve its goals. The main objective of this article is to present the development process of a model for planning and controlling production in small sized building companies, as well as a method for implementing it. The model involves three different levels of planning and control: (a) weekly basis operational planning, using the concept of shielding production, at the lower level; (b) lookahead planning at the intermediate level; and (c) tactical planning concerning the whole production stage, at the higher level. The development of this research project is based on the conceptual framework of the New Production Philosophy (Lean Production). The applicability of its concepts and tools has been tested on the development of the production planning and control process. }, author_keywords={Construction planning and control, shielding production, information systems. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Formoso1998, author={Formoso, Carlos T. and Tzotzopoulos, Patricia and Jobim, Margaret S. S. and Liedtke, Renata }, editor={ }, title={Developing a Protocol for Managing the Design Process in the Building Industry}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/43}, affiliation={Ph.D., Senior Lecturer, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, email: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; M.Sc. candidates, Research Assistants, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil ; M.Sc., Senior Lecturer, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil ; M.Sc. candidates, Research Assistants, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil }, abstract={The performance of the design process in the building industry has a great influence on the success of subsequent processes in construction projects and also on the quality of the final product. Despite its importance, relatively little attention has been given to the management of the design process. The main objective of this article is to present the preliminary results of a research project which aims to devise a protocol for managing the design process in house building firms. The protocol will consist of a general plan for developing design activities, including the content of the main activities, their precedence relationships, the role and responsibilities of different actors, and a model of the information flow. The protocol has been developed through case studies, carried out in four different construction companies from the South of Brazil. The development of this research is based on the conceptual framework of the New Production Philosophy (Lean Production). The suitability of its concepts and principles has been tested on the management of the design process. }, author_keywords={Design Management, Lean Construction, Process Management, Building Design }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gurley1998, author={Gurley, David and McManus, Bill }, editor={ }, title={Practical Knowledge Builds Projects: Case for Independent Construction Information Management}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/44}, affiliation={AIA, dgurley@ionet.net ; University of Oklahoma, Bill-McManus@ou.edu }, abstract={This paper argues that the management of information for construction projects should be by independent information managers whose only interest in the project is in the efficient management of information. Their responsibility focuses on setting information standards, gathering, organizing, storing and exchanging information. The resulting system must provide information that is transparent, timely, appropriate, accurate, complete, dependable, secure and unbiased. All participants must have access to and confidence in this construction information system. }, author_keywords={Project information management, automatic information, schedule centric project management, e-construction, transparency, lean construction. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hirota1998, author={Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Some Directions for Developing Construction Management Training Programmes on Lean Construction}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/45}, affiliation={M.Sc., Lecturer at Universidade Estadual de Londrina , PhD Candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, phone (051) 316-3518, fax (051) 316-4054, e-mail : ercilia@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Senior Lecturer, NORIE/UFRGS, phone (051) 316-3518, fax (051) 316-4054, e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={The consolidation of the Lean Construction theory depends on the application of its principles and concepts by practitioners. Only feedback from the construction industry itself can support further research on the analysis and adaptation of the Lean Production principles to the construction process. Therefore, it is necessary to work on construction managers education in order to incorporate the lean production concepts and approaches in their daily practice. This paper describes an ongoing research project concerned with the development of construction management training programmes on lean construction, aiming at fostering changes of paradigm in process management. An exploratory study on the learning process of undergraduate students was carried out, focusing mainly on the relationship between teacher and students along lectures dealing with lean construction concepts and principles. The study has indicated that it is relatively straightforward for the students to understand and to apply some basic concepts like process, operation, conversion and flow activities and the general concept of waste. But it has also pointed out that it is not so easy for them to understand and comprehensively incorporate the lean construction principles and approaches. This paper discusses the complex problem connected to the change of paradigm and the learning process involved in the introduction of the lean construction theory in construction management training programmes. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, learning, management education. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell1998, author={Howell, Greg and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Lean Construction: Understanding and Action}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/46}, affiliation={Adjunct Professor at Boise State and Virginia Tech.; Executive Director of the Lean Construction Institute, ghowell@micron.net ; Lecturer at U.C. Berkeley and Research Director for the Lean Construction Institute, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Lean thinking is a new way to manage construction. Born in manufacturing, the goals demand a new way to coordinate action, one that is applicable to industries far removed from manufacturing. Implementation requires action be shaped by a deeper understanding of the goals and techniques. This paper explains the implications of the goals and key production principles, and how when taken together they result in a different way to manage construction. Implementing lean in construction then becomes a matter of developing and acting on this new knowledge. Advice on implementation is offered. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, implementation, project management. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huovila1998, author={Huovila, Pekka and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Contribution of the Principles of Lean Construction to Meet the Challenges of Sustainable Development}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/47}, affiliation={Group Leader, VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland. Phone: +358-9- 456 5903. E-mail: pekka.huovila@vtt.fi ; Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Phone: +358-9-456 4556. E-mail: lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={This paper suggests the challenges of sustainable development to be considered in the life cycle process of buildings. Sustainable development concepts are presented featuring social, ecological, cultural and environmental facets. Examples of sustainable construction practices from different countries are described. The potential and profitability of lean principles to promote sustainable construction is raised for discussion. As an example of related development, a requirements framework, is presented. }, author_keywords={Life cycle process of buildings, requirements management, sustainable design, sustainable construction. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Isatto1998, author={Isatto, Eduardo L. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Design and Production Interface in Lean Production: A Performance Improvement Criteria Proposition}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, pages={9-18}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/48}, affiliation={M.Sc., Lecturer at NORIE/UFRGS, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99/3º andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, CEP 90.035-190, Phone: (055) 051 316-3353, email: isatto@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Senior Lecturer at NORIE/UFRGS, email: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Failures on transferring Japanese production techniques to West countries point out the need for a more in-depth comprehension of concepts and principles that support such techniques. In the construction industry, the abstraction and adaptation of those concepts and principles started in 1992 with the publication of the report “Application of the New Production Philosophy to Construction”, by Lauri Koskela. However, since the publication of that study little further discussion has been made on other Japanese production models, such as the one proposed by Shigeo Shingo and adopted at the Toyota Motor Company. This paper intends to compare Koskela’s and Shingo’s production models and the possibilities of amalgamating them. It is also proposed an application of those models for establishing performance improvement priorities, considering a hierarchy of decisions (market level, product level, process level, and operation level). }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Toyota Production System, production improvement }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Junior1998, author={Junior, Joao Auada and Scola, Alexandre and Conte, Antonio Sergio Itri }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner as a Site Operations Tool}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/49}, affiliation={Verticon Construção e Empreendimentos Ltda., Phone/Fax: +55 11 241-2133, e-mail: scola@verticon.com.br ; Verticon Construção e Empreendimentos Ltda., Phone/Fax: +55 11 241-2133, e-mail: scola@verticon.com.br ; Lean Construction Institute – Brazil, Civil Engineer, Master Degree in Production Engineering from Escola Politécnica of USP, Director of Logical Systems Consulting Ltd., Home +55 011 573-6937, Fax +55 011 573-1397, e-mail: asiconte@usp.br }, abstract={ }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kuprenas1998, author={Kuprenas, John A. }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of Lean Concepts for Public Sector Engineering Design and Construction: A Case Study}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/50}, affiliation={Project Manager, VCM c/o City of Los Angeles – DPW/BOE/PMD, 650 S. Spring Street, Suite 1100, Mail Stop 549, Los Angeles, CA 90014, (213) 485-2443, and Research Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90087, kuprenas@mizar.usc.edu }, abstract={This work details the implementation of lean thinking concepts, tools, and processes in the City of Los Angeles, Bureau of Engineering— one of the largest public engineering organizations on the world. Poor past project delivery performance has lead to a radical change in the Bureau’s organizational structure and project delivery processes. Central to the entire change is a shift toward a lean production model, centered on systems optimization. This work describes the reasons for the shift to lean thinking that began in the Bureau in the spring of 1997. The Bureau re-organization and the systems optimization background training are detailed. The ongoing training that is used to further foster lean thinking concepts is next reviewed. The majority of the paper is devoted to explaining specific lean thinking processes that were used as part of the transformation of the Bureau. Implementation of lean thinking is illustrated through detailed descriptions and examples the use of specific tools. Executive management and strategic planning efforts necessary to implement the lean thinking methods are explained and illustrated. Methods of reporting the transformation throughout the Bureau’s workforce and to the Bureau’s partners are also detailed and sample reporting and communication products are provided. Conclusions describe the performance improvements achieved to date through lean thinking, the obstacles the effort has yet to overcome, and mistakes made along the path so far. Future research needs identified through this effort are also included and discussed. }, author_keywords={Engineering, design, construction, public sector, training, project controls, training, lean processes. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{San Matin1998, author={San Matin, Alberto Peixoto and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Evaluating Building Systems Based on Productions Process Management and Lean Constructions Concepts}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/51}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc. Candidate at NORIE-UFRGS, sama@ez-poa.com.br ; Ph.D., M.Sc., Professor at NORIE-UFRGS, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Production processes have been already the main subject of many researches on construction. However, the great majority of them do not consider the new concepts introduced by the new construction paradigm, called “lean construction”. This paper presents the development and the application of a method that considers the main principles of lean construction as qualifying characteristics for the development of performance criteria for the management of construction’s production processes. The main goal of the method is to investigate the degree in which the design of building systems consider the lean construction principles through performance indicators, as well as to make possible to consider explicitly such principles in the development of new construction technologies. }, author_keywords={Construction technology; production processes; lean construction. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Melhado1998, author={Melhado, Silvio Burrattino }, editor={ }, title={Designing for Lean Construction}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/52}, affiliation={Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Almeida Prado, tv. 2, n. 271 CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil, Phone +55 011 818 51 64 Fax +55 011 818 55 44, E-mail:silviobm@pcc.usp.br }, abstract={This paper proposes an initial draft of guidelines to fit design methods based on lean construction principles. It results into innovative design procedures that can illustrate the application of “lean thinking design” for production efficiency improvement in building construction companies. The main concepts related to lean construction are discussed under design and production points of view as well as the optimal managerial relations among building design procedures and production activities. An experience of using innovative design methods is described as a practical reference. The proposed design methodology results in changes to the traditional design team arrangement and also to the design development and co-ordination. The difficulties for the implementation of the proposal in building construction companies are briefly examined. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, building design, building construction. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mendez, Jr.1998, author={Mendez, Jr., Ricardo and Heineck, Luis Fernando M. }, editor={ }, title={Preplanning Method for Multi-Story Building Construction Using Line of Balance}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/53}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Pós-graduação em Eng. de Produção. E-mail: mendesjr@cesec.ufpr.br ; Senior Lecturer, Departamento de Eng. de Produção. E-mail: gecon@eps.ufsc.br }, abstract={This paper reports one aspect of a research program devoted to the topic of production control in multi-story building construction. Preplanning using the line of balance technique attempts to solve planning problems by making production process clearer and simpler. A preplanning method is presented which needs little detailed information about productivities and work volumes and may be rapidly produced. The plan brings an overall view of the project by grouping the main activities that are highly interdependent. The concept on the best rhythm for each group of activities focus on the sequencie of work, continuity of labor team working and completeness rather than on pure schedule goals. Many characteristics of the method support lean construction concepts, such as waste elimination, variances minimization, flexible planning and scheduling sequencing. Using line of balance concepts also suggests some control tools which are being experimented on aplication cases and are briefly described. }, author_keywords={Buildings, construction planning, lean construction, line of balance, preplanning. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Miles1998, author={Miles, Robert S }, editor={ }, title={Alliance Lean Design/Construct on a Small High Tech Project}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/54}, affiliation={P.E., 16607 NW Norwalk Drive, Beaverton, OR 97006; Phone: 503-423-3998 ext. 2-1976; email: rsmiles@ix.netcom.com }, abstract={It is the author’s conviction that Lean Production will largely influence a lasting Lean change in the construction industry not from the top down, but from the bottom up. It will grow though the proven productivity gains of Lean practitioner firms. It will grow even more dramatically through the formation of informal and formal alliances between individual practitioners of Lean Design and Construction. This paper describes one such example. A leading international high technology facility design firm2 and a visionary domestic design/construct firm3 joined in an informal alliance and tested their conviction that Lean Design and Construction can lead to world class results on a small, but challenging , high technology facility project. This unlikely relationship itself was largely a result of the two firms’ involvement in the Lean Construction Institute of the USA and the Lean Thinking revolution growing in a yet small but expanding part of the industry, internationally. This project case study showcases the answers to a number of previously untested theses: That the Owner can be convinced to try Lean practice for the first time, based upon the “selling” of the concept by their design and their construction firms. That two firms that had previously never worked together can establish an informal alliance that lasts the testing of a construction project with Lean Thinking as the glue to the relationship. That Lean practice can be performed on a design/construct project using many of the same tools that have previously only been used independently, not across the full project design/construct life. That the Last Planner and production planning can be effectively implemented in the design effort, with a staff that are Lean Thinking novices. This paper describes the formal contractual relationships, as well as the informal relational “contracts”. It presents the “Schematic Design in a Day” process. Training efforts are described. Lean production metrics are defined, and the resultant project data is reported. Lastly, lessons learned are shared and suggested next steps of continuous improvement are presented. }, author_keywords={Lean design, lean construction, alliance, high tech. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rossi Residencial LTDA1998, author={Rossi Residencial LTDA, }, editor={ }, title={Reinventing the Way of Construction: The Development of a New Design Language}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/55}, affiliation={Rossi Residencial is one of the largest Brazilian real estate developers, providing apartments to the medium social class, and as it is usual in Brazil, Rossi is the constructor of its owner buildings. Today Rossi is operating in 14 important Brazilian cities and is building about 180 buildings. Luiz Henrique de Vasconcellos, Engineering Director, Address: R. Gomes de Carvalho 1195, Vila Olimpia – São Paulo CEP – 04547-004, Email : rossi.vasconcellos@ibm.net, rossi.engenharia@ibm.net, Phone : 5511-3040-0251, Fax: 5511-821-9985, Home page : www.plano100.com }, abstract={ }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Isatto1998, author={Isatto, Eduardo L. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Design and Production Interface in Lean Production: A Performance Improvement Criteria Proposition}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/56}, affiliation={M.Sc., Lecturer at NORIE/UFRGS, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99/3º andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, CEP 90.035-190, Phone: (055) 051 316-3353, email: isatto@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Senior Lecturer at NORIE/UFRGS, email: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Failures on transferring Japanese production techniques to West countries point out the need for a more in-depth comprehension of concepts and principles that support such techniques. In the construction industry, the abstraction and adaptation of those concepts and principles started in 1992 with the publication of the report “Application of the New Production Philosophy to Construction”, by Lauri Koskela. However, since the publication of that study little further discussion has been made on other Japanese production models, such as the one proposed by Shigeo Shingo and adopted at the Toyota Motor Company. This paper intends to compare Koskela’s and Shingo’s production models and the possibilities of amalgamating them. It is also proposed an application of those models for establishing performance improvement priorities, considering a hierarchy of decisions (market level, product level, process level, and operation level). }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Toyota Production System, production improvement }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seymour1998, author={Seymour, David }, editor={ }, title={Getting UK Construction People to Think Lean - Where to Start? A Case Study}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/57}, affiliation={School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, UK }, abstract={Lean Construction is an evolving body of successfully applied principles and practices. Developing and refining them through application involves talking to, persuading and negotiating with people in a position to try out their efficacy. This paper reports a construction project which, in the writer’s opinion, is fertile ground for persuading key participants that LC is relevant to their explicit aim of looking for better ways to do things. The purpose of the paper is to give some sense of the UK cultural context as experienced on this Project which, the writer believes, is germane to how the principles and practice of LC can most effectively be disseminated within UK construction. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, culture, change, benchmarking, measurement }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein1998, author={Tommelein, Iris D. and Riley, David and Howell, Greg A. }, editor={ }, title={Parade Game: Impact of Work Flow Variability on Succeeding Trade Performance}, journal={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={6th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/58}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Constr. Mgmt., 116 Architecture Hall, College of Architecture, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1610, 206/616-1917, FAX 206/685-1976, driley@u.washington.edu. ; Adjunct Professor at Boise State and Virginia Tech. and Executive Director of the Lean Construction Institute, mail: Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340 ghowell@micron.net }, abstract={The Parade Game illustrates what impact work-flow variability has on the performance of construction trades and their successors. The game consists of simulating a construction process in which resources produced by one trade are prerequisite to starting work by the next trade. Production-level detail, describing resources being passed from one trade to the next, illustrates that throughput will be reduced, project completion delayed, and waste increased by variations in flow. The game shows that it is possible to reduce waste and shorten project duration by improving the reliability of work flow between trades. Basic production management concepts are thus applied to construction management. They highlight one of the shortcomings of using CPM for field-level planning, which is that CPM does not explicitly represent reliability. The Parade Game can be played in a classroom setting either by hand or using a computer. Computer simulation enables students to experiment with numerous alternatives in order to sharpen their intuition regarding variability, process throughput, buffers, productivity, and crew sizing. Managers interested in schedule compression will benefit from understanding work-flow variability’s impact on succeeding trade performance. }, author_keywords={Productivity improvement, contractor coordination, reliability, performance, lean construction, discrete-event simulation, specialty contracting, project management, production management, process modeling. }, address={Guarujá, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Al-Sudairi1999, author={Al-Sudairi, Abdulsalam A. and Diekmann, James E. and Songer, Anthony D. and Brown, Hyman M. }, editor={ }, title={Simulation of Construction Processes: Traditional Practices Versus Lean Principles}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={39-50}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/59}, affiliation={Graduate Student, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, alsudair@rtt.colorado.edu ; Professor, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado- Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, diekmann@spot.colorado.edu. ; Assistant Professor, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 ; Senior Instructor, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 }, abstract={Lean manufacturing theory is founded on several key principles: specify value by product, rethink your operating methods, focus on actual objects from beginning to completion, release resources for delivery just when needed and strive for perfection. Transferring these principles from manufacturing to the construction domain is of ongoing interest for construction researchers. However, modifying real construction processes is expensive, time consuming and difficult. This paper reports interim results of a study to evaluate lean principles when applied to construction using computer simulation. Data for a structural steel erection process was modeled in ExtendÒ to form the experimental tool for evaluating lean principles. In all cases, the simulated principles improved project performance. Performance improved dramatically when all principles are simultaneously applied. However, the erection process became volatile and fragile when it was subjected to changes and uncertainties from outside of the process. Maintaining a zero buffer at the erection site made the process extremely fragile. This study demonstrates the need for a broad systems view when one is considering lean modifications to a construction process. }, author_keywords={Lean principles, lean construction, process simulation, buffer size, volatility. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon1999, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Ashley, David B. }, editor={ }, title={Playing Games: Evaluating the Impact of Lean Production Strategies on Project Cost and Schedule}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={263-274}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/60}, affiliation={Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, Visiting Professor, The Ohio State University. ; Dean, College of Engineering and The John C. Geupel Chair in Civil Engineering. The Ohio State University, 142 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210- 1278, ashley.33@osu.edu. }, abstract={There are several games which are used to demonstrate the practical implications of some Lean Production Concepts such as the impact of uncertainty on productivity and project duration, push and pull approaches to production or the impact of multitasking. These games are very appealing to the players and the observers by illustrating the detrimental impact of some current practices on project performance. They are also useful by illustrating the impact on some of these practices on project results. This paper reports an attempt to take the benefits of a simple game, the “Dice Game”, one step further by using a simulation model inspired in this game to explore some research questions which can not be addressed in the original game. The paper presents the results of an extensive analysis of project conditions where production variability and buffer size were used as the main input variable and project cost and schedule were used as the main output variables. The analysis addresses among other research questions the impact of buffering on project duration and cost, the impact of production variability on project productivity and suggest some guidance to select buffer sizes for minimum project cost. }, author_keywords={Lean production, lean construction, buffering, management games, project planning, simulation. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon1999, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Rivas, Rodrigo and Serpell, Alfredo }, editor={ }, title={Evaluation and Improvement of the Procurement Process in Construction Projects}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={219-230}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/61}, affiliation={Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl. Visiting Professor, The Ohio State University. ; Graduate Student, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, rivlop@netline.cl. ; Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, aserpell@ing.puc.cl. }, abstract={A methodology to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process for investment projects, and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied to selected projects. A thorough literature review was carried out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate important resources (money, personnel, time, etc.) to monitor and control the process. When applying the methodology to some projects, it was found that the main sources of “waste” were engineering, the system itself, the suppliers, and the policies. A great potential for improvement was detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), bar codes, and other systems were applied to the procurement process. These technologies could help to eliminate the root causes for many types of wastes that were detected. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, procurement, performance indicators, process improvement }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard1999, author={Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Improving Work Flow Reliability}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={275-286}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/62}, affiliation={Director of Research, Lean Construction Institute, and Lecturer, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 510/530-8656, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Improving work flow reliability is important for the productivity of linked production units, and consequently for project cost and duration. One measure of work flow reliability is PPC, the percentage of planned assignments completed. A proposal is made for experiments to increase PPC. Four actions are proposed and explained. Only the fourth action, underloading resources relative to capacity, is developed in detail in this paper. The potential impacts of improving PPC on project cost and schedule are described. }, author_keywords={Capacity, decomposition, design process, explosion, flow, last planner, lean construction, load, productivity, project planning and control, reliability, throughput, variability. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barker1999, author={Barker, R. and Hong-Minh, S.M. and Naim, M.M. }, editor={ }, title={Terrain Scanning Methodology for Construction Supply Chains}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={195-206}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/63}, affiliation={Research Associate, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP., Tel: (44) 1222 876312, Fax: (44) 1222 874301, BarkerR1@cardiff.ac.uk ; Research Associate, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP., Tel: (44) 1222 874271, Fax: (44) 1222 874301, HongMinhSM@cardiff.ac.uk ; Reader, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP., Tel: (44) 1222 874637, Fax: (44) 1222 874301, NaimMM@cardiff.ac.uk }, abstract={The paper defines a Terrain Scanning Methodology (TSM) for undertaking a health check of individual businesses and whole supply chains in the construction industry. Building on previous research in a variety of market sectors the TSM aims to minimise resources required in undertaking a diagnostic while still allowing a high degree of scope. The TSM takes into account the constituent flow on the supply chain, the issues governing supply chain change and the level of business process detail. An application of the TSM in a house building supply chain is given and a critical analysis of the TSM undertaken. The paper concludes that while the TSM has its limitations as a stand alone exercise it can be seen as a vital first step for companies to understand and document their supply chains before embarking on a long term supply chain engineering program. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, business process analysis, process mapping, supply chain engineering, house building }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cardoso1999, author={Cardoso, Francisco F. }, editor={ }, title={Entrepreneurial Strategies and New Forms of Rationalisation of Production in the Building Construction Sector of Brazil and France}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={369-380}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/64}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica of the University of Sao Paulo, CP 61548, 05424-970, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil, +55 (11) 818 5469, fax: +55 (11) 818 5715, fcardoso@pcc.usp.br. }, abstract={This article presents an inquiry-research conducted in France (Cardoso 1996) which was aimed at identifying and analysing new forms of rationalisation of production employed in the building sector, both in France and Brazil, in the light of strategies of the building construction firms. The above mentioned research dealt with the issue of the productive competence of the building construction firm, not only by means of higher efficiency but also of the perception of meso and macroeconomics contexts of where the production system is situated; this is done based on the competitors viewpoint. }, author_keywords={Strategic planning, competitive advantage, production strategy, building construction, construction enterprises. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Choo1999, author={Choo, Hyun Jeong and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Space Scheduling Using Flow Analysis}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={299-312}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/65}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, choohj@ce.berkeley.edu ; Associate Professor, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, tel: 510/643-8678, fax: 510/643-8919. }, abstract={WorkMovePlan combines the Last Planner methodology, implemented in the WorkPlan software, with space scheduling. This allows the Last Planner to not only specify labor and equipment but also space as an explicit resource. WorkPlan guides the user step by step to plan work for the week ahead through the process of spelling out work packages, identifying constraints, checking constraint satisfaction, releasing work packages, and allocating labor and equipment; then at the end of the week, collecting field progress data and reasons for plan failure. WorkMovePlan extends these capabilities by allowing a user to specify site space needs on a day-to-day basis for labor, equipment, and materials in terms of work-, laydown-, or staging area as needed throughout the execution of a work package. WorkMovePlan also makes it possible for the user to designate the flow path that will be followed during movement. This user data then serves as input to simulate traffic on site. Output of the simulation helps the user assess the feasibility and desirability of traffic flow paths and thereby gauge the quality of a work sequence. This systematic approach helps the user create quality work plans and learn from understanding reasons for failure. The functionality of WorkMovePlan is detailed in this paper. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, WorkMovePlan, WorkPlan, weekly work plan, database, lean construction, work package, constraint, layout planning, space scheduling, materials management, simulation, flow. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chua1999, author={Chua, David K.H. and Jun, Shen Li and Hwee, Bok Shung }, editor={ }, title={Integrated Production Scheduler for Construction Look-Ahead Planning}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={287-298}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/66}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, 65/874-2195, cvedavid@nus.edu.sg ; Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, 65/874-6498, engp8591@nus.edu.sg ; Senior CAD/CAM Specialist, National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, 65/874-2599, engboksh@leonis.nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Enhancing the reliability of planning is the key to achieving stable construction flow and, subsequently, high productivity and improved product quality. Traditional look-ahead scheduling tools are not suitable for producing robust work schedules. Being aware of the inherent problems in traditional scheduling methods, we propose an improved scheduling tool, the Integrated Production Scheduler system, to help produce quality-assured look-ahead schedules by incorporating integrated information on the availability of resources and information into activities. This tool is developed specially for implementing Lean Construction philosophy in construction process design. Its principles for achieving a quality, timely and transparent schedule are described in this paper. It is based on a distributed scheduling model with the utilization of Internet technologies, such as JavaBeans and XML. }, author_keywords={Integrated information, scheduler, look-ahead planning, JavaBeans, XML, Internet }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fabricio1999, author={Fabricio, Marcio M. and Melhado, Silvio B. and Baia, Josaphat L. }, editor={ }, title={Brief Reflection on the Improvement of the Design Process Efficiency in Brazilian Building Projects}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={345-356}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/67}, affiliation={Doctoral candidate of Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, M. Sc., Brazil, fabricio@pcc.usp.br ; Professor of Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Dr., Brazil, silviobm@pcc.usp.br ; M. Sc. of Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, Brazil, josaphat@pcc.usp.br }, abstract={This paper starts with (i) an introduction on building construction sector design process main characteristics and (ii) a presentation and discussion on its efficiency problems. The Concurrent Engineering concept as a tool to improve this process, approximating it to lean construction approach is introduced. It also describes a case study on a 22 companies group quality program. This group includes building construction companies, as well design offices, which are implementing some design process changes. The paper ends up proposing a building design process methodology, based on the concurrent engineering principles. }, author_keywords={Building design, design flow management, concurrent engineering, lean construction. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Featherston1999, author={Featherston, Scott }, editor={ }, title={Study of Reasons for the Adoption of Lean Production in the Automobile Industry: Questions for the Aec Industries}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={11-21}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/68}, affiliation={Project Manager, Lend Lease, Level 7 Australia Square, Sydney 2000, Australia, +61 (2) 9518 8022, fax: +61 (2) 9518 8122, scott_featherstone@lendlease.com.au }, abstract={The primary intent of this paper is to raise questions concerning broader forces that, as advocates of lean construction, we should consider as we develop and refine our model of production for the AEC industries. The adoption of an alternative production system is a major strategic decision for any organisation, let alone one that might exist in the complicated and complex AEC industry. As advocates of an alternative to existing methods, it is incumbent upon us to understand the strategic imperatives which organisations face. }, author_keywords={Lean production, strategic environment, lean construction }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Formoso1999, author={Formoso, Carlos T. and Isatto, Eduardo L. and Hirota, Ercilia H. }, editor={ }, title={Method for Waste Control in the Building Industry}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={325-330}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/69}, affiliation={Civil Eng., Ph.D., Associate Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3º andar, 90.035-190, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Civil Eng., M.Sc, Assistant Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3º andar, 90.035-190, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil. isatto@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Civil Eng., M.Sc., Associate Professor at the State University of Londrina (UEL), Ph.D. candidate at UFRGS - Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3º andar, 90.035-190, Porto Alegre – RS, Brazil, ercilia@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={The paper presents the preliminary results of an ongoing research project which aims to develop a method for controlling waste on building sites. The main focus of the method is to establish waste control procedures as part of site management on a routine basis, using a pull learning approach and emphasising the principle of process transparency by using qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. The study also intends to make some contributions for the consolidation of the Lean Construction theory, through the application of some of its principles in practice. A classification for waste in the construction industry is proposed, based on previous studies concerning waste measurement. Based on that classification, a protocol for data collection was developed and applied in case studies carried out in three different Brazilian building companies. One of the main conclusions of the paper is concerned with the need to integrate waste control into the production planning and control process. }, author_keywords={Building industry, learning, waste control }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gargione1999, author={Gargione, Luiz Antonio }, editor={ }, title={Using Quality Function Deployment (Qfd) in the Design Phase of an Apartment Construction Project}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={357-368}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/70}, affiliation={Assistant Professor and Research Collaborator, IP&D, Instituto de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, 12.244- 000, São José dos Campos-SP, Brazil, +(55) (12) 347-1000, fax: +(55) (12) 347-1334, gargione@univap.br }, abstract={Quality Function Deployment-QFD is a powerful development methodology with a wide range of applications. This paper presents a simple case using QFD on the design phase of a Real Estate construction project as a tool of improvement for layout and features of a middleclass apartment unit. The main purpose of QFD in this study was to apply in construction a method of customer-oriented design used in other industries, and to adapt some of the tables and matrices proposed by Akao (1990). Another purpose of this case study was to test the applicability of QFD in real estate projects managed and developed by small companies usually owner-operated. }, author_keywords={Quality function deployment, lean construction, building design, building construction, the house of quality. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Green1999, author={Green, Stuart D. }, editor={ }, title={The Dark Side of Lean Construction: Exploitation and Ideology}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={21-32}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/71}, affiliation={Department of Construction Management & Engineering, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 219, Reading, RG6 6AW, UK }, abstract={The emerging concept of lean construction is considered from an overtly critical perspective. It is contended that the current debate is based on a highly selective interpretation of the available literature. The extent to which methods of lean production are applicable beyond the Japanese context remains hotly debated. An extensive body of critical opinion argues that the application of lean methods depends upon the hegemony of management over labour. Whilst the lean rhetoric of flexibility, quality and teamwork is persuasive, critical observers claim that it translates in practice to control, exploitation and surveillance. The accepted research agenda for lean construction is primarily confined to the limited domain of instrumental rationality. Little attention has been directed at the externalities that lie beyond narrow definitions of technical efficiency. In this respect, the activities of construction researchers are seemingly shaped and controlled by the prevailing ideology of neoliberalism. The funding agencies continually exert an insidious pressure to generate outputs that are ‘relevant’ to the needs of industry. The result is an inevitable conservatism whereby the only research that is valued is that which preserves the status quo. This widespread failure to challenge the propaganda that shapes and controls the research community serves to dis-empower the workforce and erode the industry’s intellectual capital. Industry and society at large are becoming increasingly impoverished as dogma triumphs over thoughtfulness. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, human resource management, total quality management, critical theory, customer responsiveness, technocratic totalitarianism. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hong-Minh1999, author={Hong-Minh, S.M. and Barker, R. and Naim, M.M. }, editor={ }, title={Construction Supply Chain Trend Analysis}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={85-96}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/72}, affiliation={Research Associate, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP. Tel: (44) 1222 874271 Fax: (44) 1222 87430, HongMinhSM@cardiff.ac.uk ; Research Associate, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP. Tel: (44) 1222 874271 Fax: (44) 1222 874301, BarkerR1@cardiff.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP. Tel: (44) 1222 874271 Fax: (44) 1222 874301, NaimMM@cardiff.ac.uk }, abstract={The paper relates empirical findings from a construction industry supply chain diagnostic to archival evidence on supply chain engineering. Particular attention is drawn to current construction and non-construction industry trends on such issues as supply chain relationships, business process orientation and exchange of personnel. Evidence is given that indicates strategies such as partnering, business process engineering focused on customer needs and co-development yield significant business and supply chain performance improvements. The paper suggests that the exchange of staff and personnel will yield a change in “mindset” and enable a process oriented supply chain for those companies involved in the empirical research. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, business processes, relationship, personnel exchange, partnering. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell1999, author={Howell, Gregory A. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Bringing Light to the Dark Side of Lean Construction: A Response to Stuart Green}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={33-38}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/73}, affiliation={P.E., Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, 208/726- 9989 Fax 208 726 0699, ghowell@micron.net ; Director of Research, Lean Construction Institute, and Lecturer, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 510/530-8656, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Stuart Green proposes that researchers have ignored the “Dark Side” of lean construction, taking for granted it is a good thing. He charges that these academics are ignoring the debate about the transferability of Japanese automobile manufacturing to other settings, and that lean leads to the repression of trade unions and to regressive human resource management. Along the way he attacks Womack and Jones for their evangelical tone, the rhetoric of lean for its similarity with that of business process reengineering and total quality management, and the failure of lean to apply other lessons from organizational thinkers. This paper attempts to sharpen the debate by exposing the false foundations of his argument that the debate hinges on “Whether Japanese Methods are based on nice things like loyalty, empowerment, consensus etc. or whether they are based on nasty things like management-by-stress and exploitation.” We argue that Green misses the key foundations of lean which are drawn from a long history of production management thinking which first attempts to manage the physics of production in the service of higher performance. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, critical theory. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell1999, author={Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={ }, title={What Is Lean Construction - 1999}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/74}, affiliation={P.E., Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, 208/726- 9989, fax: 208/726-0699, ghowell@micron.net }, abstract={The origins of lean production are reviewed and a claim made that it is a new form of production management, that is neither mass nor craft. Then the applicability of lean production in construction is considered and nature of lean construction discussed in comparison with current practice. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean production, production management }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kadefors1999, author={Kadefors, Anna }, editor={ }, title={Client-Contractor Relations: How Fairness Considerations and Interests Influence Contractor Variation Negotiations}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={231-240}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/75}, affiliation={Research Associate, Dept. of Management of Construction and Facilities, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, SWEDEN, +46 (31) 772 1950, fax: +46 (31) 772 1964, anna@mot.chalmers.se }, abstract={In Sweden, it is common that contractors propose variations to the design. Also, in traditional general contracts it is customary that contractors are entitled to replace products specified in the tendering documents with “equivalent” ones. In this paper, factors influencing the conditions for arriving at a constructive and value-adding dialog in such situations are discussed. The theoretical framework used is theory of intuitive fairness judgements and cognitive information-processing biases. The empirical basis is a qualitative case study of client-contractor interaction in a building project. It is argued that a “fairness constraint” sets the rules for interaction. To challenge and reject the contractor’s proposals without running the risk of being perceived as a harmdoer, the client must present arguments and justifications that will be accepted by the contractor. Principal driving forces and dispositions that affect the client, the design team members and the contractor in negotiations of contractor variations are identified. These biases are found to be important in two ways: because of their effect on individual information-seeking and decision-making, and because of their effect on the perceived legitimacy of the participants. The latter aspect has implications for the conditions for communication and joint decision-making. }, author_keywords={Client-contractor relations, fairness, decision processes, contractor variations, negotiation }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela1999, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Management of Production in Construction: A Theoretical View}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={241-252}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/76}, affiliation={Senior Research Scientist, VTT Building Technology, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, tel.: +358 9 4564556, fax: +358 9 4566251, lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={The transformation view and the flow view are two major conceptualizations of production. The current practice in construction is based on the transformation view. However, the transformation view is an idealization, and in a complex production situation the associated idealization error may become large. This is exactly what happens in practice. Task management, based on the transformation view, assumes that certainty prevails in production. However, it is widely observed that, due to the inherent variability of production in construction, intended task management degenerates into mutual adjustment by teams on site. It is argued that the transformation view and the flow view should be synthesized into a new theoretical view on construction. The inherent causes of variability in construction can be explained and the countermeasures for eliminating variability or stemming its impact can be pinpointed by this new theoretical view. It is shown that the Last Planner method is compatible with this new view. }, author_keywords={Production theory, construction, project management, Last Planner. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lee1999, author={Lee, Seung-Hyun and Diekmann, James E. and Songer, Anthony D. and Brown, Hyman }, editor={ }, title={Identifying Waste: Applications of Construction Process Analysis}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={63-72}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/77}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Construction Engineering & Management, University of Colorado- Boulder, seungl@colorado.edu ; Professor, Construction Engineering & Management, University of Colorado-Boulder, diekmann@colorado.edu ; Assistant Professor, Construction Engineering and Management, University of Colorado- Boulder, asonger@colorado.edu ; Senior Instructor, Construction Engineering and Management, University of Colorado- Boulder, brownh@colorado.edu }, abstract={Implementation of lean production philosophy into the construction environment represents tremendous opportunity and challenge. One aspect challenging lean construction advocates is the systematic identification and quantification of waste, development of lean operations, and improvement verification. Through case studies, this paper discusses the use of the Construction Process Analysis (CPA) technique as an appropriate tool for lean management in construction. Results indicate that for highly repetitive processes such as steel erection, CPA is effective at identifying and quantifying waste. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, construction process analysis, structural steel construction process. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mendez Jr.1999, author={Mendez Jr., Ricardo and Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. }, editor={ }, title={Towards Production Control on Multi-Story Building Construction Sites}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={313-324}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/78}, affiliation={Lecturer, Departamento de Construção Civil, mendesjr@cesec.ufpr.br ; Senior Lecturer, Departamento de Eng. de Produção, gecon@eps.ufsc.br }, abstract={This paper reports a construction site intervention that is part of a research program devoted to the topic of production control in multi-story building construction. An early work by the authors introduced a preplanning method using the line of balance technique. This present work aggregates some tools previously used such as the Last Planner and Lookahead planning in order to develop a production control on site. The paper describes the application of site production control sub-system on a multi-story building construction site. The various steps used to implement the system are briefly described. The tools used by the crew were simple spreadsheets during the first phase and production cards (kanban) associated with some control charts derived from JIT and line of balance techniques. Information was managed using electronic spreadsheets. This work shows that production planning and control can be effectively implemented on construction sites, using very simple tools. These facts are in accord with the authors’ conviction that a lasting lean construction change in the construction industry will be from the bottom up. }, author_keywords={Buildings, production control, lean construction, line of balance. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Naim1999, author={Naim, M. and Naylor, J. and Barlow, J. }, editor={ }, title={Developing Lean and Agile Supply Chains in the Uk Housebuilding Industry}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={159-170}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/79}, affiliation={Corresponding author: NaimMM@cardiff.ac.ukTel: +44 (0)1222-874271 Fax: +44 (0)1222-874301Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 907, Cardiff, CF1 3YP. ; Formally LSDG, Cardiff, now Unipart UK. ; SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RF, j.g.barlow@sussex.ac.ukTel: +44 (0)1273-877166 Fax: +44 (0)1273 685865. }, abstract={The paper presents the concept of ‘leagility’. Building on lean and agile literature, the paper describes the similarities and differences between these concepts and the application of each paradigm within the context of the total supply chain. Particular attention is paid to the notion of the ‘decoupling point’, which determines the location within the supply chain at which a product is customised. Using examples from various industries, the potential for the application of ‘leagility’ in housebuilding is described, as well as the barriers to its introduction in the UK. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, process orientation, lean thinking, agile construction, housebuilding. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Orrechia1999, author={Orrechia, Federico and Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={ }, title={Reflections on Money and Lean Construction}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={253-262}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/80}, affiliation={M.S., President, PIC – Produtividade Counstultora LTDA. Rua Pedro de Cunha, 65 Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05010-020 Brazil, 55-011/3872-6595, orecchia@uninet.com.br ; P.E., Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, 208/726- 9989, fax 208 726 0699, ghowell@micron.net }, abstract={Money is a particularly tricky resource to manage because it comes with its own set of rules. Value is created by the application of cost concerns to choices in design. Likewise cash flow considerations during construction may lead to adjusting design to minimize risk of schedule overrun. Here again the role of money is to help clarify value for the client. In some cases the speed of the project may be limited by the rate of cash flow and while managing to assure no overrun how ever small is simplified by reliable work flow, some additional time should be added to the schedule to account for variations in cash flow. By contrast, if a precise and rapid completion date established early in the project is important to an owner, steps must be taken to insure the project is not sensitive to disruptions which might cause the project to be late. In this case, a buffer of additional money is prudent. In either case, the problem of matching cash flow to construction demands is eased by reliable workflow. }, author_keywords={Money, financing, lean construction, lean production, production management }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salagnac1999, author={Salagnac, Jean-Luc and Yacine, Madjid }, editor={ }, title={Logistics: A Step Towards Lean Construction}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={121-132}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/81}, affiliation={Head of project “Site and Industry” at the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, 4 avenue du recteur Poincaré, 75782 PARIS Cedex, France, +33 (1) 40 50 28 39, fax: +33 (1) 40 50 29 10, salagnac@cstb.fr ; Is preparing a PhD on the development of logistics in construction at the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées and is presently responsible for studies at the transport and logistics engineering company EUROSIRIS, 60/62 rue d’Hauteville, 75010, PARIS, +33 (1) 44 79 91 41, fax : +33 (1) 47 70 11 93, eosiris@mhnet.fr }, abstract={Some factors are likely to impel a deep change in the construction industry in France. As in other European countries, this activity remains traditional in spite of a significant flow of innovations concerning both industrial products and execution of works on site. Experimental building operations have been carried out within the frame of a national five year programme focused on the improvement of the activity on site. The consequences of these experiments on the relations between actors have been studied from different points of view. Nearly one hundred operations will have been supported by the end of 1999. This paper is based on the evaluation of several of these experimental operations with a special emphasis on site logistics, which is considered as a step towards lean construction, because it clearly reveals where are the limitations to improvements. The variety of projects, of size of contracting companies, and of constraints of industrial products involved in these experiments allow concluding remarks concerning the conditions of development of lean construction in France }, author_keywords={Logistics, lean construction, quality, transport. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos1999, author={Santos, Auinaldo dos and Powell, James }, editor={ }, title={Potential of Poka-Yoke Devices to Reduce Variability in Construction}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={51-62}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/82}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate, Civil Engineer, M.Sc., University of Salford, Department of Surveying, Bridgwater Building M54WT, England, a.santos@surveying.salford.ac.uk, Homepage: http://www.geocities.com/Paris/1262/ ; Professor and Director of the Academic Enterprise, D.Sc., OBE, CEng., Eur. Eng., B.Sc., M.Sc, Ph.D., AMIST, FIOA, FIMgt., MCIOB, University of Salford, M54WT, England, j.a.powell@enterprise.salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper discusses the application poka-yoke devices to reduce variability in construction sites. Initially it presents the main pressures for improving production practices in the sector and then it describes the main aspects of reduction of variability. Subsequently, it presents poka-yoke as one of the basic heuristic approaches to implement this principle in practice. The researchers investigated the application of poka-yoke in construction through six case studies carried out in Brazil and England. The pattern-matching approach, supported by quantitative and qualitative data, has confirmed the usefulness of this approach in construction practice. However, the empirical evidences revealed that the sector makes little use of this approach at the present moment. In this sense, there is great scope for developing mechanic and electronic mistake-proof devices to adapt into existing construction machinery. Construction suppliers should reflect on the idea of building poka-yoke devices in their products in order to guarantee the correct use of their products on site. }, author_keywords={Poka-yoke, mistake-proofing, reduction of variability. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Silva1999, author={Silva, Fred Borges da and Cardoso, Francisco Ferreira }, editor={ }, title={Applicability of Logistics Management in Lean Construction: A Case Study Approach in Brazilian Building Companies}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={147-158}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/83}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M. Eng. Candidate, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, fred@pcc.usp.br ; Professor Dr., Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, fcardoso@pcc.usp.br }, abstract={Logistics management concepts and tools currently have a great value for several business sectors that are searching for productivity and competitiveness improvement, providing costs reduction and better customer satisfaction. With that purpose they are trying to promote a better integration between internal and external actors who support logistics activities. This paper reports on three case studies undertaken as part of a Master Research program, which has the main objective of investigating how logistics concepts and tools are being applied to the Brazilian building construction sector. As a conclusion, guidelines are presented in order to improve logistics efficiency and effectiveness in the building production process. These guidelines are based on positive and negative experiences of some construction companies presented briefly in three case studies and on experiences of companies from other sectors of the economy. }, author_keywords={Logistics, supply chain, supply logistics, site logistics, lean construction, Brazil. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Singh1999, author={Singh, Amarjit and Barnes, Rick and Yousefpour, Ali }, editor={ }, title={High-Turnaround and Flexibility in Design and Construction of Mass Housing}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={181-194}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/84}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822. 808/956-3933, fax: 808/956-5014, singh@wiliki.eng.hawaii.edu ; Research Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822. ; Research Assistant, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822. }, abstract={There is a tremendous housing shortage in the world that can only be overcome by innovative designs and enlightened production management. This paper presents a method for fast erection of apartment housing units that have architectural flexibility, manufacturing flexibility, and erection flexibility. The paper describes innovative jointing methods for large panel erection and presents characteristics of an appropriate structural system to correspond to the mechanical jointing and quick erection needs. Erection speeds using this method are about ten times as fast as conventional methods. Details of erection requirements and equipment are given. }, author_keywords={Flexibility, architecture, production, joint, precast, industrial housing, mass housing, prefabrication, structure, throughput, erection, manufacture, FMS, construction. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Taylor1999, author={Taylor, John and Bjornsson, Hans }, editor={ }, title={Construction Supply Chain Improvements Through Internet Pooled Procurement}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={207-218}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/85}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020. ; Director, Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020. }, abstract={Construction material supply chains have evolved over time to base production and materials management decision-making on demand information from the immediate downstream node in the supply chain. This myopic view leads to demand signal amplification as individual upstream nodes attempt to forecast and fulfill orders. Further compounding this demand distortion is the fact that a great amount of demand uncertainty exists between the supply houses and contractors. Supply houses are challenged to base production and materials management decision-making on orders received from a large number of disparate contractors from diverse trades. The aforementioned demand distortion and uncertainty causes construction supply chain distribution channels to be crowded with unnecessary inventory. This paper investigates a new business model for Internet-enabled pooled procurement in construction supply chains based on research currently in-progress. Through global integration of procurement information over multiple projects, pooled procurement leads to efficiency in material manufacturing and distribution, decreased material costs to contractors and owners, and reduced transaction costs. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, pooled procurement, Internet-enabling technologies. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein1999, author={Tommelein, Iris D. and Li, Annie En Yi }, editor={ }, title={Just-in-Time Concrete Delivery: Mapping Alternatives for Vertical Supply Chain Integration}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={97-108}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/86}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Constr. Engr. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Senior (B.S. Degree), Constr. Engr. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/536-1782, annieli@uclink4.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper explains concepts underlying a just-in-time production system. Just-in-time production systems as implemented by Toyota are pull systems in which ‘kanban’ convey the need to replenish the right inventory at the right time and in the right amount. In this paper, symbols from manufacturing are introduced to map resource flows in order to help distinguish traditional- from lean production processes. These symbols are then applied to construction. Ready-mix concrete provides a prototypical example of a just-in-time construction process. Ready-mix concrete is a perishable commodity, batched to specifications upon customer demand. This makes just-in-time delivery necessary. Based on data from industry case studies, alternative forms of vertical supply chain integration were investigated. The most common one is where the batch plant also delivers the mix to the contractor’s project site. An alternative is for the contractor to haul the mix from the batch plant to the project site with their own revolving-drum trucks. One alternative is favored over the other depending on the amount of control the contractor wants in terms of on-time site delivery of concrete and the variability in the contractor’s demand for concrete project after project. Insights can be gained from these two examples on how the construction industry has adopted a just-in-time production system for at least one part of the concrete supply chain. The examples provided will help the reader think through issues pertaining to the need for having information, materials, and time buffers at strategic locations in construction processes. }, author_keywords={Supply-chain mapping, vertical supply-chain integration, ready-mix concrete, pull-driven scheduling, just in time, JIT, kanban, lean construction. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein1999, author={Tommelein, Iris D. and Weissenberger, Markus }, editor={ }, title={More Just-in-Time: Location of Buffers in Structural Steel Supply and Construction Processes}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={109-120}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/87}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712 and Research Associate, Lean Construction Institute, phone: 510/643-8678, fax: 510/643- 8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Exchange student in the Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program at U.C. Berkeley in 1997-98, now Senior (5-year Civil Engineering Degree), Technical Univ. Hamburg-Harburg, Germany, weissenberger@tu-harburg.de }, abstract={The erection of a building’s structural steel frame is a major construction phase on many a project. The main resource in this process, the steel erector’s crane, defines not only the pace of erection of steel, but also the pace for handling and installing many other structural and non-structural materials. This production system cannot afford any delays. Some claim that structural steel therefore is managed as a just-in-time (JIT) process with materials being delivered to site as needed and installed promptly. This is the case only in appearance as is clear when one considers the JIT principles that were developed as part of Toyota’s lean production philosophy. To illustrate the point, this paper draws on examples of typical structural steel supply chains from the industrial- and building construction sector. The use of symbols from manufacturing is investigated to map key production steps as well as buffers in-between them in order to elucidate where resources do and do not flow. Industry practices in these two construction sectors vary significantly. Neither one is lean. This paper reports on a preliminary investigation into the location of buffers in the structural steel supply and construction process. The reasons for having buffers at various locations are explored. A more in-depth investigation is recommended to gain a deeper understanding of the buffer sizing criteria and steel component sequencing rules that govern current practices. Insight into these will then help determine which buffers can be trimmed in order to reduce work in progress and cycle time. This will support the effort of achieving “more JIT” by making processes within individual companies as well as across the entire steel supply chain leaner. }, author_keywords={Supply-chain mapping, integration, structural steel, fabrication, erection, pull-driven scheduling, just in time, JIT, kanban, buffer, lean construction. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos1999, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Considerations on Application of Lean Construction Principles to Design Management}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={335-344}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/88}, affiliation={M.Sc., Research assistant at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, patit@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Senior Lecturer at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3 o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP: 90.035-190 }, abstract={Several studies have pointed out the importance of the building design process in terms of improving the performance of the construction industry, and that it is a very difficult process to manage. It involves thousands of decisions, sometimes over a period of years, with numerous interdependencies, under a highly uncertain environment. As distinct from production, quality in the design process has to be achieved by a careful identification of customer needs and subsequent translation of those needs into specifications. The aim of this article is to present an analysis on the application of some lean construction principles to design management, considering the three different views of design (design as conversion, design as flow and design as value generation), proposed by Huovila et al. (1997). This discussion is based on empirical data collected in two case studies developed in Brazil. Each case study involved the development of a model for managing the design process for a small-sized house building company. }, author_keywords={Building design, design management, lean construction, process management. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Villagarcia1999, author={Villagarcia, Sofia and Cardoso, Fancisco }, editor={ }, title={New Supply Chain Network in Brazil’s House Construction Industry}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={171-180}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/89}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica of the Universidade de São Paulo, E-mail: sofia@pcc.usp.br ; Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica of the Universidade de São Paulo,Universidade de São Paulo, E-mail: fcardoso@pcc.usp.br. }, abstract={Brazil’s house construction industry is currently undergoing changes in its structure due to the new competitive environment. In São Paulo, among other states, production is passing from an in-house type to a subcontracted type. Finding an effective way to manage the supply chain is crucial for the success of this new situation. With the main focus on the Brazilian supply management in this industry, this paper seeks to identify and discuss the principal key factors the supply chain management has to be aware of in order to facilitate the implementation of lean production in construction projects in this country. From a brief review of literature that exists on supply chain management, four key factors can be identified to improve supply chain performance: lean designs, system reliability, supplier co-ordination and supplier development. Based on a description of the supply chain and current management procedures in this country, the relevance given to these key factors is discussed. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, lean construction, lean design, reliability, supplier coordination, supplier development. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef1999, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Roles of Supply Chain Management in Construction}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/90}, affiliation={Research Scientist, TNO Building and Construction Research, Department of Strategic Studies, Quality Assurance and Building Regulations, P.O.Box 2600, NL-2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands, +31 (15) 2695228, fax: +31 (15) 2695335, r.vrijhoef@bouw.tno.nl ; Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Concurrent Engineering, P.O. Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, +358 (9) 4564556, fax: +358 (9) 4566251, lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={Supply chain management (SCM) is a concept that has flourished in manufacturing, originating from Just-In-Time (JIT) production and logistics. Today, SCM represents an autonomous managerial concept, although still largely dominated by logistics. SCM endeavors to observe the entire scope of the supply chain. All issues are viewed and resolved in a supply chain perspective, taking into account the interdependency in the supply chain. SCM offers a methodology to relieve the myopic control in the supply chain that has been reinforcing waste and problems. Construction supply chains are still full of waste and problems caused by myopic control. Comparison of case studies with prior research justifies that waste and problems in construction supply chains are extensively present and persistent, and due to interdependency largely interrelated with causes in other stages of the supply chain. The characteristics of the construction supply chain reinforce the problems in the construction supply chain, and may well hinder the application of SCM to construction. Previous initiatives to advance the construction supply chain have been somewhat partial. The generic methodology offered by SCM contributes to better understanding and resolution of basic problems in construction supply chains, and gives directions for construction supply chain development. The practical solutions offered by SCM, however, have to be developed in construction practice itself, taking into account the specific characteristics and local conditions of construction supply chains. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, construction supply chain, interdependency, myopic control }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Al-Sudairi2000, author={Al-Sudairi, Abdulsalam A. and Diekmann, James E. and Songer, Anthony D. }, editor={ }, title={Interplay of Project Complexity and Lean Production Methods}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/91}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, alsudair@rtt.colorado.edu. ; Professor, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, diekmann@spot.colorado.edu. ; Assistance Professor, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado- Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, asonger@spot.colorado.edu. }, abstract={Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of lean production methods for improving the effectiveness of construction processes. This study investigates the effect of lean production principles on construction projects that manifest different degrees of structural complexity. The importance of specific lean principles (specify value, rethink your operating methods, focus on actual objects, release resources for delivery just when needed and strive for perfection) is evaluated using discrete event simulation for three different structural steel projects. The projects' configurations range from simple to complex and include a small commercial building, a mid-rise office building and a hospital expansion. Results of simulation analysis indicate that the more complex projects exhibit increased "lean" process improvement when compared to the simpler projects. Our results also indicate that traditional production planning methods are more effective on simpler projects. In addition, domain uncertainty and project complexity are highly coupled as regards the improvements that are realized by applying lean principles. In short, project characteristics play a significant role on the impact of lean production theory when it is applied to construction processes. It is possible that hybrid construction process design approaches, such as a push-pull system, will behave better than a pure pull system. There is a need for a better understanding of how to apply lean principles to maximize improvement to construction systems. }, author_keywords={Lean principles, process simulation, project characteristics, complexity, volatility, buffer size }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Freire2000, author={Freire, Javier and Alarcon, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Achieving a Lean Design Process}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/92}, affiliation={Graduate Student at Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. jfreire@entelchile.net ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={An improvement methodology is proposed for the design process in construction projects. Based on concepts and principles of Lean Production the methodology considers the design process as a set of three different models: conversion, flow, and value. Four stages are necessary to produce improvements and changes: (1) diagnosis/evaluation, (2) changes implementation, (3) control, and (4) standardization. The methodology suggests the application of seven tools in accordance to specific needs (detected and desired) on five potential areas of improvement (CAPRI): Client, Administration, Project, Resources, and Information. Results of an application included: an increase of 31% in the share of value adding activities, 44% reduction of unit errors in the products, up to 58% decrease of waiting times in the process, and an expansion of the utilization in the cycle times. In this manner, not only did the efficiency and effectiveness of internal engineering products improve, but also the whole project, by improving one of the main suppliers of construction. }, author_keywords={Lean design, design process, flow, value, value stream mapping, CAPRI, improvement methodology, design management. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2000, author={Alves, Thais da C.L. and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Guidelines for Managing Physical Flows in Construction Sites}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/93}, affiliation={M.Sc., Research Assistant, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Brazil, e-mail: thaiscla@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Brazil; Visiting Scholar at the University of California at Berkeley, USA e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={The process model that has been mostly used in construction management tends to neglect the importance of flow activities in production. By contrast, the New Production Philosophy (Lean Production) states that both conversions and flows should be considered in production management. While the conversion management aspect of production seems to be relatively well defined, further research into the management of physical flows is required. This paper proposes some guidelines for managing physical flows in construction sites based on case studies carried out in small sized building companies in the South of Brazil. In this research work, physical flows refer to both material and production unit flows. The authors propose that decision making concerned with such flows should be part of the production planning and control process. This means that the flows of people, equipment, and materials must be explicitly and systematically planned and controlled, considering distinct hierarchical decision making levels. It is expected that these changes in production planning and control will increase process transparency and, at the same time, will create conditions for reducing variability in site conditions and thereby reduce waste. }, author_keywords={Physical flows, process transparency, production planning and control, lean construction }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Andery2000, author={Andery, Paulo and Vanni, Claudia and Borges, Gisele }, editor={ }, title={Failure Analysis Applied to Design Optimisation}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/94}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Construction and Materials Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil, Phone + 55 31 2381856, FAX + 55 31 238 1857, paulo@demc.ufmg.br ; Researcher, Construction and Materials Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil, Phone + 55 31 238 1850, FAX + 55 31 2381857, claudia@demc.ufmg.br ; Architect, MBS Architects, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil, Phone/FAX + 55 31 2414344, myssior@myssior.com.br }, abstract={The present work points out a procedure, conceptually based on lean thinking principles, that focuses on co-ordinating different design disciplines (architectural, structural, etc.), thus avoiding errors due to lack of design compatibility caused by inadequate management of information flow. A design protocol is developed, helping the designers to outline constructability guidelines, applied to the specific conditions of a project. The procedure is based on the application of failure analysis methods, particularly the FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis), adapted to be used in building construction design. The procedure allows the detection of potential failure modes related to the coordination of different building design specifications. Thus, it looks for “what could be wrong”, leading to the improvement of the design reliability. The application of FMEA as a phase of the procedure leads to failures detection, its prioritisation and the establishment of countermeasures against those failures. A set of guidelines has been generated and can be incorporated into later design phases. Some results of the implementation of the procedure are briefly discussed. }, author_keywords={Lean design, design coordination, failure analysis }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2000, author={Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Positive Vs. Negative Iteration in Design}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/95}, affiliation={Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 888/771-9207, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu; Lecturer, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712 }, abstract={Iteration is essential for generating value in design processes. However, not all iteration generates value. Iteration that can be eliminated without value loss is waste. Moving towards lean design requires a better understanding of both value generation and waste reduction. This paper contributes to the development of lean design by examining how waste can be reduced through elimination of negative iteration. Preliminary research findings are presented regarding such design management techniques as reduced batch sizing and set-based design. Future research is proposed. }, author_keywords={Iteration, lean design, set-based design, value, value generation, value loss, waste }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bogus2000, author={Bogus, Susan and Songer, Anthony D. and Diekmann, James }, editor={ }, title={Design-Led Lean}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/96}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering, CB 428, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80302. susan.bogus@colorado.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering, CB 428, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80302. asonger@spot.colorado.edu ; Professor, Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering, CB 428, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80302. diekmann@spot.colorado.edu }, abstract={Lean thinking is a concept begun in Japanese manufacturing that strives to eliminate all waste from a process while pursuing perfection in the finished product. Lean thinking has been applied to the construction process in the form of lean construction. However, traditional resistance by the construction industry to manufacturing ideas has limited the extent of lean construction. When used, lean thinking has been limited to only the design process or only the construction process. This paper introduces the idea of design-led lean as a method of improving construction performance by incorporating lean principles at the earliest stage of a project – design. The goal of design-led lean is to design a project in a way that avoids, reduces, or mitigates variability during the construction process in order to facilitate flow. Design-led lean builds on the constructability concepts identified by the Construction Industry Institute through the addition of flow considerations. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean production, constructability, design-build, design process, variability, flow }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Childerhouse2000, author={Childerhouse, Paul and Hong-Minh, Séverine M. and Naim, Mohamed M. }, editor={ }, title={Selecting The Right Strategy To Meet Customer Requirements}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/97}, affiliation={Research Associate, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, UK, FAX 029 20874301, TEL 029 20876915, childerhouse@cardiff.ac.uk ; Research Associate, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, UK, FAX 029 20874301, TEL 029 20876915, hongminhsm@cardiff.ac.uk. ; Reader, Logistics Systems Dynamics Group, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, UK, FAX 029 20874301, TEL 029 20874635, naimmm@cardiff.ac.uk. }, abstract={Supply chain management has received a great deal of interest during the past few years. There is a concurrent view that a ‘save all’ strategy applicable to all circumstances is available to industrialists. This paper challenges this view and puts forward alternative house building supply chain strategies for particular market circumstances. Initially a review of the UK house building value stream is presented along with a description of the way in which supply chain management plays a critical role. The general principles behind the two recent popular supply chain approaches, Lean and Agile are presented along with the combination of the two into a single holistic approach called Leagility. Customer requirements are diverse in the house building sector and as a result the supply chain must be matched to best service these alternative marketplace conditions. The Leagile strategy is expanded via different positions of the strategic stock, de-coupling point into four alternative strategies: Make to stock, fit out to order, shell and fit out to order and design to order. Each strategy is explained in depth and the paper concludes with a matrix designed to match these four alternatives with different customer requirements. Thus, a tool is provided for selecting the right supply chain strategy given any type of customer requirements. }, author_keywords={UK house building, supply chain strategies, Lean, Agile, Leagile }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Choo2000, author={Choo, Hyun Jeong and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={WorkMovePlan: Database for Distributed Planningand Coordination}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/98}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, choohj@ce.berkeley.edu ; Associate Professor, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215-A McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Planning during construction is a distributed process that involves many participants because needed information is usually not found within one party but is spread out among parties. As projects are becoming more dynamic and complex, and the involvement of specialty contractors is increasing, well-structured communication and coordination are more than ever essential for a project to succeed. Nevertheless, few existing planning tools provide the means to facilitate these processes. To fill this need, a new tool is presented here. This paper describes a WorkMovePlan, a database program that has been created to systematically develop lookahead plans and weekly work plans. Weekly work plans are detailed to include labor and equipment assignments as well as space use. Together with lookaheads, these plans are automatically shared so planners can detect potential conflicts and prevent expensive adjustments later on site. WorkMovePlan's distributed, bottom-up approach to planning, which complements the current centralized top-down approach, radically differs from practices supported by existing computing tools. We are currently working with general contractors and specialty contractors to identify the possibilities provided by the interactive coordination of distributed work plans in order to better coordinate work. }, author_keywords={distributed planning, coordination, scheduling, planning, space scheduling, conflict detection, weekly work planning, lookahead planning, Last Planner, WorkMovePlan, WorkPlan }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Coffey2000, author={Coffey, Michael }, editor={ }, title={Developing and Maintaining Employee Commitment and Involvement in Lean Construction}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/99}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, School of Land & Construction Management, University of Greenwich, Oakfield Lane, Dartford, Kent, DA1 2SZ, U.K. +44 (0)20-8331-9327, M.W.Coffey@gre.ac.uk }, abstract={The principles of lean production are currently being broadly adopted by firms right across the construction industry. As yet the implementation of lean construction is in its early days, with only a limited number of accounts of its operation and success emerging so far. Of these accounts few have addressed the human resource aspects of lean construction. Yet lean construction depends heavily upon the potential and abilities of employees in order to successfully perform many of its functions and achieve its potential. Two particular aspects of human resource management, upon which lean construction is dependent, are the commitment and involvement of workers, both essential contributors to many of the functions of lean construction. These aspects produce a crucial consideration for all organisations seeking to implement lean construction, that of whether they will be able to attain the necessary commitment and involvement of their employees. The issue is especially difficult, having regard to the previous record and patterns of employment in the construction industry. The paper considers the human resource requirements for the implementation of lean construction into the UK construction industry, specifically with regard to whether worker involvement and commitment can be developed and maintained. The paper draws upon the experience of organisations operating lean production in other industries, together with the results from earlier research that sought to determine the potential of workers with respect to their involvement and participation at work. The relationship between commitment and involvement is established. The role and significance of involvement in the various constituent aspects of lean production are identified and considered, together with the employee characteristics that must be developed and maintained in order to achieve the required level of employee involvement. Finally, ‘survivor syndrome’ is considered as a potential major impediment to involvement as a result of the radical change induced by the introduction of lean production and the trauma generated. Survivor syndrome is the psychological state that occurs in individuals who have survived a traumatic event but cannot rationalise the reasons for their survival. }, author_keywords={Employee involvement, commitment, participation, HRM }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Common2000, author={Common, Gavin and Johansen, Eric and Greenwood, David }, editor={ }, title={A Survey of the Take-Up of Lean Concepts Among UK Construction Companies}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/100}, affiliation={Construction Manager, Keycare Northern Ltd, gcommon@compuserve.com ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Northumbria, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2, 3NN, UK. 0191-227-4691, eric.johasen@unn.ac.uk. ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Northumbria, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2, 3NN, UK. 0191-227-4691, david.greenwood@unn.ac.uk. }, abstract={There are a number of initiatives designed to encourage the take-up of lean principles in construction. The aim of this research was to test the transfer of lean principles to construction by investigating their penetration into large construction companies in the UK. A conceptual framework with key indicators was developed and a survey carried out among a sample of general contractors. The first objective was to explore whether there was any consensus on what constituted lean construction. Then the indicators that had been selected were tested for validity. The third objective was to explore whether the indicators were indeed present in the study organisations, and if so, whether lean principles were restricted to board level, or had actually filtered down into the site production process. Finally, the respondents, were questioned about the likelihood of lean production techniques being adopted in the construction process. The survey revealed only a limited knowledge of lean construction techniques at both boardroom and site levels. There has been some adoption of lean techniques, but these exist side-by-side with traditional approaches. There was a great variation in perceptions: only a minority recognised the importance of the issues of design and planning. Many respondents professed to have embraced lean culture while further questioning suggested otherwise. Further research should investigate the reasons for this, and ultimately address the fundamental question of the transferability of lean principles to construction. }, author_keywords={Lean production, take-up, transferability, survey. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Davey2000, author={Davey, C.L. and Powell, J.A. and Cooper, I. and Hirota, E. }, editor={ }, title={Innovation and Culture Change Within a Medium-Sized Construction Company: Success Through the Process of Action Learning}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/101}, affiliation={Projects Manager, Academic Enterprise, University of Salford. ; Director of Academic Enterprise, Academic Enterprise, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT Tel. 0161-295 5000 , j.a.powell@salford.ac.uk (correspondence author). ; Architect and Consultant, Eclipse Research Consultants. ; Post-doctoral Researcher, Construction. }, abstract={This paper examines the role of Action Learning in promoting innovation and culture change within one medium-sized construction company. Its adoption by that company – George and Harding – was an exemplary part of a larger study involving a total of 28 construction professionals. This larger study, stimulated by the CIOB’s Innovation and Research Committee, was prompted by the desire to encourage the construction industry, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, to engage in life-long learning and implement good practice, without falling into the trap of an unthinking adoption of the latest management fashion. Action Learning has been shown to drive significant and sustainable cultural change in other engineering disciplines, along the lines proposed by both Latham (1994) and Egan (1998). It has also been used with the construction industry in Brazil (Hirota and Formoso, 2000). Our detailed case study focuses on middle managers from different divisions of the same company who wanted to become more innovative on the one hand and 'leaner' on the other. It shows that Action Learning is able to generate a motivated, committed and innovative workforce, as well as better site management and leadership. Continuous Staff Development (CSD), an in-house training course developed by the company’s Action Learning SET, produced over 100 ideas for improving company performance, which are being implemented by many different groups of staff. The Chairman of George and Harding estimates that CSD has given his company a 12-month lead over its competitors. Action Learning gave middle managers “time to think” about strategic issues and empowered them to collaborate with the Chairman in overcoming personal and political barriers to change. Furthermore, as a result of discussions during SET meetings and contact with a consultant from the University of Salford specialising in transparency on construction sites, the managers were prepared to actually implement some of the concepts of 'lean production'. Thus, Action Learning is shown to have helped middle managers overcome any resistance to change, as well as drive innovation and real cultural change within a construction SME. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dunlop2000, author={Dunlop, Paul and Smith, Simon }, editor={ }, title={A Non-Deterministic Investigation of the Concrete Placing System}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/102}, affiliation={Postgraduate student, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, The King’s Building, Edinburgh, UK, EH9 3JN, Tel: 0131 650 5790, P.Dunlop@ed.ac.uk. ; Lecturer in Project Management, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Edinburgh }, abstract={Many areas of the construction industry rely heavily upon cyclical processes, some of which do not always deliver a satisfactory level of performance. One such area is the system involved in concrete placing operations. A deterministic analysis of these processes may not allow for the random distribution of system actions, resulting in unrealistic system attributes. The process of concrete batching, transport and finally placement is subject to interruption, irregularity and fluctuation and can be treated as a stochastic system. To enable contractors to deliver the highest quality of service it is fundamental that these uncertainties are managed as best as possible. Accordingly, this paper follows the flow and transfer of the concrete placing process and “lean” techniques can be applied in order to investigate the process efficiency. For this study, examples are presented using data gathered over a two-year period from a major civil engineering project in the North-West of England. The data consists of the relevant times from over seventy concrete pours. The majority of concrete operations observed involved concrete being pumped into formwork, which was seen to be a complex queueing system. }, author_keywords={Concreting operations, queueing systems, stochastic systems, concreting productivity, construction simulation }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gil2000, author={Gil, N. and Tommelein, I.D. and Kirkendall, R.L. and Ballard, G. }, editor={ }, title={Contribution of Specialty Contractor Knowledge to Early Design }, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/103}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Constr. Engrg. & Mgmt. Program, Civil & Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall, U.C. Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ngil@uclink4.berkeley.edu, http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~nunogil/ ; Associate Prof., Constr. Engrg. & Mgmt. Program, Civil & Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall, U.C. Berkeley, CA 94720-1712 , USA, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein/ ; Sr. Interior Designer, Industrial Design Corporation, 2020 S.W. Fourth Avenue, 3rd Floor, Portland, OR 97201, USA, robert.kirkendall@idc-ch2m.com ; Lecturer, Constr. Engrg. & Mgmt. Program, Civil & Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215, McLaughlin Hall, U.C. Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, and Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper discusses what knowledge specialty contractors may contribute to the early design of architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) products. In current practice in the United States, specialty contractors are seldom involved in the early design effort, but their early involvement is increasing. The paper reports on research that focused on the processes for designing and building semiconductor facilities. The research consisted of conducting a series of one-to-one interviews with experienced practitioners, ranging from labour managers to lead designers and owner representatives. The aim was to unveil what kinds of knowledge specialty contractor may contribute to early design in order to improve process efficiency and product quality. We catagorize this knowledge and provide examples that stem from current practice or that present opportunities for implementation. We discuss reasons why specialty contractor knowledge may be ignored. Changes taking place in the AEC industry nevertheless suggest that organisations are creating conditions to increase the interaction between designers and specialty contractors. Such interactions may help AEC organisations retain and share the knowledge of individuals as well as develop new knowledge and thereby increase their competitive advantage. }, author_keywords={Specialty contractor, knowledge, lean construction, early design, concurrent engineering, product development, process improvement }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Green2000, author={Green, Stuart D. }, editor={ }, title={The Future of Lean Construction: A Brave New World}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/104}, affiliation={Department of Construction Management & Engineering, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 219, Reading, RG6 6AW, UK }, abstract={Lean construction is considered from a human resource management (HRM) perspective. It is contended that the UK construction sector is characterised by an institutionalised regressive approach to HRM. In the face of rapidly declining recruitment rates for built environment courses, the dominant HRM philosophy of utilitarian instrumentalism does little to attract the intelligent and creative young people that the industry so badly needs. Given this broader context, there is a danger that an uncritical acceptance of lean construction will exacerbate the industry's reputation for unrewarding jobs. Construction academics have strangely ignored the extensive literature that equates lean production to a HRM regime of control, exploitation and surveillance. The emphasis of lean thinking on eliminating waste and improving efficiency makes it easy to absorb into the best practice agenda because it conforms to the existing dominant way of thinking. 'Best practice' is seemingly judged by the extent to which it serves the interests of the industry's technocratic elite. Hence it acts as a conservative force in favour of maintaining the status quo. In this respect, lean construction is the latest manifestation of a long established trend. In common with countless other improvement initiatives, the rhetoric is heavy in the machine metaphor whilst exhorting others to be more efficient. If current trends in lean construction are extrapolated into the future the ultimate destination may be uncomfortably close to Aldous Huxley's apocalyptic vision of a Brave New World. In the face of these trends, the lean construction research community pleads neutrality whilst confining its attention to the rational high ground. The future of lean construction is not yet predetermined. Many choices remain to be made. The challenge for the research community is to improve practice whilst avoiding the dehumanising tendencies of high utilitarianism. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, human resource management, utilitarian instrumentalism, propaganda, best practice. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hammond2000, author={Hammond, Jamie and Choo, Hyun Jeong and Austin, Simon and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Integrating Design Planning, Scheduling, and Control With DePlan}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/105}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics, LE11 3TU, FAX +1509 223981, j.w.hammond@lboro.ac.uk ; Ph.D. Candidate, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, choohj@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor of Structural Engineering, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics, LE11 3TU, FAX +1509 223981, s.a.austin@lboro.ac.uk ; Associate Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Director of Research, Lean Construction Institute, and Lecturer, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The planning and management of building design has historically focused upon traditional methods of planning such as Critical Path Method (CPM). Little effort is made to understand the complexities of the design process; instead design managers focus on allocating work packages where the planned output is a set of deliverables. All too often there is no attempt to understand and control the flow of information that gives rise to these deliverables. This paper proposes the combined use of the Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT) and Last Planner methodology as a tool called DePlan to improve the planning, scheduling and control of design. ADePT is applied during the early planning stages to provide the design team with an improved design programme that takes into account the complex relationships that exist between designers, and the information flows that flows between them. Then the Last Planner methodology is employed, through a program called ProPlan, to schedule and control the design environment. DePlan has been implemented as a PC-based computer program with web interface. }, author_keywords={Design Management, ADePT, ProPlan, Last Planner, Production Management, Planning, Scheduling, Control, Dependency Structure Matrix. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Holzemer2000, author={Holzemer, Matt and Tommelein, Iris D. and Lin, Shih-Lun (Aaron) }, editor={ }, title={Materials and Information Flows for HVAC Ductwork Fabrication and Site Installation}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/106}, affiliation={Master of Science, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/845-6486, FAX 810/592-8112, holge@uclink4.berkeley.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Master of Engineering, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, shihlunl@uclink4.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Designing and building heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems requires a set of complex activities and handoffs between multiple architecture-, engineering-, and construction practitioners. This paper highlights one part of the HVAC production network, namely the information and materials flow between fabrication shop workers and field installers. The presented work aims to contribute to lean construction theory by describing current practices and strategies contractors use to cope with interacting sub-cycles and the upstream flexibility needed to accommodate downstream uncertainty. Accordingly, this paper explains what HVAC materials are handled and how. It then builds on qualitative data from several companies to illustrate two different production models used to fabricate and install HVAC components. One scenario describes how materials are “pushed” to the site. A second scenario describes how some materials are “pushed” and others “pulled.” Scenarios vary because each contractor has to meet several project demands at the same time, because they have a specific business market niche and fabrication capabilities, different from competitors’. The exploratory research described here paves the way for research into means to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of planning, the development of production system metrics to evaluate and promote better system-wide performance for fabricators and installers, and the implementation of heuristic- or optimisation tools for researchers to experiment with alternative production control scenarios in order to improve system-wide performance. Ultimately, our aim is to create explicit knowledge on how to increase the efficiency, reliability, and profitability of HVAC production systems. }, author_keywords={Supply chain mapping, HVAC contractors, specialty contracting, push-driven scheduling, pull-driven scheduling, kanban, lean construction. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2000, author={Howell, Gregory A. and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Reforming Project Management: The Role of Lean Construction}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/107}, affiliation={Director, Lean Construction Institute. Box 1003, Ketchum, Id, 208/726-9989, FAX 707/248-1369, ghowell@micron.net. ; Senior Research Scientist, VTT Building Technology, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={Project management as taught by professional societies and applied in current practice must be reformed because it is inadequate today and its performance will continue to decline as projects become more uncertain, complex and pressed for speed. Project management is failing because of flawed assumptions and idealized theory: it rests on a faulty understanding of the nature or work in projects, and a deficient definition of control. It is argued that a reform of project management will be driven by theories from production management that add the management of workflow and the creation and delivery of value to the current emphasis on activities. Of all the approaches to production management, the theory and principles drawn from Lean Production seem to be best suited for project management. Promising results in this regard have been reached already in one project management area, namely in Lean Construction. }, author_keywords={Project Management, Lean Production, Theory, Construction }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2000, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Is the Earned-Value Method an Enemy of Work Flow?}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/108}, affiliation={Ph.D Student, Constr. Engrg. And Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720, ywkim@uclink4.berkeley.edu ; Director of Research, Lean Construction Institute; Lecturer, Construction Engineering and Mangement Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., University of California at Berkeley, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Project control tools are commonly used in the construction industry. Unfortunately, many projects run over budget and behind schedule, which suggests that there is something wrong in our project control system. The earned-value method (EVM) is a project control technique that provides a quantitative measure of work performance. It is considered the most advanced technique for integration of schedule and cost. Work flow can be defined as the movement of information and materials through a network of production units. Current construction control systems focus on local speed and cost rather than reliable release of work downstream; i.e., reliable work flow. This paper presents potential problems of the earned-value method with a brief review of the cost management concept. Traditional cost systems are reviewed in this paper from the viewpoint of work flow. Critique of the earned-value method includes: 1) While each cost account or activity is assumed to be independent in the earned-value method, they should be considered dependent. 2) Managers can manipulate work sequences when releasing work to the field and it is possible to release work assignments that are not shielded from uncertainty. 3) In order to make cost variance (CV) positive, managers try to decrease the actual cost of work performed (ACWP) as much as possible. Overload resulting from reduced capacity can make work flow less reliable, which in turn can impact the performance of downstream production units (PUs). }, author_keywords={Earned value, dependence, work flow, quality assignment }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2000, author={Koskela, Lauri and Vrijhoef, Ruben }, editor={ }, title={The Prevalent Theory of Construction a Hindrance for Innovation}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/109}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Research Scientist, TNO Building and Construction Research, Department of Strategic Studies, Quality Assurance and Building Regulations, P.O.Box 2600, NL-2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2695228, Fax +31 15 2695335, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bouw.tno.nl }, abstract={It is argued that construction innovation is significantly hindered by the prevalent theory of construction, which is implicit and deficient. There are three main mechanisms through which this hindrance is being caused. Firstly, because production theories in general, as well as construction theories specifically, have been implicit, it has not been possible to transfer such radical managerial innovation as mass production or lean production from manufacturing to construction. Direct application of these production templates in construction has been limited due to different context in construction in correspondence to manufacturing. On the other hand, without explicit theories, it has not been possible to access core ideas of concepts and methods of these templates, and to recreate them in construction environment. In consequence, theory and practice of construction has not progressed as in manufacturing. Secondly, it is argued that the underlying, even if implicit, theoretical model of construction is the transformation model of production. There are two first principles in the transformation model. First, the total transformation can be achieved only by realising all parts of it. Thus, we decompose the total transformation into parts, finally into tasks, ensure that all inputs are available and assign these tasks to operatives or workstations. Second, minimising the cost of each task, i.e. each decomposed transformation, minimises the cost of production. It is argued that these principles, in which uncertainty and time are abstracted away, are counterproductive, and lead to myopic control and inflated variability. Practical examples show that these deficiencies and related practical constraints hinder the top-down implementation of innovations. Thirdly, empirical research shows that also bottom-up innovation - systematic learning and problem solving - is hindered by this deficient theory. Thus, the advancement of construction innovation requires that a new, explicit and valid theory of construction is created, and business models and control methods based on it are developed. }, author_keywords={Production theory, innovation in construction, radical innovation, top-down innovation, bottom-up innovation, diffusion of manufacturing templates }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lane2000, author={Lane, Robert and Woodman, Graham }, editor={ }, title={“Wicked Problems, Righteous Solutions” Back to the Future on Large Complex Projects}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/110}, affiliation={Airside Civil Engineering Delivery Manager, BAA Terminal 5 Project Team, PO Box 620, Longford House, 420 Bath Road, Longford, West Drayton, England UB7 0NX (44)208 745 1628 FAX (44)208 745 2379, boblane@T5.co.uk ; Associate Director TPS Consult, The Landsdowne Building, Landsdowne Road, Croydon, CR0 2BX, England, (44)208 256 4226, FAX (44)208 256 4572, woodman.graham@tpsconsult.ltd.uk }, abstract={Most large, long and complex projects are “Wicked” Problems. To deal with change and uncertainty on such projects, the project Delivery Process (Definition, Design, Manufacture and Assembly) needs to be considered with the Development Process (Business case, statement of need, Functional Brief) as a total system. The Development Process needs to deliver a minimum usable subset of Business, Customer and Operational requirements to enable the Delivery process to start. In return the Delivery Process needs to improve flexibility to allow the Business, Customer and Operator to respond to changes due to technology improvements or market conditions and still improve efficiency and be “lean”. The project team for Terminal 5 at Heathrow Airport has identified tools and techniques to help solve the wicked problems of Project Development and also to improve flexibility of Delivery through the use of Last Responsible Moment (LRM) for information transfer and decisions. These are established by working backwards from completion. The LRM concept together with lean techniques and “decoupled” project delivery systems has given a new view on traditional Project Management techniques and project processes. “The world’s most refreshing Interchange” project of Terminal 5 at Heathrow costing some £1.9Billion is starting the delivery process utilising LRM concepts in an information driven project system developed in-house using simple rules and a simple visual basic programme which links process mapping, planning & programming and information control }, author_keywords={Last Responsible Moment, Information Driven Project System }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lantelme2000, author={Lantelme, Elvira and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Improving Performance Through Measurement: The Application of Lean Production and Organisational Learning Principles}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/111}, affiliation={MSc, PhD candidate at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Brazil, e-mail: lantelme@cpgec.ufrgs.br. ; PhD., Associate Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Brazil, Visiting Scholar at the University of California at Berkeley, USA, e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Performance measurement is an essential element of production management. It provides the necessary information for process control, and makes it possible to establish challenging and feasible goals. It is also necessary to support the implementation of business strategies. Despite the fact that construction managers recognise the importance of performance measurement, it has not been widely implemented in this industry. Most managers still make decisions mostly based on their intuition and common sense, and on a few broad financial measures which are no longer adequate in today’s competitive environment. In the Lean Construction theoretical framework, performance measurement plays an important role in terms of providing process transparency. It makes visible attributes that are usually invisible, and helps the employees to see how they are performing, creating conditions for decentralised control to be implemented. A number of studies have investigated the use of measures for evaluating the impact of improvement programs in production systems. However, few them are concerned with the problem of implementing measurement systems in organisations. Although choosing the right measures is important, it is also necessary to enable people to use measures in their routine work, so that root causes of problems are identified and corrective action implemented. This article proposes a number of guidelines to implement performance measurement systems in construction firms, considering both the lean construction theoretical framework and organisational learning principles. This study is based on the development of a system of performance indicators developed for the construction industry in Brazil, and also on a number of interviews carried out with managers who have been involved in the implementation of measures in their companies. }, author_keywords={Performance measurement, organisational learning, lean construction }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leinonen2000, author={Leinonen, Jarkko and Huovila, Pekka }, editor={ }, title={The House of the Rising Value}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/112}, affiliation={Research Scientist, VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, + 358 9 456 4555 (voice), +358 9 456 6251, jarkko.leinonen@vtt.fi ; Group Manager, VTT Building Technology, P.O. Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, + 358 9 456 5903 (voice), +358 9 456 6251, pekka.huovila@vtt.fi }, abstract={Construction is a practice-oriented business, partly due to its long history. The practice-oriented approach leads to the fact that the focus of management is on getting the building constructed i.e. on transforming inputs to outputs. When the focus has been heavily on transformation, enough weight has not been given to value generation process to fulfill customers’ needs and expectations. Recently a new vision of the theory of construction has provided us the basis to understand the problems and essence of value generation. Value process consists of three phases: (1) finding out the customers’ requirements, (2) creating solutions to conform these requirements and (3) verifying during the project that these requirements are met in the best possible manner. Even though interest in value generation is rising among practitioners, lack of practical and applicable tools still causes problems. This paper presents the current problems in the value generation of the design phase and discusses their consequences to the project and to the end product. A tool providing assistance in the project definition phase is introduced. Experiences from piloting the tool, EcoProP, in building construction projects are described. The tool is based on a generic classification of building properties. The tool supports documentation of requirements in a form of values or classes so that their conformity in design can be verified. Its intended use is to produce the design brief and to serve as a guide for designers. The decision-making procedure with EcoProP is transparent and the well-documented objectives can be revisited in need of change. The tool is currently implemented in projects of different building types with the emphasis on eco-efficient facilities. }, author_keywords={Construction, value, performance approach, customer, ecoefficiency }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leiringer2000, author={Leiringer, Roine }, editor={ }, title={Construction Process Models – Enabling a Shared Project Understanding}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/113}, affiliation={Doctoral Researcher, Construction Management and Economics, Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, roine@recm.kth.se }, abstract={The search for improvement in construction continues, with many novel as well as longstanding initiatives applied to the process in attempts to drive down cost and raise quality. Success is often claimed, but it is not always possible to reproduce the same result elsewhere. Research for the Swedish government on a ‘design and build’ housing project has examined the underlying process and has found a series of discrepancies between what is claimed and what appears to have happened. A comprehensive computer-based model was created in order to pinpoint inconsistencies and omissions in the process. Whilst this ‘lean project’ was judged overall to have been a success, questions remain not least in relation to the synchronisation of off-site production with on-site construction. Areas of concern include the project definition stage in particular the mismatch between the project programme and the detailed workings that lie behind it. The programme appears to present construction personnel with insufficient insight into the detailed steps that are needed to undertake some key activities. The paper concludes by arguing for a much more detailed analysis of the process and one that integrates the efforts of specialist contractors and off-site production with on-site construction. By doing so, it would help to balance resources and increase the likelihood of achieving a project’s cost, quality and time objectives. }, author_keywords={Process modelling, project planning, supply chain }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lindfors2000, author={Lindfors, Christian T. }, editor={ }, title={Value Chain Management in Construction: Controlling the Housebuilding Process}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/114}, affiliation={Researcher, Department of Construction Management and Economics, The Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, lindfors@recm.kth.se }, abstract={Managing the complexity of the housebuilding process, in terms of differentiating between value and non-value adding activities, forms part of the current work in the research project ‘Value chain management in construction’. The research project includes an investigation of the possibilities for improvement in the value chain, in terms of time, cost, and quality within a major housebuilding company in Sweden. One hypothesis is that project success is linked to the extent to which the company is able to manipulate its value chain to add value for the customer, whilst improving its internal management. In order to be in a position to understand the true extent and complexity of a project process, extensive functional models have been created using a computer-based tool. This first pass through the organisational infrastructure has produced detailed ‘as-is’ models of the functions needed to perform a project. Other techniques and tools have been used during this first mapping of the process, for instance analysis and auditing of company specific documentation and structured interviews with process actors. The preliminary results of this project already point to areas of considerable scope for improvement, which are under examination. }, author_keywords={Value chain management, process modelling, process initiatives, housebuilding, information flows, Total Commitment }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{London2000, author={London, K. and Kenley, R. }, editor={ }, title={The Development Of a Neo - Industrial Organisation Methodology for Describing & Comparing Construction Supply Chains}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/115}, affiliation={Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia ; Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia }, abstract={The model draws from theories of industrial economics and supply chain literature, and is an attempt to advance the construction supply chain field through the development of an industrial organisational methodology to describe construction supply chains. Empirical studies have examined the industrial organisation of other industries, typically forming descriptions based upon vertical integration and horizontal market concentration. A review of the trends in the supply chain literature indicate there is a need to develop a model to describe the industrial organisation of the construction industry through supply chain structure. The merging of the supply chain concept with the industrial organisation model as a methodology for understanding the structural characteristics is an important contribution to construction economic theory. The paper begins to develop a language for describing the structure and behaviour of supply chains specific to the construction industry and is so doing suggests a neo-industrial organisation approach. }, author_keywords={industrial organisation, supply chain management, subcontracting }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mecca2000, author={Mecca, Saverio and Masera, Marco }, editor={ }, title={A Planning Approach Oriented to a Technical and Organisational Risk Analysis of Flow Management}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/116}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Construction Management, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Università di Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2, 56126 Pisa, Italy, saverio.mecca@ing.unipi.it ; Research Assistant, Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Università di Pisa Via Diotisalvi 2, 56126 Pisa, Italy, marco.masera@ing.unipi.it }, abstract={A lean approach to the planning of the construction process is a strategic challenge to analyse and manage organisational and technical factors that characterise decisions. Towards a non-schematic, non-repetitive, shared planning, construction managers need a flexible technique, tailored to the organisational process and able to represent an articulated semantic of the construction process. The in-progress research aims at the application of a planning technique, that permits flow processes to be represented through plan state sequences . Based on a careful description of activities, it may be possible to manage an interface analysis and to explicitly outline the complex frame of constraints put backward by every activities sequence. The objective is to support the contractors and the construction managers at the planning stage, paying attention to risk factors influencing quality and constructability performances. A planning system model representing interrelated construction activity requirement and performance data sets of is proposed. The aim is to extend the temporal and resource constraint of traditional planning techniques to sets of detailed constraints, formally described as conditions and effects, logically connected to pursue a quality goal. Quality planning requires clear decision traceability, planning consistency related to information availability, partial planning integration and flexible replanning while respecting external constraints. Related work and an experimental schema of integrated techniques oriented to a quality management implementation program are presented. }, author_keywords={Technical Risk Analysis, Planning, Lean Construction }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mendonca2000, author={Mendonca, Luis Viega and McDermott, Peter }, editor={ }, title={Lean Design Management Applied to Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids: A Redesign Process Model to Portuguese Design Companies}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/117}, affiliation={Research Center for the Built and Human Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK. ; Research Center for the Built and Human Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK. }, abstract={This paper refers to the need of reengineering the design process in Portugal. It’s a paper that derives from a research project (course of advanced study and research for the degree of PhD, in the University of Salford) to redesign the process management of Portuguese construction design companies. Nowadays, the companies present design projects with poor construction details, long cycle times and low profits. We don’t see long-time partnerships, which could generate synergies and would allow a knowledge management approach. The research project intends to create, initially, a more generalist model, which may be applied to design projects in general, and a more specific one, to the design of reinforced concrete liquid retaining structures. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{O'Brien2000, author={O'Brien, William J. }, editor={ }, title={Multi-Project Resource Allocation: Parametric Models and Managerial Implications}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/118}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil and Coastal Engineering, 345 Weil Hall/PO Box 116580, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-6580,USA, 352/392-7213, FAX 352/392-3394, wjob@ce.ufl.edu }, abstract={Subcontractors have finite resources they must allocate to multiple projects, often in conditions of competing demand and uncertainty about project schedule. Subcontractors will shift resources fluidly between projects to meet demand, seeking to optimize productivity across projects. Choices about resource allocation are perhaps the most important operational decision that subcontractors make. Despite this, construction research has only recently begun to appreciate the multi-project environment of subcontractors, taking instead a view of production in the context of single projects. As a starting point for a multi-project model, this paper presents a parametric model of subcontractor productivity on a work package. The model relates site conditions, resource allocation, and productivity, allowing quantitative assessment of the impact of shifting resources to or from the work package. An application of the model is presented for one subcontractor with calibrated parametric functions. Use of the model for multi-project resource allocation decision is discussed, and several implications for subcontractor and site management are developed. Many of the central implications are derived from the shape of the productivity modifying functions in work area and resource balance, suggesting a natural categorization of subcontractor technologies. }, author_keywords={Subcontractor production, resource allocation, multi-project coordination, supply chain management. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Picchi2000, author={Picchi, Flavio A. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Principles and the Construction Main Flows}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/119}, affiliation={Consultant, Picchi Consultoria S/C Ltda, R. Vergueiro, 3086 cj. 112 - São Paulo - CEP 04102-001, Brazil, +55-11-570-9613, FAX +55-11-570-9613, piccon@xpnet.com.br. Starting on July 2000, the author will be developing and applying some of the ideas presented in this paper in a research project, at MIT, in collaboration with Lean Enterprise Institute. }, abstract={This paper will discuss the five lean principles (value, value stream, flow, pull, perfection) and some specific construction characteristics, proposing three main flows for the analysis of construction: business, job site and supply flows. In manufacturing, the three flows (from order to cash, from concept to launch, from raw materials to customer) can be well characterized inside one plant, inside one corporation, or within the total value chain. Considering the total value stream in construction, "from order to cash" has an strong interface with the cycle "from concept to launch". This cycle was named "Business Flow", or "from business concept to keys delivery", and includes the design flow as a sub-flow. The "raw materials to customer" main cycles are: the "Supply Flow" (within the total value stream) and the "Job Site Flow" (door to door on a job site). }, author_keywords={Lean principles, flow, lean construction. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2000, author={Santos, Aguinaldo and Powell, James Andrew and Sarshar, Marjan }, editor={ }, title={Reduction of Work-in-Progress in the Construction Environment}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/120}, affiliation={Lecturer at the Civil Engineering Postgraduate Programme, Paraná Federal University, Jardim das Américas C.P: 19011 CEP: 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil Fax: 005541 2669174 Phone: 0055 322 3535 ext: 6402, asantos@cesec.ufpr.br ; Professor and Director of the Academic Enterprise. The University of Salford, M54WT, England, Fax: 0044 2955999, Phone: 0044 2955000, , j.a.powell@enterprise.salford.ac.uk ; Lecturer at the Bridgewater Building M54WT Salford School of Construction and Property Management, The University of Salford, England, Fax: 0044 295 5011, Phone: 0044 161 295 5317 m.sarshar@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={“Reduction of work-in-progress” is one of the core heuristic approaches for reducing production cycle time according to modern production management theories. However, traditional management sees production as a transformation of inputs and outputs and, thus, usually ignores the large quantities of waste generated by excessive work-in-progress. In this context, this research has investigated the degree in which English and Brazilian construction companies currently apply this heuristic in construction. The analysis of empirical evidence confirmed that “reduction of work-in-progress” is not well understood among construction managers and there is great misunderstanding regarding the actual effects of work-in-progress on cycle time. The high process variability, the sequential mode of production and poor interface design between processes were major factors contributing to the poor performance of case studies in this respect. }, author_keywords={Reduction of Cycle Time, Reduction of Work-in-progress, Lean Production }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seymour2000, author={Seymour, David and Rooke, John }, editor={ }, title={Commitment Planning and Reasons Analysis}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/121}, affiliation={ }, abstract={The paper contrasts the Planning Model, identified by Suchman (1987), which posits that planning precedes action (evidence of the application of which is to be found in many aspects of organisational practice and research), with an Alternative Model which emphasises the situated, interactive nature of planning and action. It argues that the logic which underlies Commitment Planning and Reasons Analysis, as developed by the LCI, implicitly embraces this Alternative Model. Some practical and theoretical considerations concerning the use of these tools for process improvement and for the understanding of organisational change are discussed. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, planning, commitment planning, reasons analysis. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ju2000, author={Ju, SHEN Li and Chua, David H.K. and Hwee, BOK Shung }, editor={ }, title={Distributed Scheduling With Integrated Production Scheduler}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/122}, affiliation={Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, 65/874-6498, engp8591@nus.edu.sg ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, 65/874-2195, FAX 65/779-1635, cvedavid@nus.edu.sg ; Senior CAD/CAM Specialist, National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, 119260, 65/874-2599, engboksh@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Construction process is vulnerable to uncertainties if the constraints at bottlenecks cannot be effectively identified and removed in advance. The present means of look-ahead planning does poorly in locating constraints hidden in the processes, the supply chain, and the information flow. This problem becomes more acute when the project is very complex and project players are distributed over a large scale. With the intention of implementing Lean Construction principles and the Theory of Constraints, a distributed scheduling tool, i.e. Integrated Production Scheduler (IPS), is proposed to improve the reliability of look-ahead plans, reduce uncertainties in supplies, resolve resource conflicts and alleviate delays in processes. The types of constraints modeled in the IPS are specified and a new method for look-ahead planning called Integrated Constraints Modeling is introduced. By presenting a three-layered structural model, the IPS planning process is addressed in details and the role of distributed systems is also discussed. The full implementation of IPS is based on the Internet technology, especially Java and XML. }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soibelman2000, author={Soibelman, Lucio and Kim, Hyunjoo }, editor={ }, title={Generating Construction Knowledge With Knowledge Discovery in Databases}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/123}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 ; Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 }, abstract={As the construction industry is adapting to new computer technologies in terms of hardware and software, computerized construction data becomes increasingly available. Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) and Data Mining (DM) are tools that allow us to identify novel patterns in construction projects through analyzing the large amount of construction project data. Those technologies combine techniques from machine learning, artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, statistics, databases and visualization to automatically extract concepts, interrelationships, and patterns of interest from large databases. This paper presents both the steps required for the implementation of KDD and DM tools on large construction database and one case study demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed approach. In order to test the feasibility of the proposed approach, a prototype of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) system was developed and tested with a database, RMS (Resident Management System), provided by the US Corps of Engineers. }, author_keywords={Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD), Data Mining, Machine Learning, Lean Construction, Knowledge, Decision Trees, Neural Networks }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Swain2000, author={Swain, Brian and Martin, Jeff }, editor={ }, title={Applying Lean Thinking Principles in the UK Roofing and Cladding Industry}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/124}, affiliation={Brian Swain and Jeff Martin are members of Rubicon Associates ; Brian Swain and Jeff Martin are members of Rubicon Associates }, abstract={Through the description of a case study, which comprises a number of lean transformation projects, this paper discusses an approach to the implementation of lean thinking principles and techniques within the roofing and cladding tributary of a construction value stream – from inquiry through estimation, contract, design, fabrication, materials delivery and site management to installation. }, author_keywords={Lean Thinking, value stream analysis, current and future state maps, lean transformation policy deployment }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2000, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Swanlund, Eric and Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={ }, title={Case Study for Work Structuring: Installation of Metal Door Frames}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/125}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Mobile: 510/593-4884, FAX: 510/643-8919, ccytsao@alum.calberkeley.org ; Associate Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Project Engineer, Oscar J. Boldt Construction Company, Redgranite Correctional Institution Job Site, 1008 County Road EE, Redgranite, WI 54970, USA, 920/566-0453, FAX: 920/566-0568, eswanlun@boldt.com ; Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, USA, Mobile: 206/660-2216, FAX: 707/248-1369, ghowell@micron.net, www.leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Work structuring means developing a project’s process design while trying to align engineering design, supply chain, resource allocation, and assembly efforts. The goal of work structuring is to make work flow more reliable and quick while delivering value to the customer. Current work structuring practices are driven by contracts, the history of trades, and the traditions of craft. As a result, they rarely consider alternatives for making the construction process more efficient. To illustrate current practice and the opportunities provided by work structuring, this case study discusses the installation of metal door frames at a prison project. Because the project is a correctional facility, the door frame installation process involves a special grouting procedure which makes the installation process less routine. Those involved recognized the difficulty of the situation but better solutions were impeded by normal practice. This case study thus provided the opportunity to illustrate how one may come up with alternative ways to perform the work without being constrained by contractual agreements and trade boundaries. By doing so, we illustrate what work structuring means. Local and global fixes for the system comprising walls and doors are explored. In addition, we discuss the importance of dimensional tolerances in construction and how these affect the handoff of work chunks from one production unit to the next. }, author_keywords={lean construction, work structuring, process design, operations design, first run study, methods analysis, precast concrete, door installation, planning, coordination }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tyagi2000, author={Tyagi, A. and Chua, D.K.H. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Function Deployment}, journal={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={8th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2000}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/126}, affiliation={Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering , National University Of Singapore, Singapore – 119260, Ph: (65) 874-4857 , engp9818@nus.edu.sg ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering , National University Of Singapore, Singapore – 119260, Ph: (65) 874-2195 , cvedavid@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={This paper introduces and formalises a technique for minimising the share of non-value adding activities by improving the workflow reliability in AEC processes. The technique has been named Lean Function Deployment (LFD). Its framework is built upon the existing system of QFD and draws its essence from the principles of the new construction philosophy which views the construction to be composed of conversion processes and material and information flow processes. Ways to implement this technique as well as to use it for analysing the wastes has been discussed. It is proposed that LFD can play a significant role in rationalising and re-engineering the workflow processes of the AEC sector thereby allowing for preventive actions against occurrence of wastes in the flow processes. }, author_keywords={LFD, workflow, wastes, conversion processes, flow processes }, address={Brighton, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Akel2001, author={Akel, Nadia G. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Boyers, J.C. and Walsh, Kenneth D. and Hershauer, James C. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Considerations for Streamlining a Vertically-Integrated Company - A Case Study}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/127}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, P.E., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, TEL/FAX 925/944-9598, ngakel@uclink4.Berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Corporate Alliance Team Operations Manager, Butler Manufacturing Company, 700 Karnes Blvd. (64108) P.O. Box 419917, Kansas City, MO, 64141-0917, 816/968-3914, FAX: 816/968-4385, jcboyers@butlermfg.com ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 85287-0204, 480/965-3615, FAX: 480/965-1769, ken.walsh@asu.edu ; Professor, Department of Management, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 85287-4006, james.hershauer@asu.edu }, abstract={This study focuses on the application of vertical integration, supply chain management, and lean construction practices to Butler Manufacturing Company, a pre-engineered metal building manufacturing company. Butler engineers, designs, manufactures, and erects building systems and architectural products for the nonresidential construction market. It is currently the leading producer in the 5 billion-dollar metal pre-engineered metal building market. Butler is vertically integrated. Nevertheless, its design, manufacturing, and construction businesses operate more-orless independently. The company therefore is not able to reap the benefits of a truly integrated enterprise. In addition to describing the industry and Butler’s organization, the purpose of this case study is to explore vertical integration within Butler for two reasons: (1) to identify means for achieving true integration amongst the company’s various businesses and (2) to guide the company in becoming a “lean” organization. This study investigates the possibilities of achieving closer alignment between Butler’s design/manufacturing arm and its construction arm. Such alignment may be achieved by implementing lean production principles not only within but also across organizational boundaries. This study also briefly touches on the company’s supply chain. This paper points out that Butler’s design/manufacturing arm and its construction arm are not taking advantage of available opportunities presented by vertical integration, supply chain management, or lean production practices. It recommends that these divisions of Butler learn to work together more closely and toward joint exploitation of these opportunities. }, author_keywords={Vertical integration, supply chain management, lean construction, pre-engineered metal building systems, Butler Manufacturing, BUCON, corporate strategy. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon2001, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Diethelm, Sven }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Organizing to Introduce Lean Practices in Construction Companies}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/128}, affiliation={Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: sdiethel@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={This paper describes organizational issues addressed by seven companies in their attempt to introduce “Lean Construction” practices and techniques in their organizations. Seven Chilean construction companies are currently developing a collaborative research and implementation effort to improve their competitiveness in the local and international market. These companies have committed to develop several activities together: a) The implementation of methods to identify and reduce waste in construction projects, b) The development and implementation of a performance measuring system for internal and external benchmarking, and c) Implementation of the “Last Planner” concepts in their project planning systems. The paper provides an overview of the research and implementation activities and then focus on organizational and management issues faced by the companies during this project. The organizational approach of each of the companies is described together with their successes and failures, in an early stage of the project. These findings are compared with others reported in the literature in an effort to identify the ingredients of the most successful strategies. }, author_keywords={Change management; lean construction; human resource management, improvement organization. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon2001, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Grillo, Alejandro and Freire, Javier and Diethelm, Sven }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Learning From Collaborative Benchmarking in the Construction Industry}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/129}, affiliation={Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Corporación de Desarrollo Tecnológico, CDT, Chilean Chamber of Construction. Marchant Pereira 221, Oficina 11, Santiago, Chile, e -mail: agrillo@cdt.cl jfreire@cdt.cl ; Corporación de Desarrollo Tecnológico, CDT, Chilean Chamber of Construction. Marchant Pereira 221, Oficina 11, Santiago, Chile, e -mail: sdiethel@ing.puc.cl ; Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: sdiethel@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={A collaborative research effort among construction companies has allowed the design and implementation of a performance measurement system in Chilean construction companies. This effort is starting to give preliminary results as new companies are adopting the system that is expected to reach critical mass in the Chilean construction industry. In the future, international organisations are expected to join this effort to extend the potential impact to new countries and companies. The system database will be useful to develop third party benchmarking to contribute to the improvement of the industry as a whole. The implementation of performance measurement systems, which include measures adapted to lean construction, is discussed in this paper. The paper discusses the development process, the performance measures selected and some implementation issues. The paper also shows some preliminary findings from the baseline data obtained from the companies and projects already included in the database. The paper illustrates the value that can be obtained for the companies and for the industry from this collaborative benchmarking effort and extends an invitation to companies world-wide to share their experience using this exciting methodology. This benchmarking project, currently underway, provides an excellent starting point for collaborative research carried out in different countries and locations. }, author_keywords={Benchmarking; lean construction; construction performance measures. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2001, author={Ballard, Glenn and Koskela, Lauri and Howell, Gregory and Zabelle, Todd }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Production System Design in Construction}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/130}, affiliation={Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, ballard@leanconstruction.org, and Associate Adjunct Professor, Construction Eng. & Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil & Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley ; Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. 208/726-9989, howell@leanconstruction.org ; President, Strategic Project Solutions and member, Board of Directors, Lean Construction Institute. 415/533-8494, tzabelle@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={Guidelines are proposed for the design of production systems, which are understood to involve both designing and making products. Production system design serves the three goals of production systems: do the job, maximize value, and minimize waste. For each of the latter two, ends-means hierarchies are proposed that progressively answer the question “What should we do to achieve a goal?”, moving from desired ends to actionable means. Production system design extends from global organization to the design of operations; e.g., from decisions regarding who is to be involved in what roles to decisions regarding how the physical work will be accomplished. Previously, project planning has focused primarily on organizational structuring and creation of work breakdown structures that divide the work to be done. We propose to include the production system itself, which has been virtually invisible and taken for granted. Doing so necessarily involves moving from a conception of production solely in terms of transformation of inputs to a wider concept of production that acknowledges the flow and value generation character of production. The paper ends with a discussion of further research needs, originating from the endsmeans hierarchies developed. }, author_keywords={Construction, production system, production system design, waste, value, value generation. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2001, author={Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Cycle Time Reduction in Home Building}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/131}, affiliation={Associate Adjunct Professor, Construction Eng. & Mgt. Program, Dept. of Civil & Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley, and Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, ballard@leanconstruction.org. }, abstract={Even Flow Production is an innovation in residential construction intended to increase the reliability of work flow. That objective is to be accomplished by adherence to a standard schedule for sale, design, construction, and turnover of a home. In turn, increased work flow reliability reduces cycle time, the time required to deliver a home to a customer. Reliability increases as variability is reduced, allowing a reduction of slack in activity durations and of inventory previously needed to accommodate that variability. Increased work flow reliability is also a necessary condition for taking other actions to reduce cycle time. This paper proposes a method for reducing cycle time within the context of even flow production. The key innovation is the formation of multicraft teams responsible for specific systems and components of a house. Each team is to be helped to: 1) Overlap activities within their phase of the work, 2) reduce activity durations through time studies, and 3) reduce work-in-process through the development of multi-skilled workers. }, author_keywords={cycle time, even flow production, multi-skilled workers, work flow reliability }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2001, author={Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Lean Construction as an Integrated Production}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/132}, affiliation={Consulting Engineer; Project Manager, Habitat as; Director, Sven Bertelsen Strategic Consultant, Morlenesvej 22, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, +45 4542 4705, FAX +45 4541 4705, sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={The general approach within lean construction is to make the construction process, as it is normally undertaken on the construction site, leaner by reducing non-value-generating activities. This is usually done respecting the traditional division of work into trades. However, inspired by the manufacturing industries, this approach might be challenged. Manufacturing industries very seldom keep up the division of work into trades. Instead the product is divided into subassemblies, often made of independent suppliers down the supply chain under individual design and manufacture contracts. The paper presents a five year Danish experiment within the housing sector, making this approach within six completed schemes and three in progress comprising app. 350 apartments, mostly in terraced houses. Even though cost reductions have been hard to demonstrate, a number of other benefits have been found. Increased focus on customer value, shorter project completion time, much fewer faults and omissions, and higher customer satisfaction. The paper outlines the approach and reports on some of the lessons learnt and discusses the experiences in relation to the Lean Construction theories. }, author_keywords={Lean production, integrated production, industrialization, modularization, complexity. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Choo2001, author={Choo, Hyun Jeong and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Requirements and Barriers to Adoption of Last Planner Computer Tools}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/133}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, choohj@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215-A McLaughlin Hall #1712, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The Last Planner methodology has been applied to construction and design. These efforts have resulted in the development of computer programs (WorkPlan and DePlan) that guide production units in creating reliable work plans. One of these programs was extended to include distributed planning and coordination and space scheduling capabilities as well (WorkMovePlan). During and after the development of these tools, LCI member companies used them and provided valuable feedback. Some of these companies have developed in-house spreadsheet applications to meet their own particular needs. These beta-testers were familiar with the Last Planner concepts, which allowed them to make suggestions based on their conception of the Last Planner methodology. This paper reports on the feedback from the beta-testers of WorkPlan, DePlan, and WorkMovePlan. This feedback provided a foundation for further specifying requirements for the Last Planner computer tools. The paper also discusses barriers to adoption of Last Planner tools in companies that are new to lean construction and in companies that have already started lean transformation. These findings not only assist in improving existing tools but also reveal new areas for computer tool implementation. }, author_keywords={Last Planner methodology, lean construction, design management, construction management, production management, computer tools, distributed planning, coordination, planning, scheduling, space scheduling, WorkPlan, DePlan, WorkMovePlan, work package, assignment. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{David2001, author={David, K.H. Chua and Shen, Li Jun }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Constraint Modeling and Buffer Management With Integrated Production Scheduler}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/134}, affiliation={Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Nat. Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260. 65/874-2195, E-mail: cvedavid@nus.edu.sg ; Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National Univ. of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, 65/874-6498, Email: engp8591@nus.edu.s }, abstract={Constraint modeling is a necessary step in construction planning. The basic CPM approach provides a simple and practical means for resolving time-related precedence constraints between activities. However, most CPM-based tools do not support dealing with the constraints regarding resource and information availabilities at the productionlevel planning phase. When these constraints are concealed in the work plan, it is difficult to assure that they are removed in time so that work takes place as planned. Consequently, the reliability of work plans/assignments will be reduced. This paper presents a scheduling tool called integrated production scheduler (IPS) to handle the nonprecedence constraints in supply chain and information flow. The IPS has three main objectives to be fulfilled. The first is to promote work plan reliability. The second is to increase resource utilization and throughput based on the estimated resource profile. The third is to maintain a stable work flow through reducing uncertainties in the supply chain and information flow. To further facilitate reliable planning, a set of schedule buffers are established to help manage the constraints. Specifically, the working buffer and the shielding buffer ensure quality assignments by removing resource conflicts and supply chain uncertainties. The pulling buffer and the screening buffer increase resource and information availabilities by managing the delivery issues in advance. With the proposed schedule buffer management, it is feasible to enhance the reliability of look-ahead plans and consequently achieve lean process management. }, author_keywords={Constraint, buffer management, lean construction, look-ahead planning, Integrated Production Scheduler. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chua2001, author={Chua, D.K.H. and Tyagiq, A. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Process-Parameter-Interface Model for Lean Design Management}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/135}, affiliation={Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260 email: cvedavid@nus.edu.sg ; Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260 email: engp9818@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Successful management of design is critical to cost-effectiveness, timeliness and quality of the entire project. This paper presents a model for managing the AEC design from a lean perspective. The model, through its constituent components, aims at achieving lean philosophy objectives, such as, reduction in the share of non-value adding activities, increased transparency, process simplification and increased output flexibility. The model has been called Process-Parameter-Interface model. The entities associated with the model include a Design Dictionary, an Interface, the model engine and an information-based design dependency matrix. These entities enable the design management capabilities in the model, with a focus on lean philosophy. }, author_keywords={Lean, design rework, transparency, process simplification, output flexibility, key design parameter, Interface, Design Dictionary, Information-based design dependency matrix. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Crutcher2001, author={Crutcher, Caren A. and Walsh, Kenneth D. and Hershauer, James C. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Effects of a Preferred Vendor Relationship on an Electrical Component Supplier and Electrical Contractor - A Case Study}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/136}, affiliation={Graduate Research Assistant, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 85287-0204, 480-965-3615, FAX: 480-965-1769, caren.crutcher@asu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 85287-0204, 480-965-3615, FAX: 480-965-1769, ken.walsh@asu.edu ; Professor, Department of Management, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 85287-4006, james.hershauer@asu.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510-643-8678, FAX: 510-643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Proven supply chain management techniques hold much promise for the further development of construction as an industry, in terms of gaining efficiencies and streamlining processes. Because construction processes rely so heavily on people working together, examining new ways that participants on a project communicate and form relationships is vital to the advancement of the construction industry. This paper focuses on a case study that explores the effects of a strategic partnership directly observed in practice. This partnership evolved to support an alliance formed between a major owner/client, a general contractor, a mechanical contractor and an electrical contractor. The partnership is a preferred vendor relationship between the electrical contractor and an electrical component supplier. In this sense, the partnership on which the case focuses is one tier removed from the alliance, from a supply chain perspective. The implementation of this strategic partnership involved restructuring the process for procuring non-engineered, commodity type electrical components. This restructuring resulted in marked increases in productivity, reduction of inventory, and in efficiencies gained in material handling. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, construction supply chain, strategic partnering, inventory management, electrical contractor, distributor. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cuperus2001, author={Cuperus, Ype }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={An Introduction to Open Building}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/137}, affiliation={Director, OBOM Research Group, Delft University of Technology, De Vries van Heystplantsoen 2 2628 RZ Delft, The Netherlands, ph: +31.15.278 5400, FAX +31.15.278 8295, y.j.cuperus@bk.tudelft.nl }, abstract={This paper aims to connect Open Building to Lean Construction. The concept of Open Building identifies the conflict between the inertia of the building and construction industry and a consumer demand in constant state of flux. It suggests distinguishing different levels of decision making, in order to decouple building parts with different life cycles, controlled by different parties, built by different trades. In order to decouple and yet coordinate, a set of rules for dimensioning, positioning and interfacing was developed. The paper concludes with examples of systems and product development, based on the principles of Open Building. It is an introduction to Open Building for a forum of Lean construction experts. Future discussions will show whether a synergy between the two concepts mentioned is worth exploring. }, author_keywords={Open Building, Lean Construction, levels of decision making, positional and dimensional coordination. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dulaimi2001, author={Dulaimi, Mohammed Fadhil and Tanamas, Caoline }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={The Principles of the Application of Lean Construction in Singapore}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/138}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, 4 Architecture Drive, National University of Singapore, tel: 0065-8746501, fax: 0065-7755502, mdulaimi@nus.edu.sg. ; Building Batchelor Student, Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, 4 Architecture Drive, National University of Singapore }, abstract={Lean construction is a new way to design and build capital facilities. It advocates the simultaneous consideration of product and process development using simultaneous engineering. This philosophy has challenged the belief that there is always a trade off between cost, time and quality. This study examines the pre-requisites and barriers for the possible implementation of lean construction in the local industry. Interviews are done with the managing directors and construction managers from selected Singapore ISO 9000 certified construction firms. From the research findings, it is found that only certain features of lean construction have been implemented locally. The biggest barrier is the cultural resistance to change. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Quality, Barriers, Singapore, Value, Waste. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{El-Mashaleh2001, author={El-Mashaleh, Mohammad and O'Brien, William J. and London, Kerry }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Envelopment Methodology to Measure and Compare Subcontractor Productivity at the Firm Level}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/139}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civl & Coastal Engineering, University of Florida, mashaleh@ufl.edu ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civl & Coastal Engineering, University of Florida, 345 Weil Hall, PO Box 116580, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6580, USA, wjob@ce.ufl.edu ; Senior Lecturer, School of Construction, UNITEC, Carrington Rd, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, New Zealand, klondon@unitec.ac.nz }, abstract={This paper describes a conceptual approach to measure and compare productivity of resource utilization at the firm level, adapting a set of techniques known as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Within this approach, the paper addresses the issues of multiple inputs and multiple outputs of a construction firm, level of detail for data collection, and the required transformations to correct for differences among projects. In particular, we focus on the resource management of subcontractors. Subcontractors manage multiple, concurrent projects and must allocate limited resources across these projects. Interaction between projects and resource allocation creates non-linear effects, and therefore the productivity of the firm is not simply the productivity of its projects. The proposed measurement methodology will allow assessment of the impact of different management policies (including many of those proposed by lean construction researchers) on firm performance. It is hoped that this novel approach to productivity measurement will help subcontractors identify efficient practices and superior management policies, and will promote adoption of these policies. }, author_keywords={Construction productivity, construction efficiency, subcontractor resource management, total factor productivity, data envelopment analysis, lean construction. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Garas2001, author={Garas, Gihan L. and Anis, Ahmed R. and Gammal, Adel El }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Materials Waste in the Egyptian Construction Industry}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/140}, affiliation={Associate researcher, National Research center, & Ph.D. student Cairo University Faculty of Engineering, garas-g@usa.net ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering, aanis@masrawy.com ; Assistant Professor, National Research center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt , ELGAMMALADEL@hotmail.com }, abstract={This paper addresses the incidence of material waste in the Egyptian Construction Industry. Construction material waste has proved to have a negative effect on the national economy and the environment. To evaluate the current practices, an in-depth study aiming to identify and quantify waste generation rates and their causes was conducted. A waste diagnostic survey was carried out on a sample of 35 top contractors. The contractors’ selection was based on their size of capital and experience according to the classification of the Egyptian Union for Building and Construction Contractors. The survey focused on the waste rates and causes of the most dominant materials influencing the projects’ costs. The study indicated that among the most fundamental causes of material waste were “Late information”, and “Changes to design”. A comparison between the local materials waste values in the Egyptian Industry and recently published international values was also carried out. This article is part of a Ph.D. thesis currently underway by the first author and supervised by the other two authors. }, author_keywords={Materials wastes, waste rates, dominant causes, construction industry }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gil2001, author={Gil, N and Tommelein, I.D. and Kirkendall, R. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Modeling the Design-Build Development Process for a Facility Component}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/141}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Constr. Engrg. & Mgmt. Program, Civil & Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall, U.C. Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ngil@uclink4.berkeley.edu, http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~nunogil/ ; Professor, Constr. Engrg. & Mgmt. Program, Civil & Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall, U.C. Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein/ ; Sr. Interior Designer, Industrial Design Corporation, 2020 S.W. Fourth Avenue, 3rd Floor, Portland, OR 97201, USA, robert.kirkendall@idc -ch2m.com }, abstract={In unstable environments, characterized by frequent client-driven changes in design criteria and by huge pressure to compress project delivery times, practitioners must search for innovative ways to structure the design-build process. Involving specialty contractors from project inception onwards, helps to satisfy client needs. Based on empirical research in the semiconductor industry, this paper presents a product-process model that reflects the joint system of designing and building a facility component. The model expresses, in a parametric fashion, critical design, procurement, and construction decisions as the design-build process unfolds. A model implementation that uses discrete-event simulation contrasts the effects of early vs. late specialty-contractor involvement in design. Results show that early contractor involvement benefits the average project duration but increases the duration variability and may significantly increase the waste of construction resources if improperly implemented. Postponement of design decisions helps to reduce waste without penalizing the project duration much. Results also show that fabrication decisions should not be neglected in early design efforts when expediting a project. }, author_keywords={design-build development process, design postponement, specialty contractor knowledge, design criteria change, discrete-event simulation, early commitment, postponement }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Goh2001, author={Goh, Choon Kwee and Chng, Grace Siew Tuan and Nashila, Abas Binte and Lenihan, Donal }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={The Effectiveness of Internal Quality Audits on ISO 9000 Quality Management Systems in the Construction Sector}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/142}, affiliation={Senior Quantity Surveyor, Cost Control & Contracts Management, KPK Quantity Surveyors, Singapore ; Marketing Officer, Building and Construction Authority, Singapore ; Clerk-of-Works, Housing and Development Board, Singapore ; Lecturer, Faculty of the Constructed Environment, RMIT University, Melbourne }, abstract={This paper examines the effectiveness, within the construction sector, of the Internal Quality Audit (IQA) and its contribution to Quality Management System (QMS) based on the ISO 9000 Certification Scheme. Once a company has obtained ISO Certification the IQA is amongst the requirements specified in the ISO Standards that must be maintained. However, the way the IQA is conducted has an effect on its contribution to the QMS. This specifically includes company risk management and compliance with contractual obligations. A literature review establishes the relationship between the QMS, ISO implementation and the auditing system. The four indicators of an effective IQA are identified. These indicators are then be used as a basis to measure effectiveness of IQAs when applied to construction. This paper draws on the findings of recently conducted case studies conducted on the use of IQAs in the construction industry in Singapore. The key finding is that IQAs are under utilized in terms of a measure of the effectiveness of the QMS and also as a measure of demonstrating compliance with contractual obligations. The recommendations arising from this research fall into two categories. The first category relates to the need to increase the frequency of conducting IQAs in order that there is adequate evidence of implementation of the QMS for the purpose of risk minimization, third party audits and compliance with contractual obligations. The second area is the need to train and educate staff to understand the role and contribution of the IQA to the overall QMS process. }, author_keywords={Quality Management Systems, Quality Assurance, Internal Quality Audits, ISO 9000 Certification }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hirota2001, author={Hirota, Ercilia H. and Fomoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Barriers to Management Innovations: Communicating Meanings}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/143}, affiliation={Dr. , senior lecturer at State University of Londrina, Brazil – Centro de Tecnologia e Urbanismo – Campus Universitário – C.P. 6001 – 86.051-970 – Londrina – Paraná – Brazil - e-mail: ehirota@sercomtel.com.br – phone number 55 43 371-4455.. ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil – Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 – 3. Andar – 90.035- 190 – Porto Alegre – RS – Brazil – e-mail: formoso@cpgec.ufrgs.br – phone number: 55 51 316-3815. }, abstract={The application of the New Production Philosophy (Lean Production) in the construction industry is a challenge to both researchers and professionals due to its innovative approach to the management of production systems. In addition, the consolidation of a theory in this field demands the application of its concepts and principles in practical situations. However, the implementation of Lean Production concepts and principles faces some communication and learning barriers. This paper presents some of the results of a PhD research project concerned with the development of management competencies, which proposes an integrated use of action learning and cognitive approaches to encourage the application of Lean Production concepts and principles in construction management. This study assumes that learning is strongly influenced by cultural values and beliefs. This cultural approach to learning implies that the development of management competencies requires not only a set of new knowledge but also an in depth questioning process in order to develop adequate attitudes towards production management problems. A reflection on the meanings of Lean Production concepts and principles was undertaken, assuming that the adoption of this theoretical framework by the industry requires a change in the current construction management paradigm. The objective of this paper is to discuss Lean Production concepts and principles from a cultural perspective and the use of Action Learning approach to identify some cognitive and cultural barriers to the implementation of such managerial innovation. A discussion on Action Learning is followed by an analysis of the changes observed in the attitudes of one construction manager, who took part in an Action Learning set. }, author_keywords={action learning, cognition, concept mapping, culture, lean construction, meaning }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Horman2001, author={Horman, Michael J. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Modeling the Effects of Lean Capacity Strategies on Project Performance}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/144}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Architectural Engrg., Pennsylvania State Univ., 211 Engineering Unit A, University Park, PA 16802-1417, 814/863-2080, FAX 814/863-4789, mjhorman@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={Common lean wisdom concerning efficient operations is to reduce variability in workflow throughput. Lean producers use various methods to dissipate production variability in a system that provides wide product variety in order to allow production to better match demand. Amongst these is the use of flexible capacity strategies to adapt to changeable conditions when this approach best suits. Yet, this is a part of lean thinking that is not yet well understood by the lean construction community. This paper models the effects of adaptable capacity strategies on project performance. Construction operators tend to match capacity to situations of minimal variability. Consequently, they do not always have sufficient capability to efficiently engage the changeable conditions commonly encountered in construction projects. The analysis in this paper focuses on the effects of additional capacity on project performance. A stochastic model was run over a number of projects, indicating in all cases improved performance when an optimal amount of capacity was added. The best results achieved were a 40% reduction in project delivery time and 10% reduction in project costs. It is concluded that further research is needed to develop more adaptable capacity management strategies, as there is strong evidence to suggest improved project performance as a result. }, author_keywords={Capacity, resources, process dynamics, lean construction, simulation modeling. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2001, author={Howell, Gregory A. and Ballard, Glenn and Hall, Jerome }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Capacity Utilization and Wait Time: A Primer for Construction}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/145}, affiliation={Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. Ph: 208/726-9989, Fax: 707 248-1369. ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Construction Eng. & Mgt. Program, Dept. of Civil & Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley, and Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, ballard@leanconstruction.org. ; Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1351. Ph. 505.277.1418, jerome@unm.edu }, abstract={The relationship between capacity utilization, wait time and variation is well understood in traffic and industrial engineering where the relationships are stated as fundamental laws. This paper will explain this concept and its implications for construction, and will challenge the current view that time and cost must always be in tension. The paper will show that reducing variation in work flow will improve performance and that the resulting improvement can be applied to reducing duration and/or cost. }, author_keywords={Capacity Utilization, Cycle Time, Last Planner, Little’s law, Production Management, Productivity, Throughput, Variability, Wait Time }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2001, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Activity-Based Costing and Its Applicationto Lean Construction}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/146}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Constr. Engrg. And Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215 McLaughlin Hall #1712, University of California at Berke ley, CA 94720, ywkim@uclink4.berkeley.edu ; Director of Research, Lean Construction Institute, and Associate Adjunct Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., University of California at Berkeley, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, ballard@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Activity-Based Costing (ABC) has been popular since the 1980s because it prevents cost distortions and provides a process view which traditional cost accounting cannot provide. Activity-Based Costing is based on a “flow view” in production theory in that ABC adopts two-staged costing, i.e., resources are assigned to activities and activities are assigned to cost objects. Lean construction comes from recognizing the limitations of current project management and applying “lean production” to the construction industry. This paper presents an application of ABC and an example of applying ABC to construction, exploring the relationship between activity-based costing and lean construction. It shows that lean project control can encompass cost control by adopting an activity-based costing system. }, author_keywords={Activity-based costing, resource-based costing, transformation view, flow view, and lean construction }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2001, author={Koskela, Lauri and Howell, Greg }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Reforming Project Management: The Role of Planning, Execution and Controlling}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/147}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, VTT Building and Transport, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Director, Lean Construction Institute. Box 1003, Ketchum, Id, 83340, U.S.A., Phone 208/726-9989, Fax 707/248-1369, E-mail ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={In this paper, we focus on the need for reforming the role of plans, execution (or action) and control in project management. We argue that the present style of project management, as described in the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) of PMI, is based on two underlying theories in this regard: management-as-planning (for planning and execution) and the thermostat model (for control). Unfortunately, both theories can be shown to be heroically simplistic and insufficient from the point of view of project management reality. In consequence, the practice of project management suffers from three shortcomings. The vague interface between planning and execution is the cause for two of them. First, the role of planning is not realistically defined, and short term planning (that is critical from the point of view of execution) is customarily poorly carried out or simply neglected. Secondly, there is no systematic way of managing execution, i.e. taking into account the actual conditions of the real world as higher level plans are translated into short term plans and then into action. Thirdly, control is too narrowly seen as measuring and taking corrective action, rather than as a process of learning. These arguments are justified by empirical data and theoretical discussion. }, author_keywords={Project management, plan, execution, control. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2001, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={On New Footnotes to Shingo}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/148}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, VTT Building and Transport, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={The Toyota Production System (TPS) has continually inspired scholars of production management to a search for its essence. Two new interpretations have recently been advanced. Firstly, Johnston has argued that conventional production management is based on an approach to management called management-as-planning. The central assumption is that intentional activity is based on a representation of the world. Thus, management is essentially about planning, i.e. manipulation of that representation. Instead, the TPS is essentially based on an approach called management-as-organizing. Here it is assumed that human activity is inherently situated, i.e. a response to the situation in question. Secondly, Spear and Bowen have claimed that the key to understand the TPS is the idea of the scientific method. When a production standard is defined, it also establishes a hypothesis that can be tested. Thus, they seem to emphasize the approach of managementas- learning as the foundational idea behind the TPS. It is shown that while providing fresh and deeper understanding to management in the TPS, these interpretations are partial and can be positioned inside the view on production management presented by Shingo. In fact, based on Shingo and other extant analysis, it can be argued that there are four approaches to management that are applied in tight coupling and synergistically in the TPS: management-as-organizing, management-as-planning, management-as-adhering and management-as-learning. It is concluded that the superiority of the TPS in comparison to its rivals is founded not only on a better theory of production, but also on a better theory of management. }, author_keywords={Toyota production system, management, organizing, planning, adhering, learning. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lam2001, author={Lam, Patrick T.I. and Kumaraswamy, Mohan M. and Ng, S. Thomas }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={The Multiple Roles of Specifications in Lean Construction}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/149}, affiliation={Lecturer, Building & Real Estate Dept., Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 852-27665799, FAX 852-27645131, bsplam@polyu.edu.hk ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering. University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 852-28591976, FAX 852-25595337, mohan@hkucc.hku.hk ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering., University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 852-28578556, FAX 852-25595337, tstng@hkucc.hku.hk }, abstract={The primary goal of Lean Production is to avoid the wastage of time, money and other resources. In the construction setting, a lot of wastages are attributed to delays, rework and the subsequent non-productive efforts expended in resolving disputes arising from such inefficiencies. Deficient specifications have been implicated in many waste scenarios. Despite that, little research has been conducted to examine the deficiencies of specifications. In this paper, the causes of deficient specifications are firstly examined under a postulated framework of issues that can be reasonably expected to be addressed by specifications – embracing formatting, technical, people management, legal and communication issues. Secondly, this paper aims at exploring the potential roles of specifications in the context of some of these issues, in elevating construction performance levels through a lean construction based strategy. }, author_keywords={Lean Production, Specifications, Deficiencies, Improvements, }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leiringer2001, author={Leiringer, Roine }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={The Scope for Innovative Thinking Within Public Private Partnerships}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/150}, affiliation={Doctoral Researcher, Construction Management and Economics, Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, roine@recm.kth.se }, abstract={The construction sector is routinely accused of being cost driven, with many key decisions taken on the basis of lowest cost instead of quality, safety, the environment and the long-term use of its products. The sector is plagued by traditions, customs and practices that preserve narrowly defined corporate interests at the expense of collaboration and customer orientation. Construction work is traditionally based on a statement of the perceived needs of the client and is accompanied by practices in which cost cutting is prioritised ahead of searching for something different and better. It is not so much about “lean thinking”, as “mean thinking”. Meanwhile, advocates of Public Private Partnership (PPP) procurement claim that not only are projects able to be initiated earlier and result in lower costs, they also provide better value for money, shorter construction times and higher quality in the end-product. Greater scope for innovation and improved working procedures are also claimed, supporting lean thinking, theories and applications. The paper explores some of the implications that Public Private Partnerships now present for the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Lean Thinking, Lean Construction, Public Private Partnerships, Technology Innovation }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lindfors2001, author={Lindfors, Christian T. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Process Orientation: An Approach for Organisations to Function Effectively}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/151}, affiliation={Researcher, Department of Construction Management and Economics, The Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, lindfors@recm.kth.se }, abstract={Managing the complexity of construction, in terms of controlling, handling and directing large organisations and projects to achieve success, forms part of the current work in the research project ‘value chain management in construction’, being undertaken in collaboration with a major Swedish construction company. Some of the early work has pinpointed deficiencies in current management thinking and practise within the subject company. One hypothesis is that project success is linked to the extent to which an organisation is able to manipulate and develop its processes to add value for the customer, whilst improving its internal management. A programme has therefore been initiated to systematically identify processes within the organisation and particularly the interaction between such. The work of identifying processes and their numerous interrelated and interacting processes has therefore been the focus of this research. To visualise the processes, extensive functional models have been created. From this a new process management approach has been derived, by the development of a project management system. The paper addresses the introduction of process orientation and process management to improve organisational efficiency and a structured way of making a systematic representation of processes. }, author_keywords={Value chain management, process modelling, process management, process orientation }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marchesan2001, author={Marchesan, P.R.C. and Formoso, C.T. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Cost Management and Production Control for Construction Companies}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/152}, affiliation={MSc. – Research Assistant, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS. e-mail: prmarchesan@iname.com ; PhD – Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS. e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Construction, like other industries, has been experiencing profound changes involving both the business environment and internal organization. In this context, new cost management information that provides better understanding and helps managing increasingly turbulent and complex production processes is needed. Activity-based costing (ABC) has been suggested as the leading contender method to replace traditional cost accounting systems, due to its capability to make the processes and activities performed in the organization more transparent and observable. This paper reports the main results of a research project which aimed to develop a cost accounting system capable of providing useful information to manage production processes in construction and devise a model that integrates this system to the Production Planning and Control process, based on the new operations management paradigm and on the ABC ideas. The study involved three case studies, a series of interviews with construction managers and the development of prototype software. The main conclusions of this research work are that the cost information provided by the proposed management accounting system (a) makes the production processes more transparent; (b) helps to identify production inefficiencies; (c) encourages managers to introduce corrective actions; and (d) allows the evaluation of corrective actions to be undertaken. The study also indicated that the proposed model has contributed to establish systematic procedures for production control concerned not only with time management but also with cost management. }, author_keywords={Cost management, activity-based costing, lean construction, production control. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Miles2001, author={Miles, Robert S. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Problems in the Interface Between Mechanical Design and Construction: A Research Proposal}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/153}, affiliation={VP Gowan, Inc., 5550 Airline Drive, Houston, TX 77076. 713/696-5491; rsmiles@ix.netcom.com. ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Const. Eng. & Mgt. Program, Dept. of Civil & Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley, and Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656; ballard@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={As construction projects emerge from the traditional delivery processes to modern fasttrack forms, stress has developed in the interface between the design professional’s delivery process and effective construction production. This is no greater evidenced than at the specialty contractor level. The current attempts at fast-track team type projects remain largely a time-compressed form of the traditional processes with respect to the design-construct production flow. While many of these projects are comprised of a preselected “team” of design and construction firms, in most cases the role of the specialty contractor is limited to pricing exercises and perhaps some traditional “value engineering” suggestions during the design phases. Substantial improvements in production workflow, if any, have been generally limited to the area of cooperative construction activity sequencing and scheduling. Problems arising from this situation are illustrated and research is proposed for testing possible solutions. }, author_keywords={Construction, fast-track, value chain, production process, pull, lean construction, delivery process }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mitropoulos2001, author={Mitropoulos, Panagiotis (Takis) and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Performance Improvement Programs and Lean Construction}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/154}, affiliation={Process Improvement Coordinator, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, Ca, 94603, (650) 474-1450, Takism@dprinc.com ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID, 83340, 208/726-9989, ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={The paper examines the relationship between Lean Construction and Performance Improvement programs in construction organizations. The authors argue that the structure and focus of existing performance improvement programs are a barrier to Lean Construction’s entry into the organization. The paper first analyzes the characteristics of successful performance improvement programs, and develops a model that identifies three critical elements: 1) Time Spent on Improvement, 2) Improvement Skills and Mechanisms, and 3) Improvement Perspective and Goals. The authors identify different ways to “structure” the improvement program: outcome focused (such as Critical Success Factors) and process focused (such as Lean Construction). The paper discusses the implications of the different “perspectives” and argues that they lead to different improvement approaches each reflecting different paradigms for the nature of the change. The authors propose that “result-focused” improvement programs may be a barrier to the adoption of Lean Construction. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Implementation, Improvement programs }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Picchi2001, author={Picchi, Flavio A. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={System View of Lean Construction Application Opportunities}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/155}, affiliation={Doctor in Engineering, Consultant, and Director of Lean Institute Brasil. R. Vergueiro, 3645 cj. 906 - São Paulo - CEP 04101-300, Brazil, +55-11-5579-9613, FAX +55-11-570-9613, piccon@xpnet.com.br. }, abstract={Construction has been one of the first sectors to discuss Lean Thinking in an environment different from that where it was developed. Lean Thinking is a broad concept and construction is a highly diversified and complex sector, so the opportunities for application are very wide. This paper will discuss these opportunities in a systematic framework, useful for identifying interactions among applications developed so far as well as gaps for future studies. This framework will be constructed crossing Lean Thinking core elements and construction main flows. Due to differences between construction and manufacturing, lean tools direct application is not suitable in most cases. Lean principles deployed to a detailed conceptual level, named core elements, is argued to be a better basis for the discussion of potential applications in different environments, as construction. According to lean concept, construction is understood in this paper as a connection of five main flows. The discussion of each core element for each flow points up opportunities of application. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, applications, system view. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Riley2001, author={Riley, David and Horman, Michael }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={The Effects of Design Coordination on Project Uncertainty}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/156}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Penn State University, 104 Eng. Unit A, University Park, PA, 16802. Ph: 814/863-2079 driley@engr.psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Penn State University, 104 Eng. Unit A, University Park, PA, 16802. Ph: 814/863-2080 mjhorman@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={Improved design coordination can minimize project uncertainty by decreasing disruption, and reducing waste in the construction processes. While the relationship between coordination and uncertainty is understood, there is little empirical evidence that quantifies the linkage. This paper explores the effects of design coordination on project uncertainty, and demonstrates that investments in design coordination can typically return savings to building projects by reducing field-generated change orders and disruptions. Evidence is provided to demonstrate the cost-benefit relationship between investment in coordination planning and the cost of field conflicts. The effects of project delivery systems on the coordination process are examined through a comparison of the coordination process on fourteen laboratory construction projects. Suggestions for characterizing coordination effort based on project type and delivery system are provided and recommendations are made for future research on the time and cost metrics of the coordination process. }, author_keywords={Design coordination, Variability, Work Flow }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2001, author={Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Guimaraes, Lia Buarque de Macedo }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Integrating Safety Into Production Planning and Control Process: An Exploratory Study}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/157}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate at LOPP/UFRGS (Products and Processes Optimization Laboratory / Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). E-mail: saurin@vortex.ufrgs.br. Praça Argentina, nº 9 - sala 402. CEP 90040-020. Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil. ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at NORIE/UFRGS (Building Innovation Research Group). E-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., C.P.E. Associate Professor at LOPP/UFRGS. E-mail: liabmg@ppgep.ufrgs.br }, abstract={This paper presents partial results of an ongoing research project that aims to develop a safety planning and control (SPC) model, integrated to the production planning and control process. A pilot study aiming to evaluate the feasibility of the integration was carried out at the site of a small sized building company. Safety planning was introduced in an existing planning and control cycle. One of the main conclusions of the study is that some lean production concepts and methods that have been used for production planning and control (such as the Last Planner Method, for instance) can be easily extended to safety planning. For instance, a performance indicator named PSW (Percentage of Safe Work Packages), similar to PPC, is potentially effective for safety control. Based on the overall analysis of the case study, some guidelines for further improvements in the SPC model are proposed. }, author_keywords={Safety, production management, planning and control, macroergonomics. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seymour2001, author={Seymour, David and Rooke, John }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={The Role of Ethnography in the Implementation of Lean Construction}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/158}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Eng., U. of Birmingham, U.K. d.e.seymour@bham.ac.uk. ; Research Associate, respectively, Dept. of Civil Eng., U. of Birmingham, U.K. }, abstract={Lean Construction is a radically new way of thinking about the construction process. To engineer its adoption means questioning assumptions, ways of thinking and practices - the culture - into which people have long been schooled. Therefore, efforts have been made to understand the existing culture; to establish the reasoning and rationales it embraces in order to change it. Part of this project has resulted in the presumption that there are mental models, mindsets or general dispositions to think and act in a certain way. While these constructs may be a useful first step in putting oneself ‘in the other’s shoes’ in order better to develop and negotiate change strategies, there are a number of dangers associated with them. There are two in particular. The first is the ‘cultural dope’ fallacy where another’s action is seen simply as the acting out of a version of that other’s culture which has been constructed by the analyst. The second is the presumption that it is possible for an analyst to provide such constructs without being subject to the fact, which has become a commonplace in management studies, that everybody (including the analyst) has a point of view; a mental model of her own. With reference to case material, the paper explores some ways in which ethnographic research methods can help to avoid these dangers and at the same time contribute to the management of change. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, ethnography, culture, research methodology, action research, change management }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2001, author={Tommelein, Iris D. and Beeche, Greg }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={De-Coupling Cladding Installation From Other High-Rise Building Trades: A Case Study}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/159}, affiliation={Professor, Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil and Envir. Engrg., 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein ; Director of Market Development, Beeche Systems Corp., Scotia-Glenville Industrial Park Building 202, Scotia, NY 12302, 518/381-6000, FAX: 518/381-4613, gbeeche@beeche.com, http://www.beeche.com/ }, abstract={This paper presents a system to handle and install exterior cladding on high-rise buildings. The system is innovative in that the cladding panels are installed from the building’s exterior without the use of a tower crane or man lift, and without on-floor staging. Accordingly, all work pertaining to the panels effectively is de-coupled from most other construction work going on concurrently on site. This results in flexibility and work that can progress at a fast, continuous pace, thereby also allowing for project schedule acceleration. The paper includes illustrations of the use of this innovative cladding installation system in the process of constructing the 70-story Trump World Tower in New York City. The system was developed recognizing that tight handoffs between trades may lead to detrimental performance. De-coupling of interacting trades is one step towards implementing a lean construction system. }, author_keywords={Parade of trades, interacting sub-cycles, de-coupling, exterior cladding installation, curtain wall construction, high-rise building construction, Trump World Tower, lean construction. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2001, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Integrated Product-Process Development by a Light Fixture Manufacturer}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/160}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Mobile: 510/593-4884, FAX: 510/643-8919, ccytsao@alum.calberkeley.org ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein }, abstract={This paper describes a brand of indirect light fixtures, developed by a process-oriented manufacturer whose product development efforts have supported supply-chain performance. To help explain the relationship between product and process design, the paper outlines the lightfixture supply chain with several key stakeholders and handoffs. The manufacturer’s choices are then viewed from the perspective of meeting requirements and creating value for customers, namely owners, designers, and electrical contractors. Electrical contractors have found this manufacturer’s short lead times, delivery reliability, and installation ease to be valuable in planning and executing work. Owners who select this manufacturer’s products appreciate the low total-installed-cost and the lead times that contribute to shortening the overall project schedule. The manufacturer’s strategic materials selection, outsourcing decisions, and modular design, supporting a commitment to a 10-day lead time for standard products, provide good examples of work-structuring contributions towards the implementation of a lean project delivery system. }, author_keywords={lean construction, work structuring, product design, process design, operations design, methods analysis, indirect lighting, light fixture, electrical contractor, supply chain management, value, waste }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos2001, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Betts, Martin }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Planning the Product Development Process in Construction: An Exploratory Case Study}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/161}, affiliation={M.Sc., Ph.D. student, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, FAX + 44 (0)161 2955011, e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brasil. FAX:+ 55 51 316 4054, e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; BSc, Ph.D., MCIOB, Head of School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, FAX + 44 (0)161 2955011, e-mail: m.betts@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The emergence of a new production paradigm has been widely discussed in the literature. Concepts developed in operations management research related to the new paradigm should also be valid and useful in construction. Unfortunately, these have been weakly applied in the product development processes in most companies, despite the importance of this process. The product development process (PDP) comprises the set of activities needed for the conception and design of a product, from the identification of a market opportunity to its delivery to the final client. Its main objective is to translate customer requirements and needs into a design solution. Successful PDP requires the effective control of the work developed by the teams involved and of the exchange of information between them. This paper aims to contribute to the integration of the existing theories related to product development and operations management, looking for linkages between them. It also presents the results of an exploratory case study that aimed to propose a model for planning and controlling the PDP, based on the adaptation of tools originally developed for physical production planning and control. This involved the implementation of a previously defined process model for managing the PDP, as a basis for long term planning. The main benefits and difficulties faced during the implementation of this planning method are discussed. }, author_keywords={Product development, process planning, operations management, design management. }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2001, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Koskela, Lauri and Howell, Greg }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Understanding Construction Supply Chains: An Alternative Interpretation}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/162}, affiliation={Research Scientist, TNO Building and Construction Research, Department of Strategic Studies, Quality Assurance and Building Regulations, P.O.Box 49, NL-2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2695228, Fax +31 15 2695335, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bouw.tno.nl ; Senior Researcher, VTT Building Technology, Concurrent Engineering, P.O.Box 1801, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Director, Lean Construction Institute, P.O.Box 1003, Ketchum, Id, 83340, U.S.A., Phone +1 208 7269989, Fax +1 707 2481369, E-mail ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Much research work has assessed that construction is ineffective and many problems can be observed. Analysis of these problems has shown that a major part of them are supply chain problems, originating at the interfaces of different parties or functions. There have been several kinds of initiatives aiming at improvement and renewal of construction supply chains, but only few have a track record of consequent and significant successes. Here construction supply chains are approached from an alternative theoretical viewpoint, namely that of the language/action perspective. In this approach, organizations are seen as networks of commitments. Two avenues have been pinpointed for practical application of this approach. First, the process of requesting, creating and monitoring commitments can be facilitated by heuristic models and computer systems, when suitably designed. Secondly, people can learn to communicate for action by developing new sensibility towards the ways their language acts participate in networks of human commitments, and improving their skills in understanding requests, and making commitments. By closer study, existing empirical observations support the idea that a large share of construction supply chain problems are caused by poor articulation and activation of commitments. But would this new approach also facilitate the implementation of a new supply chain management that has proved to be so difficult in practice? In this regard, two initiatives are reviewed. The Dutch initiative to create a framework for communication in large civil engineering projects is first presented and initial experiences from its implementation are discussed. Then, Last Planner implementations are analyzed. By drawing on the concept of small wins, it is concluded that these implementations act as a stimulus for wider changes towards an environment of firm commitments and high trust. The paper ends with a review on research tasks ahead. }, author_keywords={Construction supply chain, language/action perspective, small wins }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Whelton2001, author={Whelton, Michael and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Application of Design Rationale Systems to Project Definition – Establishing a Research Project}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/163}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, mwhelton@uclink4.berkeley.edu ; Adjunct Associate Professor, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Better design decision management is possible through the use of lean production planning and control techniques, group decision-making, and knowledge management tools. Central to the success of these tools is the capture and timely management of the design rationale underlying design decisions. This research views design as a collaborative decision-making process, and highlights the need for supporting group technologies. The literature is summarized regarding relevant design processes, decision models and group support systems available to designers. Design viewed as an explicit decision making process is discussed and background research on group decision-making is documented. This paper also explores the benefits of employing design rationale systems to promote quality design assignments, value generation, and team learning among project stakeholders. A need for understanding the interfaces of design process, group decision-making and information technology support is established. A research model is proposed to integrate design rationale management with design process planning and control for the project definition phase of project delivery. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, design rationale systems, group decision-making, knowledge management, lean design, organizational learning, project definition, }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Yang2001, author={Yang, Tung and Ioannou, Photios G. }, editor={Ballard, Glenn and Chua, David }, title={Resource-Driven Scheduling for Repetitive Projects: A Pull-System Approach}, journal={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={9th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/164}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 1340 G. G. Brown, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, 734/7640528, ityang@engin.umich.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 2354 G. G. Brown, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, 734/7643369, photios@umich.edu }, abstract={Having resources work continuously has long been the goal for scheduling repetitive projects. Waste (unforced idleness) in repetitive projects is observed when labor and equipment (resources) are waiting, being idle, because the preceding resources have not finished their jobs. In this paper we investigate the existence and influence of unforced idleness. In contrast to the push-system approach used by traditional critical path method (CPM), we propose a pull-system scheduling system to eliminate unforced idleness in repetitive projects. We use the term pull in applying repetitive scheduling ideas to lean construction in a new way. The scheduling system is able to model general repetitive projects by relaxing impractical assumptions posted by previous models and provides a computational algorithm to generate planned and as-built graphical schedules. We also define the necessary elements of the scheduling system and describe the concept underlying a computational algorithm. A computer program, Repetitive Project Planner (RP2), is incorporated and a real-life pipeline project is implemented to demonstrate the application. The pull-system scheduling system can serve as a practical tool toward continuous work flow. }, author_keywords={Repetitive scheduling, resource-driven scheduling, pull-system, just in time, continuous work flow }, address={Singapore, Singapore }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdelhamid2002, author={Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Everett, John G. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Physical Demands of Construction Work: A Source of Workflow Unreliability}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/165}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu ; Assistant Professor, 2352 G. G. Brown, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125. Email: Everett@umich.edu }, abstract={Improving workflow reliability is paramount to the success of lean-based production operations. Unreliable workflow results from variability in performance. In the construction industry, sources of variability include late delivery of material and equipment, design errors, change orders, equipment breakdowns, tool malfunctions, improper crew utilization, labor strikes, and environmental effects. Another important source of variability, which is often overlooked in research and practice, is worker physical performance degradation. This degradation is caused by long term physical fatigue resulting from physically demanding work that remains ubiquitous in the construction industry. This research was motivated by the need to investigate the physical demands of construction work as an indirect source of workflow unreliability. Using work physiology principles, physiological measures of energy expenditure, including oxygen consumption and heart rate data, were collected for 18 construction laborers performing actual construction work. The results reveal that some workers routinely exceed one or more published guidelines for acceptable levels of physiological demands. The research points to the need to promote concepts of work physiology at the workplace to better the occupational safety and health of the construction workforce while simultaneously reducing performance variability and enabling lean conversion efforts. }, author_keywords={Occupational Ergonomics, Work Physiology, Construction Safety }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2002, author={Alarcón, Luis F. and Diethelmand, Sven and Rojo, Oscar }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Collaborative Implementation of Lean Planning Systems in Chilean Construction Companies}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={541-551}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/166}, affiliation={Professor of civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Research Engineer, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: sdiethel@ing.puc.cl ; Research Engineer, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: orojo@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={This paper describes the strategies applied by the research team of the Universidad Católica de Chile to implement the Last Planner System in twelve construction companies. The paper reports the results obtained, analyzes critical factors, barriers found in the organization and strategies to manage them in order to strengthen the implementation process. Twelve Chilean construction companies are currently developing a collaborative research and implementation effort to improve their competitiveness in the local and international market. The strategies followed for implementation include some key elements such as: training for action, collaborative sharing among companies, coaching and action research. All these aspects are part of an overall strategy to introduce principles of lean construction and better practices in the organizations. The incremental nature of the implementation, has made it possible to observe, analyze and identify the impacts of individual changes in the planning process and in the project/production management practice of the companies. The paper discusses some important aspects of the Last Planner implementation, including human and organizational aspects that seem to be key for a successful implementation. }, author_keywords={Last Planner; lean construction; production management; human resource management }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2002, author={Alarcón, Luis F. and Seguel, Loreto }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Developing Incentive Strategies for Implementation of Lean Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={403-414}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/167}, affiliation={Professor of civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Graduate Research Assistant, Graduate Research AssistantUniversidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-mail: lseguel@puc.cl }, abstract={This paper describes a methodology that has been developed by a group of Chilean construction companies to select employee and organizational incentives to encourage participation and commitment to the implementation of improvement actions in their organizations. These companies are carrying out joint efforts to implement lean practices that will lead them to gain improved competitiveness in their markets. The selection of incentives to introduce changes in an organization goes beyond the economic aspects and should address a full range of aspects and levels within the organization, involving upper and middle management, and workers. This paper focus mainly in the incentives for middle management, a level that has been found to be key for successful implementation of changes in the organizations. The methodology considers theoretical aspects as well as attitudes and perceptions obtained from each organization. The focus of the methodology is in identifying “drivers for change” at different levels: individuals, organizations and as a group of companies. As a result the methodology support the selection of incentives at each one of the levels addressed. }, author_keywords={Employee Incentives; lean construction; organizational change; human resource management }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alwi2002, author={Alwi, Sugiharto and Hampson, Keith and Mohamed, Sherif }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Non Value-Adding Activities: A Comparative Study of Indonesian and Australian Construction Projects}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={627-638}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/168}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta 11440, INDONESIA, sualwi@hotmail.com ; Professor and CEO of CRC for Construction Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, AUSTRALIA, k.hampson@qut.com ; Senior Lecturer, School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4217, AUSTRALIA, s.mohamed@mailbox.gu.edu.au }, abstract={Construction managers have for a long time focused their attention on conversion processes, with little attention given to flow activities, leading to uncertain flow processes, expansion of non value-adding activities, and reduction of output value. This paper investigates the incidence of non value-adding activities in construction projects in Indonesia and Australia, focusing on non-residential building and infrastructure projects. Data was collected via questionnaires and personal interviews targeting 99 respondents from Indonesia and 50 respondents from Australia. A quantitative approach was adopted for this research utilising the results of a questionnaire survey involving 53 variables that relate to non value-adding activities. The variables were then separated into two classifications: waste categories that contribute to a reduction in the value of construction productivity and waste cause variables that could be defined as factors producing waste. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the different perceptions amongst the respondents and to determine the key variables of non value-adding activities. The paper illustrates the key waste categories, the key waste cause variables and leads the contractors to focus their attentions on these issues in order to reduce the incidence of non value-adding activities during the construction process. }, author_keywords={Non value-adding activities, construction-contracting companies, Indonesia, Australia }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Amorim2002, author={Amorim, Sergio R. Leusin de and Peixoto, Lucia and Nunes, Roberta and Madeira, Luis C. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Specification Standards for the New Management Settings of Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/169}, affiliation={Head Professor, Architectural Department., Universidade Federal Fluminense - Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil, Rua Passo da Pátria 156/sala360 - São domingos - Niterói - Cep: 24.210-240.Tel: (21) 2721-1378 - Fax: (21) 2719-1252, leusin@civil.uff.br ; Research Assistant, MBA, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil, Rua Passo da Pátria 156/sala360 - São domingos - Niterói - Cep: 24.210-240.Tel: (21) 2721-1378 - Fax: (21) 2719-1252, lap@civil.uff.br ; Architect, M.Sc., Universidade Federal Fluminense - Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil, Rua Passo da Pátria 156/sala360 - São domingos - Niterói - Cep: 24.210-240.Tel: (21) 2721-1378 - Fax: (21) 2719-1252, robin@pobox.com.br ; Architect, M.Sc. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, luiscsmd.rlk@terra.com.br }, abstract={The new forms of management, which have been applied to construction, imply a differentiated demand of information contents on products and services. The alterations in the contract models, project development, control methods, as well as the quality management system requirements, need both content and form of product and services data dissemination to be homogeneous, in order to allow the interoperability of systems and agents. Many product-classification systems already co-exist and, at the moment, an impressive international standardisation effort is taking place through OCCS. This proposal, which is mainly focused on products, does not encompass important points for the management of the whole life span of a building. For this, it will be necessary to add new facets to the classifying structure and to deepen product definition, including the description of the production space. The creation of descriptive standards associated with these classification systems may consolidate a more understandable language for construction management, which may be transcribed or incorporated by languages such as XML or IFC standards. The basis for building these standards must be a consolidated terminology. Based on this, it will be possible to establish associative networks of concepts linked to building management and production processes. It will also be possible to define the most common characteristics linked to each category of products and services, treating them as attributes of these items, as well as all types of uses, elements and spaces composing the environment where the management process takes place. }, author_keywords={Specifications standards, building management systems, terminology. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Anquino2002, author={Anquino, Janayna Patricia R. de and Melhado, Silvio Burrattino }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Importance of the Design for Production in the Design Process Management in Building Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/170}, affiliation={M.Sc. candidate, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091- 5422, fax +55 11/3091-5544, janayna.aquino@poli.usp.br ; Ph.D. Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091- 5164, fax +55 11/3091-5715, silvio.melhado@poli.usp.br }, abstract={The design model, hitherto adopted by building companies, is sequential, lacks coordination and, most of the time is disengaged from the production process. It is now undergoing reformulation because of the intense concern with quality in this sector. Building companies are beginning to admit the importance of the production chain, with design acting as an element which preempts problems on the building site. The design process management assumes large importance in lean construction: adopting constructability principles; minimizing waste and reducing time. In this field of action, the design for production has been put to use by building companies to improve the production process, since it holds the necessary elements. Inserted in the design process, it seeks to support continuous improvement on building sites. The present work intends to evaluate the importance of the design for production in the design process management, checking its validation while being a support element to the production. It is intended to do this via a bibliographic review and a case study of a building and incorporating company in the state of Sao Paulo. This work will put in focus the improvement of quality of the design process through the introduction of several designs for production (masonry, rendering, etc.), and the reduction of waste with design and production costs by their use. }, author_keywords={Design process, Design for production and Constructability, Lean Construction, Building Construction }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2002, author={Arbulu, Roberto J. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Alternative Supply-Chain Configurations for Engineered or Catalogued Made-to-Order Components: Case Study on Pipe Supports Used in Power Plants}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/171}, affiliation={Master of Engineering, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, USA, arbulu@uclink.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Many construction inefficiencies are due to supply-chain (SC) problems that occur at the interface between processes or disciplines. This paper illustrates such problems by describing a case study on the supply of pipe supports used in power plants. Pipe supports often arrive late at the construction site because their design tends to be pushed towards the end of the power plant design process due to the interaction of supports with other power plant systems. Since power plants are typically fast-track projects, the design and construction phases overlap. Late support design therefore constrains the SC and may ultimately cause project delays. This paper presents the five alternative SC configurations that have been identified in the case study. It addresses the need to accelerate the design, procurement, and fabrication processes of engineered or catalogued made-to-order pipe supports in order to avoid late arrivals to the site while making best use of the capabilities available in all SC participants. This paper concludes with a set of recommendations for performance improvement in the supply of pipe supports. Finally, it identifies research opportunities to achieve further improvement. }, author_keywords={Supply-chain management, construction supply chain, interdependency, batch size, alliance, standardization, modularization, push vs. pull, pipe support, design, procurement, fabrication, power plant, process mapping. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2002, author={Arbulu, Roberto J. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Value Stream Analysis of Construction Supply Chains: Case Study on Pipe Supports Used in Power Plants}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={183-195}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/172}, affiliation={ }, abstract={Waste is omnipresent in construction supply chains. It often occurs at the interface between processes, disciplines, or organizations. To illustrate several causes of waste, this paper focuses on a case study that documents the most common configuration of the supply chain for pipe supports used in the power plant industry. Using value-stream mapping across organizational boundaries, this paper illustrates how work flows throughout the design, procurement, and fabrication phases of pipe supports. Industry data obtained through tens of interviews helps to evaluate value-added and non-value-added times, batch sizes, and lead times for this particular supply chain configuration. The paper provides considerations for eliminating waste in order to reduce the total delivery lead time of pipe supports and thereby improve supply chain performance. It concludes by summarizing the case study findings and identifying additional research opportunities to achieve further improvement. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, construction supply chain, waste, value-stream mapping, value-added time, non-value-added time, lead time, batch size, multi-tasking, pipe support, power plant. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2002, author={Ballard, Glenn and Harper, Nigel and Zabelle, Todd }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={An Application of Lean Concepts and Techniques to Precast Concrete Fabrication}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/173}, affiliation={Glenn Ballard is Research Director for the Center for Innovation in Project and Production Management (dba Lean Construction Institute) and Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, ballard@leanconstruction.org. ; Nigel Harper is Operations Director for Malling Precast Products Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of O’Rourke Ltd., nharper@orourke.co.uk. ; Todd Zabelle is President of Strategic Project Solutions, tzabelle@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={Fabrication is a vital part of the extended production system for a construction project. As shop fabrication is a type of manufacturing and ‘lean thinking’ arose in manufacturing, use of lean concepts and techniques in the management of fabrication processes would seem to be a natural and beneficial application. Fabrication can be divided into pre-manufacturing, manufacturing, and postmanufacturing. In a separate paper, the authors have reported the application of lean ‘rules and tools’ to the manufacturing of precast concrete. This paper presents an overview of the entire intervention, which confirms the applicability of lean concepts and techniques to the management of fabrication processes, and illustrates the benefits achievable in improved management of demand, reduced cycle time, greater productivity, heightened work force involvement, and increased revenue and profitability. Suggestions are made for future research. }, author_keywords={cycle time, fabrication, flow, lead time, Last Planner, lean production, management, pull, production system design }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bernardes2002, author={Bernardes, Mauricio M.S. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Contributions to the Evaluation of Production Planning and Control Systems in Building Companies}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/174}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Architecture, Rua Sarmento Leite, nº 320, sala 504, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90050-010, moreiraesilva@terra.com.br ; Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, PPGEC – Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, nº 99, 3º andar, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90035-190, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={It is widely accepted that the overall performance of construction companies is largely affected by the lack of effectiveness of their production planning and control systems. Through the evaluation of such systems, one can identify the origin of existing problems and actions that can improve the performance of production systems. The contributions presented in this article arise from a research project that had as one of its primary goals the development of a production planning and control model for small sized building companies. A set of practices underlying this model was defined in order to evaluate the effectiveness of its implementation. The identification of these practices was based on production management core concepts and principles. An indicator measuring the implementation effectiveness of the model was also proposed. The results indicated that most successful planning and control systems in terms of implementation were those in which short term planning and control was effective and stable. }, author_keywords={Production Planning and Control, Planning System Evaluation, Performance Measurement, Implementation }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2002, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Managing the Three Aspects of Production in Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={13-22}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/175}, affiliation={M.Sc., Research Director, The Benchmark Centre for the Danish Construction Sector, Strandgade 27B, 1401 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Phone +45 3264 1441. E-mail: sven@bertelsen.org ; Senior Researcher, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O.Box 1800, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={It has been argued that production can be conceptualized in three complementary ways: transformation, flow and value generation. In production management, each of these aspects should be tackled. The interactions of these three kinds of managerial work provide for further generic managerial tasks. Also the contingent nature of management has to be taken into account. Based on the essential characteristics of construction, an ideal type of management of each aspect is presented. The paper ends with practical examples where the different types of management as discussed have been explicitly deployed. The managerial model outlined contrasts with the conventional managerial practice where only transformations are explicitly attended. }, author_keywords={Production management, project management, transformation, flow, value }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2002, author={Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Bridging the Gaps – Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of Lean Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={23-35}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/176}, affiliation={MSc, Research Director, The Benchmark Center for the Danish Construction Sector, Strandgade 27B, 1401 Copenhagen K, DK Denmark. Phone +45 3264 1441. E-mail: sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={Since the start of the work on the Lean Construction theory and methods in 1993, two major contributions have governed the process as seen from practice. One is Lauri Koskela's understanding of construction as a production, based on the Transformation- Flow-Value concept (the TFV-concept), the other is Glenn Ballard and Greg Howell's Last Planner method of production control. These two contributions still stand as two isolated islands even though a number of ideas have been presented in order to bridge the gap between them, concerning for instance the understanding of project management, the value generation process and the cooperation during the project life cycle. The paper highlights and discusses the primary understanding behind the two main lines of thinking and proposes minor modifications to the two major theories. Three more viewpoints on construction are then proposed as stepping-stones across the gap between the main islands. The use of these principles in project management is briefly touched upon with a reference to recent Danish experiences. Finally, areas for further research are proposed. }, author_keywords={Construction, production theory, Last Planner, complexity, project management }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Caldas2002, author={Caldas, Carlos H. and Soibelman, Lucio }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Automated Classification Methods: Supporting the Implementation of Pull Techniques for Information Flow Management}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/177}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. 3142 Newmark CE Lab. Urbana, IL 61801. caldas@uiuc.edu. ; Assistant Professor. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. 3129c Newmark CE Lab. Urbana, IL 61801. soibelma@uiuc.edu. }, abstract={One of the requisites for implementing lean construction processes is the management of information flows through the networks of cooperating project organizations. Information flows about directives, criteria, prerequisites, availability, commitments, and resources are essential to production control and work structuring. Since a large percentage of these project information is generated in text format, methods for managing the information contained in these types of documents becomes essential to improve work flow reliability. Information management systems have been used for this purpose. One limitation of the text-based information management aspects in current systems is the reliance on push methods. Push systems schedule the release of information based on demand. On the other hand, pull systems release information based on system status. For that reason, the implementation of pull information systems is an essential requirement of lean construction delivery systems. This paper describes a methodology to support the implementation of pull techniques in construction management information systems based on automated text classification methods. }, author_keywords={Construction management, information flows, information management, machine learning, pull systems, text/data mining. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Conte2002, author={Conte, Antonio Sergio Itri }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Lean Construction: From Theory to Practice}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/178}, affiliation={Director of Lean Construction Institute of Brazil. e-mail:asiconte@leanconstruction.com.br Logical Systems Consultoria S/C Ltda.R. Caravelas, 326 – Vila Mariana – São Paulo – SP – 04012-060 Fone/Fax: (11) 5573-6937 e-mail:lcibr@uol.com.br }, abstract={The application of Lean Construction principles and techniques implies the adoption of a new organization design that can make Project Management systems feasible in the construction sector. The flexibility achieved by Production Management systems with the adoption of this model should come together with new applications that monitor the operating performance of each Project being executed. They go from execution deadlines and production costs to compliance levels related to quality standards and job safety specific to each particular Project. This paper discusses the results obtained by the practical application of Lean Construction to ventures located in several Brazilian cities, with a total accumulated built-up area of more than 250,000 square meters. We emphasize the example of building an upscale, 18-floor residential building in São Paulo with four flats per floor and a built-up area of 14,230 square meters. The Project employed specific control techniques that sought to consolidate a management vision focused on the systematic reduction of activities that did not add value to the end product. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Project Management, Production Management, Cost Performance. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cuperus2002, author={Cuperus, Ype }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Almere Monitor - An Evaluation of 19 Consumer Oriented Housing Projects in the Netherlands}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/179}, affiliation={Director, OBOM Research Group, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Berlageweg 1, NL-2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2785400, Fax +31 15 2788295, Email y.j.cuperus@bk.tudelft.nl }, abstract={In The Netherlands, housing changes from a supply towards a demand market. This will have serious implications on the building industry. This is analyzed in a multiple case study, conducted at 19 mass- customized projects in the Dutch town of Almere. It is a thirty-year-old new town, built on reclaimed ground and is still under construction. Since all land was initially state owned and municipality controlled, it offered the opportunity for many experiments in urban planning, social housing and management. In 2001 the ‘Eilandenwijk’ scheme was completed, consisting of 450 units, subdivided over 15 developers/ builders. The main constraint was that no two units should be the same and that all units should be customer- determined. The OBOM Research Group was commissioned by SBR (Foundation for Building Research) to evaluate the potential conflicts and gains between highly efficient building processes, influenced by consumer demands. The evaluation aims to visualize the lead times of separate, yet connected decisions with regard to building parts and building part groups of the 15 projects mentioned. The evaluation should result in a benchmark for future mass customized housing projects. The preliminary results are due to be published in October 2002. }, author_keywords={Consumer oriented housing, mass-customization, lead-time. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Degani2002, author={Degani, Clarice Menezes and Cardoso, Francisco Ferreira }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Environmental Performance and Lean Construction Concepts - Can We Talk About a Clean Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/180}, affiliation={M. Sc. Student, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of Sao Paulo. FAPESP grants. Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil. E-mail: clarice.menezes@poli.usp.br. ; Ph. D. Assistant Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politécnica, University of Sao Paulo. Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508- 900, Brazil. E-mail: francisco.cardoso@poli.usp.br. }, abstract={This paper tries to answer this question: in the same way that lean production concepts give support to lean construction ones, can we talk about a 'clean construction', supported by environmental performance and lean construction concepts? The goal should be to better meet environment demands, while respecting the production purposes. This paper shows that the answer is affirmative. More than that, it shows that we can improve the performance of the production management process, including environmental aspects. This new approach could lead to a so-called 'clean construction'. This article shows the state of the art in this matter, describing some of the solutions found in academic researches and some on-site experiences concerning environmental aspects in building construction. The main objective is to identify the major environmental approaches that could lead to a 'clean construction', respecting production goals, so that the building sector could contribute to a more sustainable development. }, author_keywords={Sustainable development, environmental performance, lean construction, clean production, clean construction. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Draper2002, author={Draper, John D. and Martinez, Julio }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Evaluation of Alternative Production System Designs With Discrete Event Simulation}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/181}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Vecillio Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. 703/583-9098, jodraper@vt.edu ; Associate Professor, Vecillio Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. 540/231-9420, julio@vt.edu }, abstract={The business model of the building construction sector of the construction industry has changed very little over the years. The highly fragmented structure of the industry has led to an overwhelming focus on project management vice production control and has resulted in “artificial” constraints that limit the ways in which the physical product actually gets built. These artificial constraints render it difficult if not impossible to design the production system from a product-centric approach. The functionally-aligned traditional approach is characterized by four types of waste: (1) Duplicated direct and indirect overhead expenses generated by the numerous business entities involved in the construction, (2) Multiple mobilization/demobilization cycles, (3) Inability of subcontractors to organize their work as efficiently as they could if the other subcontractors were not in the picture, and (4) Rework to correct components that are damaged, disturbed or knocked out of alignment by others. An alternative production system design is proposed, modeled on a parallel flow system used by Volvo in a final assembly plant in Uddevalla, Sweden. The advantage of this type of arrangement in accommodating variation is demonstrated with a simulation model of an idealized process. A research program is outlined which develops and evaluates with discrete event simulation similar type production system designs for selected building construction processes. }, author_keywords={Production system design, simulation, parallel process }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elfving2002, author={Elfving, Jan and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Reducing Lead Time for Electrical Switchgear}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/182}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, FAX: 510/643-8919, elfving@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 888/771- 9207, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu: Associate Adjunct Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712 }, abstract={This paper highlights some of the key problems in reducing lead times for engineered-toorder construction products, specifically items of equipment such as electrical switchgear (“permanent plant equipment” in the jargon of the process industries). Lead time reduction has long been considered a fundamental objective in overall business improvement and is a cornerstone in lean thinking. The benefits include reduced inventories and costs, greater flexibility and responsiveness, and better satisfied customers. In construction projects, shorter lead times could significantly reduce the number of change orders and/or make projects more robust to changes. The authors suggest that the focus on reducing engineering lead times will have a greater impact on lead time reduction than a further focus on the manufacturing stage and that the product specification stage may play a more significant role in lead time reduction. An example of a switchgear supply chain demonstrates how long lead times lead to inadequate information from various players in the product specification stage impairs the process and leads to a chain reaction further down the supply chain. As a result, numerous design iterations and change orders occur, which further propagate the long lead times. This pernicious system dynamic is further complicated by the fact that some players in the switchgear supply chain profit from (or believe they profit from) change orders. }, author_keywords={Engineered-to-order product, lead time reduction, lean construction, order, procurement, product specification }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fiallo C.2002, author={Fiallo C., Mario and Revelo P., Victor Hugo }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Applying the Last Planner Control System to a Construction Project - A Case Study in Quito, Ecuador}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/183}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc. Candidate at Central University of Ecuador (UCE), Assistant Researcher at Postgraduate Institute, Quito - Ecuador, 593-2-2296610, 593-9-9923905, FAX 593-2-2296610, mfiallo@interlap.com.ar ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc. NORIE / Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS (Brazil), Business Management Specialist (PPGA/UFRGS), Professor and Researcher at the Postgraduate Institute at Central University of Ecuador (UCE), Brasil 802 y Mariano Echeverría, Quito - Ecuador, 593-2- 2448754, 593-2-2244905, 593-9-9230808, FAX 593-2-2244905, likavito@interactive.net.ec , grupotsi@interactive.net.ec }, abstract={Lean Construction is a new philosophy oriented toward construction production administration. It sets productive flows in motion in order to develop control systems with the aim of reducing losses throughout the process. One of these production control systems was designed by Ballard and Howell and is known as the Last Planner System (LPS). This system presents fundamental changes in the way projects are planned and controlled. The functions of the Last Planner System include: productive unit and work flow control, and completing quality assignments. In addition, it makes it easier to get to the root of the problems, and to make timely decisions regarding adjustments needed within the operation, in order to execute actions opportunely, thereby increasing productivity. The main objective of the study is to disseminate the results obtained from an application of the Last Planner System in a construction project in Quito, Ecuador. The results demonstrate that every time the contractor applies LPS, both the Percent Plan Complete (PPC) and the Performance Factor (PF) improve. The PPC and PF rates show an improvement trend every time the system is used. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Lean Construction, flow, productivity, project and planning control, production improvement. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2002, author={Filho, Antonio N. de Miranda and Menezes, Emilio Araujo }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Development of an Operational Parameter Measuring System}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/184}, affiliation={Civil Eng., M.Sc, Lecturer at the Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br ; Economist, PhD., Senior Lecturer at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil, emilio@eps.ufsc.br }, abstract={In search of a more comprehensive view of construction processes’ true problems, this paper proposes an Operational Parameter Measuring System based on the principles of Lean Production. By measuring waste, activity rating, cycle time and cost, the System aims to provide accurate information to site management so that actions can be taken to correct the identified problems or to reestablish the process on its course. In order to adapt Lean Production to construction peculiarities, a bridge was built between traditional practices and new developments. The Measuring System is in this way based on the integration of Activity Sampling and Activity Based Costing principles. The combination of both tools made it possible for the System to be conceived on the principles of focusing control on the complete process, increasing process transparency and building continuous improvement into the process. The application of the Measuring System on the masonry process in a construction site during a period of 15 days allowed for the combined processing and information analysis of the performance measurements. This procedure pointed out opportunities for improvement and led to important conclusions about the influence of labor allocation on the increase of product costs and the occurrence of waste. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, process control, performance measurement, waste control. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Giandon2002, author={Giandon, Andre Carneiro and Mendez Junior, Ricardo and Scheer, Sergio }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Implementing Electronic Document Management System for a Lean Design Process}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/185}, affiliation={M.Sc. Candidate, Civil Engineer, Civil Construction Post-Graduate Program, Federal Univ. of Paraná, Caixa Postal 19011, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil, FAX 5541-361-3110 PHONE 5541- 361-3110, giandon@cesec.ufpr.br ; Assistant Professor, Civil Construction Department, Federal Univ. of Paraná, Caixa Postal 19011, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil, FAX 5541-361-3110 PHONE 5541-361-3110, mendesjr@ufpr.br ; Adjunct Professor, Civil Engineering Research Center, Federal University of Paraná, Caixa Postal 19011, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil, FAX 5541-2669174 PHONE 5541-3613218, scheer@ufpr.br }, abstract={This paper analyzes how the implementation of the Electronic Document Management (EDM) can contribute for a lean management in AEC sector, particularly in the design process. The main concepts of EDM are presented and illustrated with examples of its application in the design process. Some considerations are show on the document management problems in design process. The most common errors embedded on documents are: Inconsistency in design information, mismatch between connected parts, component malfunction. The authors propose how to use EDM systems for a lean design process based on the ideas proposed earlier by Koskela and Tzortzopoulos and Formoso. The lean concepts discussed here are: Reduce the share of non-value-adding activities, reduce variability, reduce cycle time, simplify by minimizing the number of steps and parts, increase output flexibility, increase process transparency, balance flow improvement with conversion improvement. The paper ends with a brief description of an implementation of EDM for a lean design process. The purpose of the paper is to bring the discussion on Information Technology (IT) usage on a lean management context. The ideas presented here is an initial step on this research in order to have a theoretical framework to analyse case study under development in a construction company in Curitiba. }, author_keywords={Document management, information systems, workflow, design process. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gil2002, author={Gil, Nuno }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Can Know-How Be Signaled?}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={37-48}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/186}, affiliation={Visiting Scholar at Sloan Management School, M.I.T. Lecturer, Project Management Division, Manchester Centre for Civil & Construction Engineering, UMIST and The University of Manchester. E-mail: nuno.gil@umist.ac.uk; Tel. +44 (0) 161 200 4632; Fax +44 (0) 161 200 4646 }, abstract={Knowledge here is defined as applying to the body of facts gathered by study, observation, and experience, as well as to the ideas inferred from those facts. Knowledge connotes an understanding of what is known. Whereas explicit knowledge has been formalized and codified, tacit knowledge may exist only in the heads of individuals. Know-how here means a subset of tacit knowledge, comprised of its operational and logistic dimensions. First, this paper articulates the problem of the lack of transference of tacit knowledge between designers and builders. It questions to what extent means and methods can be developed to help individuals signal some degree of tacit knowledge, and thereby enhance the subsequent transfer of know-how across architecture-engineering-construction (AEC) organizations’ boundaries. Then, a literature review of knowledge engineering and management as applied to the AEC domain is presented. Finally, the objectives and the expected results of a proposal to investigate hypothetical ways to help designers and builders signal their know-how are discussed. }, author_keywords={Knowledge management, communication, tacit knowledge }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heineck2002, author={Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. and Leite, Madalena Osorio and Pereira, Pedro Eduardo and Rocha, Francisco Eugenio Montenegro da }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Technological Interventions in the Control of Services in a Lean Environment}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/187}, affiliation={PhD., Professor at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Production Engineering Department, Univ. of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, FAX +5548/3317075, heineck@eps.ufsc.br ; Civil Engineer, IRB Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., 1200 Marcos Macedo, Fortaleza, CE 60150- 190, Brazil, FAX +5585/261-2319, madalenaleite@uol.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Consultant, M Informática Comércio e Serviços Ltda., 304-01 Santos Dumont, Fortaleza-CE, +5585/252-5225, FAX +5585/252-5122, minfo@secrel.com.br ; Civil Engineer, CEO, Fibra Construções Ltda., 966-603 Dom Luis, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, +5585/2615558, feugenio@fortalnet.com.br }, abstract={Lean construction concepts were used to improve concrete slab molding and mortar floor screeding operations. Detailed monitoring of site activities using handheld computers allowed the identification of cost reducing opportunities, both in relation to materials and labor. Floor screed was chosen as the first major building service to be improved, but soon concrete pouring followed suit according to the following steps: i) reduction of concrete slab height in the wet areas; ii) rendering of floor screed just after concrete pouring in an enlarged building cycle; iii) change from ready mix to on site concrete production; iv) increase in the number of formwork supporting props; v) leaving setting out marks on the floor screed to guide brickwork first course. Results are depicted using a comparative table showing general production indicators before and after processes were improved. }, author_keywords={Technological intervention, floor screed for ceramic tiles, lean construction. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heineck2002, author={Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. and Pereira, Pedro Eduardo and Leite, Madalena Osorio and Neto, Jose de Paula Barros and Pinho, Igor Barros }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Transparency in Building Construction - A Case Study}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/188}, affiliation={PhD., Professor at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Production Engineering. Department, Univ. of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, FAX +5548/3317075, heineck@eps.ufsc.br ; Civil Engineer, Consultant, M. Informática Comércio e Serviços Ltda., 304-01 Santos Dumont, Fortaleza, +5585/252-5225 FAX +5585/252-5122, minfo@secrel.com.br ; Civil Engineer, IRB Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., 1200 Marcos Macedo, Fortaleza, CE 60150- 190, Brazil, FAX +5585/261-2319, madalenaleite@uol.com.br ; Dr. in Administration, Professor at the Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, FAX +5585/2889612, jpbarros@ufc.br ; Civil Engineer, IRB Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., 1200 Marcos Macedo, Fortaleza, CE 60150- 190, Brazil, FAX +5585/261-2319, igorbpinho@zipmail.com.br }, abstract={This paper reports on managerial developments that a particular building company made during the last 5 years using mostly the transparency concept as advocated by lean construction. Productivity measurement is taken just as another transparency managerial action and comes after the building company reaches a state of maturity in its administrative and technological processes. It concludes by showing that wide dissemination of production and productivity information not only creates new issues for site communication and discussion, but also gives support to the perpetuation of administrative and technological developments, as long as positive outcomes are documented. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, transparency, productivity measurement }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2002, author={Howell, Gregory A. and Ballard, Glenn and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Mitropoulos, Panagiotis }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Working Near the Edge: A New Approach to Construction Safety}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={49-60}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/189}, affiliation={Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. 208/726-9989. ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook, Oakland Ca. 510/530- 8656. gballard@leanconstruction.org ; Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. tabdelha@msu.edu ; Ph.D., Process Improvement Coordinator, Menlo Park, CA, 94025. takism@earthlink.net }, abstract={Construction safety has substantially improved, but has reached a plateau. Further improvement will come from spreading Best Practice throughout the industry, or from Breakthrough that transcends Best Practice. We are working on Breakthrough and propose that what is needed is a new theory of accidents. Current Best Practice is described along with its underlying theoretical assumptions. An alternative theory is proposed, based on the work of Jens Rasmussen, a leading thinker on risk management in dynamic environments. A research program is proposed to test that theory and to develop a new approach to safety management. }, author_keywords={Accident, accident theory, decision making, hazard, risk, safety }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Inouye2002, author={Inouye, Kelly P. and Melhado, Silvio B. and Souza, Ubiraci E.L. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Design Process at Public Companies Dealing With Housing Production - Evaluation by Means of a Case Study}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/190}, affiliation={Graduate student, Departamento de Construção Civil e Urbana – Av. Prof, Almeida Prado, Trav. 02, no 380 Univ. of São Paulo, São Paulo, CA: 05508-900, 550/113091-5459, kelly.inouye@poli.usp.br ; Associate Professor Departamento de Construção Civil e Urbana – Av. Prof, Almeida Prado, Trav. 02, no 380 Univ. of São Paulo, São Paulo, CA: 05508-900, 550/113091-5164 ,silvio.melhado@poli.usp.br ; Associate Professor Departamento de Construção Civil e Urbana – Av. Prof, Almeida Prado, Trav. 02, no 380, Univ. of São Paulo, São Paulo, CA: 05508-900, 550/113091-5428, ubiraci.souza@poli.usp.br }, abstract={This paper evaluates the housing design process, at public companies, and suggests ways to improve it. The evaluation results come from a case study developed at CDHU, a very large Brazilian company dealing with housing building production. Interviews with designers, accesses to the company rules and to its home pages provide the basis for understanding the design process. The authors focused on a specific housing program, named “Empreitada Global” or EG, adopted at 76%4 of the company production during the last seven years. Understanding the design process flow was considered to be the first step to attain the goal of this research. After its description, an analysis over the design process is conducted and suggestions are made in order to help avoid detected problems. All the actions proposed are discussed in terms of advantages and difficulties expected on the action implementation. }, author_keywords={Design process, public housing program }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Johansen2002, author={Johansen, Eric and Glimmerveen, Henk and Vrijhoef, Ruben }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Understanding Lean Construction and How It Penetrates the Industry - A Comparison of the Dissemination of Lean}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/191}, affiliation={School of the Built Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2, 3NN, UK. 0191-227-4720, eric.johansen@unn.ac.uk ; School of the Built Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2, 3NN, UK ; Department of Project Management and Real Estate, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, Tel +31 15 2783049, Fax +31 15 2783171, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl }, abstract={Common et al (2000) investigated the take up of lean concepts in UK construction and found it low with a lot of confusion and limited knowledge of lean construction techniques and a great variation in perceptions. After establishing the background of the industry in the Netherlands a limited study with the same questionnaire from the UK was used to survey a similar sample of Dutch contractors and to make comparisons. The objectives were to see whether the indicators of lean culture or principles as seen through the existence of factors based on a conceptual framework were present in the contracting industry of the Netherlands, to compare the results of the survey with the original results and to see if there were reasons for any differences that might occur. The results indicate that the dissemination of lean concepts in the Netherlands is even lower than the UK although there is more consistency in perceptions. Within two countries with fairly common construction industry problems there is a difference in approach to lean construction. The lack of a focussed driver for change such as the UK’s Rethinking Construction report (Egan 1998) is given as one reason for the difference. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean concepts, lean penetration. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kagioglou2002, author={Kagioglou, Michail and Lee, Angela and Cooper, Rachel and Carmichael, Stuart and Aouad, Ghassan }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Mapping the Production Process - A Case Study}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/192}, affiliation={Centre Manager, University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 3855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 4587, Email: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: a.lee@salford.ac.uk ; Professor of Design Management, University of Salford, School of Art and Design, Centenary Building, Peru Street, Salford, M3 6EQ. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 6146, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 6174, Email: r.cooper@salford.ac.uk ; Architect, Pickavance Consulting, 5 Charterhouse Sq, London, EC1 6EE, Tel: +44 (0)20 7490 7755, Fax: +44 (0)20 7490 0010, Email: stuartcarmichael@pickavance.co.uk ; Professor of IT and Construction Management, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5176, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: g.aouad@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The mapping of the design and construction process has been gaining momentum in the last few years. However, the focus has been on mapping the high level processes or the information required to perform certain processes. One such high level process that has enjoyed considerable success is the Process Protocol. It integrates the various participants of a project into multi-functional teams, operating within a stage-gate based project environment. This paper will present how process mapping can be used to increase transparency within a production environment. The case study examines a multi-million development project and it demonstrates how the introduction of mapping the design and production processes, based on the Process Protocol Model and principles, has improved communications, enabled increased design fixity and reduction of downtime caused by late deliveries of certain project activities and information. In addition the implementation issues involved in introducing such process mapping practices is examined and analysed in the case study project. }, author_keywords={Process Modelling, Design Management, Design Fixity, Production Modelling }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kestle2002, author={Kestle, Linda and London, Kerry }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Towards the Development of a Conceptual Design Management Model for Remote Sites}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/193}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture and Design.UNITEC, Auckland, Aotearoa, NZ ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture and Design.UNITEC, Auckland, Aotearoa, NZ }, abstract={Remote and environmentally sensitive sites present unique challenges for participants involved in the design and construction process. Worldwide advances in information technology coupled with improved site accessibility and manageability has enabled the construction industry to undertake such projects with greater ease. Furthermore, research on information technology in construction has begun to focus our attentions on our increased ability to work virtually in distributed teams. These remote sites have a range of development potential as clients have varied interests including; tourism, scientific investigation and resource exploration and processing which impact upon the management of the design process. These sites pose unique challenges to the project teams and in particular for the management of project design. The conceptual design phase is often marked by an iterative and creative process, which tends to be a sociologically oriented world where designers respond to a range of functional, aesthetic, environmental and even spiritual concerns. Strategic decisions made during the briefing and conceptual design stage may impact upon construction logistics and sustainability. Detailed design for construction tends to be a production oriented world. There is a significant body of literature that addresses the application of lean thinking to improving the interface between detailed design and construction production. There is little literature that takes a holistic view of design management for remote sites. The lean design management field of research has much to contribute to the design management of these projects. The review of the literature indicated that much of the lean thinking has been primarily concerned with sequential production. However, lean thinking is based upon principles of flow and value, which is also conducive to the complex process involved in design management for remote sites. A conceptual model is developed that considers both the production and sociological approaches to design management, in response to the peculiar demands of the site and their project teams. }, author_keywords={Remote sites, design management, lean design, lean production, design sociology }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2002, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Case Study - Overhead Costs Analysis}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/194}, affiliation={Ph. D. Candidate at University of California at Berkeley, ywkim@uclink4.berkeley.edu ; Research Director at Lean Construction Institute (LCI) and Associate Adjunct Professor at University of California at Berkeley, gballard@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Construction projects become complicated and fragmented so that many specialty contractors are involved. In such changed environments, a general contractor’s overhead costs are increasing comparable to direct costs. In addition to an increase of volume, activities consisting of overhead costs play an important role in coordinating different participants who include different specialty contractors and client. This paper reviews traditional overhead control and critiques problems thereof through literature review, interviews with professionals, and data collection. It proposes a new overhead cost control method, called profit-point analysis (PPA) applying activitybased costing (ABC). It is followed by a case study presented to exemplify the new method. }, author_keywords={Construction overhead costs, activity-based costing (ABC), profit point analysis (PPA), nurturing relationship }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2002, author={Koskela, Lauri and Howell, Greg }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Theory of Project Management: Explanation to Novel Methods}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/195}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O.Box 1800, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Director, Lean Construction Institute. Box 1003, Ketchum, Id. 83340, U.S.A., Phone 208/726-9989, Fax 707/248-1369, e-mail ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={In a series of prior papers, the authors have explored the theoretical foundation of project management. In this paper, this theoretical foundation is consolidated and used for explaining the novel features of two project management methods, which radically deviate from the conventional doctrine of project management: Last Planner and Scrum. Both methods have emerged since mid-nineties as practical responses to the failure of conventional project management methods, Scrum in the field of software projects, Last Planner in the field of construction projects. It is shown that both methods reject the underlying theoretical foundation of conventional project management and instead subscribe, implicitly or explicitly, to alternative theories, which better match the situation in question. }, author_keywords={Project management, lean construction, agile programming, theory }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marosszeky2002, author={Marosszeky, Marton and Thomas, R. and Karim, Khalid and Davis, S. and McGeorge, D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Quality Management Tools for Lean Production - Moving From Enforcement to Empowerment}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/196}, affiliation={Associate professor, Building R9,Randwick Campus Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, Australia Tel +61 (2) 9385 4830, E-mail m.marosszeky@unsw.edu.au ; ; Deputy Director of Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, Building R9, Randwick Campus Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, Australia Tel +61 (2) 9385 4830, E-mail k.karim@unsw.edu.au ; Lecturer, Department of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Tel +61 (2) 9385 6767 ; Professor of The Built Environment, Faculty of the Built Environment, The University of New South Wales UNSW Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, Tel +61 (2) 9385 4787, E-mail: d.mcgeorge@unsw.edu.au }, abstract={The recent, worldwide, push for improved construction quality has led to the attempted implementation of ISO9000 in many countries. This has resulted in the application of a bureaucratic management model to both design and construction processes. However, as the principals’ and head contractors’ motivation to use these bureaucratic management models was contractual risk shedding rather than the desire to control the process, in most instances, the resulting quality systems tend to be abstract and have scant relevance to the actual construction process on site. In this paper the shortcomings of current quality management approaches are discussed, suggestions for a new conceptual framework are made and management tools developed from a process control perspective are presented. This new framework combines the logic of Last Planner™ for creating reliable processes through careful planning with a PLAN-DO-CHECK loop that brings quality assessment and improvement into the weekly planning and review cycle. It also embraces lean philosophies with regard to quality control and worker empowerment. }, author_keywords={Quality management, production control, managerial tools }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mawdesley2002, author={Mawdesley, M.J. and Long, G. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Prefabrication for Lean Building Services Distribution}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/197}, affiliation={Dr, School of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham UK ; Mr, School of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham UK }, abstract={This paper is concerned with the use of prefabrication for the distribution of building services (HVAC), concentrating mainly on the construction of office facilities. This is a good example of an application of lean construction methods. It assures reliable workflow and predictability in the project, it minimises waste and increases performance; it enables concurrent engineering to occur and delivers value throughout the project’s life. An analysis of the use of off-site fabricated building services as a method of lean construction is given with reference to features of its use such as design freezes, Just-in-Time (JIT) deliveries and predictable processes. However, it requires different procurement processes to be totally effective. The paper compares two procurement routes both theoretically and by the use of two real examples of construction projects. It illustrates some potential problems and shows that the solutions lie not in the technical aspects but in better communication and planning throughout the life of the project. }, author_keywords={Prefabrication, Building Services, Lean Construction, Procurement }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mesquita2002, author={Mesquita, Maria Julia M. and Fabricio, Marcio M. and Melhado, Silvio B. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={E Concurrent Engineering in Construction - Studies of Brief-Design Integration}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/198}, affiliation={Architect, M.Sc., Dr. candidate, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo. Researcher. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508- 900, Brasil, phone +55.11/3091-5422, fax +55 11/3091-5544, julia.mesquita@poli.usp.br ; Civil Eng., M.Sc., Dr. candidate, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo; Professor in Architecture Department, Engineering School of São Carlos – University of São Paulo. Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, n. 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, Brasil. phone +55 16/273-9308, fax +55.16/2739294 marcio@sc.usp.br ; Ph.D. Professor, Civ il Construction Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091- 5164, fax +55.11/3091-5715, silvio.melhado@poli.usp.br }, abstract={The design process is influenced by the estate developers and programmers of the construction projects, which are co-responsible for the briefing and for designers selection. The design, in turn, has the mission of transforming the brief into design specifications and defining products (buildings) and its production process. Often, both of these moments of a new project involve interactions between developers and designers, with consequent redefinition into the brief and the design. So, the proposed quality and design development depends on the interface between brief developing and product detailing, as well as cooperation and communication among involved players. This paper, through bibliographical and local studies characterizes the interface between briefing and design; analyses the main deficiencies and show solutions for optimise relationship between players and the management of the design process. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Project planning, Design Management, Concurrent Design. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neto2002, author={Neto, Jose de Paula Barros }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Relantionship Between Strategy and Lean Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/199}, affiliation={Civil Engineer; Doctor in Administration; Professor at Federal University of Ceará; Address: R. Coronel Jucá, 1612/401 Fortaleza/CE – Brazil - CEP: 60.170-320; E-mail: jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={Lean construction is a philosophy that has been implemented in building firms around the world, in last years. But it is important to answer some questions: Will this implementation be the better alternative to these firms, in this moment? Will it be the best way to implement the principles of lean construction? Will the implementation of lean construction help firms to improve their competitiveness and success? What is the relationship between market and lean construction? Helping answering these questions is the aim of this paper, since it is necessary to introduce strategic aspects in the discussions about lean construction because firms are not isolated in the market. They have customers, labor force, competitors and other stakeholders that influence the performance of the organizations and consequently in the introduction of lean construction. This paper is a theoretical proposal that intend to show the importance of linkage between the implementation of lean construction and market aspects and, consequently, to stimulate and to facilitate the introduction of these principles in building firms. }, author_keywords={Strategic planning; Lean construction; Small firms. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{O'Brien2002, author={O'Brien, William J. and London, Kerry and Vrijhoef, Ruben }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Construction Supply Chain Modeling - A Research Review and Interdisciplinary Research Agenda}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/200}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, M.E. Rinker, Sr. School of Building Construction, University of Florida, 101 FAC /PO Box 115703, Gainesville, FL, 32611-5703, USA, Tel +1 352 392 7519, E-mail wjob@ufl.edu ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture, School of Construction, UNITEC, New Zealand, Tel +64 9 815 4321 7270, E-mail klondon@unitec.ac.nz ; PhD Researcher, Department of Project Management and Real Estate, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, Tel +31 15 2783049, Fax +31 15 2783171, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl }, abstract={Supply chain management has emerged as a popular and useful concept in the construction industry and research community since the mid 1990s. Research in construction supply chain management draws from a broad range of disciplines, notably: (1) industrial organization economics to better understand market structure and forces and their effect on firm and supply chain behavior and (2) Analytic modeling of supply chains to improve supply chain performance along metrics such as speed, cost, reliability, quality, etc. Both industrial organization and analytic modeling provide useful but ultimately incomplete perspectives and prescriptions for construction supply chain management. As such, this paper proposes development of an interdisciplinary research agenda that draws from both fields. Towards that agenda, a review of research is presented to introduce the main ideas, relevant literature, and theory and methods in each of the two areas. From these independent reviews, applications that could benefit from a combined perspective are identified and used as a basis for development of an interdisciplinary research agenda. }, author_keywords={Construction supply chain management, research agenda, industrial organization economics, transaction costs analytical modeling }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2002, author={Pasquire, Christine L. and Connolly, Gary E. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Leaner Construction Through Off-Site Manufacturing}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/201}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Leics, UK, c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Director; Manufacturing Centre; Crown House Engineering, Ettingshall, Wolverhampton UK, GConnolly@carrillionplc.com }, abstract={This paper describes the improvements realised through the application of lean production methods in the off-site manufacturing of integrated mechanical services modules and proposes off-site manufacturing as a step forward in the integration of lean theory into construction. Using the manufacturing case study as a model the techniques implemented and the lessons learned are described and the significant components of process improvement identified. The paper highlights some of the principal failures in current construction practice and argues these form major constraints in the drive for lean project delivery. The final portion of the paper links lean enterprise with lean construction and argues that the definition and realisation of benefit is the only driver for change. }, author_keywords={Pre-assembly, off-site manufacturing, benefit, business improvement, kaizen, lean production. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Picard2002, author={Picard, Hans E. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Construction Process Measurement and Improvement}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/202}, affiliation={President, P+A Innovators, Corp., Construction Management Consultants, Cincinnati, Ohio, e-mail: h..picard@wordnet.att.net }, abstract={Production management is an integral part of the industrial construction process. The process lends itself to measurement by means of statistical tools – to help control the process. Reducing the variation or variability in a process is considered a sign of improved quality of the construction process. To quantify variability and distinguish the “vital few, trivial many” causes, control charts are used, that are constantly updated and communicated for timely feedback on process performance. Site-level experience on hundreds of projects suggests key construction performance measures include the variability and mean (average) percentage level of value-adding, productive work activity. The purpose of this paper is to submit that process metrics provides useful insight for constructing ‘lean,’ i.e., producing value efficiently. Measurement of the construction process involves statistical monitoring and analysis of value- and non-value-added work activities during project execution, using cost-effective random sampling of work activity combined with observation of the workflow. Effective application of the technique of work process measurement and continuous improvement includes elimination of non-value-added activity and waste, and ‘just-intime’ manpower scheduling. Using the correct approach and the proper mindset, work process improvement is saving a major U.S. utility significant contractor labor cost on construction, plant overhaul and modification projects. Construction process sampling is a useful ‘diagnostic’ tool for understanding right action by management, supervision and workers alike – to optimize the work environment and create customer value at all times. Experience demonstrates that the quality of the tactical implementation of sampling is as important as the quality of the strategic planning of its use to transform the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Construction process variability, construction process work sampling, construction process benchmarking, construction process improvement, construction productivity. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rossetto2002, author={Rossetto, Carlos Ricardo and Rossetto, Adriana M. and Mello, Rodrigo B. de }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Influence of Revolutionary and Evolutionary Strategic Changes According to Tushman and Romanellis Model in the Construction Sector}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/203}, affiliation={Doctor in Production Engineering. Professor at the University of Vale do Itajaí (SC) and Associate Professor for Postgraduate Programs in Production Engineering and Management at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. E-mail: rossetto@upf.tche.br ; Master in Civil Engeneering. Doctoral candidate in Production Engineering at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Professor at the University of Passo Fundo (RS), Civil Engineering Department. E-mail: arossetto@upf.tche.br ; Doctor in Production Engineering. Professor at the University of Vale do Itajaí (SC), Brazil. E-mail: rmello@big.univali.br }, abstract={The objective of this paper is to discuss strategic changes in construction companies according to the model of Tushman and Romanelli (1985). A multi-case study was developed, in which it could be observed that most of the time, the process is incremental, punctuated by revolutionary changes, caused mainly by the federal government's economic plans. Based on the history of the companies, and on a number of critical events the strategic periods of each company was described, using both Miles and Huberman’s (1984) and also Mintzberg and McHugh’s (1985) throug methodologies. This aim of this research study was to explain how companies in the Building Industry formulate their strategies. }, author_keywords={Construction Sector, Strategic Changes, Qualitative Method }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rossetto2002, author={Rossetto, Carlos Ricardo and Salvador, Edson and Mello, Rodrigo B. de }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Strategic Adaptation in the Construction Industry - A Case Study in the Town of Passo Fundo}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/204}, affiliation={Doctor in Production Engeneering. Professor at the University of Vale do Itajaí (SC) and Associate Professor for Postgraduate Programs in Production Engeneering and Management at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. e-mail: rossetto@big.univali.br ; Master in Administration. Professor at the University of Passo Fundo (RS), Departament of Economics and Management. Phone +55 54 3131988/99811988; salvador@upf.tche.br ; Doctor in Production Engeneering. Professor at the University of Vale do Itajaí (SC), Brazil. E-mail: rmello@big.univali.br }, abstract={Through a case study this paper describes how a company from the Building Industry, located in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, strategically adapted the perception of its dominant coalition. The study was developed through a qualitative research, using Pettigrew’s (1987) methodology and the three strategic dimensions: context, content and process. Besides the qualitative character (Trivinõs 1992) and the contextual analysis (Pettigrew 1987), the longitudinal and historical vision were also used (Kimberly 1976; Salama 1992). Due to the methodology adopted, our concern was not to generalize, in a statistical sense, the results of this study. What we aimed at was to present elements to aid in the explanation of the strategic adaptation process of the analyzed organization. }, author_keywords={Strategic Adaptation. Civil Construction. Strategic Change }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saffaro2002, author={Saffaro, Fernanda Aranha and Paula, Edi Carlos Pires de }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Formulating the Work Flow Plan for Horizontal Projects - Case Study}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={513-526}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/205}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Construction Department, University Campus – Rodovia Celso Gracia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, CEP 86051-990, Brazil, 43 371-4455, FAX 43 371-4082, saffaro@uel.br ; Under graduate student, University campus – Rodovia Celso Gracia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, CEP 86051-990, Brazil, 43 371-4455, FAX 43 371-4082, edicarlos@uel.br }, abstract={Recently much research has been done in the field of Production Management, focusing on the concepts and principles of Lean Construction. Regarding the topic Production Planning, some contributions are extremely important as they aim to protect production from uncertainty and also to fight variability through a new insight into the productive process. However, in the first stage of preparation of the planning process, where the formulation of the work flow plan (object of this study) takes place, there is still insufficient research, in spite of the importance of this issue for the definition of the physical flows in the building site. Regarding this issue, a case study was developed in a small construction company, aiming to clarify what the scope of a program which formulates the work flow plan would be, and also to explain how this stage of the planning process can be appended to the Production Planning and Control Model proposed by NORIE (Post-Graduation Program on Civil Engineering - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). }, author_keywords={Lean construction, work flow, physical flows, production planning and control, strategic plan. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sakamoto2002, author={Sakamoto, Masanobu and Horman, Michael J. and Thomas, H. Randolph }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={A Study of the Relationship Between Buffers and Performance in Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/206}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Depart. Civil & Envir. Engrg., Penn. State Univ., 104 Transportation Research Building, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-1910 FAX 814-865-3039, mus107@engr.psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Depart. Archi. Engrg., Penn. State Univ., 211 Engrg. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-2080 FAX 814-865-4789, mjhorman@engr.psu.edu ; Professor, Depart. Civil & Envir. Engrg., Penn. State Univ., 203 Transportation Research Building, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-1901 FAX 814-865-3039, hrt1@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={Lean proponents argue that we should eliminate buffers because they are wasteful, impede workflow, and hinder performance. Yet, there is some work in (lean) construction that calls this into question. Buffers have been commonly used to shield production by absorbing the impact of uncertainties and variability that would normally disrupt production. Buffers can take many forms including materials (inventory), W.I.P. (work-in-procress, subassemblies, stock, safety stock), deliberate and unintentional delays (time buffers, lags, pacing mechanisms), and excesses of labor and equipment capacity (capacity buffers). To lean producers, these items slow production, obscure and worsen quality problems, and burden management with unnecessary activity. However, in construction, where conditions are often uncertain and variable, lean constructors have suggested that buffers be sized and located according to the conditions. This paper analyzes the relationship between buffers and performance in construction with data collected from three commercial projects to see how buffers influence performance. The size of the buffer between rebar fabrication and installation in the construction of a structural system is compared to the labor performance of the crew. The results show that some buffer is needed between steps in order to achieve best performance in the construction operations studied. }, author_keywords={Buffers, lean construction. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2002, author={Santos, A. dos and Moser, L. and Tookey, J.E. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Applying the Concept of Mobile Cell Manufacturing on the Drywall Process}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/207}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, MSc., PhD, Address: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19011, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil E-mail: asantos@cesec.ufpr.br Homepage: http://www.cesec.ufpr.br/~asantos ; Civil Engineer, MSc. candidate, Address: PPGEC, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19011, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil E-mail: moser@cesec.ufpr.br ; Industrial Engineer, BSc, PhD. Address: School of the Built and Natural Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, United Kingdom. Email: jet@gcal.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper presents the results of an exploratory study investigating the application of the “mobile cell manufacturing” concept within the construction environment. The investigation was carried out using a case study research method and focused on the drywall process. The initial phase of the project involved a diagnosis of drywall practices in a medium sized company. That diagnosis pointed out a number of problems such as equipment improvisation, poor workflow planning and the absence of adequate drywall design plans. In order to tackle these problems simultaneously we experiment with the idea of “cell manufacturing” in one case study. Using Hyer and Brown (1999)´s list of cell manufacturing enablers we conclude that our cell got to the stage of a “latent physical cell” because it was characterised by spatial proximity, but with deficiencies in time and information linkages. The study indicates that the concept of “mobile cells” is feasible in construction and deserves further research and dissemination in industry as it enables (and requires) a simultaneous integration of all lean construction ideas within a single environment. Future studies on this topic need to start right from the beginning of the construction project in order to prepare the site for the new production dynamics required by “mobile cells”. }, author_keywords={Drywall, mobile cell, cell manufacturing, innovation }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2002, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Guimaraes, Lia B.M. and Soares, Aelandre C. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Safety and Production - An Integrated Planning and Control Model}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/208}, affiliation={M.Sc., Assistant Professor at the University of Caxias do Sul (UCS) and Ph.D. candidate at LOPP/UFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Praça Argentina nº 9, 3º andar - sala LOPP. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: saurin@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, PPGEC – Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, nº 99, 3º andar, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90035- 190, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., C.P.E. Associate Professor at LOPP/UFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Praça Argentina nº 9, 3º andar - sala LOPP. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: liabmg@ppgep.ufrgs.br ; M.Sc. candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, Quality manager at BSF Engenharia. E-mail: qualidade@bsfeng.com.br }, abstract={This paper presents a safety planning and control model (SPC) that has been integrated to the production planning and control process. The model integrates safety into three hierarchical levels of production control. Safety long-term planning starts with the preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) of construction processes. These plans are detailed and updated at both medium-term and short-term planning levels. The main performance measure adopted for safety evaluation at the short-term level is the Percentage of Safe Work Packages (PSW), which monitors the degree in which work packages are safely carried out. The model also proposes a participatory mechanism that allows workers to point out existing risks as well as to evaluate risk controls. This paper discusses an empirical study in which the model was implemented in the refurbishment of an industrial building. }, author_keywords={Safety, production planning and control, operations management, performance measurement. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shimizu2002, author={Shimizu, Julio Y. and Cardoso, Francisco F. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Subcontracting and Cooperation Network in Building Construction - A Literature Review}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/209}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politecnica, University of Sao Paulo. CNPq grants. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091-5422, fax +55 11/3091-5544, julio.shimizu@poli.usp.br ; Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, Escola Politecnica, University of Sao Paulo. Av Prof Almeida Prado, travessa 2, 83, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil, phone +55 11/3091-5469, fax +55 11/3091-5715, francisco.cardoso@poli.usp.br }, abstract={Owing to recent structural transformations in the construction sector in many countries like Brazil, production is much more subcontracted nowadays than in the past. Consequently, supply chain management became more important, including the management of subcontractors. Cooperation networks appear to be an advantageous way of supply chain organization, which is beneficial to subcontractors and building firms. Cooperation networks are consequences of strategic alliances between some agents of the supply chain. Such firms, organized together, cooperate, reaching better results than they would obtain individually. With the main focus on subcontractors and building constructors, this paper, based on a literature review, seeks to deal with the decision of make or buy (subcontracting) and to analyze its importance in the formation and development of cooperation networks in building construction. Brazilian current management practices that happen in constructor firm-subcontractor relationship are described, as well as a parallel with the case of Great Britain. About stimulating cooperation networks in the sector, some actions are also quoted. It can be said that supply chain integration in a cooperation network through strategic partnering is a key success factor for increasing competitive advantages in the sector. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, subcontractor, cooperation network, lean construction, building construction. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soares2002, author={Soares, Alexandre C. and Bernardes, Mauricio M.S. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Improving the Production Planning and Control System in a Building Company - Contributions After Stabilization}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/210}, affiliation={M.Sc. candidate (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul), Planning and Control Coordinator, BSF Engenharia Ltda, Rua Portugal, 776, Higienópolis, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil, CEP 90520-310, e-mail: alexandre.soares@bsfeng.com.br ; Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Architecture, Rua Sarmento Leite, nº 320, sala 504, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90050-010, bernarde@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Av. Osvaldo Aranha, nº 99, 3º andar, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil, CEP 90035-190, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Several papers have discussed the importance of the Last Planner Method as a means of stabilizing the production process in building sites. After process stabilization, however, a continuous effort is necessary in order to maintain and perfect the positive results obtained from the implementation of production planning and control systems. This article presents the preliminary results from an ongoing research project undertaken in a construction company from the South of Brazil. The main objective of this investigation is to propose guidelines to maintain and improve production planning and control systems after process stabilization. A series of fifteen projects were studied, aiming to identify the main barriers and also factors that contribute to the success of planning and control systems in the long term. The main sources of evidence used were the PPC (Percentage of Plans Completed) indicator, causes of the non-completion of work packages and interviews with company directors, clients and site engineers. One of the major factors that contributed to the success of planning and control system was the realization of weekly meetings focussed on learning rather than problem solving. This meeting involves company directors, a planning and control coordinator, and all site engineers. The results achieved in different sites are periodically disseminated throughout the company, pointing out the main barriers for implementation. Also, a strong emphasis is given in those meetings to the discussion of the Last Planner Method underlying ideas. }, author_keywords={Production Planning and Control, Planning system, Last Planner Method, Learning, Implementation. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sriprasert2002, author={Sriprasert, Eknarin and Danwood, Nashwan }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Ext Generation of Construction Planning and Control System - the Lewis Approach}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/211}, affiliation={PhD Student, Centre for Construction Innovation Research, School of Science and Technology, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, 44-01642/218-121 ext. 3402, FAX 44- 01642/342401, s-e.sriprasert@tees.ac.uk ; Professor, Centre for Construction Innovation Research, School of Science and Technology, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, 44-01642/342-405, FAX 44-01642/342401, n.n.dawood@tees.ac.uk }, abstract={The traditional construction planning and control system, as described in the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge published by the Project Management Institute, has been criticized in terms of insufficiency of its underlying theories and ineffectiveness of its techniques. Based on this traditional approach, major problems including separation of execution from planning and after-the-fact variance detection are typically acknowledged. It is evident that the current practices are still suffering from low productivity and high production waste. To address these deficiencies, this paper proposes a vision for the next generation of construction planning and control as multi-constraints, visual, and lean-based system. An implementation of this vision has resulted in a prototype called “LEWIS – Lean Enterprise Web-based Information System for Construction”. An elaboration on the system framework and an underpinning methodology to integrate information and constraint management with 4D planning and control system is the focus of this paper. It is anticipated that successful implementation of this system will enable generation of reliable plans and constraint-free assignments to the work face, which in turn, reduce production wastes and improve on-site productivity. }, author_keywords={Constraint management, information system, lean construction, planning and control, 4D visualization }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Taylor2002, author={Taylor, John and Bjornsson, Hans }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Identification and Classification of Value Drivers for a New Production Homebuilding Supply Chain}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/212}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020. ; Director, Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305- 4020. }, abstract={The United States homebuilding industry experienced significant consolidation over the past ten years. The largest builders in the industry grew from building around 7,500 homes per year to over 30,000 homes per year. The supply chains for homebuilding were not designed to facilitate this level of mass production of homes. To achieve economies of scale in the Denver production homebuilding market, recent process improvements have been made by USBuild Corporation, a new player in the supply chain. These improvements have focused on using the Internet, a proprietary information system, and a new distribution channel to integrate information and material flows. The resulting opportunities for value creation in USBuild’s “e-chain” supply chain during the first six months of operation in 2001 were significant. This paper identifies the value drivers in the case of USBuild’s supply chain intermediation in the Denver market. Further, the value drivers are classified using an established framework for how Internet-enabled information technologies are impacting the extended supply chain. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, Internet, information technology, production homebuilding. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thomas2002, author={Thomas, R. and Marosszeky, Marton and Karim, Khalid and Davis, S. and McGeorge, D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={The Importance of Project Culture in Achieving Quality Outcomes in Construction}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/213}, affiliation={Associate professor, Building R9,Randwick Campus Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, Australia Tel +61 (2) 9385 4830, E-mail m.marosszeky@unsw.edu.au ; Deputy Director of Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, Building R9, Randwick Campus Australian Centre for Construction Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, Australia Tel +61 (2) 9385 4830, E-mail k.karim@unsw.edu.au ; Lecturer, Department of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Tel +61 (2) 9385 6767 ; Professor of The Built Environment, Faculty of the Built Environment, The University of New South Wales UNSW Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, Tel +61 (2) 9385 4787, E-mail: d.mcgeorge@unsw.edu.au }, abstract={This paper presents a review of developments that have led to current construction quality management philosophies. The primary factors responsible for the relatively poor quality outcomes currently achieved by the sector are reviewed and the influences of bureaucratic and hierarchical management systems are considered. It is posited that, in general, the typical approach to procurement by the principal and head contractor is motivated more by risk shedding than by a desire to improve the control of the process. Furthermore, arguments are drawn from the literature to show that a productive culture and teamwork within the supply chain are essential for the achievement of planned quality outcomes. A study of the relationship between project cultures as assessed by Quinn’s Competing Values Framework and the quality of outcomes on thirteen construction sites is presented. Clan type cultures were found to correlate with improved quality outcomes, whereas market cultures, more common on construction projects, were found to correlate with weaker quality outcomes. }, author_keywords={Quality management, project culture, teamwork }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2002, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Comparing and Implementing Alternative Work Structures - Installation of Door Frames}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/214}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Mobile: 510/593-4884, FAX: 510/643-8919, ccytsao@alum.calberkeley.org ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={For each new project, supply chain participants (SCPs) must decide whether to adopt a ‘tried and true’ past work structure or an alternative that involves designing and building perhaps using an unfamiliar approach. Significant risks but also rewards may be associated with using different work structures. Conservative SCPs therefore favor work structures that involve no change or only incremental change, as opposed to radical change. Often, a project’s tight budget and schedule induce SCPs to use only the ‘tried and true’ because the corresponding processes and outcomes are predictable. In addition, directions given to SCPs instruct them to design and build projects in a certain way, so it is difficult to consider building projects any differently, especially if the current method works. If one SCP sees an opportunity for improvement with an alternative work structure, others remain to be convinced that it is an opportunity before they will help obtain approvals and manage implementation. This paper describes such a case. It presents ways to characterize and compare work structure alternatives. SCPs might use similar comparisons to guide their selection of work structures on future projects. }, author_keywords={Work structuring, process design, product design, supply chain management, door frame installation, precast concrete wall installation, caulking, grouting, design build, project management, change management, first-run study }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos2002, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Betts, Martin and Cooper, Rachel }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Product Development Process Implementation - Exploratory Case Studies in Construction and Manufacturing}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/215}, affiliation={M.Sc., Ph.D. student, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, Tel:+ 44 (0161) 2954284 FAX + 44 (0161) 2955011, e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; BSc, Ph.D., FCIOB, FRSA, Head of School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, FAX + 44 (0161) 2955011, e-mail: m.betts@salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D., Research Centre for Design, University of Salford, Centenary Building, Peru Street, Salford, Greater Manchester, M3 6 EQ, UK, Tel: +44 (0161) 295 6146, e-mail: r.cooper@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The problems of construction are well known (Egan et al., 1998). The increasing complexity of modern buildings, rising pressures for reducing process lead-time and costs, and the growing necessity of fulfilling client requirements lead to an everincreasing importance of product development processes (PDP). The construction industry has been trying to improve its processes for many years. This led to the development of a number of process models, which are important management tools for understanding how value is delivered to customers (Winch and Carr, 2001) and to suggest improvements. Unfortunately, the implementation of these models in practice is very slow and until now there are no measurable and demonstrable improvements resulting from these process models. Thus, there is a need of a better understanding of the issues involved in implementing product development processes. The aim of this paper is to explore the implementation of process models within construction and manufacturing companies. It presents the results of exploratory case studies, which are part of an ongoing PhD research. The main results describe that there is clarity of the importance and methods used to develop process models, but little information is available either in the literature or within companies on how processes can be implemented. Furthermore, people issues are pointed out as the main barriers to implementation. }, author_keywords={New product development, process, implementation. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vaidyanathan2002, author={Vaidyanathan, Kalyan }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Case Study in Application of Project Scheduling System for Construction Supply Chain Management}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/216}, affiliation={Senior Product Manager, i2 Technologies, 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge MA 02142, 617/551/-2780, FAX 617/761-2974, kalyan@i2.com }, abstract={The AEC industry traditionally operates on trust based relationships formed on a project-byproject basis. Inefficiencies in the AEC industry lead to unreliable project due dates, inability to meet project budgets, and low customer satisfaction levels. In some cases, businesses involved in the AEC industry have capitalized on ill-defined information to increase margins. The paper will discuss these issues in the context of a case study of a large retailer involved in the house reconstruction market. The retailer is attempting to change its business process, manage their supply chain, and manage their orders that have products and services as projects. The paper will describe the difficulties involved in changing the business process and data collection and provide insight into issues involved in implementing the objectives of the retailer. It can be proven that by a fundamental change in the business process, if all the people involved in the project to openly share information, the inefficiencies in the project can be substantially reduced, if not eliminated. This can lead to on-time intelligent procurement of materials, better on-site coordination of labor and material, an overall increased utilization of labor, and ultimately to reduced project delivery time. But in order to realize this objective, businesses must be willing to share proprietary enterprise data, disparate legacy systems have to be integrated to exchange information in a consistent format, and data essential to the new business model needs to be collected. Finally, the savings realized through such streamlining has to be shared among all parties to be fair. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, collaboration, communication, retail, data collection, information flow, information sharing, business process re-engineering }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2002, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Cuperus, Ype and Voordijk, Hans }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Exploring the Connection Between Open Building and Lean Construction - Defining a Postponement Strategy for Supply Chain Management}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/217}, affiliation={PhD Researcher, Department of Project Management and Real Estate, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2783049, Fax +31 15 2783171, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl ; Director, OBOM Research Group, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, De Vries van Heystplantsoen 2, NL-2628 RZ Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2785400, Fax +31 15 2788295, E-mail y.j.cuperus@bk.tudelft.nl ; Associate Professor, University of Twente, Faculty of Technology and Management, Dept. of Construction Process Management, P.O. Box 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, Phone +31 53 4894214, Fax +31 53 4892511, E-mail h.voordijk@sms.utwente.nl }, abstract={Open Building has been known as a building concept characterized by an explicit customer focus, modular pre-engineered product system, and a sequential process structure. Open Building advocates a concept of modularity, which includes the separation of different levels of decision-making, and the decoupling of building parts within a modular system. The process of Open Building is characterized by a systematic and interconnected sequence from interactive client specification of the built object, through components manufacturing, to site assembly, supported by a uniform product and information management system. In essence Open Building applies lean manufacturing concepts and techniques to the delivery of a building. Therefore, the characteristics of Open Building and Lean Construction are being compared on a number of basic aspects, including order fulfillment, components manufacturing, materials distribution and assembly, in order to find similarities and differences, and to explore the connection between the two concepts. The connection between Open Building and Lean Construction is found in the similarities of the way the supply chain is organized and managed. By its specific product and process co-ordination, Open Building implicitly prescribes a specific organization of the supply chain. This is characterized as a postponement strategy for supply chain management, by its delayed differentiation strategy. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Open Building, supply chain management, postponement strategy, delayed differentiation strategy. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Whelton2002, author={Whelton, Michael and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Project Definition and Wicked Problems}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, pages={375-387}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/218}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, whelton@ce.berkeley.e ; Adjunct Associate Professor, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={It is now almost 30 years since Horst Rittel coined the term “wicked” for ill-defined problem sets which are too complex to be solved by rational systematic processes. To what extent today’s industry practice has adequately come to terms with such problems still remains open to discussion. This paper is concerned with team decision making during project definition, understood as the phase in which the design task is defined and its constraints are established sufficiently to launch design development. The concept of wicked problems is applied in an effort to improve project definition processes. Based on collaborative argumentation and reflection processes, a project learning model is proposed to better manage the resolution of wicked problems in project definition. Particular emphasis is placed on considering project definition as an adaptive process that incorporates project change through the co-evolution of problem formulation and solution generation. }, author_keywords={Design management, organizational learning, project definition, stakeholder complexity, wicked problems. }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Yang2002, author={Yang, I-Tung }, editor={Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, title={Stochastic Analysis on Project Duration Under the Requirement of Continuous Resource Utilization}, journal={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={10th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2002}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/219}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan, 886/4/23323000 Ext. 4590, ityang@mail.cyut.edu.tw }, abstract={In repetitive construction projects (e.g., multistory buildings, pipelines, and highways), resources (labor and equipment) perform work and move from one repetitive unit to the next. The Repetitive Scheduling Method (RSM) has been proposed to ensure the continuous utilization of resources from unit to unit, which meets the goal of eliminating waste (i.e., unproductive idleness between units) in Lean Construction. This paper demonstrates possible cost-saving benefits associated with continuous resource utilization. Having resources work continuously, however, may require postponements on the start time of resources in certain units. The resulting RSM schedule possesses fewer floats than the early schedule in the Critical Path Method (CPM). The impact of continuous resource utilization on floats is illustrated through an example six-unit project. Since floats can be used to accommodate uncertainty of production rates during planning and variability during execution, fewer floats (buffers) in the planning phase may more likely lead to a longer project duration in the execution phase. A probabilistic model is simulated to compare the impact of the RSM and CPM schedules on the project duration. }, author_keywords={Repetitive scheduling, continuous resource utilization, float management, simulation }, address={Gramado, Brazil }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdelhamid2003, author={Abdelhamid, T.S. and Patel, B. and Howell, G.A. and Mitropoulos, P. }, editor={ }, title={Signal Detection Theory: Enabling Work Near the Edge}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/220}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu ; Graduate Student Research Assistant, 9 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: patelbh3@msu.edu ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. Email: ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; PhD, Process Improvement Consultant, Menlo Park, CA 94025. Email: takism@earthlink.net }, abstract={Occupational accidents are unquestionably wasteful and non-value adding events in any system of production. Safeguarding construction workers from occupational hazards, whether arising from traumatic, ergonomic, and/or exposure accidents, is part and parcel of the lean construction ideal of waste elimination. Howell et al. (2002) proposed a new approach to understand construction accidents based on Rasmussen’s theory of cognitive systems engineering. One aspect of the model focused on worker training to recognize hazards (unsafe conditions). The underlying assumption here is that workers will always recall what constitutes a safe or unsafe situation as well as respond to perceived or actual risks in the same manner. Therefore, a methodology to assess worker sensitivity to unsafe conditions and risk orientation is needed. This paper proposes a methodology based on Signal detection theory that was originally developed as an assessment technique for tasks requiring the detection of defective components in an industrial setting. Discussion of signal detection theory and how it could be tailored for assessments of the sensitivity and risk orientation of construction workers to unsafe conditions is presented. Application of the methodology is demonstrated using a pilot study involving structural steel workers. The methodology presented in this paper could be used to give guidance to workers on how to enhance their abilities to identify the boundary beyond which work is no longer safe. }, author_keywords={Occupational Safety, Construction Safety, Signal Detection Theory, Construction Accidents, Safety Training }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdelhamid2003, author={Abdelhamid, Tariq S. }, editor={ }, title={Six-Sigma in Lean Construction Systems: Opportunities and Challenges}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/221}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu }, abstract={One of the tenants of lean construction states that achieving reliable workflow is possible when sources of variability are controlled. Under a lean paradigm, the effects of variability are buffered through excess inventory, flexible capacity, and/or work-ready backlogs. The common element between these three approaches to tackle production process variability is that they are all attempts to combat the effects of variability and not to reduce or eliminate variability altogether. Reducing or eliminating the variability that plague production processes requires the removal of the root causes of variability –a difficult but not impossible task. Six Sigma is a statistical-based methodology that provides a structured framework to organize and implement strategic process improvement initiatives to attain reductions in process variability. In this paper, the origin of Six Sigma is reviewed with a brief discussion of its methods and metrics. The application of the Six Sigma rolled throughput yield and sigma quality level metrics to the Last Planner System is demonstrated. Using the Lean Project Delivery System as a foundation, the paper suggests Six Sigma applications and research opportunities in Lean Construction. }, author_keywords={Six-Sigma, Performance Metrics, Lean Construction, Lean Project Delivery System, Last Planner System }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon2003, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Calderon, Rodrigo }, editor={ }, title={A Production Planning Support System for Construction Projects}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/222}, affiliation={Professor, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax : 011-562-686-4806, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Research Assistant, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax : 011-562-686-4806, e-mail: rcalderg@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={This paper describes a computer system developed by the Production Management Center of the Catholic University of Chile (GEPUC) and companies involved in collaborative projects. The general objective of the system is to provide a support tool that could integrate the overall GEPUC improvement initiative. The current version of the system “Plan Control” used the LPS as the core of the development, providing integration capabilities with other tools used in the implementation effort. One specific objective of “Plan Control” is to facilitate better management of the information of the LPS to allow a learning and transparency stage to take place in the companies, to generate a continuous improvement mechanism. A second specific objective is to provide support for the implementation of the LPS concepts across all the parties in the construction project, to obtain a better understanding of the concepts and to facilitate their adoption. This paper shows as a collaborative work between GEPUC and companies, during the creation of the prototype Plan Control, breaks up with the cultural barrier of adoption of this type of support tools. The first impacts generated by the application of the prototype system are commented, and the components of the definitive system, currently under development, are presented. }, author_keywords={Plan Control, Last Planner System, learning process, transparency process, collaborative work. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Almeida2003, author={Almeida, Joao C. and Salazar, Guillermo F. }, editor={ }, title={Strategic Issues in Lean Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/223}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, FAX 508/831-5808, joao@wpi.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, 508/831-5262 FAX 508/831-5808, salazar@wpi.edu }, abstract={This paper reviews the basic components of lean construction, with references to the development of lean production systems by manufacturing organizations and the advances of lean construction research. The paper also presents the key concepts on strategic management and industry structure analysis. It discusses the implications on the implementation of lean construction with regard to a firm’s strategic planning as well as to the conditions for the industry to lesser the barriers for lean construction implementation. Finally, the paper describes the objectives and anticipated contributions of current research conducted at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute involving strategic issues in lean construction. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, strategic management, competitive strategy }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2003, author={Alves, Thais da C.L and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Buffering and Batching Practices in the HVAC Industry}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/224}, affiliation={Ph.D. student, Engineering and Project Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, thaiscla@uclink.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Engineering and Project Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper discusses batching and buffering practices in the Heating, Ventilating, and Air- Conditioning (HVAC) industry based on a literature review and an on-going investigation of mechanical contractors in charge of designing, fabricating, and installing made-to-order ductwork systems. Batching practices affect or create buffers in production systems whether intentional or not. Buffers in production systems may be characterized by location, size, product mix, criticality, etc. Here, the focus is specifically on the location of buffers that result from batching and buffering practices in the production system for duct fabrication and installation. These practices are influenced by organizational issues, production capabilities, labor union regulations, product characteristics, ‘received traditions,’ and local optimization objectives. They are also influenced by the difficulty of forecasting the available capacity and production demand in terms of labor-hours and product mix. A rule of thumb for contractors that perform work in the ceiling space of a building, as is needed for HVAC duct, is “the first one to get in wins.” Therefore, these contractors have to be agile in turning out parts to the construction site in order to avoid major changes in their design, fabrication of parts, or installation sequencing. All these characteristics and influences interact in a dynamic way and thereby contribute to the batching and buffering practices that have become custom and accepted. While these practices may meet local optimization criteria, they also embed a lot of waste in the production system at large. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate current practices so as to promote understanding of the system’s characteristics and development of metrics to optimize system performance at a more global level. }, author_keywords={Buffer, batch, inventory, sheet metal, duct work, HVAC system, specialty contracting, mechanical contractor. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2003, author={Arbulu, Roberto and Ballard, Glenn and Harper, Nigel }, editor={ }, title={Kanban in Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/225}, affiliation={Consultant, Strategic Project Solutions, rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; Research Director for the Center for Innovation in Project and Production Management (dba Lean Construction Institute) and Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, ballard@leanconstruction.org ; Managing Director, Laing O’Rourke, nharper@laingorourke.com }, abstract={Kanban is a lean approach developed in the automotive industry to pull materials and parts through production systems on a just-in-time basis. A particular type of kanban is called supplier kanban which transmits a replenishment signal to outside suppliers. This paper presents a material management strategy that uses supplier kanbans to signal the need for replenishment of selected products from preferred suppliers to site. The objective of this strategy is to accomplish material management functions with least waste; e.g., unnecessary inventories and processing time, waiting time, and physical waste. The primary means for achieving the objective is to simplify the processes of acquiring, storing, distributing and disposing of selected made-to-stock products on site. The kanban strategy is being implemented in the construction of a major international transportation hub in the U.K. The paper highlights one of the most important findings from the implementation phase of the strategy: the need to rationalize stock profiles. }, author_keywords={Inventory, just-in-time, kanban, lean construction, made-to-stock, material management, pull, supply chain integration, value stream, waste. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Azambuja2003, author={Azambuja, Marcelo M.B. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Guidelines for the Improvement of Design, Procurement and Installation of Elevators Using Supply Chain Management Concepts}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/226}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc., marcelo@cpgec.ufrgs.br, researcher at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil ; Ph.D, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br, Associate Professor at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil }, abstract={The application of supply chain management concepts has been investigated as a possible alternative to develop solutions to some of the existing problems and to the introduction of improvements in the construction sector. This paper aims to propose guidelines to improve the process of design, procurement and installation of elevators, using supply chain management concepts. The research method was divided into three major stages. Initially, the elevator supply chain processes and their main problems were described in general terms, based on a literature review and also on interviews with architects, production managers, and experts in construction management. In the second stage, a case study on the relationship between the supply chain agents in the City of Porto Alegre was carried out, aiming to identify problems in the material and information flows. That involved interviews with elevator manufacturers and installers, visits to construction sites, the analysis of documents, and also a survey with elevator users. Finally, a number of guidelines for improving the process under investigation were proposed. Among the main conclusions of the study, there were problems related to the co-operation practices adopted, and to the lack of coordination and integration of material and information flows between agents, indicating that there is an opportunity to apply supply chain management concepts for improving the processes that were investigated. }, author_keywords={Supply Chain Management, Processes integration, Materials and information flows, elevators }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2003, author={Ballard, Glenn and Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={ }, title={An Update on Last Planner}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/227}, affiliation={Research Director and Managing Director, respectively, Center for Innovation in Product & Production Management (dba Lean Construction Institute), gballard@leanconstruction.org. }, abstract={The Last Planner system of production control has now been in use for a number of years. Its inventors provide an update consisting of a description of innovations and changes, thoughts on theoretical foundations, proposals regarding work structuring, phase scheduling and reliable promising, and recommendations for further development. Special emphasis is placed on the relationship between scheduling and production control, and also on the technique of phase scheduling to specify the handoffs that are the control foci for Last Planner. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, linguistic action, phase scheduling, production control, project control, work structuring }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Benjaoran2003, author={Benjaoran, Vacharapoom and Dawood, Nashwan }, editor={ }, title={Development Framework of an Artificial Intelligence Planner Framework for Bespoke Precast Concrete Production}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/228}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Centre for Construction Innovation Research, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, +441-642-342494, b.vacharapoom@tees.ac.uk ; Professor, Centre for Construction Innovation Research, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, +441-642-342405, FAX +441-642-342401, n.n.dawood@tees.ac.uk }, abstract={Precast concrete industry is highly involved in construction projects through the supply of bespoke products. It delivers many advantages to the construction industry in terms of saving time, cost, and reducing congestion on construction sites. However, precast manufacturers are facing a substantial problem of long customer lead-time for bespoke concrete products. Most of time and effort is spent on a long production process consisting of product design, production planning, and shop floor manufacturing. Also, variations in the process due to many uncertainties, many parties and human involvements extend buffers of the customer lead-time. Lean construction concepts that are adapted for the unique production system of construction work recognize the above problem as waste and directly aim to eliminate them. Complying with the concepts, the authors have proposed an automatic planning system called artificial intelligence planner (AIP). The AIP retrieves product data from design process for the automatic planning process. In order to develop requirements and specifications of the AIP, this paper concisely describes precast design and production planning processes from a case study of a precast company. Artificial intelligence and flow-shop scheduling techniques that provide development background are reviewed. Also the components of the AIP are described. The AIP is expected to reduce the customer lead-time, assist precast manufacturers to manage changes in product requirements and/or delivery dates; therefore, the construction industry will share the benefits. }, author_keywords={Precast production, bespoke product, customer lead-time, artificial intelligence, flow-shop scheduling, planning. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2003, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Avoiding and Managing Chaos in Projects}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/229}, affiliation={M.Sc., consulting engineer. Sven Bertelsen, Strategic Counselor aps. Senior Research Advisor to Lean Construction – Denmark. sven@bertelsen.org ; Senior Researcher, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O.Box 1800, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 4564556, Fax +358 9 4566251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi }, abstract={Construction projects are often very complex and dynamic by their nature, and it is a well-known fact that such systems exist on the edge of chaos. The paper’s objective is to study construction projects poised on the edge of chaos and to explore the forces that may turn projects chaotic in the sense that the project crosses this dangerous edge. The prime aim is to understand how the phase transition may take place and to propose an approach for understanding this risk and keeping it under control in project management. The paper explores this understanding of the construction project further by proposing a way of analyzing its complexity and dynamics along the four characteristics: the project’s complexity, the project’s internal and external setting and the project organization. The aim is not only to reach a deeper understanding of projects’ nature, but also to outline a tool for analyzing and comparing projects' risk of turning chaotic. However, before addressing this main theme, the phenomenon of chaos in a project is introduced through a literature review and illustrated with empirical project cases. Complexity was identified as an IGLC championship at the IGLC-9 conference in Singapore in 2001 and was included in the theory championship at the IGLC-10 in Gramado, Brazil in 2002. The paper is contribution under this championship }, author_keywords={Project management, construction, complexity, order, chaos theory }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2003, author={Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={ }, title={Complexity - A New Way of Understanding Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/230}, affiliation={M.Sc. consulting engineer. Sven Bertelsen, Strategic Counselor aps. Senior Research Advisor to Lean Construction – Denmark. sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={The general view of the construction process is that it is an ordered, linear phenomenon, which can be organized, planned and managed top down. The frequent failures to complete construction projects on budget and schedule give rise to a thinking that the process maybe not is as ordered and predictable in its nature as it may look. A closer examination reveals that construction is indeed a complex, nonlinear and dynamic phenomenon, which often exists on the edge of chaos. The paper introduces the world of complex systems and examines construction in this perspective, and by that it proposes several new elements to the understanding of project management. }, author_keywords={Construction, complexity, project management }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2003, author={Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={ }, title={Construction as a Complex System}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/231}, affiliation={M.Sc. consulting engineer. Sven Bertelsen Strategic Counselor aps. Senior Research Advisor to Lean Construction – Denmark. sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={Complexity and complex systems’ theory are issues coming more and more into focus as it seems that most systems in our lives must be understood in this perspective. This new way of understanding, explains features otherwise ignored or considered noise in an ordered perspective. The paper argues that construction should also be understood as a complex, dynamic phenomenon. It analyzes the construction process, the production system and the industry, as well as the social systems formed by humans involved in the project execution from a complexity perspective using a number of general characteristics of complex systems. It finds all of these characteristics present in the construction system. The paper concludes that the complexity view should thus be more in focus when discussing new project management paradigms. }, author_keywords={Construction; complex dynamic systems; project management; chaos }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brondsted2003, author={Brondsted, Jakob and Walloe, Pernille and Bindslev, Knud }, editor={ }, title={Object Oriented Information Modelling for Use in Lean Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/232}, affiliation={M.Sc. Construction Management, Lean Construction-DK, Danish Technological Institute. jakob.brondsted@teknologisk.dk ; B.Sc. (Hon), Lean Construction-DK, Danish Technological Institute. pernille.walloe@teknologisk.dk ; M.Sc., Managing Director KB Informatik. proxima@image.dk }, abstract={As part of the Danish Classification Project a report describing the information flow in a traditional building project has been published. By defining the final product as the building as well as the documentation, the value chain throughout the different phases of a Construction project is identified. Between the design and Construction phase the value-perception changes from adding value to the documentation to adding value to the physical Construction. To reduce the amount of work converting the documentation to the exact information, the contractor needs to carry out each activity; a classification hierarchy based on the ISO 12006-2 standard is currently being defined. The hierarchy is being developed in preparation for introducing an object-oriented datastructure with ”Work Result” as a common object for carrying information throughout the building lifecycle. ”Work Result” is the outcome of the activities (the transformation of resources) in the Weekly Work Plan used in the Last Planner System. At the same time the ”Work Result” object is the link to integration between object oriented product models and process models, in this case the three levels of planning proposed in the Last Planner System. }, author_keywords={Value chain, documentation, information flow, objects oriented, classification, and strategies of implementation. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chen2003, author={Chen, Qian and Chua, David K.H. and Song, Yuanbin }, editor={ }, title={Information Flow Integrated Process Modeling}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/233}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Building Construction Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, 540/231-9877, FAX 540/231-7339, qchen@vt.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, 65/6874-2195, FAX 65/6779-1635, cvedavid@nus.edu.sg ; h.D. Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, 65-6874-4643, FAX 65-6779-2248, engp0361@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={In recent years, construction management has paid considerable attention to lean production, a philosophy that attaches great importance to flow issues and emphasizes the need to balance flow and conversion improvements. This paper presents the Information Flow Integrated Process Modeling (IFIPM) technique, which implements four procedures: (1) establishing information dependencies by using IDEF0 modeling method, (2) identifying information loops and conflicts in process relationships, (3) resolving information loops/conflicts, and (4) improving and re-computing the CPM schedule. This technique is capable of making information flows more explicit. As a result, the implicit information dependencies between construction activities can be made more obvious to all project participants and can be taken into consideration during process planning and scheduling. In this way, both the project process schedule and coordination among specialty subcontractors can be improved. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, information flow, coordination, specialty subcontractor, and CPM }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Costa2003, author={Costa, Dayana B. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Guidelines for Conception, Implementation and Use of Performance Measurement Systems in Construction Companies}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/235}, affiliation={Civil Eng., M.Sc., Research Assistant at NORIE/UFRGS, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 – 3º andar. CEP 90035- 190 Porto Alegre – RS. E-mail: dayana@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Civil Eng., Ph.D., Associate Professor at NORIE/UFRGS – Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 – 3º andar. CEP 90035-190 Porto Alegre – RS. E-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Despite recent efforts carried out by academics and the growing interest from construction sector associations to disseminate performance measurement concepts and practices, the use of performance indicators is not systematic in most construction companies. The lack of adequate measures has been pointed out as a major difficulty for establishing performance measurement systems in those companies. This article describes some results of a research project that aims to propose some guidelines to the conception, implementation and use of performance measurement systems. Such guidelines emphasise the need to establish a link between performance measurement and firms’ competitive strategies, as well as the effective insertion of measures into the management of critical processes. This research project is based on five case studies carried out in medium and small sized companies from the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This paper focuses on the framework that was proposed to establish performance measures aligned with the firm’s competitive strategy. It identifies a number of best practices and improvement opportunities related to the conception and implementation of such systems. }, author_keywords={Performance measurement, strategies, process management, best practices }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dean2003, author={Dean, John T. and Dawood, Nash }, editor={ }, title={New Paradigm in Concrete Products Production}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/236}, affiliation={D (Prof) Student University of Teesside, Site Manager, Aggregate Industries, North End Works, Ashton Keynes, Swindon, Wiltshire, England SN6 6QX, E-mail John.Dean@aggregate.com ; Professor of Construction Management and IT, Centre for Construction Innovation Research, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, E-Mail n.n.dawood@tees.ac.uk }, abstract={The production of Wet Cast concrete paving units with complex decorative edge shapes has traditionally required operators to remove cured products from their moulds (de-moulding) by hand and to stack the finished product onto pallets by hand. A study utilising postural analysis of these operations taking into account the weights of paving units involved some of which exceeded 25kgs. Revealed excessive flexing and twisting of the trunk, uneven loading of the knees and at times excessive exertion according to Borg’s rating system. Whilst retraining in correct postural methods has produced positive results and fewer manualhandling accidents, it was concluded that an automated solution had to be developed. An automated solution was needed to remove undesirable body movements but retain all of the agility associated with human activity capabilities of: product inspection, zero size changeover time, rejection of faulty product and a fast cycle time of 6 seconds per paving unit. A new concept of de-moulding was developed utilising three axis linear motion, edge compliance and a Robot working in synchronous action with the linear motion device. A vision camera for inspection purposes with at least pixel level resolution was developed to work in conjunction with a second Robot working within the movement arc of the first Robot. This second Robot rejected any camera inspection failures via a software handshake and stacked the paving on to pallets. The robotic solution provided an agile tool to enable the application of lean concepts by reducing, manpower, material waste, energy waste, from a relatively unsafe environment and provided a platform for further implementation of more advanced production planning methods. }, author_keywords={SMED, Bar Code Technology, Lean and Agile, Process Map }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Diekmann2003, author={Diekmann, J.E. and Balonick, Josh and Krewedl, Mark and Troendle, Lou }, editor={ }, title={Measuring Lean Conformance}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/237}, affiliation={K.Stanton Lewis Professor, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, James.Diekmann@Colorado.edu ; Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Joshua.Balonick@Colorado.edu ; Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Mark.Krewedl@Colorado.edu ; Project Director, Washington Group International, Troy, Michigan }, abstract={The Construction Industry Institute (CII) is interested in the applicability of lean thinking to the construction process. CII has formed a research team to understand lean principles and to evaluate their applicability to their members' construction processes. As part of the work, the research team has developed a questionnaire to measure a firm's "conformance" to lean ideals. This paper presents the questionnaire, describes its formulation, and illustrates its use. }, author_keywords={Lean production, lean principles, lean construction conformance, lean construction questionnaire. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elfving2003, author={Elfving, Jan A. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={An International Comparison of the Delivery Process of Power Distribution Equipment}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/238}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, FAX: 510/643-8919, elfving@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu, www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 888/771-9207, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu: Associate Adjunct Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712 }, abstract={This paper compares and contrasts the delivery and assembly processes of power distribution equipment on three projects. Included are switchboards, panelboards, and motor control centers. Two projects were from the US and one was from Finland, which also gave an opportunity to compare the American National Electrical Manufacturing Association (NEMA) standard with the European Standard (EN) with respect to power distribution equipment and the delivery process. Data was collected by observation, records analysis, and interviews or workshops with owners, users/operators, architects, electrical engineers, project management firms/ general contractors, electrical contractors, and equipment manufacturers. Identifying and exploring the similarities and differences between projects, has greatly broadened the understanding about the delivery process for this type of engineered-to-order product for both the researchers and industry participants. 24 process performance measures were developed. The causes of the main differences among the measures were investigated. Even though the components of the equipment are acquired mostly from the same manufacturers, there were notable differences in the engineering and manufacturing methodologies in the U.S. and Finland. This had a significant impact on engineering lead time, manufacturing cycle time, and design changes and/or errors. Also the procurement methodology has a large impact on the power distribution equipment delivery lead time. Some of the areas of weaknesses identified are incomplete and uncertain input data, lack of systematically collecting input data throughout the process, lack of knowledge and resources to process information, adversarial process environments, and destructive incentives. }, author_keywords={Engineered-to-order product, equipment, lead time, standard, lean construction, manufacturing procurement, product specification }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emmitt2003, author={Emmitt, Stephen }, editor={ }, title={Learning to Think and Detail From First (Leaner) Principles}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/239}, affiliation={Professor of Innovation and Management in Building, Department of Civil Engineering, Building 115, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. Email. se@byg.dtu.dk }, abstract={Why are buildings detailed like they are? Why do we seem to come to the same kinds of solutions every time? Are we satisfied with this? In an age of increased environmental awareness the answer to the third question has to be no. We need to encourage an innovative approach to detailed design thinking and decision-making, starting with education and through into practice. This paper provides an overview of an innovative Level 3 undergraduate module that was designed with the aim of encouraging students to approach architectural detailing from first principles and within an environmentally responsible framework. A simple nine-cell matrix was used to help students to develop their detailed design work and more importantly encourage them to think beyond the familiar (inappropriate?) solutions taught in construction technology modules. Ease of maintenance and disassembly strategies was investigated as part of a whole life approach to architectural detailing. By focusing on the detail, the joint solution, students were able to reappraise their approach to detailing, generate new ideas and develop their transferable skills. Analysis of the module delivery and student feedback helps to highlight the need for extending the constructability framework, while also illustrating opportunities for considering and realising a leaner approach to design and construction. }, author_keywords={Constructability, Design quality, Detailed design, Disassembly, Education, Innovation, Productivity, Sustainability. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Horman2003, author={Horman, Michael J. and Messner, John I. and Riley, David R. and Pulaski, Michael H }, editor={ }, title={Using Buffers to Manage Production: A Case Study of the Pentagon Renovation Project}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/240}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Arch. Engrg. Department, 104 Engr. Unit A, Penn State Univ., University Park, CA 16802, 814-863-2080, FAX 814-863-4789, mjhorman@engr.psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Arch. Engrg. Department, 104 Engr. Unit A, Penn State Univ., University Park, CA 16802, 814-863-2080, FAX 814-863-4789, jmessner@engr.psu.edu ; Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg. Department, 104 Engr. Unit A, Penn State Univ., University Park, CA 16802, 814-863-2080, FAX 814-863-4789, driley@engr.psu.edu ; Ph.D. Candidate, Arch. Engrg. Department, 104 Engr. Unit A, Penn State Univ., University Park, CA 16802, 814-863-2080, FAX 814-863-4789, mpulaski@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={In construction, it is not common to discuss the use of buffers to manage production. Some companies are clearly better at using these mechanisms than others, even if they do not explicitly discuss their buffer management practices. Certain projects and the way they are organized and managed are better suited for the use of buffer management techniques. This paper explores the implementation of buffer management techniques for the planning and execution of the renovation of the Pentagon. This case project provides a good example of the successful use of buffers. The Pentagon Renovation Project (Wedge 2 to 5) is a $840 million, 10 year project with a high degree of repetition. The project is phased by wedge moving from Wedge 2 to Wedge 5. The work of the project was planned using a technique known as short interval production scheduling (SIPS). This schedule segmented the wedges into smaller work zones and sequenced a “parade of trades” through each zone. Each trade was provided a period of one week in each zone to complete their work. However, some parts of the project involved differing amounts of work for the trade contractor. This was particularly true of the mechanical contractor and it meant that resources could not be optimally balanced to avoid unproductive periods. This contractor used buffers to help smooth the varying levels of work between these zones. The methods used to plan their work are analyzed along with an analysis of the plan execution. Lessons and challenges to the use of buffers in this application are identified. }, author_keywords={Buffers, Pentagon renovation, lean construction. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huber2003, author={Huber, Bob and Reiser, Paul }, editor={ }, title={The Marriage of CPM and Lean Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/241}, affiliation={Scheduling Manager, The Boldt Company, Box 419, Appleton Wisconsin USA 54912-0419. bob.huber@boldt.com ; Vice President, Production and Process Innovation, The Boldt Company, Box 419, Appleton Wisconsin USA 54912-0419. paul.reiser@boldt.com }, abstract={Critical Path Method (CPM) scheduling is the hallmark of current project management practice. This paper explains how one practitioner applies the Lean ideal of a “custom product, delivered instantly, without waste” to CPM scheduling. The paper also demonstrates how CPM scheduling and the Last Planner™ System can be complimentary processes that improve crew flow and work flow in a Lean based project management approach. Further, the paper introduces the concept of attention as a wasteable project resource and presents methods for its efficient utilization. }, author_keywords={CPM as product, crew flow mapping, interactive scheduling, soft logic, crew-centric planning, coordinating conversations, attention as resource, pull intensity }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Johansen2003, author={Johansen, Erik and Porter, Geoff }, editor={ }, title={An Experience of Introducing Last Planner Into a Uk Construction Project}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/243}, affiliation={School of the Built Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1, 8ST, UK. 0191-227-4720, eric.johansen@northumbria.ac.uk ; Sustainable Cities Research Institute, Northumbria University, 6 North Street East, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1, 8ST, UK, geoff.porter@northumbria.ac.uk }, abstract={The Last Planner methodology developed by the Lean Construction Institute is a production control tool which has possible benefits for improving planning in the UK construction industry. Its application has been considered in countries outside the UK but there is scope for considering whether it is a practical tool for use in UK construction projects. The application of the methodology to a UK construction project was studied with a view to establishing the value of the tool and the possible barriers to its implementation. After training by the writers the method was developed for use on a project by the project team and applied to the main activities. The writers observed the process and interviewed the participants. The methodology had some success in terms of improving structure and discipline in planning but there were structural and cultural barriers identified which need to be addressed before it can be fully successful. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, lookahead, subcontractors. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Josephson2003, author={Josephson, Per-Erik and Saukkoriipi, Lasse }, editor={ }, title={Non Value-Adding Activities in Building Projects: A Preliminary Categorization }, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/244}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Building Economics and Management, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, per-erik.josephson@bem.chalmers.se ; Master of Science, Building Economics and Management, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, lasse.saukkoriipi@bem.chalmers.se }, abstract={There is a general opinion and common agreement within the building and construction industry that the costs are too high, but a disagreement on which cost elements and what reasons are lying behind this situation. The Swedish Construction Federation states that the burden of taxation on new houses in Sweden is 65%. Other groups of actors mean that the production is inefficient or that material prices are too high. An alternative way to tackle the problem is to identify activities, which do not add value to the customer. This paper gives examples of non value-adding activities and discusses their costs and causes. A preliminary action-oriented categorization, related to when action should be taken, who should act and how to act to avoid non value-adding activities, is presented and discussed. }, author_keywords={Non value-adding activities, poor quality costs, building project, categorization. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kagioglou2003, author={Kagioglou, Michail and Wu, Song and Aouad, Ghassan and Lee, Angela and Cooper, Racel and Fleming, Andrew }, editor={ }, title={An IT Tool for Managing the Product Development Process}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/246}, affiliation={Senior Research Fellow, Centre Manager, University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 1NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 3855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 4587, Email: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 1NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: s.wu@salford.ac.uk ; Professor of IT and Construction Management, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 1NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5176, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: g.aouad@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 1NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: a.lee@salford.ac.uk ; Professor of Design Management, University of Salford, School of Art and Design, Centenary Building, Peru Street, Salford, M3 6EQ. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 6146, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 6174, Email: r.cooper@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, University of Salford, School of Construction and Property Management, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 1NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0)161 295 5855, Fax: +44 (0)161 295 5011, Email: a.fleming@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Throughout the last two decades a number of improved product development processes have been suggested that illustrate and clearly define the nature, scope and holistic representation of the issues involved in understanding and managing the product development process (PDP). The degree to which they have actually added value in the industry, even when lean principles have been incorporated, has been debated by many authors. Many agree that one of the main reasons for the above is that those processes/models are rarely implemented fully or the integrity of the embedded philosophy has been diluted through wrong adaptation. One such model of an improved PDP is the Process Protocol. This paper presents how the development of an IT tool can enable the easy and fast adaptation of the Process Protocol Model without loosing the integrity of the holistic approach and without diluting the Philosophies on which it was based. The IT tool adopts the Process Protocol model as a template with enough information that makes it appropriate but flexible enough to allow individual company innovations to be part of the model in a nonprescriptive nature. }, author_keywords={PDP, process management, process modeling, IT }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kamara2003, author={Kamara, John M. }, editor={ }, title={Enablers for Concurrent Engineering in Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/247}, affiliation={Lecturer, Sch. of Arch., Planning & Landscape, Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 191 222 8619; Fax: +44 (0) 191 222 8811; Email: j.m.kamara@ncl.ac.uk }, abstract={Concurrent engineering (CE) is implemented through a variety of tools, which facilitate the key CE strategies of multi-disciplinary teamwork, concurrent parallel and integrated processes, and upfront consideration of lifecycle issues. Since this concept was first considered as a viable proposition integrating the construction process, various attempts have been made to develop enabling tools for CE in construction (CEC) This paper discusses various enablers for CEC. Organization- and technology-based tools are considered, and the extent to which they provide an enabling environment for CEC both with respect to the principles of CE, and the various levels of support required, is also assessed. The analysis revealed that there is broad support (to varying degrees) for CE in construction, but that this is mostly project-centric. There is therefore need for support at the organization level, and also for individuals. Issues relating to the wider implementation of CE identified by the analysis of various enablers suggest that although much progress is being made, there is still more ground to cover. It is also concluded that the role of clients should not be overlooked as they are key to the successful implementation of CE in construction. }, author_keywords={AEC industry; concurrent engineering; CE enablers; CE tools; Computer integration }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kendall2003, author={Kendall, Stephen }, editor={ }, title={An Open Building Strategy for Converting Obsolete Office Buildings to Residential Uses}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/250}, affiliation={Director, Building Futures Institute, College of Architecture and Planning, Ball State University, Muncie, IN., 47306. TEL: 765.285.1911. EMAIL: skendall@bsu.edu. Website: www.bsu.edu/cap/bfi }, abstract={This paper reports on a study of a strategy for the conversion of obsolete office buildings to residential use. We use a case study method with an existing historic structure in Detroit, the Kales Building, designed in 1924 by the famous architect Albert Kahn. The building, typical of many in downtown urban centers in the United States, is planned for conversion into 108 residential units. We compare an open building strategy to the conventional approach. Our study involves architectural and engineering design methods, new business forms, supply chain and information management, trades, and construction management. The study is intended as a demonstration of an open building approach that can be applied to many similar multi-unit buildings as well as to new construction. The ultimate goal is the creation of an Indiana company making integrated fit-out product bundles, thus taking this innovative process into the market. This open building strategy has several elements that are congruent with lean construction principles, not the least of which is deep rethinking of supply channel management, logistics reordering, and just-in-time services. }, author_keywords={Open building, conversion, product bundling, supply chains, lean construction, industrial ecology }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2003, author={Koskela, Lauri and Ballard, Glenn and Howell, Greg }, editor={ }, title={Achieving Change in Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/251}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O.Box 1800, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland, Phone +358 9 456 4556, Fax +358 9 456 6251, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Glenn Ballard is Research Director for the Center for Innovation in Project and Production Management (dba Lean Construction Institute) and Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, ballard@leanconstruction.org. ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. 208/726-9989. E-mail ghowell@leanconstruction.org. }, abstract={It is generally admitted that there is a need for change in construction, and various initiatives and programmes have been launched in many countries for achieving that change. However, only few have a track record of consequent and significant successes, even if success in small scale has been reported. This paper considers the scope of change needed, the big foundational ideas of change, as well as the initiation of the change and keeping its momentum. The discussion draws on theoretical, empirical and action research carried out by the authors. The reasons for the sluggish results from change initiatives are also briefly analyzed. }, author_keywords={Construction, organizational change, learning }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Larsen2003, author={Larsen, John and Odgaard, Gunde and Buch, Sidse }, editor={ }, title={A Trade Union's View of the Building Process}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/252}, affiliation={President of the Cartel of unions in the Building, Construction and Wood sectors (BAT-kartellet) and President of the building and construction section of The National Union of General Workers. John.larsen@sid.dk. ; General Secretary of the Cartel of unions in the Building, Construction and Wood sectors (BAT-kartellet). BAT-secretariat, Kampmannsgade 4, DK-1790 Copenhagen. Gunde.odgaard@sid.dk. ; Consultant in the Cartel of unions in the Building, Construction and Wood sectors (BAT-kartellet). BATsecretariat, Kampmannsgade 4, DK-1790 Copenhagen. Sidse@sid.dk. }, abstract={The Danish Building and Construction Workers Unions primary concern is to improve the overall working conditions for the construction workers. We are also determined to increase the quality, productivity and efficiency in the construction industry. We consider the theory of Lean Construction as a viable means to achieve these goals. Lean Construction puts the construction worker into focus, as he is the only participant in the building process directly generating value to the customer. Since the building process is a co-operation vertically and horizontally between many different participants it can best be understood as a form of teamwork. The teamwork inherent in this building process requires every participant to be dependent on each other. The process must be based on mutual respect and recognition of all the participants’ competencies. If the trade unions are to achieve our goals this recognition is an absolute prerequisite. The unions view Lean Construction as a means to increase the construction workers’ responsibility and influence by recognizing their qualifications regarding planning, coordination, cooperation and decision-making. The International Federation of Building and Woodworkers, IFBWW4 supports these views, although pointing out that the concept of Lean Construction is mostly applicable to the construction sectors of industrial rather than developing countries. This paper reviews research in cooperation, teamwork and life-long learning, and reports interviews with 28 construction workers who have participated in Lean Construction or Lean Construction related projects. }, author_keywords={trade union, working conditions, construction workers }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lee2003, author={Lee, Sang Hyun and Pena-Mora, Feniosky and Park, Moonseo }, editor={ }, title={Reliability and Stability Buffering Approach in Concurrent Design and Construction Projects}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/253}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Dept. of Civil and Envir. Engrg., MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, PH 617-258-9468, lsh@mit.edu ; Professor, Dept. of Civil and Envir. Engrg., UIUC, 3129 Newmark Lab, 205 n Mathews, Urbana, IL 61801 ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Bldg., Schl. of Degn. and Envir., NUS, 4 Architecture Drive SDE 1: 5-33, Singapore 117566; PH 65-6874-6430; bdgmp@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Current construction projects often need to reduce the development time while keeping their quality and budget. This increased demand for reducing development time has introduced fast tracking and concurrent engineering into the construction industry. However, the adoption of these techniques can make the process more uncertain and complex than the traditional sequential design and construction process. In this paper, we focus on iterative cycles due to error and change as the main source of uncertainty and complexity. To deal with this issue, Reliability and Stability Buffering is presented as a mechanism to reduce the impact of iterative cycles by using a simulation-based approach and different buffer locations and sizes from those used in traditional contingency buffering. Early adoption of errors and changes identified by the proposed buffering approach can help to minimize their ripple effect on the later stages of the project. }, author_keywords={Concurrent Design and Construction, Reliability and Stability Buffering, Quality and Change Management, Construction System Dynamics, Simulation. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lin2003, author={Lin, Yu-Cheng and Tserng, H. Ping }, editor={ }, title={Knowledge Management and Its Appication to Lean Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/254}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, yucheng@ce.ntu.edu.tw ; Associate Professor, Construction Engineering & Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, hptserng@ce.ntu.edu.tw }, abstract={Knowledge Management (KM) has become one of the most significant terms in the IT industry. Knowledge management deals with creating, securing, capturing, coordinating, combining, retrieving, and distributing knowledge. Knowledge sharing between different projects is viewed as an essential source to gain the competitive advantage in the future. Lean construction comes from acknowledging the limitations of current project management and applying “lean production’ to the construction industry. This paper presents an example of implementing of construction knowledge management to construction projects, exploring the relationship between knowledge management and lean construction. It shows that project control could encompass the cost and time consuming by adopting knowledge management concepts and tools in lean construction. The application of knowledge management to implement the lean construction in the construction phase is discussed in this paper through the presentation of a construction project-based knowledge management concept and system for general contractors. The results of real case approve that knowledge management is a useful tool for the application of lean construction in project life cycle by utilizing the latest web technology for knowledge management systems. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Knowledge Management, Project Management. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Loria-Arcila2003, author={Loria-Arcila, Jose H. and Garcia-Garcia, Alcides and Vanegas, Jorge A. }, editor={ }, title={Assessing Design Practices on Affordable Housing Projects in Mexico Using Lean Concepts}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/255}, affiliation={Academic Secretary, School of Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, 999/941-0195, FAX 999/941-0189, larcila@tunku.uady.mx ; Graduate Student, Construction Engineering and Management Program, School of Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, 999/941-0195, FAX 999/941-0189 ; The Fred and Teresa Estrada Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Program, School of Civil and Envir. Engrg., 790 Atlantic Dr.; SEB Building, Room 328, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, 404/894-9881, FAX 404/894-5418, jorge.vanegas@ce.gatech.edu }, abstract={This paper presents the results of a research project that investigated the level of knowledge and application of lean concepts and principles among the various stakeholders responsible for constructing affordable housing developments in the Southeast of Mexico. The project developed a conceptual framework with key lean parameters, based on the results from a survey among designers and developers. There is substantial evidence showing that design can effectively be improved with the application of the lean production paradigm. Therefore the first objective was to explore whether there was any awareness of the existence of lean concepts: The survey particularly focused on lean design related terms, to explore (1) if they were indeed known by the various participants in affordable housing development projects; (2) whether lean construction concepts were applied in their organizations, and if so, if their application was restricted to senior management or had filtered down and incorporated within the design and production processes; and (3) the likelihood of lean concepts being adopted in the construction of affordable housing developments. The survey revealed very limited knowledge of lean construction (and design) concepts at both management and operational levels. Consequently, the application of those concepts is almost inexistent within the various organizations involved in affordable housing developments. Two recommendations are made for future research to focus on furthering the understanding of the design process and thus eventually providing tools that will develop integrated solutions to the problem of design in affordable housing developments. }, author_keywords={Lean design, lean construction, affordable housing. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Macomber2003, author={Macomber, Hal and Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={ }, title={Linguistic Action: Contributing to the Theory of Lean Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/256}, affiliation={Partner, Lean Project Consulting, 36 Kirkland Drive, Andover, MA 01810. hmacomber@leanproject.com ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID. 83340. ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Lean Construction springs from the failure of current project management and opens the door to significant reform. Lauri Koskela has identified the inadequate conceptual foundations of current practices in terms of both management and the project, and the resulting calls for reform offer new hope for a stagnant discipline. Lean Construction, inspired by the Toyota Production System, has applied principles drawn from production management to the design of project-based production systems. This paper argues that linguistic action contributes an essential addition to the theory of the project and management. The theory of linguistic action describes the very human processes, the purposeful ways people communicate, by which projects are conceived and delivered. This theory provides a coherent conceptual foundation for the design of the lean project delivery system and its management. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, theory, linguistic action, project management, production system design. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mastroianni2003, author={Mastroianni, Remo and Abdelhamid, Tariq }, editor={ }, title={The Challenge: The Impetus for Change to Lean Project Delivery}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/257}, affiliation={Quality Director, Walbridge Aldinger, Detroit, MI ; Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu }, abstract={A challenge from a customer to use “Lean” in our business and production processes caused a significant change in thinking and review of “Best Practices” to deliver projects better, cheaper and faster. Our research has shown that for select construction activities the valued added portion is about 5% and the remaining 95% is both necessary non-valued added and non-value added activities, also known as “waste”. The conclusion was obvious, in that, we needed to focus on reducing the non-valued activities rather than reduce margin to stay competitive. This paper presents the efforts undertaken by Walbridge Aldinger (WA) in response to a challenge from Ford Motor Company to utilize “Lean” production principles in WA’s construction delivery process. These efforts resulted in the identification and implementation of lean tools and methods that comprise a set of “Lean Construction Best Practices”. Deployment of “Lean Construction Best Practices” will reduce the waste in our processes and reduce the cost of capital facilities. Implementing lean in our businesses will be a matter of survival. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Implementation, Organizational Change, Value Stream Mapping, Logistics Planning, Visual Management, 5S, Last Planner System® }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Matthews2003, author={Matthews, Owen and Howell, Gregory A. and Mitropoulos, Panagiotis }, editor={ }, title={Aligning the Lean Organization: A Contractual Approach}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/258}, affiliation={CEO, Westbrook Air Conditioning & Plumbing, Box 5459, Orlando, Fl 32855-5459. owenm@westbrookfl.com ; Managing Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, ghlci@earthlink.net ; Research Associate, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, Takism@earthlink.net }, abstract={Maximizing value and minimizing waste at the project level is difficult when the contractual structure inhibits coordination, stifles cooperation and innovation, and rewards individual contractors for both reserving good ideas, and optimizing their performance at the expense of others. This paper describes an innovative contractual structure that aligns the interests of all contractors with the objectives of the lean delivery system. The approach, requirements for implementation, and results obtained will be described and a brief reflection on theory offered. }, author_keywords={Contract, Lean Delivery, Project Organization, Primary Team Member, Pact, formula, Integrated Project Delivery™ }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maturana2003, author={Maturana, Sergio and Alarcon, Luis Fernando and Deprez, Marcel }, editor={ }, title={Modeling the Impact of Multiskilling and Concrete Batch Size in Multi-Story Buildings}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/259}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, 562/686-4272, smaturan@ing.puc.cl. ; Professor, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, 562/686-4201, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl. ; Business and Development Engineer, Cemento Melón, Pedro de Valdivia 98, La Calera, Chile, 562/280- 0448, Marcel.Deprez@melon.lafarge.cl. }, abstract={This paper illustrates the use of a simulation model to explore ways to decrease idle time due to the lack of available working inventory during the primary phase in the construction of a multi-story building. Two strategies are analyzed: increased frequency of concreting operations and the use of multi-skilled workers who use their additional trade when there is a lack of work in their area, or when there is a shortage of employees in another area in which they are proficient. The work involved field observations in a multistory building to obtain data to build and calibrate a simulation model. In the first strategy, the results show that it would be possible to complete the primary phase using 16% less workers or in 10% less time, if concrete is poured daily instead of every other day. In the second strategy, the results show that, in average, it would be possible to complete the primary phase using 14% less workers or in 6% less time, when 30% of the workers are assumed to be multi-skilled. Upon implementing both strategies simultaneously, the results show it would be possible to complete the primary phase using 22% less workers, or in 16% less time. }, author_keywords={Multiskilling, lean construction. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Milberg2003, author={Milberg, Colin and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Application of Tolerance Analysis and Allocation to Work Structuring: Partition Wall Case}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/260}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/289-2552, FAX 510/643-8919, colinm@uclink.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Geometric tolerance as a source of variability is often ignored in project design and control research and practice. Certain best practices to buffer AEC systems from this variability are established through ‘received traditions.’ To describe the nature of this variability, basic tolerance terminology is introduced as applicable to a case study. Tolerance analysis and allocation techniques are herein applied to a very simple AEC system, a drywall partition wall with an electrical outlet. A mapping system, combining aspects of tolerance analysis tools and process mapping, reveals strategies for improved tolerance allocation that often results in the design of alternative work structures. Alternative work structures not only meet the system geometric tolerance constraints but they also attempt to remove waste from the system. The methodology for mapping and analysis are shown to mitigate geometric variations through product and process configuration. Speculation is that the same methodology is adaptable to design systems that are robust to any form of variability impacting the system. }, author_keywords={Tolerance, constructability, work structuring, lean construction, mapping }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Miron2003, author={Miron, Luciana I.G. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Client Requirement Management in Building Projects}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/261}, affiliation={M.Sc. Ph.D. Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brasil. FAX:+ 55 51 316 4054, e-mail:lumiron@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brasil. e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={In recent years, concern with value management has increased in construction, mainly due to the increasing demand for quality from clients and to the increasing complexity of construction projects. This has resulted in changes on the roles of construction organizations and professionals. In this context, the success of a project depends strongly on how the requirements are prioritized and communicated to the design team throughout the product development process. This paper describes the main results of a research study that aimed to establish a set of guidelines for managing client requirements in building projects throughout the product development process. Two case studies involving construction companies acting as the product development co-coordinators were carried out. The first was concerned with the development and construction of a house building projects for the lower middle class. The other one was carried out in a fast, uncertain and complex industrial project. For both cases, multidisciplinary product development teams were formed. They were in charge of several tasks throughout the project such as to identify the objective of the project, to plan and control the product development process, to devise the design brief, and to make design decisions, taking into account the production system requirements. The main contributions of the study are concerned with the introduction of systematic client requirements management in product development, and the application of tools for collecting data and supporting decision-making. }, author_keywords={Client requirements, value generation, building product, multi-disciplinary team }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mitropoulos2003, author={Mitropoulos, Panagiotis and Howell, Gregory A. and Reiser, Paul }, editor={ }, title={Workers at the Edge: Hazard Recognition and Action}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/262}, affiliation={Research Associate, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, Takism@earthlink.net ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, ghlci@earthlink.net ; Vice President, Production and Process Innovation, The Boldt Company, Box 419, Appleton Wisconsin. paul.reiser@boldt.com }, abstract={Supervisors and workers report they work in the danger zone where errors can have terrible consequences. Current best practice safety programs aim to train and motivate workers to avoid hazards. These programs attempt to counter pressure for improved efficiency and reduced effort but are only partly successful. A new approach has been proposed that aims to improve safety by increasing the ability of workers to work safely closer to the edge where control is lost and accidents occur (Howell, et al, 2002). In this paper we review and propose the implementation of an approach drawn from aviation. Airline safety has been improved by a system designed to alert pilots of hazards identified by anyone on the flight deck. Crew Resource Management (CRM) protocols establish a safe and emphatic way to alert the pilot that the safety of the flight is at risk. This system is designed to overcome the reluctance of junior members to make suggestions to more senior officers. Specific simple communication rules are established to assure the gravity and source of the concern is made apparent without disrupting normal roles and responsibilities. While flying a plane is different from working in a construction crew, we suspect that construction workers are reluctant, for a variety of reason to speak up when hazards are encountered. Taking risks is considered part of the job. This paper describes CRM, and proposes an experimental application in construction. }, author_keywords={Construction safety, Crew Resource Management, Human Error, Error Management }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2003, author={Pasquire, Christine L. and Connolly, Gary E. }, editor={ }, title={Design for Manufacture and Assembly}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/263}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Technical Solutions Director, Crown House Engineering, Wolverhampton, UK, GConnolly@Carillionplc.com }, abstract={The inclusion of off-site production into construction project delivery offers many benefits but its inclusion frequently results in inappropriate design work. This may be double design work largely due to detailing included in the traditional design process either repeated by the manufacturer for bespoke production or has been undertaken previously during original product design, substantial material waste due to poor sizing for standard components or incorrect design of surrounding structural elements. As the scale and number of manufactured items incorporated increases, the extent of this waste in the design process becomes more significant. To compensate for this, an amended design process is required along with major changes in the design role and the composition of the design team itself. This paper, based on research3 funded by the UK Government Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the experiences of a major mechanical services manufacturer4, presents a revised design process focused on Mechanical Engineering, showing where and how waste is eliminated and the roles of the various design team members. }, author_keywords={Design, pre-assembly, off-site manufacturing, process. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Polat2003, author={Polat, Gul and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Construction Supply Chains: Turkish Supply Chain Configurations for Cut and Bent Rebar}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/264}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90-212-285-37-37; fax: +90-212-285-65-87; gpolat@ins.itu.edu.tr ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, gballard@leanconstruction.org and Associate Adjunct Professor, Project & Engineering Mgmt. Group, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley }, abstract={This paper presents current supply chain configurations for concrete reinforcement steel (rebar) in the Turkish construction industry. The supply chains were assessed by the value stream mapping method and were investigated through visits to firms involved in the supply chain and interviews with practitioners. Five different types of rebar supply chain configurations were identified in the case studies. A significant number of problems were also identified resulting from inaccurate data transfers among participants, and also from delays and interruptions in information flow. This paper details the root causes of problems throughout the supply chain comprising engineering, detailing, reckoning, fabrication and procurement processes. It is proposed that the problems are caused by fragmentation in the construction industry, and by lack of awareness of the supply chain management concept and its benefits. Finally, a set of recommendations for performance improvement are proposed. }, author_keywords={Concrete reinforcing steel, rebar, supply chain management, supply chain management in construction, construction supply chains, process mapping, supply chain analysis, value stream mapping. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ramirez R.2003, author={Ramirez R., Ricardo and Alarcon C., Luiz Fernando and Knights, Peter }, editor={ }, title={Benchmarking Management Practices in the Construction Industry}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/265}, affiliation={Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-mail: rramirer@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Mining Center, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería,Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-mail:pknights@ing.puc.cl. }, abstract={This paper presents the results of the first application of a management evaluation system for benchmarking management practices in the construction industry. The system supports a National Benchmarking System recently established in the Chilean Construction Industry by incorporating qualitative management aspects in addition to quantative performance indicators. Different analysis were made to determine trends in the industry sector by correlating the qualitative evaluations from surveys with the performance indicators. Thirteen construction companies participated in the initial application of the benchmarking system. A correlation analysis found that safety performance was strongly related to companies having superior planning and control, quality management, cost control and subcontractor management policies. An factor analysis undertaken found that Central office priorities center on strategic management policies having longer term competitive impact, whilst site management emphasizes tactical management dimensions consistent with shorter term impact. There is scope to elevate the profile of continuous improvement initiatives to strategic significance at central 1office level. }, author_keywords={Qualitative Benchmarking, Management Dimension, Performance Indicators, Management Evaluation System. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2003, author={Sacks, Rafael and Akinci, Burcu and Ergen, Esin }, editor={ }, title={3D Modeling and Real-Time Monitoring in Support of Lean Production of Engineered-to-Order Precast Concrete Buildings}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/266}, affiliation={Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Eng., 840 Rabin Building, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, 972-4-829-3190 FAX 972-4-832-3433, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Eng., Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, 412-268-2959 FAX 412-268-7813, bakinci@andrew.cmu.edu ; Doctoral Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Eng., Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, 412-268-2959 FAX 412-268-7813, eergen@andrew.cmu.edu }, abstract={Previous research has highlighted the efficacy of the application of lean production principles in the precast concrete industry. The work also highlighted the dependence of engineered-toorder prefabrication in construction on both engineering and on process control information for production in construction. In current practice in most precast/prestressed plants in the US, producers typically fabricate pieces well in advance of their erection on site, resulting in relatively large buffers of product stored in extensive yards. This practice is generally attributed to the fact that precast production rates are significantly slower than erection rates, and to erratic demands for product from the erection process. The behavior is reinforced by the industry-wide willingness of building clients to pay up to 90% of the cost of precast products on production, rather than on delivery and erection. However, other factors prevent reduction of inventories: among them are the inability of current numbering methods and information systems to support long term erection sequence planning; the high cost and imprecision of real-time feedback (pull) information from the site and/or project management; and producers’ unreliability in identifying and shipping pieces on time from yards that are difficult to manage due to their size. We propose that resolution of these problems requires concerted application of lean principles, of advanced information technology and of real-time monitoring (using Automated Project Performance Control technologies). The potential of information systems and interpreted monitoring data to support a lean production and delivery cycle for precast construction is explored in relation to each of the problems stated. }, author_keywords={Lean production, precast concrete, 3D modeling, information technology, real-time monitoring. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Moser2003, author={Moser, Luciano and Santos, Aguinaldo dos }, editor={ }, title={Applying Visual Management on Mobile Cell Manufacturing: A Case Study on Drywall Technology}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/267}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, MSc. candidate, PPGEC, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19011, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil ,moser@cesec.ufpr.br ; Civil Engineer, MSc., PhD, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19011, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, asantos@cesec.ufpr.br, http://www.cesec.ufpr.br/~asantos }, abstract={This paper stresses the impact of using visual controls in a mobile cell implementation in the construction industry, expanding the analysis carried out by Santos, Moser & Tookey (2002) within the same research project. The investigation was carried out using a case study research method and focused on the drywall technology. The whole research was carried out in two phases. Initial phase: a diagnosis on drywall practices in three companies. The observations showed various problems such as improvisation with tools, poor workflow planning and the absence of adequate drywall design plans. Second phase: implementation of a mobile cell. The study showed that developing adequate visual controls on the workstations, packages, and the materials themselves is a key factor to enable a successful implementation of mobile cells in construction. However, the frequent movement of workstations throughout the construction site demands visual controls with higher mobility than current on-the-shelf visual controls, which is in itself an opportunity for further innovation in construction. }, author_keywords={Visual Control, mobile cell, cellular manufacturing }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2003, author={Santos, Ana Paula S. and Neto, Dimas de C. e Silva and Neto, Jose de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={A Study About Application and Refinement of a Production Strategy Formulation Model in a Building Company}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/268}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student in Administration, Federal Univ. of Ceara, Fortaleza/ Brazil, ssanapaula@bol.com.br ; Professor at the Department of Construction, Regional University of Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil, dimas_de_castro@hotmail.com ; Professor at the Department of Structural Engineering and Construction, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={In recent years, there have been some important changes in the industrial context, which have turned the production function into an important competitive force in many enterprises. This is due to the fundamental role this function has had in the acquisition of competitive criteria such as cost and quality. Based on this, the companies began to analyze the production function's decisions, no longer with an exclusively operational and short-term vision, but with a strategic approach linked to the company’s global objectives. Thus, this paper intends to study the application in a building company, of a production strategy formulation model developed by Barros Neto (1999). The objective of this application is to refine the model, as well as adjusting it to the local company's features in accordance with the work’s progress. The model’s application lasted six months and included the following stages: strategic diagnosis of the production function, knowledge of the profiles of the company’s customers and competitors, the company's objectives and the production function's objectives, development of plans and the follow up of the defined strategy implementation. It was clearly observed that the success of this work depends strongly on the company's culture, strategic planning knowledge and the importance of production function for the firm. }, author_keywords={strategic planning, production function, competitive advantage }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tan2003, author={Tan, Bo and Horman, Michael J. and Messner, John I. and Riley, David R. }, editor={ }, title={Increasing the Understanding of Lean Principles With Advanced Visualization Technologies}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/269}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Depart. Architectural Engr., Penn State Univ., 104 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-6786, FAX 814-863-4789, btan@psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Depart. Architectural Engr., Penn State Univ., 211 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-2080, FAX 814-863-4789, mjhorman@engr.psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Depart. Architectural Engr., Penn State Univ., 104 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, 814-865-4578, FAX 814-863-4789, jmessner@engr.psu.edu ; Associate Professor, Depart. Architectural Engr., Penn State Univ., 104 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, 814-863-2079, FAX 814-863-4789, driley@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={Advanced production management principles, like those of lean construction, have tremendous potential to improve the construction of projects. Ideas of lean construction have been proposed for more than ten years. These have had success, but they have hardly revolutionized the industry like lean production has impacted the manufacturing industry. One significant challenge facing proponents of advance production management in construction is the ability to articulate lean construction principles in a meaningful way to new users. Advanced visualization technologies like 3D and 4D Computer Aided Design (CAD), can help managers and foremen visualize the impact and usefulness of these principles. This paper describes an experiment performed with a graduate class to assess the use of 4D CAD for visualizing the various elements of production flow. Students were asked to assess a Critical Path Method (CPM) schedule for production flow characteristics. They were then asked to review the same sequence of work in a 4D CAD model. A large proportion of the class did not identify the flow issues in the CPM schedule, but most of them identified critical flow issues in the 4D CAD model. It was concluded that this visualization technology helped the students identify, explain and develop a deeper understanding of advanced production management principles. }, author_keywords={Production flow, lean construction, 4D CAD modeling, visualization }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thomassen2003, author={Thomassen, Mikkel Andreas and Sander, Dag and Barnes, Kristine Ann and Nielsen, Anni }, editor={ }, title={Experience and Results From Implementing Lean Construction in a Large Danish Contracting Firm}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/270}, affiliation={mlt@mthojgaard.dk, MT Højgaard A/S, ; dsa@mthojgaard.dk, MT Højgaard A/S ; kab@mthojgaard.dk, MT Højgaard A/S ; nil@mthojgaard.dk, MT Højgaard A/S }, abstract={MT Højgaard – the largest contracting firm in Denmark – has in a number of years worked seriously with implementing Lean Construction. Lean methods have been used on more than 30 completed or ongoing construction projects. This paper takes stock of the experience and results obtained in the implementation process by presenting the main findings in our 2002 annual report on lean construction. The outline is as follows. First, an overview of the implementation of Lean Construction in MT Højgaard is given. This implementation consists of well-known lean methods such as “last planner” and “look ahead”, but more idiosyncratic methods are also presented in this section. For instance, the introduction of a new role on the building site (the “process manager”) and an IT-tool supporting lean-planning (called “PlanLog”). The number of lean projects performed in MT Højgaard provides an excellent opportunity for presenting aggregate data. Thus, second, the paper examines on a project level how the application of lean methods affects benchmarks such as profit (level and predictability), safety, client satisfaction and administrative costs. These preliminary data suggests that all parties can benefit from using LC. Among others, profit is increased for the main contractor as well as for the subcontractors and the workforce on the building site experiences an improvement in the working environment. The final section briefly explores some perspectives for the use of lean in MT Højgaard. In particular the possibility of using lean ideas in the design phase is raised. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Benchmarking, safety, Lean Design }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos2003, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={Application of Lean Construction Principles in Product Development Process Modelling}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/272}, affiliation={Architect, M.Sc., Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 1NU, UK, Tel:+ 44 (0161) 2954284 FAX + 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Centre manager, University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 1NU, UK, FAX + 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Several studies have pointed out the importance of the product development process in terms of improving the performance of the construction industry. Product development management is difficult because it involves thousands of decisions with numerous interdependencies, under a highly uncertain environment. This has led to the development of a number of initiatives in research and practice aiming at improving the product development process. Process models have been devised, which are useful in understanding how the process develops and suggesting ways of controlling it. Unfortunately, the implementation of these models and methodologies in practice is very slow and until now there are no major improvements resulting from these solutions. One of the reasons for this is the lack of understanding that any new product development process needs to be managed as part of a change programme within companies. The aim of this article is to present an analysis on the application of lean construction principles to product development modelling in real life settings. This discussion is based on empirical data collected in one case study that focused on the importance of integrating any new product development process within a change management framework. The case study involved the assessment of the development and implementation of a product development process model within a construction company from different perspectives, including the utilisation of information technology. }, author_keywords={Product development, process modelling, lean principles }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vaidyanathan2003, author={Vaidyanathan, Kalyan }, editor={ }, title={Value of Visibility and Planning in an Engineer-to-Order Environment}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/273}, affiliation={Senior Product Manager, i2 Technologies, Inc., 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, 617/551- 2780, FAX 617/761-2974, kalyan@i2.com }, abstract={Engineer-to-order industries are a special kind of a manufacturing industry wherein every order is custom and is managed as a project. Planning in these industries is typically done using traditional CPM techniques and likely in silos across various departments. Hence these industries are plagued with poor due-date performance problems and resource overload problems. Effective tools will help better manage these issues and improve operational performance. The paper below discusses these issues through the case of one such company that specializes in making equipment for the beverage industry and their attempt to address the problem. The solution involves better management of the entire lifecycle of the orders. Due-date quoting is improved by taking resource capacity into consideration. Better project planning tools are provided that provide resource and material constrained project plans. The planning scenario involves a multi-project planning with shared resources and the objective is to maximize the enterprise throughput. Emphasis is placed not only on enterprise wide project planning, but also on problem visibility that empower planners to better collaborate and resolve problems (project delays and resource capacity variations) as they come up. The problem visibility and advanced optimization technology provided enable the company to realize valuable savings and improve customer satisfaction. In its nature of being project based, the engineer-to-order industry is similar to construction industry. Analogies and extensions to the construction project management industry are discussed along with the potential value to be realized. But the supply chain differences between the two industries lead to problems and limit immediate adoption. Issues on how to rethink the construction supply chain to realize some of the hidden value is also discussed. }, author_keywords={Engineer-to-order, Multi-project planning, Construction supply chain, Visibility }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2003, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Koskela, Lauri and Voordijk, Hans }, editor={ }, title={Understanding Construction Supply Chains: A Multiple Theoretical Approach to Inter-Organizational Relationships in Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/274}, affiliation={Doctorate candidate, Centre for Process Innovation in Building and Construction, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl; Research consultant, TNO Building and Construction Research, Department of Building Process Innovation, The Netherlands ; Senior Researcher, VTT Building and Transport, Finland, E-mail lauri.koskela@vtt.fi ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Process Management, Faculty of Technology and Management, University of Twente, The Netherlands, E-mail h.voordijk@sms.utwente.nl }, abstract={The transaction cost economics (TCE) approach has been applied often as a basis for the analysis and explanation of the functioning and organization of construction processes and supply chains. The objective of this paper is to develop a more complete theoretical framework to better understand inter-organizational relationships (IOR) in construction supply chains from a multi-disciplinary perspective. The starting point of this paper is the observation that the TCE perspective alone is too narrow to fully explain and understand construction supply chains. In addition to TCE, three additional perspectives are introduced to explain the organization and functioning of supply chains: production and operations management (POM), network theory, and the language/action (L/A) perspective. The POM perspective shows that an organizational form of production must be aimed at the general objective of value creation for customers, not merely on the economic argument of minimizing transaction costs. Both TCE and POM, particularly address bilateral inter-firm business relationships and do not include the complexity of wider industry networks, and additional factors of multiple inter-firm relations. Finally, TCE, POM as well as network theory disregard the dynamics associated with the recurrent process of language and action between firms and individuals. In the paper, the theoretical principles of the four perspectives are used to explain IOR in construction supply chains. Next, the four perspectives are mapped and classified in a theoretical framework, including additional directions for the further development of the framework. It is concluded, however, that the framework may still be too incomplete to fully explain and understand the organization and functioning of IOR in construction supply chains, and that a more complete theoretical paradigm is needed. }, author_keywords={Construction supply chain, inter-organizational relationships, transaction cost economics, production/operations management, network theories, language/action perspective }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Walsh2003, author={Walsh, Kenneth D. and Sawhney, Anil and Bashford, Howard H. }, editor={ }, title={Cycle-Time Contributions of Hyper-Specialization and Time-Gating Strategies in Us Residential Construction}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/275}, affiliation={AGC-Paul S. Roel Chair for Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1324, 619/594-0911, FAX: 619/594-8078, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287- 0204, 480/965-7417, FAX: 480/965-1769, anil.sawhney@asu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287- 0204, 480/965-4513, FAX: 480/965-1769, howard.bashford@asu.edu }, abstract={High-volume home building (those homes built in large subdivisions by large homebuilders) in the United States has undergone a gradual increase in construction cycle time from start to closing over the last two decades. Part of the increase may be attributable to a concomitant increase in the size and complexity of the typical production home. Cycle times on the order of 2 months were common 20 to 30 years ago in the industry, whereas 6 to 8 months is more common at present; this dramatic increase cannot be explained by differences in the size and specification of the homes being built alone. Most large production homebuilders in the United States have discontinued the practice of self-performing work on their projects, and instead rely upon a network of highly specialized subcontractors organized by trade or activity. This change was motivated by the search for efficiency and cost reduction at the individual task level. In the present production system, 30 to 40 individual subcontractors must be coordinated to complete 100 to 150 separate activities at the home site. Typical value-stream maps of portions of the residential process are presented, illustrating the large number of interfaces or handoffs between organizations which result in the production system. Substantial quantities of wasted time are documented in the production process based on field observation. Much of the wasted time can be attributed to the large number of interfaces and the time-gating strategy of turning over each home to each trade in one day increments. The implications are demonstrated conceptually and quantitative results are derived from process simulation. The paper provides suggested modifications to the production system to reduce cycle time, even assuming existing production methods (at the activity level) are maintained. }, author_keywords={Residential construction, production systems, process mapping. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wandahl2003, author={Wandahl, Soren and Bejder, Erik }, editor={ }, title={Value-Based Management in the Supply Chain of Construction Projects}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/276}, affiliation={Ph.D.-student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, DK 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark, +45 9635 8989, soren@wandahl.net ; Associate Professor Ph.D., Department of Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, DK 92220 Aalborg East, Denmark, +45 9635 8950, i9eb@iprod.auc.dk }, abstract={The scope of this paper is to examine the idea of using the management philosophy Value- Based Management (VBM) as a supplementary management tool to control the total building process in a more efficient manner compared with conventional procedures. VBM has been used as a successful management tool inside independent companies for several years, but we want to test this tool in a building organization, i.e. an organization where different companies work together to define and build a unique building. In this paper the approach will mainly be theoretical and aimed at preparing a methodology for practical use in a building organisation. The idea has subsequently been used in a concrete building process, and the results from this project are explained in another paper. The result of the theoretical approach in this paper lead to a well-founded hypothesis stating that the supplementary use of VMB in a project organization with different legal parties can be a more proactive control tool, i.e. the management get an earlier warning if the process go off the rails compared with traditional control mechanisms. }, author_keywords={Value, Value Management, Value-Based Management, Human behavior, Community, Congruity. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Whelton2003, author={Whelton, Michael and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Dynamic States of Project Purpose: Transitions From Customer Needs to Project Requirements - Implications for Adaptive Management}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/277}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, mwhelton@uclink4.berkeley.edu ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The primary goal of the project definition process is to define the customer’s project purpose. Without properly understanding what customers are trying to achieve, designs are not likely to meet those needs. Purpose is a term to signify intent and is the primary driver in value generation. Developing project purposes is a dynamic process and changes to purpose occur throughout the course of project definition. Customer and stakeholder needs transition through various states of definition and various levels of commitment by stakeholders. We propose that purpose emerges from collaborative group interaction i.e. it is considered to be an emergent product of the group creation process. This paper is particularly centered on project managers and the way they dynamically manage changing purposes in the early phase of project definition. The research advocates the use of an adaptive management framework to manage such dynamic complexity. We seek to explore adaptive management techniques that steer the dynamic nature of purpose creation and change. Facilitation for group learning is a prime attribute of management capability in this phase. The conceptual framework is comprised of facilitative management actions supporting the transition of purpose from need to requirement. Based on this framework, a set of linguistic constructs are developed to support the management of the project definition conversation. }, author_keywords={Adaptive management, customer needs, emergence, project definition, purpose, requirements, value generation. }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zhao2003, author={Zhao, Ying and Chua, David K.H. }, editor={ }, title={Relationship Between Productivity and Non Value-Adding Activities}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/278}, affiliation={Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, 65/6874-2195, FAX 65/6779-1635, cvedavid@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={From lean production perspective, the physics of production flow can be thought of as comprising value adding and non-value adding (or waste) activities. Moreover, one of its core principles for work improvement is the elimination or mitigation of the latter component. This should be translated into increased productivity at the work site. The aims of this paper are to identify the relationship between productivity at the work site and the waste or non-value-adding activities, and to find out the root causes of the wastes. For this purpose, the waste activities are categorized into 20 sources according to their causes. Productivity data of formwork crews on multiple projects are collected together with the associated wastes. A neural network is then developed to model the influence of the wastes on measured productivity. The model is incrementally pruned so that, eventually, only eight significant wastes are identified and remain. The final model shows very good conformance when compared with observed data. After that the eight significant wastes have been correlated to the project level factors to find out their root reasons. }, author_keywords={productivity, waste, neural networks, artificial intelligence }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barshani2004, author={Barshani, Afshan and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Syal, Matt }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Manufactured Housing Construction Value Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process }, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/279}, affiliation={Production Manager, Neumann Homes Inc. Email: barshana@msu.edu ; Assistant Professor, 207 FarraH Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu ; Professor, 207 FarraH Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: syalm@msu.edu }, abstract={Manufactured houses represent a large proportion of factory-built housing in the United States. There are as many variations in quality of materials used, construction techniques, and installation procedures, as there are manufacturers in this industry. This makes the decision of purchasing, given the variety of homes, difficult for the homebuyer. This study provides a framework for evaluation of manufactured houses based on a defined robust goal of construction (utility) value and utilizes the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to transform a qualitative process into a quantitative one. This AHP-based framework will aid manufacturers in determining construction value-adding features that should receive the highest priority such that value is delivered to prospective homeowners. The developed framework is inspired by current thinking in the Lean Construction literature and will especially inform the value generation focus area. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdelhamid2004, author={Abdelhamid, Tariq S. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Self-Destruction and Renewal of Lean Construction Theory: A Prediction From Boyd's Theory}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/280}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, 207 FarraH Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu }, abstract={In 1992, Lauri Koskela used the ideal production system embodied in the Toyota Production System to develop a more overarching production management paradigm for project-based production systems where production is conceptualized in three complementary ways, namely, as a Transformation (T), as a Flow(F), and as Value generation(V). In 2002, Koskela and Howell have presented a new conceptualization of Project Management theory to address the shortcomings in existing planning, execution, and control paradigms as manifested in project-based production systems. This paper introduces and explores Boyd's theory of "Destruction and Creation", which is subsequently used to trace how the Lean Construction underlying theoretical foundation, as represented by the TFV theory of production and the new Project Management theory, was conceived. Boyd's theory also reveals that the more the two theories are used to explain, predict, and control observed reality, i.e., project-based production environments, the more they will fail to match-up with observed reality signaling the need for new theories. Hence, sooner or later the TFV and the new Project Management theories will self-destruct and the chaos created by the inability to match the theories' constructs with observations will result in yet another broader theory of project-based production systems. Evidence exists of this already taking place with the new representation of the construction industry as a complex and chaotic system. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction Theory, TVF Production Theory }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maturana2004, author={Maturana, Sergio and Alarcon, Luis and Vrsalovic, Mladen }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Achieving Collaboration in the Construction Supply Chain: An Onsite Subcontractors' Evaluation Methodology}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/281}, affiliation={Professor, Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica de Chile. Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile- Phone +56 2/686-4272, smaturan@ing.puc.cl. ; Professor, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, +56 2/686-4201, lalarcon(Q)ing.puc.cl. ; Research Engineer, Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica de Chile. Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile- Phone +56 2/686-7054, mvrsalov@puc.cl . }, abstract={Subcontracting in the construction industry has greatly increased in recent years. On one hand, subcontracting as allowed shifting some of the risk from the main contractor to the subcontractor and allowed some firms to become experts in specialized topics. On the other hand, inadequate subcontracting management has frequently resulted in an adversarial relationship between main contractors and their subcontractors. Subcontracting has also meant, in many cases, uncoordinated onsite execution and disappointing quality and time table fulfillment. The development of new systems and tools to support subcontractor management is part of a collaborative research project carried out by the Production Management Center (GEPUC) from the Catholic University of Chile. This is a collaborative research project with participation of several construction companies and the Chilean Construction Chamber. The experience gained by testing prototype tools and systems in pilot projects has allowed the development of a methodology based on lean principles and partnering practices for evaluating subcontractors onsite. This methodology allows main contractors to implement an onsite subcontractor evaluation system. This system enables a fast responsive and proactive performance attitude by conducting periodic evaluations. The system can also support subcontractor selection based on their onsite performance. In the long term, this system can lead to the development of collaborative relationships with selected subcontractors based on their sustained performance in many projects. }, author_keywords={Construction supply chain, subcontractor management, lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon2004, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Betanzo, Cristian and Diethelm, Sven }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Reducing Schedule in Repetitive Construction Projects}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/282}, affiliation={Professor, Universidad Cat6lica de Chile, Escuela de fugenieria, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax: 011-562-686-4806, e-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Research Assistant, Universidad Cat6lica de Chile, Escuela de fugenieria, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax: 011-562-686-4806, e-mail: cbetanzo@ing.puc.cl ; General Manager, GEPUC, Universidad Cat6lica de Chile, Escuela de fugenieria, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax: 011-562-686-4806, e-mail: sdiethel@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={This paper proposes a methodology for continuous schedule reduction in construction projects. Based on concepts and principles of Lean Construction the methodology considers actions on three stages to produce improvements and changes: (1) pre-construction, (2) execution, and (3) post-execution. The methodology suggests the application of several tools in accordance with specific needs (detected and desired) on several potential areas of improvement. The methodology was applied to the construction of Gas Stations with the following results in the implementation: reduction of 35% in schedule with respect to original company projects of the same type and 18% reduction with respect to the best schedule ever achieved in previous projects. These results were obtained in a very adverse environment for implementation, therefore, the potential reduction for future projects considers a schedule reduced 43% with respect to the best schedule result obtained during the implementation. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Phase Scheduling, Work Structuring, Repetitive Construction }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2004, author={Alves, Thais da C.L. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Simulation of Buffering and Batching Practices in the Interface Detailing-Fabrication-Installation of HVAC Ductwork}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/283}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate, Engineering and Project Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, thaiscla@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Engineering and Project Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Modeling the supply chain for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HV A C) ductwork presents challenges at different stages because of the nature of the product involved. Metal coils and sheets can be quantified in terms of material, gauge, width, and weight. However, when they are transformed into ducts and fittings, quantification becomes more complex. First, some sheet metal companies measure their throughput in terms of mass of sheet metal per time and not in units of fittings and ducts per time, regardless of the level of complexity to fabricate these parts. Second, fittings and ducts have some of their characteristics specified but not all of them; there is a quite high degree of customization for both products. To improve understanding of this production process, this paper investigates the activities in the interface detailing-fabrication-installation of HV AC ductwork. The simulation software STROBOSCOPE is used to mimic different scenarios, including the behavior and outputs of these activities as well as the interaction among them. The data used to develop this model comes from an ongoing study of HV AC contractors. The model specifically deals with variations in batches and buffers sizes and their impact on system throughput, work in process, and lead times for a pull system. This paper presents more detail on inventory buffers; capacity, time and plan buffers are not elaborated on. Analysis of different scenarios provides insights as to how lean concepts can be used to trigger improvements in the interface investigated. }, author_keywords={Buffer, batch, sheet metal duct work, HV AC system, mechanical contractors, simulation }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alwi2004, author={Alwi, Sugiharto }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Training Field Personnel for Small to Medium Construction Companies: An Alternative Tool to Increase Productivity}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/284}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia, Phone +62 21/565-5801, FAX +62 211565-5805, sugihartoalwi@.hotmail.com }, abstract={Poor quality of construction personnel has a major influence on the overall performance and efficiency of construction projects. In general, contractors rely heavily on medium to high levels of construction personnel such as Site Engineers, Site Managers and Project Managers to successfully complete a construction project. The role of low levels of construction personnel, known as field personnel, is normally overlooked. This paper argues that well-trained field personnel have an important role in minimising the amount of waste activities during the construction process leading to reducing company's productivity. Hence, the paper attempts to explore the significant role of field personnel in completing construction projects productively. Based on a comprehensive data collection through a survey research and case studies targeted at small to medium construction companies in Indonesia, this paper states that a significant achievement in minimising the amount of waste and increasing company's productivity has been attained by contracting companies that have been conducting training for their field personnel. Evidence of the increase of the company's productivity is expressed by measuring the value ofPPC of the projects. }, author_keywords={Field personnel, training, small to medium contractors. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2004, author={Ballard, Glenn and Arbulu, Roberto }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Making Prefabrication Lean}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/285}, affiliation={Research Director for the Center for Innovation in Project and Production Management ( dba Lean Construction Institute), Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and partner in Strategic Project Solutions, ballard@leanconstruction.org ; Strategic Project Solutions Inc., rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={Construction is not manufacturing. However, manufacturing provides the elements from which buildings, bridges, highways, houses and factories are constructed. Many of these elements are made-to-stock, but some key elements are made-to-order; e.g., HV AC ductwork, custom piping, pipe supports, precast concrete, electrical switchgear, reinforcing steel, structural steel and building envelope facades. These made-to-order products are produced by fabrication shops, which sit squarely at the intersection of manufacturing and construction. Application of lean concepts and techniques to fabrication shops promises substantial benefits to the construction industry they serve. Perhaps chief among these benefits is reducing the lead time required for placing orders in advance of needed delivery. Long lead times can extend project durations, promote premature design decision making or otherwise avoidable design redundancy, and cause excess inventories and double handling of materials. A "long" lead time is determined relative to the ability of the customer (the construction site) to accurately forecast future states of the building process on site, and thus the ability to determine when a component will be required for installation. Lead times that exceed a site's window of reliability increase the probability of untimely delivery. On time-driven projects, such lead times also increase the risk of premature design decisions and/or building slack into designed capacities and strengths. Switching perspectives, demand variability is arguably the biggest headache for fabricators. Late receipt of design information, frequent design changes and changes in installation timing and sequence disrupt production schedules and cause fabricators to risk the loss of capacity. In this paper, we explore the interplay between demand variability and fabrication lead times and present a plan to study and understand their interdependencies. }, author_keywords={Assembly, demand variability, fabrication, fabrication shop, lead time, made-to-order products, preassembly, prefabrication }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Moller2004, author={Moller, Malene and Bejder, Erik }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Resource Basins - A Strategic Challenge for the Building Industry}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/286}, affiliation={Consultant, Department of Process & IT, Danish Technological Institute, DK 2630 Taastrup, Denmark, +45 72 20 22 54, malene.moller@teknologisk.dk ; Associate Professor Ph.D, Department of Production, Aalborg University, DK 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark, +45 9635 8950, i9eb@iprod.aau.dk }, abstract={The point of departure of this paper are assertion statements about advantages and unsuitable elements of the use ofpartnering in the construction industry today. Next, the view is turned towards the manufacturing industry for inspiration on how a learning environment is formed by making strategic partnering suitable for the nature of the construction industry. It is argued that effectiveness and efficiency in the construction industry can be improved by giving the partnering cooperation a strategic focus which involves the development of competing Resource Basins, i.e. groups of long term cooperating companies in the supply chain, or rather, in the supply network. The suggested way to form a learning environment combines some of the advantages from the production philosophies Supply Chain Management, Agile Manufacturing and Extended Enterprise in connection with Virtual Enterprise with the characteristics of construction. The idea is to establish a joint grounding in a group of companies. The solidarity and cooperation between the companies exist independently of specific projects. It forms a learning environment in the resource basin in which knowledge gained from different projects is collected and distributed to all the members of the resource basin. At the beginning of a specific project, i.e. a potential customer knocks at the door, the most suitable resources from the basin are assigned to the job. These resources form a project group for this project. This differs from a traditional project group in the building sector because these resources already are thoroughly familiar with each other, i.e. they have shared common cooperation values, and they have developed integrated logistic systems, quality systems, information systems, continuous improvement systems etc. Finally, barriers and thoughts about how this learning environment can be brought into the construction industry are discussed. }, author_keywords={Strategic Partnering, Resource Basins, Supply Chain Management, Agile Manufacturing, Extended Enterprise and Virtual Enterprise. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2004, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Koskela, La uri }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Construction Beyond Lean: A New Understanding of Construction Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/287}, affiliation={Consulting Engineer, M.Sc. Strategic Counselors ltd, Morlenesvej 22, DK 2840 Holte, Denmark. Phone +45 4542 4705. sven@bertelsen.org ; Professor, D.Sc., The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M7 lNU, United Kingdom, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Lean Construction has existed in its own right for more than ten years. At the same time the five lean principles as outlined by Womack and Jones have gained a firm foothold in the manufacturing industries, and the term lean has thus become a household term in manufacturing. Unfortunately and confusingly, the understanding of lean has taken very different trajectories in these two communities. In manufacturing, it is often voiced that the (five) lean principles provide a mature understanding of the subject, i.e. the end point. However, in the same time the theory based understanding of construction management has moved beyond the generic lean theories and principles, embodied in the Toyota Production System, to encompass disciplines such as complexity, emergence, conversations, and lifelong learning. In construction, the Toyota Production System is thus rather a st~rting point. The paper establishes an overview of the principles guiding best practice project management today, and argues that lean construction has progressed beyond lean - at least in the sense propagated by Womack and Jones }, author_keywords={Construction, management, lean, production }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bjornfot2004, author={Bjornfot, Anders and Stehn, Lars }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Industrialization of Construction -a Lean Modular Approach}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/288}, affiliation={M.Sc. Div. of Timber Structures, Lulea University of Teclmology, 97187 Lulea, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, FAX +46 920 491091, anders.bjomfot@ltu.se ; Ass. Prof., Div. of Timber Structures, Lulea University of Technology, 97187 Lulea, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491976, FAX +46 920 491091, lars.stelm@Itu.se }, abstract={The concept of industrialization and lean thinking in construction has drawn quite a bit of interest in recent years. Authors have recently begun to critically debate the direct · implementation of lean thinking in construction; instead the focus should be related to transformation, flow, and value. This paper is based on a literature review of modularity, lean construction, and buildability. Modularity is then extended to the production phase where simulated assembly scenarios are used to explore and exemplify modular effects during production of long-span timber structures. The literature review suggests that modularity is related to product management, with process management effects, while lean thinking is a process management principle. Both principles are focused on the creation of buildability which is argued to be more of a goal than a means of efficiency. The simulation scenarios indicate possible modular benefits associated with, e.g., organization, out-sourcing, preassembly, prefabrication, and development. Modularity is thus argued to advocate management of production in the form of lean construction. The focus for timber construction should be on modularity; i.e., a bottom-up product focused view enabling product value. Such a view has potential to be a driving force in the struggle for industrialization in construction. }, author_keywords={Assembly, buildability, constructability, industrialized construction, lean thinking, modularity, production, timber structures. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chang2004, author={Chang, Andrews S. and Lee, Kuan Pei }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Nature of Construction Technology}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/289}, affiliation={Associate Professor, National Cheng Kung Univ., Civil Engineering Dept., Tainan, Taiwan anschang@mail.ncku.edu.tw ; Ph.D. Candidate, Cheng Kung Univ., Civil Engineering Dept., Tainan, Taiwan, n6891121 @ccmail.ncku.edu. tw }, abstract={Construction management studies address mostly the phenomena of construction problems. Few studies explore the nature of construction technology or production systems. Technologies in manufacturing are classified into unit, mass and continuous process productions and their characteristics are examined. Construction fabrications and activities are contrasted to classify construction technology as unit production. Furthermore, technical change is studied and limitations to the change of construction technology are proposed. Although the efficiency of construction technology as unit production is low, it has many advantages such as flexibility and zero stocks. The appearance of new production systems will not replace the old unit production. Although the final construction products could not be standardized entirely, we can standardize their components, and rethink their assembling and integrating methods to increase production efficiency. }, author_keywords={Construction technology, production system, unit production, mass production, continuous process, product, automation, technical change }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2004, author={Chin, S. and Yoon, S. W. and Jung, S. 0. and Kim, Y. S. and Kim, C. D. and Choi, Y. K. and Chun, J. Y. and Lim, H. C. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={An Analysis of the Life-Cycle Curtain Wall Process Through Supply Chain Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/290}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg., Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, Phone +82-31-290-7568, Fax +82-31-290-7570, schin@skku.ac.kr ; Research Assistant, Arch. Engrg., Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, yoonsuwon@korea.com ; Assistant Professor, Architecture, Kyungbok College, Pocheon, Korea 487-717, sojung@kyungbok.ac.kr ; Professor, Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, yskim2@skku.ac.kr ; Professor, Arch. Engrg., Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea 139-701, stpkim@daisy.kwangwoon.ac.kr ; Assistant Professor, Arch. Engrg., Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea, 156-743, ykchoi@ssu.ac.kr ; Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg., Dankook University, Seoul, South Korea, 140-714,jaeyoul@dankook.ac.kr ; Assistant Manager, R&D Dept., Daelim Industrial Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea, 110-732, hclim@dic.co.kr }, abstract={This paper presents a research project named "Automated life-cycle management system for curtain walls in high-rise buildings based on supply chain management," which is jointly performed by the consortium of universities and companies involved in curtain wall design, manufacturing, and construction in Korea. The objective of this research is to improve the efficiency of the current process through the application of SCM to the C/W life-cycle. In this paper, the research results at the early stage are presented with a focus on the analysis of problems and waste in the life-cycle of the curtain wall supply chain spanning from design to construction, and to operation and maintenance. The results show that most of the problems and waste are caused by poor collaboration, information sharing, communication, and coordination among actors in the supply chain of the project life-cycle. Finally, future research issues are briefly discussed. }, author_keywords={Curtain Wall, Process Model, Supply Chain Management, Value Stream Analysis, }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2004, author={Arbulu, Roberto and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Lean Supply Systems in Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/291}, affiliation={Strategic Project Solutions Inc., rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; Research Director for the Center for Innovation in Project and Production Management (dba Lean Construction Institute) and Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley, ballard@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={This paper proposes a strategy to improve the management of supply systems in construction using lean principles and techniques. The objective is to assure on-time delivery of information and materials to project sites at least cost and maximum value for the final customer. The primary mean for achieving this objective is to accomplish supply management functions with least waste; e.g., low supply and demand reliability, large inventories not needed to absorb variability, and physical waste. The paper explores supply complexity in construction in order to better understand where certain types of waste are originated. The strategy proposes the use of a web-based tool based on the Last Planner System to improve planning reliability so demand variability is minimized, the use of regional logistics centers for distribution of materials to sites, the use ofkanban techniques to pull selected materials on a just-in-time basis, and a link between production control and material management processes on site. It also highlights the importance of minimizing material lead times with emphasis on standardization and pre-assembly practices so supply systems are more effective. It concludes highlighting the most important challenges for the implementation ofthis strategy. }, author_keywords={Assembly package, inventory, just-in-time, kanban, logistic centers, pre-assembly, supply chain management, value stream. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Costa2004, author={Costa, Dayana B. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Kagioglou, Michail and Alarcon, Luis F. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Performance Measurement Systems for Benchmarking in the Construction Industry}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/292}, affiliation={M.Sc., Ph.D. candidate, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Osvaldo Aranha Av., 99, 3° floor, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil, fone: +55 51 3316 3959, e-mail: dayana@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Osvaldo Aranha Av., 99, 3° floor, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil, fone: +55 51 3316 3959, e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Centre Manager, University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Build and Human Environment, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU. UK. Tel: +44 (0) 161 2953855 e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D., Professor, Universidad Cat61ica de Chile, Escuela de lngenieria, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, e-maillalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Performance measurement is an essential element of business management. It provides the necessary information for process control, and makes it possible to establish challenging and feasible goals. It is also necessary to support the implementation of business strategies. Despite the importance of performance measurement, it has not been widely implemented in construction companies and information on the performance of the construction industry as a whole is also scarce. In the last few years, there have been some initiatives concerned the establishment of performance measurement systems for benchmarking in different countries. The objective of this paper is to describe the scope of those initiatives and discuss its potential role for benchmarking construction companies, specially those involved in the development and implementation of new operations management ideas. This investigation is focussed on four initiatives, carried out in Brazil, Chile, the UK and the USA. The paper concludes by proposing some further directions on this research topic. }, author_keywords={Performance measurement, benchmarking, construction industry }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Crow2004, author={Crow, Tom and Barda, Peter }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Project Strategic Planning: A Prerequisite to Lean Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/293}, affiliation={Dr. Tom Crow BE, MBuil is an adjunct professor in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at UNSW, Kensington NSW Australia, crowconsult@bigpond.com.au. Mobile 61 417 427 607 ; Peter Barda LLB is a partner in Crobar. PO Box 249 Cessnock, NSW Australia, pbarda@bigpond.com }, abstract={Most of the research into lean construction practices has addressed tactical and operational issues that contribute to construction industry underperformance, however few researchers have attempted to identify the overriding strategic issues that create the productive environments that are necessary for lean practices to succeed. This paper describes a research project that has developed a framework for the creation of such environments, one that encourages the achievement of outstanding or excellent outcomes on capital works projects for end-users and clients including the creation of additional wealth. Twenty-eight completed projects that all project participants regarded as excellent were selected for the study. Then on the basis of in-depth interviews and analysis, those key issues within the client decision framework were identified that correlated with the achievement of the best outcomes. An analogy was developed between a road journey and project development phases/sequences resulting in a roadmap to project excellence, with turning points and drivers, which can be used to design project delivery strategies. }, author_keywords={Project strategic planning, client involvement, project turning points, excellent project drivers }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ebbesen2004, author={Ebbesen, Randi Muff }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={A System for Evaluating the Ongoing Building Process - Theory and Practice}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/294}, affiliation={PhD.-Student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, DK 9220 Aalborg East, +45 9635 7113, randi@iprod.aau.dk }, abstract={One of the reasons for the limited development in the Danish building industry is the lack of both documentation of achievements and the sharing of experiences. For solving this problem, a knowledge management and learning system has been developed with the aim of improving the learning as well as the communication and documentation of knowledge, both between the different trades in one project and between projects. The system consists of two parts. The first part mainly aims to support learning and the verbal communication of knowledge from person to person. It is a learning circle called "Method of seven steps". The second part is a system for the administration of data used to evaluate the building process continuously - together the two parts form the system called SAVE - an acronym (in Danish) for "System for Administrating Data to Support Continuous Assessment and Evaluation of Projects". The system is based on the measurements and commitment as known from the Last Planner System i.e. PPC and weekly planning meetings on the building site. In contrast to other systems, SAVE is a continuous assessment system that fits the actual challenges of the building project. The data and information, complemented by the personal competences of the workforce, result in a basis for action to be taken during the building process so that the people involved immediately will see the effects of the system. From spring this year, the system will be tested on two construction projects, and experience gained from the tests will illustrate the viability of the system and the theories it is built on. }, author_keywords={Communication, implementation, performance measurements, learning process, knowledge capture, lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elfving2004, author={Elfving, Jan A. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Improving the Delivery Process for Engineered-To-Order Products - Lessons Learned from Power Distribution Equipment}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/295}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Scholar, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, FAX: 510/643-8919, elfving@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94 720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce. berkeley.edu, www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, 888/771-9207, FAX 510/530-2048, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu: Associate Adjunct Professor, Civil and En vir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94 720-1712 }, abstract={Scholars and practitioners have long advocated the benefits of reduced lead times. Moreover, most, if not all members of a delivery process would gain from reduced lead times. However, the construction industry has been slow to radically reduce lead times, particularly for Engineered-To-Order (ETO) products. This paper presents key findings from a four-year study, where the objective was to improve the performance of the delivery process of ETO products with particular interest in lead time reduction of power distribution equipment. Data were collected from the US and Finland from owners, users/operators, architects, electrical engineers, project management firms/general contractors, electrical contractors, and equipment manufacturers. The paper summarizes the main causes for the long lead times, ranging from 79 to133 weeks, highlights improvement suggestions, and describes potential barriers. The data surprised the authors and industry practitioners in many ways, e.g., with respect to the relative distributions of the various phases in the delivery process, the labor hours spent on competitive bidding, and the high number of changes. The improvement suggestions were estimated to reduce the process lead time by 20-40% of the total delivery time. Also, at least 15-20% of labor hours may be saved throughout the process. }, author_keywords={Engineered-to-Order product, equipment, lead time, lean construction, manufacturing procurement, process improvement, switchboard }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elsborg2004, author={Elsborg, Steen and Dam, Allan and Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={BygLOK - A Danish Experiment on Cooperation in Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/296}, affiliation={Steen Elsborg, PhD-Scholar, Danish University of Education, Learning Lab Denmark, Emdrupvej 101, DK2400 NV, elsborg@dpu.dk. ; Allan Dam, project coordinator, Danish Technological Institute, Grgersensvej, DK2630 Taastrup, Denmark. allan@teknologisk.dk ; Sven Bertelsen, Strategic Counsellors aps, Morlenesvej 22, DK2840 Holte, Denmark. sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={BygLOK is a Danish experimental project within cooperation and learning on building sites. The overall goal is to develop a process that will make the craftsmen more and more involved in and responsible for the daily decisions. In order to achieve this goal BygLOK focuses on improving communication and cooperation between the different trades. The development was initiated through a value based process created bottom up, where all workers on the building site participated. Both managers and workers participating have evaluated the completed experiments very positively as having initiated a process where all participants across trades make significantly better use of each other's strengths. On a more specific level it was found that in spite of (or maybe because of) the fact that all workers have spent one hour every week attending a meeting in order to discuss and plan the work, they have managed to deliver on time without any deficiencies. In the evaluation ofBygLOK the managers and workers- as well as the teachers and the action researchers acting as professional facilitators - agreed that it will be possible to create a synergy effect if the efforts are made more comprehensive. As a result the experiences from BygLOK are now being widened and integrated into the implementation of Lean Construction and partnering in a new industry initiative on cooperation and learning in construction. }, author_keywords={BygLOK, BygSoL, learning, construction, management }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emmitt2004, author={Emmitt, Stephen and Sander, Dag and Christoffersen, Anders Kirk }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Implementing Value Through Lean Design Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/297}, affiliation={Hoffmann Professor of Innovation and Management in Building, Department of Civil Engineering, Teclmical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. se@byg.dtu.dk ; MTH0jgaard A/S, Denmark. dsa@mthojgaard.dk ; NIRAS, Consulting Engineers and Planners, Denmark. akc@niras.dk }, abstract={The philosophy of lean thinking has been adopted relatively quickly by contracting organisations, keen to reduce waste in the realisation of construction projects. The concept has, however, been slow to catch on in the earlier design and detailing phases where decisions have a major influence on the ensuing construction processes and the level of value realised in the project. Given a strong argument for greater synergy between design, manufacturing and construction there would appear to be considerable potential in moving the lean thinking upstream, starting with the briefing and conceptual design stages and managing the flow of decisions through to the completed building, thus helping to deliver value within a lean framework. Value is the end-goal and therefore value parameters are key to the achievement of improved productivity and client/user satisfaction. The three-phase Value/Process/Operation (VPO) model starts by identifying value parameters, then moves to designing the process and finally onto the operations. The model lies at the heart of a lean design process model implemented by a consulting company and a contractor in Denmark. The case study helps to illustrate the benefits of taking a more holistic and integral approach based on the agreement of value parameters at the project outset. Through the use of creative workshops, that encourage open communication and knowledge sharing, the lean design process model has been instrumental in delivering value and improving productivity. }, author_keywords={Communication, Design management, Information and decision flows, Lean design, Productivity, Value parameters, Workshops. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2004, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Cambraia, Fabricio B. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={A Human Error Perspective of Safety Planning and Control}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/298}, affiliation={Ph.D., Researcher at LOPPIUFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui). Praya Argentina n° 9, 2° andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55-51- 3316-4007. E-mail: tasaurin@terra.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at NORIEIUFRGS (Building Innovation Research Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui). Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3° andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55- 51-3316-4054. E-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Civil Engineer, MSc student at NORIEIUFRGS. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3° andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: fabricio@ppgec.ufrgs.br }, abstract={This paper is concerned with the impact of a safety planning and control model (SPC) on human error. This model integrates safety into the production planning and control process and it adopts some safety management best practices reported in the literature. The analysis is based on data collected in four construction sites where the model was implemented. The main conclusion of this investigation is that six elements of the model (safety planning, near miss reporting, training, percentage of safe work packages indicator, participatory cycle and planning and control diffusion) have a contribution in terms of making both the boundaries of safe work visible and respected. Safety planning also helps to make the production system error-tolerant to some extent. However, the analysis of causes of safety failures in the empirical studies pointed out a high incidence of violations of the boundaries (on average, 40% of the total safety failures), mostly by workers. Thus, the main drawback of the model regarding human error control is its modest contribution to ensure respect for the boundaries of safe work. }, author_keywords={Safety, planning and control, human error, production management. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schramm2004, author={Schramm, Fabio K. and Costa, Dayana B. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Design of Production Systems for Low-Income Housing Projects}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/299}, affiliation={Architect, Assistant Professor, Federal University ofPelotas (UFPel), M.Sc. Candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, fabioks@ufpel.edu.br ; M.Sc., Research Assistant at NORIE/UFRGS, dayana@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui (UFRGS), Building fun ovation Research Unit (NORIE), formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99/3° andar. CEP 90035-190 Porto Alegre- RS, Phone: +55 51 3316 3959 }, abstract={In Brazil, the Federal Government has recently increased investments in Programs for lowincome housing. This change has encouraged several construction companies to get involved in the development of house-building projects, which demand different capabilities compared to other market segments. These projects usually consist of fairly large number of house or apartment-building repetitive units, require a relatively short lead-time, and are limited by a fairly small profit margin. The design of the production system has a key importance on the project cost and time performance of such projects. This paper discusses the scope and the main requirements of the production system design in this context. It is based on multiple case studies carried out in the South of Brazil. The main contributions are concerned with the set of decisions involved, tools for the design of the main production flows, and the management of hand-offs between crews. }, author_keywords={Production system design, low-income housing, critical processes, work structuring, planning. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brookfield2004, author={Brookfield, Elizabeth and Emmitt, Stephen and Hill, Robert and Scaysbrook, Steve }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Architectural Technologist's Role in Linking Lean Design with Lean Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/300}, affiliation={Education and Research Officer, British Institute of Architectural Technologists(BIA T), Innovation & Research Committee, 397 City Road, London, ECIV lNH, UK. elizabeth@biat.co.uk ; BIA T Innovation & Research Committee. se@byg.dtu.dk ; BIA T Innovation & Research Committee. bob.hi113@ntlworld.com ; Vice-President, BlAT Innovation & Research Committee. steve.scaysbrook@scaysbrook.co.uk }, abstract={From a UK perspective the purpose of lean design is to improve the 'manufacturability' of a product; the purpose of lean construction is to improve the flow of information, materials and people in the production process. Both lean design and lean construction are concerned with generating unique value for the customer, thus they are part of the same process; each is highly interdependent on the other. Design (both conceptual and detail) cannot be considered as separate from the construction process: it is a team activity encompassing the input of many specialists, which need to be co-ordinated. Key to this is an understanding of design and production processes. Architectural technologists, because of their education and training, are uniquely positioned to materialise design intent as a value adding process. The argument developed in this paper places the role of the architectural technologist equivalent to, for example, the production engineer in manufacturing industry, whose key function is to manage the input of various contributors to produce a viable product. The role of the technologist as an integrator and enabler of a quality product within a whole life framework is, therefore, crucial for realising value and for providing the links between design, construction and facilities management. }, author_keywords={Architectural technologist; Constructive links; Detail design; Flows; Lean approach; }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Stehn2004, author={Stehn, Lars and Hook, Matilda }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Innovative and Lean Construction Success Factors for Component Manufacturers}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/301}, affiliation={Ass. Prof., Div. of Timber Structures, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491976, FAX +46 920 491091, lms@ltu.se ; M.SC., Div. of Timber Structures, Lulea University of Technology, 971 87 Lulea, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491028, FAX +46 920 491091, mathoo@ltu.se }, abstract={Compared to other industries, the construction industry has not achieved the same improvements in terms of productivity, customer benefits, and quality. Low innovation activity and supplier cooperation in construction might be one reason for the low level of large-scale improvements. However, the search for improvements in the construction industry has led to interest for new innovations. One way for the construction industry to improve the building process is through use of innovative managerial concepts, as lean and agile construction. The aim of this work is to categorize Swedish component suppliers of different construction materials that act with a clear supplier coordinator commitment, on the basis of lean and innovative business strategic concepts. A secondary purpose is to find success factors for the component suppliers within the derived lean and innovative concepts. Results from the exploratory comparative study of steel-, concrete-, and timber component suppliers indicate differences between different construction material suppliers. This study also suggests a possible strategy where products accompanied with technical support and software knowledge offered to the customer, customer integration in product development, and use of product development networks to generate new knowledge and components seems to be distinct success factors. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean thinking, innovation, component suppliers, success factors }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2004, author={Howell, Gregory A. and Macomber, Hal and Koskela, Lauri and Draper, John }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Leadership and Project Management: Time for a Shift from Fayol to Flores}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/302}, affiliation={Managing Director. Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. 208/726-9989. ghowell@leanconstruction.org. ; Principal, Lean Project Consulting, Inc., 36 Kirkland Drive, Andover, MA 01810. 978/470-8994. hmacomber@leanproject.com. ; Professor, The University of Salford, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk ; PhD Candidate, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg ,VA. johndraper2@comcast.net. }, abstract={Henri Fayol's definition of management establishes the "common sense" of current project management practice. That common sense is challenged by a new definition of work and management put forward by Fernando Flores. This paper explores both definitions of management and their implications for leadership. When management of work in a lean project delivery is understood as "making and keeping commitments", the nature and focus of leadership and common sense changes. Producing trust is the essential role ofleaders. }, author_keywords={Leadership, project management and lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Macomber2004, author={Macomber, Hal and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Two Great Wastes in Organizations}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/303}, affiliation={Principal, Lean Project Consulting, 36 Kirkland Drive, Andover, MA 01810. 978/470-8994. hmacomber@leanproject.com. ; Managing Director. Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. 208/726-9989. ghowell@leanconstruction.org. }, abstract={The Toyota Production System is so successful that people look for ways to apply the lean production ideas and methods in organization settings. One of those ways is the force-fitting of Engineer Taiichi Ohno's seven wastes to organizations and projects. While organizations and projects manipulate materiel, they are better characterized by their actions of accomplishing something together - coordinating action, learning, and innovating. The seven wastes don't address those actions. Attempts to add to the seven wastes have to date broken the Ohno taxonomy. The authors propose a novel set of distinctions on the principal sources ofwaste in organizational settings. }, author_keywords={Leadership, project management, and lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huang2004, author={Huang, Chun-Nen and Yi, June Seong and Russell, Jeffrey S. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Time Study on Two-Echelon Supply Chain for Steel Framing Construction by Using Networking Simulation Model}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/304}, affiliation={Associate Research Fellow and Division Chief, Ph.D. of Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison, Division of Technology Application, Taiwan Construction Research fustitute, 11F, No. 190, Sec.2, Chung-Hsing Rd., Hsintien, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., Phone +866-2-98195099, FAX +866-2-86659747, chunneh@ tcri.org.tw ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Ewha Womans Univ., 11-1 Dahyun-Dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea, Phone +82-2-32773517, jsyi@ewha.ac.kr ; Professor, Department of Civil and En vir. Engrg., Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison, 2304 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 U.S.A., Phone +1 608/262-7244, FAX 608/265- 9860, russell@engr. wisc.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a case study to discuss the application of Supply Chain Management (SCM) concept to the structural steel construction industry. The impact of scheduling and resources distribution were identified and examined by using the following methodologies: 1. Time Study and 2. Networking Simulation Models. Echelon I- steel-manufacturing phase: a simulation model has been developed based on the time study of steel beam fabrication in steel shop. This mock-up model can enables us to observe and study the different facets of its productivity, scheduled utilization, and production cost on different batch sizes. Echelon II- construction job site phase: a CYCLONE simulation model has been developed based on two precedent studies: the time study of beams and columns erection under this model, which is simulated for the entire erection process, and the assessment of productivity and production cost over each task. This study has shown the fact that the project of using the design-build (D/B) delivery process has obtained higher productivity and lower production cost than that of using the design-bid-build (D/B/B) delivery process. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, steel framing construction, time study, networking simulation. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huang2004, author={Huang, Rong-Yau and Sun, Kuo-Shun }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Non-Unit Based Planning and Scheduling of Repetitive Construction Projects}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/305}, affiliation={Ph.D., Associate Professor, Institute of Construction Engineering and Management, National Central University, Chung-li, Taiwan 32054, Tel: 886-3-4227151 ext. 4108, E-mail: rhuang@cc.ncu.edu.tw. ; Lecturer, Department of Construction Management, Diwan College of Management, and Doctoral candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University }, abstract={One of the major goals of lean construction is for waste reduction. Repetitive construction projects are good candidate for applying the lean construction principles. Their repetitiveness makes the streamlining of the delivery process more lucrative. Repetitive scheduling methods are more effective in modeling and planning the repetitive activities and are more suitable for the scheduling and resource planning of repetitive construction projects. Nonetheless, almost all the repetitive scheduling methods developed so far are based on the primitive that a repetitive project is the construction of many identical production units. In practical, however, the production units in many repetitive projects may not be identical. Besides, many repetitive projects contain, more or less, portions of non-repetitive productions. This research develops a non-unit based algorithm for planning and scheduling of repetitive projects. Instead of repetitive production units, repetitive or similar activity groups are identified and employed for scheduling. The algorithm can satisfy (1) the logical relationship of activity groups in a repetitive project, (2) the usage of various resource crews in an activity group, (3) the maintaining of resource continuity, and ( 4) the consideration of change over of different crews. Case study is conducted for demonstration and validation of the algorithm. Results and findings are reported. }, author_keywords={Construction, Scheduling, Repetitive, Production unit, Resource }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Johansen2004, author={Johansen, Eric and Porter, Geoff and Greenwood, David }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Implementing Lean: UK Culture and System Change}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/306}, affiliation={Director of Student Affairs, School of the Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NEl, 8ST, UK. 0191-227-4720, eric.johansen@northumbria.ac.uk ; Senior Researcher, Sustainable Cities Research Institute, Northumbria University, 6 North Street East, Newcastle upon Tyne, NEl, 8ST, UK, geoff.porter@northumbria.ac.uk ; Associate Dean, School of the Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1, 8ST, UK. 0191-227-4691, david.greenwood@northumbria.ac.uk }, abstract={For the IGLC 11 Conference the authors reported the results of implementing Last Planner™ methods with a large UK contracting company. The projects studied demonstrated some success but also some cultural, organizational and systemic barriers to its effective implementation. Alarcon and Conte's White Paper for the IGLC11 conference discussed these issues and invited researchers to consider them. In response, the authors have reflected upon and critically re-analysed the research as a means to re-focus their future work in implementing Lean Construction methods in UK construction. Based on a review of the literature on construction culture we have identified theoretical factors that, together with Alarcon and Conte's list of critical organizational elements, provide a framework against which the results of the research have been considered. We conclude that the implementation of Last Planner was hindered by not fully considering cultural, organizational and systemic problems and by failing to recognize how deep-seated these problems could be. We intend, in future projects, to take a more considered, and wider approach to Lean Construction (possibly using the LCI's Lean Project Delivery System) and to focus our attention upon construction ventures where efforts at culture change have already started - in particular, where strategic partnering arrangements are in place. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, construction culture, cultural barriers, implementation }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jorgensen2004, author={Jorgensen, Bo and Emmitt, Stephen and Bonke, Sten }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Revealing Cultures and Sub-Cultures During the Implementation of Lean Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/307}, affiliation={MSc., PhD student, Technical University of Denmark - Department of Civil Engineering, DTU building 1151104, DK-2800 Lyngby, DK Denmark, tel. +45 45 25 51 49, boj@byg.dtu.dk ; Professor, Technical University of Denmark- Department of Civil Engineering ; Associate Professor, Technical University of Denmark- Department of Civil Engineering }, abstract={Over the last decade the construction business has been subject to increased pressure to change its production systems towards more efficient and effective methods. Movements advocating lean construction and other initiatives based on improving production and cooperation have gained momentum, allied with broad support for closer and less rigid working relationships. This is set against dominating subcultures anchored within individual trades and professions that appear to constitute a barrier to the adoption of process-orientated forms of cooperation. Observation and analysis of the implementation of a lean process model on a large construction project in Denmark helps to illustrate the disparity between intention, current norms and culture. Despite broad understanding, and support, of the new production and cooperation principles, the members of the project organisation failed to make full use of the techniques: this appeared to be the result of a mismatch between intentions and interpretation of the procedures. The ethnographic research used was useful in identifying some of the softer issues in relation to the implementation of lean tools and methods. Questions concerning how process innovations are introduced and facilitated as well as some reflections on cultural norms and their position in the 'lean' debate are also discussed in the paper. }, author_keywords={Communication, cooperation, culture and subculture, lean construction, social systems, process facilitation. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Karna2004, author={Karna, Sami and Junnonen, Juha-Matti and Kankainen, Jouko }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Customer Satisfaction in Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/308}, affiliation={Researcher, Construction Economics and Management, Helsinki University ofTechnology, P.O. Box 2100, Finland, Phone +358 9 451 5034, sami.karna@hut.fi ; Research Manager, Construction Economics and Management, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, Finland, Phone +358 9 451 3745,juha-matti.junnonen@hut.fi ; Professor, Construction Economics and Management, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, Finland, Phone +358 9 451 3742,jouko.kankainen@hut.fi }, abstract={Customer satisfaction can be seen either as a goal or as a measurement tool in the development of construction quality. This paper examines empirically performance of Finnish construction companies measured according to the degree of customer satisfaction as perceived by customers themselves. The purpose of the study is to explore empirically the clients' main satisfaction/dissatisfaction factors. Empirical data is gathered from nearly 400 construction projects in Finland. The views of customer with respect to the performance of contractors are measured using five factors; quality assurance and handover, environment and safety at work, co-operation, personnel, site supervision and subcontracting. Several implications regarding customer satisfaction were drawn from the findings of the research. Customers were typically satisfied with the contractor's abilities to co-operate and the skills of contractor's workers and supervisors. In contrast, low satisfaction could be found for the items related to quality assurance and handover procedures and material. The common feature for the areas of low satisfaction items is that they come out in later phases of the construction project. In generally, the quality of contracted work and of overall service level have an effect on general satisfaction. }, author_keywords={Performance measurement, customer satisfaction, quality, construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemppainen2004, author={Kemppainen, Jani and Makinen, Juuso and Seppanen, Olli and Kankainen, Jouko }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Lean Construction Principles in Infrastructure Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/309}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Email j ani.kemppainen@hut.fi ; M.Sc. Student, , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, E-mail juuso.makinen@dss.fi ; PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi ; Professor, Laboratory of Construction Economics and Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, E-mail jouko.kankainen@hut.fi }, abstract={The principles of Lean Construction haven't really been adapted to infrastructure construction because there haven't been tools nor need for this. Across the globe the demand for cost effectiveness towards the private sector has risen and private sector in their part have tried to find solutions from the principles of Lean Construction. This way also the contractors have started to contribute in the development of new methods for finding cost effective solutions. Adapting Lean Construction principles in infrastructure construction means minimization of mass haul amounts and distances. In order to adapt Lean Construction principles to infrastructure construction, projects need to be managed through mass economy point-of-view. Mass economy means cost minimization for both mass handling and mass haul. Decisions for mass handling procedures and mass haul timings and transfers are made in project's mass economy plan. The decisions are made so that costs for these are minimized. Different planning alternatives can also be examined. To ensure functionality for production control project is divided into independent mass economy areas. These areas help in defining contract boundaries and in production monitoring and control. This way schedule disturbances and their cost effects can be decreased. To overcome these difficulties a software program has been developed. To help the planner program has linear and genetic optimization algorithms, which try to minimize the costs for resources, mass hauls and schedule. To help the contractor program has production monitoring and control tools, which can be used to predict and control costs and schedule. }, author_keywords={Infrastructure construction, mass economy, optimization, construction cost }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kenley2004, author={Kenley, Russell }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Project Micro-Management: Practical Site Planning and Management of Work Flow}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/310}, affiliation={Professor of Construction, School of Built Environment, Unitec New Zealand, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, New Zealand, Phone +64 9815 4321 (7374), FAX +64 9815, rkenley@unitec.ac.nz }, abstract={Lean construction presents an opportunity for theory to mix with practical solutions to achieve efficiency in construction and to rethink the way things are done to improve production. This paper overviews the history of scheduling systems in construction and suggests that current Lean Construction Thinking is dominated by task-based approaches, such as Critical-Path, and that location-based scheduling techniques provide a promising alternative. The flow of resources through locations, termed work-flow, and the resultant ability to control hand-over between both locations and crews, greatly empowers the management of construction from the perspective of day-to-day management of activities. The paper concentrates on the practical problems inherent in adopting theory and proposes new strategies for adapting scheduling systems for direct relevance to site management. The concept of micro-management is introduced, based on location-based scheduling. From this, a suite of strategies for managing sub-contracted work crews is developed, concentrating on location, work flow and site management. Principles for work planning and error management are proposed; including related procurement strategies. }, author_keywords={Site management, Scheduling, Flow. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kern2004, author={Kern, Andrea P. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Guidelines for Improving Cost Management in Fast, Complex and Uncertain Construction Projects}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/311}, affiliation={M.Sc., Assistant Professor at UNISINOS, Ph.D. Candidate at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), apkern@euler.unisinos.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3° andar, CEP 90035-190. Porto Alegre-RS ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sui (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), formoso@vmtex.ufrgs.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99, 3° andar, CEP 90035-190. Porto Alegre-RS }, abstract={Existing traditional cost management systems are mostly based on the same principles that have been conceived for cost accounting in the mid Twenties. Cost information is usually produced too late, and it is too aggregated and too distorted to be relevant for production management. Consequently, traditional cost accounting systems often fail to support decision making in product development and production control. Particularly in the construction industry, the inadequacy of cost accounting systems has resulted in the dissociation between cost management and other managerial processes, contributing to increase the fragmentation of construction management. In general, construction cost control consists of simply monitoring actual performance against cost estimates and identifying variances. This paper discusses traditional cost management practices in the construction industry and proposes some guidelines for improving cost control in fast, complex and uncertain construction projects. Such guidelines involve the integrated application of operational cost estimating, target costing and S-curves. }, author_keywords={Cost management, cost information, production control. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2004, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Making-Do — the Eighth Category of Waste}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/312}, affiliation={The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M7 INU, United Kingdom, E-mail: lj.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The seminal authors on the Toyota Production System present a list of seven wastes. Even if many subsequent authors have suggested additions to this list, it is usually presented in its original form. This paper contends that there is a very common, generic type of waste that should be added to the list, because it can be justified using the same conceptualizations as used by the seminal authors. ~ ~ Making-do as a waste refers to a situation where a task is started without all its standard inputs, or the execution of a task is continued although the availability of at least one standard input has ceased. The term input refers not only to materials, but to all other inputs such as machinery, tools, personnel, external conditions, instructions etc. Especially in production situations where there are several uncertain inflows to the task, making-do is a common phenomenon, and requires explicit attention. In conceptual analysis, making—do is the opposite of buffering. In buffering, materials are waiting for being processed. In making-do, the waiting time of one type of material — or other inputs — is negative: processing is started before the material has arrived. However, both forms of waste are used for accommodating the impacts of variability in production. Making- do is applied especially for maintaining a high utilization rate or for avoiding schedule slippage. Thus, making-do is another penalty due to variability, and it should be added to the conceptual arsenal of queueing-theory based analysis of production (Factory Physics). }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soini2004, author={Soini, Mika and Leskela, Ilkka and Seppanen, Olli }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Implementation of Line-of-Balance Based Scheduling and Project Control System in a Large Construction Company}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/313}, affiliation={Senior vice president, NCC Construction Ltd., Jonsaksentie 4, FIN-01600 Vantaa, Finland, E-mail mika.soini@ncc.fi ; Development manager, NCC Construction Ltd., Jonsaksentie 4, FIN-01600 Vantaa, Finland, E-mail ilkka.leskela@ncc.fi ; PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 21B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi }, abstract={Line-of-Balance has been successfully used as the principal scheduling tool in large construction companies in Finland. It has been utilized to improve the production flow in the projects. The problem in full-scale utilization was that there hasn't been a comprehensive Line-of-Balance software tool in the market. In international literature the usual view has been that the Line-of-Balance is only suited for highly repetitive routine construction. However, regardless of the difficulty of project, the main activities are the same in every project. In this paper it will be shown that resource-based Line-of-Balance can be successfully implemented as the main scheduling tool of a large company if there is an easyto- use software tool to support the implementation. Many of the possible applications and benefits of the Line-of-Balance have not been realized before the development of a commercial software tool, DYNAProject™. With DYNAProject the quality of schedules can be checked, the schedule risks can be analyzed, the project flow can be systematically controlled and control actions can be graphically evaluated and optimized. Line-of-Balance is used for planning but the familiar Gantt Chart can also be printed out. NCC, a large contractor in Finland, was one of the pilot companies of the development project. NCC has started a large-scale implementation project with DYNAProject which has resulted in significant improvement in the quality of schedules. DYNAProject is the first computer tool which makes possible the systematic controlling of the schedule. The challenges of implementation included the difficulty of embracing new thinking in planning and controlling projects and how to systematically utilize the cost estimation data in schedules. In the long run, the anticipated benefits include minimizing the risk level of the projects, increasing the quality of service to the customer and optimizing the logistics of the project. }, author_keywords={Line-of-Balance, Scheduling, Implementation }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marosszeky2004, author={Marosszeky, Marton and Karim, Khalid and Davis, Steven and Naik, Nitin }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Lessons Learnt in Developing Effective Performance Measures for Construction Safety Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/314}, affiliation={Multiplex Professor of Engineering Construction Innovation, Director ACCI, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. ; Deputy Director ACCI, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. ; Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. ; Postgraduate research student, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. }, abstract={This paper presents the lessons learned to date in a safety-performance benchmarking project, where the client funded research to develop measures that would drive improvement on two concurrent hospital construction projects. The study shows the development of the performance measurement regime that was adopted and the complexity involved in developing effective feedback mechanisms for supervisors and workers on site. This work is still in progress and each week the research team and the project team gain new insights into the difficulties that are faced in any attempt to transform the construction workplace. The process to date has been crudely modelled, however it has to be recognised that such models are not generic, rather they reflect the particular process on a project. }, author_keywords={Safety in construction, performance measurement, feedback }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Milberg2004, author={Milberg, Colin and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Tolerance Mapping - Partition Wall Case Revisited}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/315}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712,510/289-2552, FAX 510/643-8919, cmilberg@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berke1ey.edu }, abstract={Geometric tolerances within a component and assembly combine to form closed loops based on the work-structure, i.e. the geometry, function, construction methods and construction sequence of the component, assembly or system. A tolerance loop is by definition overconstrained. Tolerance loops can cause fit-up or functional problems if the tolerances within the loop are inconsistent. Inconsistency is common because geometric tolerances are not given due consideration in civil systems design and construction. Milberg and Tommelein (2003) demonstrated how a combination of tolerance mapping and tolerance management techniques from manufacturing research, applied to the case of a simple partition wall, can help designers represent tolerance loops for different system workstructures. This tolerance mapping technique applied to the same case is herein expanded to include a different tolerancing system, representations of the magnitude of each tolerance and further breakdown of the tolerances by direction. The revised and more detailed mapping system is used to illustrate the benefits of the tolerance principles of datum reduction and consistency. The paper shows how the revised mapping system helps illustrate interdependencies within product and process designs and thus develops insights for better work-structuring decisions. The case is a simple one to illustrate the tolerance mapping system and provide a theoretical basis for application to more complex systems. }, author_keywords={Tolerances, Constructability, Work Structuring, Lean Construction }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Misfeldt2004, author={Misfeldt, Esben and Bonke, Sten }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Quality Control in Lean Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/316}, affiliation={Esben Misfeldt, (CEng) Construction Site Manager, MT Hojgaard a/s, Knud Hojgaards Vej 9, DK2860 S0borg, Denmark, +45 2270 9632, emt@mthojgaard.dk. ; Sten Bonke, (Sociologist MA) Associate Professor, Head of Section, Section for Planning and Management of Building Processes, BYG•DTU Department of Civil Engineering, Building 115, DK 2800 Lyngby, Denmark, +45 4525 1648, sb@byg.dtu.dk }, abstract={Quality control (QC) in lean construction is at the moment in an early stage of development. In fact, QC is nzot yet an integrated part of the overall concept of lean construction. This paper describes the guidelines for a QC system which is coherent with lean construction, and which takes the newest knowledge of lean construction and quality control theory into account. In the TrimByg-QC system [Lean Construction-Quality Control system] a large part of the quality control is executed by the building workers with only limited participation from the site management. When workers are controlling own work their general notion of quality is due to increase, and defects in quality are found and fixed faster than by traditional quality control. In this paper tools and routines for quality control of the site activities "realigning of floor slap panels" and "tamping of concrete elements" are reviewed on the basis of an empirical investigation. The analysis of the data shows that TrimByg-QC has a considerable potential for further testing and development. In connection to such further development six focus areas are identified and described. The future steps should encompass different aspects such as a continued development of the basic tools for worker-based QC and the consideration of legal aspects of building workers' role when controlling their own work. }, author_keywords={Quality Control, lean construction, managerial tools. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nakagawa2004, author={Nakagawa, Yoshitaka and Shimizuz, Yoshitugu }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Toyota Production System Adopted by Building Construction in Japan}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/317}, affiliation={Dr. Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Engineering Division, Toyo University, Saitama Prefecture, Japan, nakagawa@eng.toyo.acjp ; Managing director of Fukuda Corporation, simizu0048@dws.ikd.corjp }, abstract={This paper explains the lean construction system that adopts Toyota production system that is applied to building construction in Japan. The introduction of this system to construction site is limited. Only a few contractors and house building companies are introducing this lean construction system. ~ First, the paper explains the reasons why only a limited number of companies are introducing the lean construction system. The paper then describes the outline of this lean construction system, the effects of this adoption, and compares the details of this lean construction system, car production system, and the conventional construction system in Japan. How to eliminate waste and implement the PDCA cycle in this system are also shown. Finally, the paper explains the importance of education and incentive and motivation in order to obtain useful suggestions that will enhance lean construction. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Toyota Production System, PDCA, HT, Motivation, Incentive, Posting control board, Standard operating procedure doctnnents }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Olsen2004, author={Olsen, Willy and Ebbesen, Randi Muff and Wandahl, Soren and Bejder, Erik }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Activation of Hidden Resources: Experience from a Development Initiative in a Regional Area in Denmark}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/318}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Denmark, +45 9635 8956, wo@iprod.aau.dk ; Ph.D. student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Denmark, +45 9635 7113, randi@iprod.aau.dk ; Ph.D. student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Denmark, +45 9635 8989, soren@ iprod.aau.dk ; Associate Professor Ph.D., Department of Production, Aalborg University, Denmark, +45 9635 8950, i9eb@iprod.aau.dk }, abstract={Research for improvement of the effectiveness and the efficiency in the construction process has been in focus during the last 15 years. Although serious efforts have been made to disseminate the outcome of the research the effects seem limited. The Danish construction sector has an understanding of the necessity of improvements. However, many consider their knowledge about the latest initiatives and research results inadequate, presumably because they have difficulties linking the more theoretical approaches to their day-to-day work. A regional development initiative, BYGiNORD (in English: Build-in-the-North), started in the spring of 2003. Since then about 75 committed practitioners from the construction sector in the region have discussed new ideas and methods for improving the construction process. The discussions focus on the participants' everyday problems and their experience from practice and touch upon several issues encompassed by the concepts Lean Thinking and Lean Construction. Arrangements have been made for testing the ideas on regional construction projects in the next phase ofBYGiNORD. The experience indicates that there is a great potential for activating the often hidden resources within the construction sector itself and for creating rewarding work relations between academic institutions and practitioners in the construction sector. This paper elaborates on the experiences gained so far. They will be presented along with a discussion on how to activate a greater deal of the workforce as an important source of ideas that could stepwise improve the construction process. }, author_keywords={Learning region, action learning, lean construction, ownership, efficiency. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2004, author={Pasquire, Christine and Gibb, Alistair and Blismas, Nick }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Off-Site Production: Evaluating the Drivers and Constraints}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/319}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3UT UK. Phone+ 44 1509 222895, Fax+ 44 1509 223891, e.mail c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor, Department of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3UT UK. Phone + 44 1509 223097, Fax+ 44 1509 223891, e.mail a.g.gibb@lboro.ac.uk ; Lecturer, RMIT. Australia }, abstract={The decision making process used to evaluate to what extent a component or building system should be produced off-site is inadequate within the industry. Whilst the potential benefits of off-site production (OSP) are commonly cited when justifying an OSP approach, no clear method for assessing the applicability and overall benefit of these solutions exist. Common methods of evaluation simply take material, labour and transportation costs into account when comparing various options, often disregarding other cost-related items such as site facilities, crane use and rectification of works. These cost factors are usually buried within the nebulous preliminaries figure, with little reference to the building approach taken. Further, softer issues such as health and safety, effects on management and process benefits are either implicit or disregarded within these comparison exercises. Additionally, the factors that affect the suitability of OSP as a design solution are not formally defined, these are the factors that drive and/or constrain the design decision making. Case based research funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and Department of Trade and Industry in collaboration with eleven companies sampling over 200 people employed within the construction industry, examined these issues and developed a toolkit under the name IMMPREST4 • This toolkit facilitates the evaluation of the potential benefits of choosing one approach over the other. }, author_keywords={Pre-assembly, off-site production, drivers, constraints, benefits, measurement, value }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pennanen2004, author={Pennanen, Ari and Whelton, Michael and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={A Theory of Workplace Planning: General Principles and a Management Steering Model}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/320}, affiliation={Ph.D., Department of Architecture, University ofTampere, Finland. Project Manager and Workplace Planner, Haahtela Group, Helsinki, Finland, ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi ; Ph.D., Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, mwhelton@uclink.berkeley.edu ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a theory of workplace planning and a steering model to support the management of the facility planning process. The theory links workplace planning to production, not only to construction production, but also to the organization's general strategy. A spatial investment in an operation competes for the same resources as the other investments in the operations. Spaces are the scene of a temporal flow of operations and nonuse time. If waste of space for unneeded operations and waste of non-use-time can be reduced, more resources will be available for the other investments in operations, spatial or non-spatial. In the TFV theory of production value generation is viewed as a process where value for the customer is created through fulfillment of his requirements. This research suggests that also requirement identification should be included in production. Workplace planning is a process where valuable requirements for workplace production are determined through evaluating the values of stakeholders against the organization's strategy. The product of workplace planning for the rest of construction is the stakeholders commitment. The customer workplace is linked to a complex social system. The proposed steering model is based on dialogue between strategic and operational management. It is an application of closed loop control which operates on rapid feedback between stakeholders. The process encourages learning, group working and transparency. The steering model includes a procedure that models the customer's need for space based on the temporal and geometric factors. It gives the room schedule, functional possibilities and utilization degrees. It underlines accountability between decisions and outcomes. Achieving a final commitment of an organization is an iterative process of commitments, withdrawals and new approaches. The commitment drivers have been studied for steering model purposes. }, author_keywords={Commitment, complex systems, customer purpose, management steering, project definition, value generation, workplace planning. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Whelton2004, author={Whelton, Michael and Pennanen, Ari and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Fostering Collaboration and Learning in Project Definition: A Case Study in Workplace Planning}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/321}, affiliation={Ph.D., Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, whelton@cal.berkeley.edu ; Ph.D., Department of Architecture, University of Tampere, Finland. Project Manager and Workplace Planner, Haahtela Oy, Helsinki, Finland, ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Engineering & Project Management Program, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Effective project definition requires process conditions to support group collaboration and learning. This paper presents a case study showing how a project definition methodology provides such conditions. The case was selected because it offered the opportunity to compare traditional architectural programming with an alternative workplace planning approach. Traditional programming was not successful in controlling project needs within budget constraints and failed to produce a cost-feasible definition. The workplace planning approach was successful. The study shows how project stakeholders were enabled to work within project constraints. The case study shows the group learning about their various needs and the ability to fulfil those needs within project constraints. This study demonstrates a set of management practices that engage multiple stakeholders in collaboration that resolves the purpose of projects, often in environments where collaboration was not evident before. The ability of the workplace planner to steer the problem solving process is instrumental in facilitating group learning and the group's ability to make innovative changes in their operational functions and, in the workplaces required to perform those functions. Future research is proposed to develop and generalize the project definition methodology. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, customer needs analysis, dialogue, emergence, learning, project definition, purpose, shared understanding, value generation, workplace planning. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2004, author={Chin, S. and Yoon, S.W. and Jung, S.O. and Kim, Y.S. and Kim, C.D. and Choi, Y.K. and Chun, J.Y. and Lim, H.C. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={An Analysis of the Life-Cycle Curtain Wall Process Through Supply Chain Management}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/322}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg., Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, Phone +82-31-290-7568, Fax +82-31-290-7570, schin@skku.ac.kr ; Research Assistant, Arch. Engrg., Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, yoonsuwon@korea.com ; Assistant Professor, Architecture, Kyungbok College, Pocheon, Korea 487-717, sojung@kyungbok.ac.kr ; Professor, Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea 440-746, yskim2@skku.ac.kr ; Professor, Arch. Engrg., Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea 139-701, stpkim@daisy.kwangwoon.ac.kr ; Assistant Professor, Arch. Engrg., Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea, 156-743, ykchoi@ssu.ac.kr ; Associate Professor, Arch. Engrg., Dankook University, Seoul, South Korea, 140-714,jaeyoul@dankook.ac.kr ; Assistant Manager, R&D Dept., Daelim Industrial Co. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea, 110-732, hclim@dic.co.kr }, abstract={This paper presents a research project named "Automated life-cycle management system for curtain walls in high-rise buildings based on supply chain management," which is jointly performed by the consortium of universities and companies involved in curtain wall design, manufacturing, and construction in Korea. The objective of this research is to improve the efficiency of the current process through the application of SCM to the C/W life-cycle. In this paper, the research results at the early stage are presented with a focus on the analysis of problems and waste in the life-cycle of the curtain wall supply chain spanning from design to construction, and to operation and maintenance. The results show that most of the problems and waste are caused by poor collaboration, information sharing, communication, and coordination among actors in the supply chain of the project life-cycle. Finally, future research issues are briefly discussed. }, author_keywords={Curtain Wall, Process Model, Supply Chain Management, Value Stream Analysis, Information Management }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Picchi2004, author={Picchi, Flavio Augusto and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Construction Sites: Using Lean Principles to Seek Broader Implementations}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/323}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design. Av. Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, CEP 13084-971, Phone +55 19/3788-2082, FAX 19/3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br. ; Director, Lean fustitute Brazil, Rua Topazio 911, Sao Paulo/SP, Brazil, CEP 04105-063, Phone +55 11/5571-6887, FAX 1115571-0804, :fpicchi@lean.org.br }, abstract={This paper aims to evaluate Lean Thinking applications possibilities concerned with the construction job site flows, by identifying the potential of using lean principles to structure implementations, seeking broader results. From one hand, previous studies indicate that it is feasible to use lean tools and techniques in construction sites. On the other, poor implementations of lean concepts are often observed when tools are implemented in isolation, without a full lean system perspective. In a manufacturing environment, mapping the value stream is an essential step in creating a lean endeavor, generally followed by the implementation of flow and pull tools. The authors argue that using the five lean principles is a step in the right direction also on construction sites, enabling the discussion of Lean Thinking applications from a rather fragmented and isolated view to a strategic point of view. Finally, the authors suggest actions for implementing available lean tools as part of a broader perspective, based on lean principles. }, author_keywords={Lean Thinking, lean construction, construction management, construction site, flow and pull. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Polat2004, author={Polat, Gul and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Waste in Turkish Construction: Need for Lean Construction Techniques}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/324}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90-212-285-37-37; fax: +90-212-285-65-87; gpolat@ins.itu.edu.tr ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, gballard@leanconstruction.org and Associate Adjunct Professor, Project & Engineering Mgmt. Group, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley }, abstract={Waste has been considered to be a major problem in the construction industry. Not only does waste have an impact on the efficiency of the construction industry but also on the overall state of the economy of the country. Contractor firms have begun to seek ways of increasing their competitive advantage in global markets by removing all kinds of waste inherent in the construction process by means of implementation of lean construction techniques. The Turkish construction industry also encounters severe problems resulting from huge amounts of waste. This paper aims to identify the main waste causes in the Turkish construction industry in order to establish an initial framework for future studies to develop methods for prevention and elimination of waste causes inherent in the construction process. For this purpose, a survey of 116 contractors, 30 of which are also project consultants, was conducted. The survey revealed the types and frequencies of waste in the Turkish construction industry. Once the main waste causes are identified, a set of recommendations are proposed for eliminating waste inherent in the Turkish construction industry. }, author_keywords={Materials waste, time waste, waste causes, lean construction techniques }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2004, author={Ballard, Glenn and Reiser, Paul }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The St. Olaf College Fieldhouse Project: A Case Study in Designing to Target Cost}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/325}, affiliation={Glenn Ballard is Research Director for the Lean Construction Institute and Associate Adjunct Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu. ; Paul Reiser is VP of Quality and Productivity Improvement at the Boldt Companies, preiser@boldt.com }, abstract={Consumer product development uses a technique called 'designing to target cost' to systematically improve product profitability. In brief, a manufacturer sets a cost for a product to be developed that will allow an acceptable profit given the price that product is expected to fetch in the market. That target cost for the product is then split into target costs for each functional system within the product. In effect, the 'buyer' is setting the price he is willing to pay for each system. This can be extended to subsystems and components, and even to parts of components where the relevant buyer is able to impose on or negotiate prices with their suppliers. Target costing is used in the initial development of a product, in subsequent product modifications, and in the manufacturing of the product throughout its life, where the focus shifts to the production processes themselves. Designing to target cost is very likely done in some form in construction, but is not well documented and could potentially benefit from a more systematic approach. The Boldt Company very successfully introduced a form of target costing at the facility system level on a design-build project, the St. Olaf Fieldhouse project. This paper presents a study of the Fieldhouse project intended to reveal the potential for positive impact on project performance of designing to target cost, and to support the need for further research into target costing. It concludes with recommendations for next steps in developing a methodology for designing to target cost in the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Contingency, cost, cost control, cost management, design, designing to target cost, lean enterprise, project financial management, target cost, target costing }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2004, author={Sacks, Rafael }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Towards a Lean Understanding of Resource Allocation in a Multi-Project Sub-Contracting Environment}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/326}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., 840 Rabin Building, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8293190, Fax +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion. ac.il }, abstract={For many reasons, subcontracting is prevalent throughout the construction industry. Multiple subcontractors each perform work on multiple projects simultaneously. Each subcontractor strives to win sufficient jobs so as to ensure a ready supply of available work; each project manager strives to control the subcontractors on his/her project to maintain cost- and schedule-compliance, often pushing them to perform even when conditions preclude efficient or quality work. Construction subcontracting suffers the ills of traditional push workflows, but the problem for individual projects is exacerbated by subcontractors optimizing their workload across multiple projects, creating a snowball effect of growing instability for each individual project. Much of the research and implementation of lean construction has been carried out within the conceptual boundary of a single project or a single value stream. This paper proposes a multi-project, multi-subcontractor approach aimed at developing better understanding of workflow from the subcontractors' point of view, and contributing to development of a multi-project and multi-sub-contracting theory of production in construction projects. It attempts to define the questions, scope and methods for the research. A solution approach using an economic model is proposed. The long-term goal is to enable development of sub-contracting relationships and management procedures that harness the potential for both contractors and sub-contractors to benefit. }, author_keywords={Subcontracting, multiple projects, theory, resource allocation, lean construction. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salem2004, author={Salem, O. and Genaidy, A. and Luegring, M. and Paez, O. and Solomon, J. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={The Path from Lean Manufacturing to Lean Construction: Implementation and Evaluation of Lean Assembly}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/327}, affiliation={Head, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210071, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, Phone +1 513/556-3759, FAX 513/556-2599, osalem@uc.edu ; Associate Professor and Graduate Program Director, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Nuclear Engineering, 633 Rhodes, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0072, Phone +1 513/556-6299, FAX 513/556-4999, genaidam@uc.edu ; Vice President, Messer Construction Co., 5158 Fishwick Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45216, mluegering@messer.com ; Graduate Student, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Nuclear Engineering,, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0072, Phone+ 1 513/497- 4649, FAX 513/556-4999, paezor@email.uc.edu ; Graduate Student, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, Phone +1 513/621-6718, FAX 513/556-2599, solomoje@email.uc.edu }, abstract={Since the early 1990's, the US construction industry has taken interest in the application of lean production as a new theoretical framework. The IGLC has provided a new set of tools to improve project performance measures (e.g., productivity, quality, and safety). This article compares the techniques developed for lean assembly with those of lean manufacturing. It also introduces an assessment tool implemented by a general construction project in Ohio, USA. This assessment tool comprises six elements: Last Planner, Increased Visualization, Huddle Meetings, First Run Studies, FiveS's, and Fail-Safe for Quality. The successful understanding and impact of this tool emphasizes the need for a simple and comprehensive approach that is transferable to any construction project. }, author_keywords={Lean assessment, performance tracking, construction tools, manufacturing tools. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2004, author={Santos, Aguinaldo dos and Kristmann, Virginia Borges and Fischer, Suzana }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Assessing Total Value Requirements on Low Income Houses in Brazil}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/328}, affiliation={Professor, Head of the Design Department, Federal University of Paraná, Ed. D. Pedro I, Rua General Carneiro, 460, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 41 3605360, asantos@cesec.ufpr.br ; Professor, Mechanical Engineering Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, CESEC, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 41 3615360, vkistmann@ufpr.br ; Researcher, Civil Construction Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 41 3605360, pescador@bbs2.sul.com.br }, abstract={The present paper explores the implications of the various value dimensions on the design of low-income houses using Holbrook’s value typology. The case study involved an in-depth investigation on 40 houses chosen through a non-probabilistic approach within a single building project in Brazil. The study has brought insights on other dimensions of value that are often neglected on the construction literature. The researchers concluded that houses have to be considered as a comprehensive product that cannot be divided in separated parts during the design briefing. Similar to what happens in the car industry, value requirements for furniture, curtains, carpets, and all other products that take part on the building, need to be evaluated all together in order to obtain a briefing that best describe the customer value. That should be the case even if the construction company does not deliver the other products of the building. In the case of low-income housing projects, this approach can enable an increase the perceived value without necessarily an increase in cost. }, author_keywords={briefing, design process, developing countries }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saukkoriipi2004, author={Saukkoriipi, Lasse }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Perspectives on Non-Value Added Activities: The Case of Piece-Rate in the Swedish Construction Industry}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/329}, affiliation={Master of Science, Building Economics and Management, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins gata 6, SE-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden, +46 (0)31-7721964, lasse.saukkoriipi@bem.chalmers.se }, abstract={One strategy to reduce the costs of building projects is to reduce non-value added activities. This paper describes the concept of non-value added activities by using three separate theoretical concepts: lean production, activity-based costing and management, and poorquality costing. The piece-rate system is one part of many building projects that includes several non-value added activities. These piece-rate related activities are used as a case to elucidate how the three concepts can affect the amount of non-value added activities. }, author_keywords={Non-value added activity, lean production, activity based costing and management, poorquality costing, piece-rate, building project }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppanen2004, author={Seppanen, Olli and Kankainen, Jouko }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Empirical Research on Deviations in Production and Current State of Project Control}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/330}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 21B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland, E-mailjouko.kankainen@hut.fi }, abstract={Line-of-balance is a visual scheduling method which is suitable for construction projects because of their high degree of repetition. Line-of-balance allows the planner to explicitly account for flow of a project. To help effective project control line-of-balance enables drawing of actual lines next to the original plan. This allows for analysis of deviations during implementation. Forecasts can be made by continuing the actual lines with the same slope to show the total effect of deviations. If the forecast lines collide with each other, there will be problems as many crews will be working in the same physical space at the same time. In this paper the main types of deviations and their effects are described with line-ofbalance figures. Possible control actions and their effectiveness are examined. The prevalence of deviations and problems with production flow are shown by analysing the implementation on real projects which have the actual lines drawn next to the planned ones. The production rate deviations and interruptions of project flow were quantified. The main result of the research was that controlling of production and actively reacting to deviations is ineffective even if production start prerequisites exist. As a consequence, the production start prerequisites are lost for the succeeding tasks and the work flow is broken. The actual Lineof-Balance figures show graphically the resulting chaotic situation. }, author_keywords={Line ofbalance, scheduling, schedule control, flow, control actions, deviations }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Junnonen2004, author={Junnonen, Juha-Matti and Seppanen, Olli }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Task Planning as a Part of Production Control}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/331}, affiliation={Researcher, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, FIN-02015 HUT, Finland, E-mailjuha-matti.junnonen@hut.fi ; PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 21B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi }, abstract={The execution of a construction project requires production planning and control to be performed with different levels of accuracy. In master plans, the overall progress of the whole construction project is planned and controlled. For practical implementation, site management requires more detailed plans. This can be achieved with the help of task planning, a method of planning which begins from what should be done. and examines in detail how the time, cost, and quality objectives can be achieved. Task planning is related to look-ahead planning in the Last Planner System™. Task planning is performed before the beginning of the task. The execution of the task is planned in detail and considered from six angles: analysing potential problems, scheduling, costs, quality requirements and quality assurance, the prerequisites for the task, and ensuring the progress of the task. The objective of task planning is to ensure that the task can be started on time, that the requirements of the owner can be met, and that the master schedule can be implemented as planned. Task planning also ensures that the supervisors and workers know the objectives and demands ofthe task and how the implementation of these objectives and demands has been planned. This requires the results of the task plan to be examined together with the workers who participate in the task, e.g. in quality circles. Task planning can also be utilised in the drafting of subcontracts and delivery contracts. In this paper the connection between project master plans and task plans is described. The principles on which the making and use of task plans are based are described. }, author_keywords={Task planning, scheduling }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsen2004, author={Simonsen, Rolf and Bonke, Sten and Walloe, Pernille }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Management Innovation Brokers}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/332}, affiliation={PhD student, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Construction Management, Danish Technological Institute, Process & IT, rolf.simonsen@teknologisk.dk ; Associate Professor, Technical University ofDenmark, Department of Construction Management, sb@byg.dtu.dk ; Project Manager, Lean Construction-DK, Danish Technological Institute, Process & IT, pemille. walloe@tekno logisk.dk }, abstract={Lean Construction is a relative new management approach in Danish construction. This paper describes the journey of Lean Construction into the Danish construction sector. Lean Construction is viewed as a management concept and this paper will focus on the role of innovation brokers in the innovation process. Our intention is to show that brokers - and in this case: Lean Construction brokers- have a profound influence on how, where and when a new management concept will penetrate the construction industry. The story of Lean Construction entering Denmark is told - from the first ideas in public funded development programmes through the ongoing development in a few, leading edge construction companies and through the work of a network of brokers to the recent launch of a Danish Lean Construction Institute (Lean Construction-DK). The case is matched against established theories on the innovation process and the role of brokers. It is concluded that the innovation process in this case has been multi-levelled and emergent and has depended on several different types of brokers at different stages and with different roles. Also the case indicates that Lean Construction is well on the way to institutionalisation in the Danish construction sector. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, management concept, innovation brokers, innovation process, network }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsen2004, author={Simonsen, Rolf and Koch, Christian }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Shaping Lean Construction in Project Based Organizations}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/333}, affiliation={PhD Student, Danish Technological Institute (Lean Constuction-DK) / Technical University of Denmark, Phone: +45 7220 2251, rolf.simonsen@teknologisk.dk ; Associate Professor, Technical University of Denmark, The Section for Planning and Management of Building Processes, Bygning 115, DK-2800 Lyngby, Phone: +45 4525 1649; ck@byg.dtu.dk }, abstract={In this paper Lean Construction is viewed as a management concept and the journey into a construction company is viewed from four perspectives; social shaping, organizational politics, organisation theory and institutionalism. Common in those perseptives is that the management concept is socially constructed and negotiated. The journey of the concepts implies that they (and their surroundings) are changed during the implementation. It can therefore seldom be expected that two different domains would shape a concept in the same way. Also construction is a project-based industry. It has previously been shown how implementation of Lean Construction is a partly project specific process. This paper will present findings from ongoing empirical work in collaboration with a large Danish contractor. The work is related to the contractor's work with implementing Lean Construction in the company and how to implement it into the construction projects on site. It is discussed how certain actors have a mediating and communcating role between various communities in the company. We term these actos brokers. Lean Construction is shaped in this process, where also explicit and implicit stregies and cultures of the organization interact with the concept and its brokers. Projects are crucial units in a contractor's organisation, which play a partly independent role in the enterprise organisation. It is analysed how Lean Construction is changed when adapted on construction projects as results of the organisation's implementation strategy(ies), the will and skill of the project managers and other factors. }, author_keywords={Lean Constructio, Brokers, Social Shaping, Project Implementation, Management Concept }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2004, author={Filho, Jose Nilton Oliveira and Solbeman, Lucio and Choo, James }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Sequential Analysis of Reasons for Non-Completion of Activities: Case Study and Future Directions}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/334}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 3142 Newmark Civil Engrg. Lab., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, Phone +1 217/333-2071, foliveir@uiuc.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 3129C Newmark Civil Engrg. Lab., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, Phone +1 217/333-4759, FAX 217/265-8039, soibelma@uiuc.edu ; Product Development Leader, Strategic Project Solutions, Inc. P.O. Box 2835, San Francisco, CA 94126- 2835, Phone+ 1 415/362-3200, Fax + 1 415/362-3210, jchoo@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={Reliable work flow in production processes are of utmost importance to the successful completion of construction projects. Although a perfectly reliable work flow is unlikely to occur due to the inherent variability of production in construction, assignments should be measured and monitored, and causes for non-realization should be investigated in order to mitigate negative impacts of variability. Lean construction principles have been applied effectively in several projects and the identification of common problems demonstrated usefulness in the decrease of variability. However, the discovery of the main or primary causes of those problems and their impact on the whole project still continue to be a vague and obscure issue. The purpose of this paper is to first present a case study where a methodology to discover sequences of common non-conformances was studied and applied to a project database. Such sequences might be an indication of frequent patterns where one error category might have influenced subsequent ones. Then, the difficulties faced in this study and the relevance and importance of integrating project and external data sources for causal data analysis and knowledge discovery will be discussed. }, author_keywords={Sequential analysis, pattern recognition, data mining, knowledge discovery. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nielsen2004, author={Nielsen, Anni Schmidt and Thomassen, Mikkel Andreas }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={How to Reduce Batch-Size}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/335}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, MSc. MT H0jgaard a/s, Knud H0jgaards Vej 9, DK-2860 S0borg Phone +45 3954 4000, nil@mthojgaard.dk ; Project Manager. MT H0jgaard a/s, Knud H0jgaards Vej 9, DK-2860 S0borg Phone +45 3954 4000, mlt@mthojgaard.dk }, abstract={One of the key elements of lean is the elimination of internal inventories along the production line. However, even though the benefits from reducing inventories theoretically are well described (increased learning, visible bottlenecks and reduced capital costs and production time etc.), the concept is not easily introduced at the construction site. Thus, this mainly empirical paper aims at investigating the question: "How can significant reduction in batchsizes be achieved at the construction site". More precisely it is investigated if reduced building time is a way of forcing a reduction in batch-size at the construction site. In order to answer this question, two projects carried out by MT H0jgaard are used as case studies. Both projects have been subject to considerable reduction in the building period, although for different reasons. The paper at one hand illustrates, partly due to reduced batch-size, that it is possible to make significant reductions in construction durations and at the same time maintain and perhaps improve quality, cost and work environment on site. At the same time the case studies show that it is dangerous to reduce building time if the right contingencies are not in place. In particular, the way project management handles time pressure is of essence in this respect. The involvement of the construction crews working on site in the decision making and ongoing planning seem to be far a more efficient way of handling time pressure than by centralizing decisions at the project management level and as part of this increase the amount and richness of time schedules. Hence, this study supports the idea that The Last Planner System has an important role to play in reducing batch-size in construction. The possibility of designing activities in ways where fewer hand-overs are needed is an important way of gaining time. Experience from previous projects is also of vital importance as it allows subcontractors to be honest about their real time consumption. In this way, the case studies suggest that there is a positive interaction between reductions in building time and batch-size on one side and The Last Planner System together with the concepts of partnering and supply chain management on the other. }, author_keywords={Buffer management, work structuring, implementation, lean construction, fast track projects, last planner system }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huang2004, author={Huang, Chun-Nen and Yi, June Seong and Russell, Jeffrey S. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Time Study on Two-Echelon Supply Chain for Steel Framing Construction by Using Networking Simulation Model}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/336}, affiliation={Associate Research Fellow and Division Chief, Ph.D. of Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison, Division of Technology Application, Taiwan Construction Research fustitute, 11F, No. 190, Sec.2, Chung-Hsing Rd., Hsintien, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., Phone +866-2-98195099, FAX +866-2-86659747, chunneh@tcri.org.tw ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Ewha Womans Univ., 11-1 Dahyun-Dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea, Phone +82-2-32773517, jsyi@ewha.ac.kr ; Professor, Department of Civil and En vir. Engrg., Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison, 2304 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 U.S.A., Phone +1 608/262-7244, FAX 608/265- 9860, russell@engr. wisc.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a case study to discuss the application of Supply Chain Management (SCM) concept to the structural steel construction industry. The impact of scheduling and resources distribution were identified and examined by using the following methodologies: 1. Time Study and 2. Networking Simulation Models. Echelon I-steel-manufacturing phase: a simulation model has been developed based on the time study of steel beam fabrication in steel shop. This mock-up model can enables us to observe and study the different facets of its productivity, scheduled utilization, and production cost on different batch sizes. Echelon II-construction job site phase: a CYCLONE simulation model has been developed based on two precedent studies: the time study of beams and columns erection under this model, which is simulated for the entire erection process, and the assessment of productivity and production cost over each task. This study has shown the fact that the project of using the design-build (D/B) delivery process has obtained higher productivity and lower production cost than that of using the design-bid-build (D/B/B) delivery process. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, steel framing construction, time study, networking simulation. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2004, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Creating Work Structuring Transparency in Curtain Wall Design}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/337}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLauglin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/593-4884, FAX 510/643-8919, ccytsao@cal.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLauglin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Work Structuring is a means to align supply chain, product, process and operations designs in the course of project delivery. A challenge is to be able to recognize Work Structuring issues as they emerge, especially during design development. Participants in design coordination meetings typically use meeting tools such as agendas, CPM schedules, electronic whiteboards, 2-, 3-, or 4-dimensional drawings, and large scale physical mock-ups to identify and resolve problems. We introduce a methodology to capture Work Structuring issues that surface during design development. To demonstrate our methodology, we describe a case study involving the design development of a stone-on-truss curtain wall for a six-story research facility. Since we developed the methodology remains to be tested on future projects. }, author_keywords={Work Structuring, collaboration, process mapping, stone-on-truss curtain wall, stone panels, aluminum extrusions, insulating glass. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos2004, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Sexton, Martin and Cooper, Rachel and Kagloglou, Mike }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Evaluation of Product Development Process Models Focusing on Their Implementation}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/338}, affiliation={Architect, M.Sc., Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, Tel:+ 44 (0161) 2954284 FAX + 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Associate Head for Organisational Development, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, Tel:+ 44 (0161) 2954284 FAX+ 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: M.G.Sexton@salford.ac.uk ; Director of the Adelphi Research Institute for Creative Arts and Sciences; University of Salford, Centenary Building, Peru Street, Salford M3 6EQ, UK, e-mail: r.cooper@salford.ac.uk ; Centre manager, University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Meadow Road, Salford, M7 9NU, UK, FAX + 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The need for improving product development performance within the construction industry is widely aclrnowledged. In response to this challenge, different process models have been developed by academia and industry to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the design and construction activity. However, the effective and widespread adoption and use of process models has been limited, and the benefits resulting from these endeavours have been ambiguous at best and not existent at worst. This paper presents a framework for evaluating product development process (PDP) models focusing on their implementation. This framework has been tested in a case study carried out on a manufacturing company that have successfully implemented a PDP model for more than 10 years. The paper concludes that the role of PDP models should be defined as means for learning rather than means for control if successful implementations are to be achieved. }, author_keywords={Product development, process model, evaluation, implementation }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2004, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Tong, Michael K.L. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Understanding Construction as a Complex and Dynamic System: An Adaptive Network Approach}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/339}, affiliation={Doctorate candidate, Centre for Process Innovation in Building and Construction, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, E-mail r.vrijhoef@bk.tudelft.nl; Research consultant, TNO Building and Construction Research, The Netherlands ; Doctorate candidate, School of the Built and Natural Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, UK, E-mail mto@gcal.ac.uk }, abstract={Construction can be characterised as a specific type of project industry, with specific features concerning the production, such as temporality, bounded location, and one-off products. The industry can be analogised as a nexus from which parties connect in temporary "project networks" bringing together numerous production factors needed for specific projects. In this paper, construction is viewed from an adaptive network perspective, bringing together various conceptual angles. The adaptive network approach is based on the emergence of flexible patterns in a quasi-structured manner. It attempts to assist in the control of fixed patterns whilst relying on self-regulation, which, in practice, often leads to chaos. In a construction environment, which differs from that of manufacturing, production systems need to be adaptive to changes from both inside and outside of the system, but need to reduce the inherent risk of chaos caused by the unstable nature of the production environment of construction. The management challenge for these types of production environments is to balance between a minimum level of predictability and controllability with a maximum level of flexibility and emergence. The adaptive network approach is discussed to be an appropriate model for the effective management of construction projects. }, author_keywords={Adaptive network approach, construction, emergence, complexity, industrial dynamics }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Walsh2004, author={Walsh, Kenneth D. and Bashfordz, Howard H. and Sawhneys, Anil }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Production Rate - Construction Quality Relationships in Us Residential Construction}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/340}, affiliation={AGC—Paul S. Roel Chair in Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92l82—l324, TEL:6l9/594·09l l, FAX: 619/594-8078, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287- 0204, TEL: 480/965-4513, FAX: 480/965-1769, h0wa1‘d.bashford@asu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287- 0204, TEL: 480/965-7417, FAX: 480/965—l769, anil,sawh11ey@asu.edu }, abstract={Little’s Law describes the relationship between throughput, cycle time, and work-in-progress (WIP) for a process. This relationship has been shown to apply over a long time horizon in production or "high-volume" residential construction, wherein specialized trade contractors perform related sequences of work in a tightly connected production system. This finding suggests new approaches might be needed in construction management, and that other relationships from production mechanics could apply to construction operations. The dramatic and rapid workload variability in residential construction makes direct application of Little’s Law in real-time problematic, but more importantly fosters flexible crewing that confounds definition of utilization. Trade contractors employ very few crews directly, and have wide networks of additional crews they can bring on line, with ever less knowledge of their ability and quality of production. As a consequence, one might hypothesize that work- in-progress and/or throughput would exhibit a relationship to construction quality. Residential building permit and inspection data from a major residential market were analyzed to confirm the existence of such a relationship. This analysis reveals a larger question about the reasons for code compliance inspection failure and their implications for identifying production system waste. }, author_keywords={Residential constmction, Production mechanics, Variability, Code Compliance Inspections }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wandahl2004, author={Wandahl, Soren }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Value Carriers in a Construction Project - How Different Are They?}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/341}, affiliation={Ph.D.-student, Department of Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstaede 16, DK 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark, +45 9635 8989, soren@wandalh.net, www.wandahl.net/phd }, abstract={In recent years focus on the human aspect of the building process has increased in 'real life' and within the world of research on construction management. A new culture that views construction as social systems, both on the site and in the management is flourishing. It is, therefore, important to develop an understanding / a theory that supports this new culture. One aspect of this new culture is the indiviudal's values. It is often said that the construction industry is tradition-bound and that the parties are locked in specific roles. This influences values of the individual and his/hers perception of value in general. These values are brought into the project organization by each individual, or are they? This paper is built on a hypothesis, which states that the different legal parties in a construction project organization have different perceptions of value, and that they, thereby, carry different values into the project. One of the main pillars of Value-Based Management states that by influencing an individual's value and by creating a common shared set of values, it is possible to improve the outcome of the production. Therefore, it is important to gain knowledge about the 'value carriers'. To test the hypothesis, three experiments are carried out, of which two are set-ups with construction industry practitioners, and the third is more an analysis of a former experiment. The analysis is of a construction project where ideaas of partnering and Value-Based Management were tested. This construction projected ended last year. }, author_keywords={Value, Social systems, Culture, Value-Based Management, Soft skills. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Walsh2004, author={Walsh, Kenneth D. and Sawhney, Anil }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Agent-Based Modelling of Worker Safety Behavior at the Construction Workface}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/342}, affiliation={AGC-Paul S. Roel Chair in Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Deiego, CA 92182-1324, TEL: 619/594-0911, FAX: 619/594-8078, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-0204, TEL: 480/965-7417, FAX: 480/965-1769, anil.sawhney@asu.edu }, abstract={A great deal of research has been directed toward developing intervention strategies for improving safety performance in construction. While the construction research community has become more enlightened about the degree to which accidents can be blamed on workers, nonetheless it must be acknowledged that a certain amount of risk-taking by workers is often involved. This behavior seems contrary to self-interest, because while the consequences to the project or the employer have been measured economically, the consequences of an incident to the worker are more direct, immediate, and severe. In spite of this perceived action against interest, incidents still occur. To consider possible connections between employer attitudes regarding production and reward systems put in place by the employer and resulting worker behavior, an agent-based simulation experiment was conducted. In this experiment, different employer attitudes and reward systems could be modeled and expeienced by a population of workers with variable degrees of native production ability and risk-tolerance, while these workers conduct operations on a simulated project site of spatially-variable danger. By using an agent-based approach, local and random interactions and events can occur and lead to emerging measures for the entire system, in much the same way that local interactions lead to a gross metric such as incident rate. The emperiment demonstrates a link between employer attitudes and reward structures and the distribution of risk-tolerance in the worker population. The impact of interactions between workers and the level of dnanger at the site is considered. }, author_keywords={Construction safet, agent-based modeling, simulation, risk tolerance. }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Court2005, author={Court, Peter F. and Pasquire, Christine and Gibb, Alistair and Bower, David }, editor={ }, title={“Lean” as an Antidote to Labour Cost Escalation on Complex Mechanical and Electrical Projects}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={3-11}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/343}, affiliation={Research Engineer, Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, p.court1@btinternet.com ; Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK. c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, a.g.gibb@lboro.ac.uk ; Principal Fellow, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, UK, bowerdjer@aol.com }, abstract={This paper represents “work-in-progress” as part of a collaborative research project being undertaken at the Centre for Innovative Construction Engineering for anEngineering Doctorate at Loughborough University, UK.Theprogramme isfundedbytheEPSRCandissponsored byamajor UKmechanical and electrical contractor (the company). The project will have specific objectives, which will be capa- bleofmakingasignificantcontributiontotheperformanceofthecompany.Thatis,thetaskswillben- efit the company whether or not the Engineering Doctorate was being undertaken. It will not be a “student” project, which has only been selected to keep the research engineer busy, nor will the tasks be at the margin of the company’s interest. In the mechanical and electrical (M&E) sector in the UK, labour cost is one of the largest variables which can have a direct influence on the financial outcome of a project. Actual labour cost incurred has a dependency upon the productivity achieved on site, which in turn is dependant upon the conditions that prevail on that site. For a major UK M&E contractor, labour cost has escalated to such an extent that margin slippage has occurred. Margin slippage can be defined as the negative variation between the expected margin (gross profit) for aproject whenacquired, andthe final margin whenthe project is finished. Consequentially, the company, as part of a performance improvement initiative, have the objective of developing lean techniques to overcome the causes of the cost escalation—poor productivity, and see this research project and implementing lean as a result of it, as a vehicle to deliver the improvement. This paper will propose that lean techniques, when imposed upon a project, can be an antidote to the causes of poor productivity, and therefore prevent labour cost escalation, along with its impact on the project’s final profitability. These lean techniques, known as “interventions”, are applied to a case study project with positive results in terms final labour cost and margin. }, author_keywords={Margin slippage, Productivity, Labour, Mechanical sector, Electrical sector. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Macomber2005, author={Macomber, Hal and Howell, Gregory A. and Reed, Dean }, editor={ }, title={Managing Promises With the Last Planner System: Closing in on Uninterrupted Flow}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={13-18}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/344}, affiliation={Principal, Lean Project Consulting, Inc., 36 Kirkland Drive, Andover, MA 01810-2809, Phone +1 978/470-8994, hmacomber@leanproject.com ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, PO Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340-1003, Phone +1 208/726-9989, FAX 707/238-1369, ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Lean and Virtual Building Coordinator, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, CA 94063, Phone +1 650 474-1450, deanr@dprinc.com }, abstract={TheLast Planner System has been in use for about 10years. During that time the basic structure of the system is unchanged. However,the practices for using the LPShave continued to evolve. In our paper Linguistic Action: Contributing to the Theory of Lean Construction we showed how the structure and usual practices of the LPS creates the situation for making promises reliably. In a following paper Leadership and Project Management: Time for a Change from Fayol to Flores we introduced our un- derstanding of management and the actions needed to change to support operating a project as a net- work of commitments. Inthispaperwebuildonthelanguage-action perspective toproposeakeysetofdistinctions andset of practices for delivering promises on a reliable basis; we call that managing promises. The combination of promising reliably and managing promises creates a basis for designing production systems that are robust to the remaining breakdowns in the project setting bringing us closer to the lean thinking ideal of uninterrupted flow. }, author_keywords={Language (linguistic) action perspective, Network of commitments, Project flow }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2005, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Revisiting the Three Peculiarities of Production in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={19-27}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/345}, affiliation={Centre for Process Innovation in Building and Construction, Delft University of Technology; TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, PO Box 49, NL-2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands, Phone +31 15 2763138, Fax +31 15 2763024, E-mail ruben.vrijhoef@tno.nl ; Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Greater Manchester, M7 1NU, UK, Phone +44 161 2954622, Fax +44 161 2954587, E- mail L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Compared to many other industries, construction is a specific type of project industry with certain pe- culiarities influencing the characteristics of constructed products, ways of production, and the indus- try itself. Previously three major peculiarities of production in construction have been discussed, i.e. site production (i.e. organising the production around the product dependent on outdoor conditions), temporary production organisation (e.g. fragmented supply chain), and one-of-a kind product (e.g. de- sign-to-order project-based production). Many times, particularly within the realms of lean construc- tion, the basic hypothesis has been that these peculiarities lead to variability and thus to waste, and low performance levels in terms of productivity and value delivery to clients. Inversely, lean construction should be aimed at the banning of waste, thus reduction of variability, and thus the reduction or even resolution of peculiarities. In this paper, the peculiarities of production in construction are discussed and whether they always cause problems, whether they are always leading to waste, and whether they always can and need to be reduced or resolved. Some examples of solutions resolving or reducing certain peculiarities are given, such as modular housing, pre-engineered buildings and off-site production. Based on the examples, the effects and costs of reduction and resolution of peculiarities are discussed. To conclude it is discussed whether construction must and can always be improved by resolving the peculiarities, and at what cost. It is concluded that peculiarities should be resolved when they are not needed. However, before to decide to do so, the additional costs or even the potential value loss that may be caused by peculiarities must always be related to the whole life costs and value of the object built, and the extra costs and efforts for resolving the peculiarities. Finally, issues for future research are given. }, author_keywords={Construction, Peculiarities, Repetitiveness, Resolution, Waste }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2005, author={Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Construction: One Type of Project Production System}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={29-35}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/346}, affiliation={Research Director for the Lean Construction Institute and Principal in Strategic Project Solutions. gballard@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={The application of lean concepts and techniques to construction often seems to be driven by the idea thatconstruction is,orshouldbe,atypeofmanufacturing. IntheU.S.,andbroadlyintheinternational community, lean construction has been taken up with the idea that the project is a more fundamental form of production system than the factory. For the author, construction is one of many types of pro- jects for which theorists and practitioners are developing theory and tools, alongside air and sea ship- building, performing arts productions, software development, product development, fabrication (job) shops,oilfielddevelopment,healthcaredeliveryandworkordersystemssuchasplantmaintenance. This paper reports developments in thinking since the author’s 1998 IGLC paper on this topic, including a critique of the current model for categorizing production systems, specification of conditions in which job shops can be redesigned as flow lines, a critique of the value concept derived from Gilbreth’s model of flow and waste, and the role of buffers in experimentation and learning. }, author_keywords={Designing, Production, Project, Project production system, Value, Waste }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2005, author={Koskela, Lauri and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={On the Metaphysics of Production}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={37-45}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/347}, affiliation={University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, tel. + 44 (0)161 2956378, e-mail: l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; University of Salford, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, tel. + 44 (0)161 2953855, e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Sincethepre-Socratic periodofphilosophy,therehavebeentwobasicmetaphysical views.Oneholds that there are substances or things, that is, atemporal entities in the world. The other insists that there are processes, that is, intrinsically temporal phenomena. These metaphysical assumptions tend to strongly influence how the subject of the inquiry or action isconceptualized.Thething-oriented viewseemstoleadtoanalyticaldecomposition,therequirement or assumption of certainty and an ahistorical approach. The process-oriented view is related to a holistic orientation, acknowledgement of uncertainty and to a historical and contextual approach. It can be argued that production is intrinsically a process oriented endeavour. However, an analysis of current conceptualizations and methods shows that it is the thing-oriented view on the world that has dominated the research and practice of production management. The resulting mismatch between the assumed nature and true nature of production has arguably led to major generic failures of production management. As a conclusion, it is contended that the discipline of production management has to seriously address the metaphysical issues confronting both practitioners and scholars. }, author_keywords={Metaphysics, Production, Substance, Process }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kärnä2005, author={Kärnä, Sami and Junnonen, Juha-Matti }, editor={ }, title={Project Feedback as a Tool for Learning}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={47-55}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/348}, affiliation={Researcher, Construction Economics and Management, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, Finland, Phone +358 9 451 5034, sami.karna@hut.fi ; Research Manager, Construction Economics and Management, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, Finland, Phone +358 9 451 3745, juha-matti.junnonen@hut.fi }, abstract={In construction, project feedback has often been seen primarily as a means to measure customer satisfaction. Even though the measurement of customer satisfaction is an important factor, feedback information also has other purposes, for example, it highlights the frailties of the operations. With the help of the feedback information, companies can uncover development targets and develop their own competencies and co-operation competencies. Thus feedback information is also a vehicle for sharing knowledge about experiences and good solutions and thereby operates as a part of knowledge mechanism and learning. Construction can be characterized as a specific type of project industry, with specific features concerning production, such as temporality, bounded location and one-off products.From the point of view of learning, the uniqueness and temporality of the project organization bring their own challenges and difficulties. In this article we concentrate on how those challenges and difficulties can be overcome with the help of feedback information.The questions of this paper are defined as follows: • How does the uniqueness and temporality of a project organisation affect the learning processes? • How can feedback be used to intensify knowledge transfer and learning for the parties of the construction project? }, author_keywords={Feedback, Customer satisfaction, Learning organization }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emmitt2005, author={Emmitt, Stephen and Sander, Dag and Christoffersen, Anders Kirk }, editor={ }, title={The Value Universe: Defining a Value Based Approach to Lean Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={57-64}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/349}, affiliation={Hoffmann Professor of Innovation and Management in Building, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. se@byg.dtu.dk ; MTHøjgaard A/S, Denmark. dsa@mthojgaard.dk ; NIRAS, Consulting Engineers and Planners, Denmark. akc@niras.dk }, abstract={Value is the end-goal of all construction projects and therefore the discussion and agreement of value parameters is fundamental to the achievement of improved productivity and client/user satisfaction. The word ‘value’ tends to be used rather loosely in daily practice. Similarly, terms and interpretations vary within construction management literature. The aim of this paper is to put forward a number of definitions that may be used in a common language for discussing and implementing value through lean construction. Value creation and value delivery are clearly defined within a four-stage model that maps key process functions. Mapping the process provides a framework in which to highlight the differences between value-based management, value management and value engineering activities. The concept of external and internal values is also introduced. The model described is being implemented on pilot projects in Denmark, by consultants NIRAS and contractors MTHøjgaard. The model is grounded in extensive practical work and underpinned by theoretical constructs. }, author_keywords={Boundary conditions; Communication; Culture; Definitions; Value based management }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2005, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Approaches to Managing Complexity in Project Production}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={65-71}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/350}, affiliation={Roennebaervej 10, lejl. 108, DK 2840 Holte, Denmark. sven@bertelsen.org ; The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M7 1NU, United Kingdom. l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Since the seminal contribution by Shewhart, the dominating approach to production is to minimize all variation in order to get the productive activities into control. Thus, the goal is to avoid all such complexity and uncertainty which could disturb this tight control. This approach is applied in lean production,which is considered to be the superior production template of today.It has to be noted that usually our concepts, for example “waste”, are based on this understanding of production. However, there are production situations with inherent complexity and unpredictability not least in project production. The primary goal of the paper is to chart and analyze the different approaches available for coping with these situations. Four different strategies are identified and discussed: reducing complexity, codifying procedures, learning to improvise and buffering. A secondary goal of the paper is to discuss whether and how the conceptual framework in production management should be further developed for taking these different approaches to project complexity into account. }, author_keywords={Complexity; Project production; Project management; Waste }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2005, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Emmitt, Stephen }, editor={ }, title={The Client as a Complex System}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={73-79}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/351}, affiliation={Sven Bertelsen, Management Counselor within the field of Lean Construction (sven@bertelsen.org) ; Stephen Emmitt, Architect and Hoffmann Professor of Innovation and Management in Building, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (se@byg.dtu.dk) }, abstract={Construction is a process of delivering value to the client through a temporary production system, which consists of elements shared with other projects. The completed work is a one-of-a-kind product assembled at a temporary production facility, the site. This is a very complex production system that has been studied extensively over a number of years. Some members of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC) have recently used the complexity point of view to try to understand this system and to create guidelines on how to better manage it. The production system is, however, only one part of the process. The other part, and one worthy of more extensive investigation, is the client. The term ‘client’ tends to imply a person or a well-defined body of persons that act as a single entity. In the majority of projects this is not the case. The ‘client’ is a representative for a number of—often conflicting— values,interests and time perspectives. A closer look can reveal that the client is just as complex as the production system. This paper examines the characteristics of the client as well as the customer-supplier relationship in the built environment, where a better understanding of client complexity may help to deliver value to a wider range of stakeholders. }, author_keywords={Client, Complexity, Stakeholders interests, Value, Design }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2005, author={Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={ }, title={Modularization — a Third Approach to Making Construction Lean?}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={81-88}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/352}, affiliation={Sven Bertelsen is a Danish management counsellor within the field of Lean Construction (sven@bertelsen.org) }, abstract={Every construction project is characterized by being complex.This complexity causes high variability in the flows and one approach to mange this kind of production is to use situation based management approaches such as Last Planner. However, another approach is to reduce the complexity of the site production by turning the building into a product, which can be manufactured in permanent facilities, where lean production is usable and make the site-work an installation mainly.This is seen in the manufactured home industry. In recent Danish discussions these two approaches has coined these two different approaches ‘the process strategy’ and the ‘product strategy’ respectively. However, a third approach to making construction lean is modularization. By this the complex system is divided into easily manageable and clearly defined functional modules than can be developed, designed, manufactured and installed as small scale projects in an easier to manage assembly construction process. This approach has since IBM’s ground breaking modular development of the 360 series of computers proved a very fruitful route to manage complex product development and manufacturing. Experiences from a full scale Danish development program indicate that the benefits of modularization observed in manufacturing may also be obtainable in certain parts of construction. Looking closer into the development of the construction process reveals that modularization already exists to some extent,but that the potential benefits of this approach have not at all been explored and a few only have looked in detail into the nature of a construction process based on such systems. The paper investigates the process and the product strategies to managing complexity in construction and suggests a third strategy based upon the use of modularization. It proceeds by looking at the IBM360 development process and not least its consequences for the computer industry, and it then presents some ideas on how an approach to modularization in construction may be made. }, author_keywords={Modularisation, complexity, prefabrication, manufacturing, management }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koerckel2005, author={Koerckel, Andre and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Return on Investment in Construction Innovation — a Lean Construction Case Study}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={91-98}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/353}, affiliation={Implementation Leader, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery Street, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362-3200, email: akoerckel@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; Dr. Ballard is an Associate Adjunct Professor at the University of California, Berkeley; Research Director of the Lean Construction Institute; and principal of Strategic Project Solutions Inc., e-mail: ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The construction industry has frequently been criticized for not investing enough in innovation. This relates to both the managerial changes and technological developments required to support this innovation. Extending Lean Manufacturing techniques into the production based environment on one of Europe’s largest and most complex construction projects, Strategic Project Solutions, Inc. (SPS) has worked in collaboration with the joint venture contracting group and the project client to establish new business processes and implement web-based tools which enable workflow control (SPS Production Manager) and management of materials (SPS Materials Manager) at the production level.Further,this process innovation has been coupled with product management in the form of 3D digital prototyping. The outcome of this effort has demonstrated significant tangible and intangible benefits, outweighing the initial investment and further establishing a movement toward innovation that can be extended to other projects across the continent. This paper will act as a case study focusing first on the project challenges;physical,managerial,and contractual. It will then outline the success factors for the implementation of production control, illustrating the process undertaken. Unique case studies within the project will be used to reveal tangible results which exceed industry norms, and also to outline the intangible benefits that contribute to the overall results. These results will then be summarized into learning for the construction industry as a whole }, author_keywords={Innovation, Material management, Production control, Return on investment, Workflow }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bulhões2005, author={Bulhões, Iamara Rossi and Picchi, Flavio Augusto and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis }, editor={ }, title={Combining Value Stream and Process Levels Analysis for Continuous Flow Implementation in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={99-107}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/354}, affiliation={PhD student, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, iamara@fec.unicamp.br ; Professor, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, and Director, Lean Institute Brazil. Av. Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, CEP 13084-971, Phone +55 19/3788-2082, fpicchi@fec.unicamp.br ; Professor, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design. Av. Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, CEP 13084-971, Phone +55 19/3788-2082, FAX 19/3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br }, abstract={This research focuses on the use of concepts and tools of Lean Thinking seeking the implementation of continuous flow in construction. An exploratory case research approach was used in the work. Such study was carried out in a construction site of a resort in the northeast region of Brazil. Taking as a basis literature and successful implementation path used in other industries, a combined analysis was used, first in value stream level and second in processes level. As result of this research, Value Stream Maps (VSM) of the execution of the standard apartment was drawn for a sample of services, including dry wall and ceramic tiling. The maps made possible an organized discussion about the applicability of important lean concepts, such as: takt time, cell production, etc. Line of Balance, Operator Balance Charts and Standardized Work Combination Table were analysed to improve flow.As conclusion,the path of implementation suggested in lean literature and used in several other industries presented interesting potential considering this case study and encourages future studies using and detailing this approach. }, author_keywords={Continuous flow, Value stream maps, Operator balance chart, Standardized work combination table }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khalfan2005, author={Khalfan, Malik M. A. and Asad, Salman and McDermott, Peter }, editor={ }, title={Towards Demand and Supply Management in Construction Industry}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={109-115}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/355}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the Built and Human Environment, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Manchester, M7 1NU, UK, E-mail: M.M.A.Khalfan@Salford.ac.uk ; Amey plc, The Sherard Building, Edmund Halley Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX4 4DQ, UK ; Centre for Construction Innovation, CUBE Building, 1st Floor, 113-115, Portland Street, Manchester, M1 6FB, UK }, abstract={Managing of supply and demand is becoming more and more important within recent construction management research and practices. The concept of aggregation is now being introduced not only to manage the supply of the construction services by the downstream supply chain participants, but at the same time, the concept of aggregating the demand is being adopted by leading clients to make most out of service providers and suppliers in terms of value. This concept of aggregation or bundling the supply and demand could be seen in practice within the UK construction industry. One of the elements which contributed towards the aggregation is the integration of the supply chain participants to adopt and respond to the current market situation. This paper will not only discuss the concept of aggregation but will also talk briefly about the other supply chain integration related concepts including client led supply chain, knowledge about the whole supply chain, effects of procurement on integration of supply chain, etc. The paper will also include examples from the UK construction industry on bunsupply chain, etc. The paper will also include examples from the UK construction industry on bundling the supply and demand. The paper will also include the recommendations/suggestions for aggregation in the light of some reports published in the UK. The paper also argues that lean practices could be adopted in managing demand and supply of services and products within the construction industry but trust, integration and collaboration among the supply chain participants are pre-requisite. }, author_keywords={Aggregation, Integrated supply chain, Demand and Supply management }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasqualini2005, author={Pasqualini, Fernanda and Zawislak, Paulo Antônio }, editor={ }, title={Value Stream Mapping in Construction: A Case Study in a Brazilian Construction Company}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={117-125}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/356}, affiliation={Master in Business and Administration at PPGA/EA/UFRGS, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil, fepasqualini@terra.com.br ; Professor at PPGA/EA/UFRGS, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil, pazawislak@ea.ufrgs.br }, abstract={Since 1993 the ideas of Lean Production have been introduced in construction, creating Lean Construction. Although studies have demonstrated good results from the introduction of Lean Production in construction, these efforts have turned into a specifically isolated implementation, limiting possibilities of improvement along the value flow. A tool that has been widely used in manufacture, as a way to initiate a systemic implementation of Lean Production, is called Value Stream Mapping (VSM). Because VSM represents the main principles of Lean Production, makes it possible to identify throughout the value flow the main problems and process wastes, and to consider action for improvement. Aiming to introduce the ideas of Lean Production in construction in a more systematic way, identifying its main problems and proposing actions for improvement throughout the value flow, this article describes the modifications and application of the VSM in a Brazilian construction company. Modifications of VSM were necessary due to the difference between manufacture and construction. Through its application it was possible to identify problems and to consider some actions for improvement, turning it into a more fluid production, with fewer stops and increasing the planned flow versus the accomplished one. }, author_keywords={Value stream mapping, Systemic implementation }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Toolanen2005, author={Toolanen, Bengt and Olofsson, Thomas and Johansson, Jan }, editor={ }, title={Transparency and Cooperation—Essential Factors of Lean Contracting}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={127-133}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/357}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Tech Lic., Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden Bengt.Toolanen@ltu.se ; Professor, Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden Thomas.Olofsson@ltu.se ; Professor, Div of Industrial Environment, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden Jan.Johansson@ltu.se }, abstract={Managing the growing extent of fast, complex and uncertain construction projects is in many ways the focus within prevalent Lean Construction theories. An essential prerequisite to get a more effective and lean construction process is to use adequate procurement models to promote innovation and cooperation. This paper presents a study of how different project related prerequisites affect the choice of performance, remuneration and cooperation models when contracting. The results are based on a field survey among professional construction clients with the purpose to investigate how different factors such as short lead time, market competition, different kinds of uncertainties and strategic considerations are affecting the contracting process. Choosing the performance model is mainly connected to the distribution of responsibility of the design between the client and the contractor. However, project oriented and external factors can also impact this decision, e.g. lead time for project execution, technical complexity and lack of interested bidders increases the usage of design and build types of contracts. Decisions of remuneration and cooperation models are highly connected to the risk management of projects where short lead time, poor competition and different kinds of uncertainties are present. Under these circumstances and when the client wants to participate strategically in the construction process, transparent models of remuneration and cooperation during a partnership are favoured. }, author_keywords={Procurement models, Project types, Lean contracting, Relational contracting, Field survey. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valence2005, author={Valence, Gerard de }, editor={ }, title={Production Theory and Construction Productivity}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={135-141}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/358}, affiliation={Senior lecturer, School of Construction, Property and Project Management, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway NSW 2007, Ph: 612 9514 8758, g.devalence@uts.edu.au }, abstract={The theory of production applied to the construction industry has been typically based on management theories, and the application of the economic theory of production is less common. The economic theory of production focuses on features of the demand for factors of production (inputs) and output of commodities to develop input and output functions. The issues involved on the input side are concerned with the technical constraint of production processes that determine the cost base, and on the output side with the structure of markets where prices and revenues are determined. This paper focuses on the input side. The purpose of the paper is to discuss properties of construction production technology in the context of the economic theory of production and the production function. The paper then discusses the role of technical progress and shifts in the production function due to the adoption of new techniques which affect the production process or change input/output relationships. }, author_keywords={Theory of production, Productivity, Production function }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Woksepp2005, author={Woksepp, Stefan and Olofsson, Thomas and Jongeling, Rogier }, editor={ }, title={Design Reviews and Decision-Making Using Collaborative Virtual Reality Prototypes: A Case Study of the Large-Scale MK3 Project}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={145-152}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/359}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, MSc. Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, and NCC Construction Sverige AB, NCC Engineering, SE-405 14 Gothenburg, Sweden, Phone +46 31 7715046, FAX +46 (0) 31 771151188, Stefan.Woksepp@ncc.se ; Professor, Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491362, FAX +46 (0) 920 491913, Thomas.Olofsson@ltu.se ; PhD Candidate, MSc. Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 (0) 702 702543, Rogier.Jongeling@telia.com }, abstract={LKAB, a large mining company in Sweden, is investing 290 million Euros in a new pelletizing plant in Malmberget, Sweden (MK3). The complexity of the project, the number of actors involved and the desire to involve end users such as industrial workers responsible for the future plant operations in the design makes VR an excellent enriched source of communication in the design review process. This paper describes a practical approach to facilitate decision-making, coordination and to communicate client requirements in the design review process using a number of collaborative VR (Virtual Reality) prototypes of the plant including the construction and installations. The model based working methods that are used in the case study is discussed in the context of lean construction. The case study shows that the use of VR has increased the value for the client and the reliability in the design process. VR mock-ups have also minimized the waste in the production phase by eliminating collisions between the different designs. Even though the Partnering concept facilitates the cooperation between the different stakeholders the main cause for the intense information flow and willingness to share the information has been the time pressure forcing the different design teams to act concurrently. }, author_keywords={Virtual Reality, Design review, Decision-Making, Collaborative working environments, Client requirements, Concurrent engineering. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khanzode2005, author={Khanzode, Atul and Fischer, Martin and Reed, Dean }, editor={ }, title={Case Study of the Implementation of the Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS) Using Virtual Building Technologies on a Large Healthcare Project}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={153-160}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/360}, affiliation={Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA and Business Analyst, DPR Construction, Inc, 1450 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, CA USA 94063, atulk@stanford.edu OR atulk@dprinc.com ; Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Director Center of Integrated Facilities Engineering (CIFE), Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, fischer@stanford.edu ; Chief Planner and Lean Construction Coordinator, DPR Construction, Inc. 1450 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, CA 94063, deanr@dprinc.com }, abstract={This case study presents the preliminary findings of implementing the Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS) using the Virtual Building Technologies on a 250,000 square-feet, $100M, Healthcare project in California, USA. This project is unique as it is the first time that Virtual Building technologies like 3D and 4D CADare being used in conjunction with the LPDS on such a large Healthcare facility in the USA. This study is part of an ongoing research project to study how Virtual Building Technologies can be applied on projects using the LPDS. In this paper we discuss how the project used Virtual Building Technologies, specifically 3D and 4D CAD and the LPDS during the early design phase of this project. We specifically discuss the following issues: • Organization of the Project Team for the implementation of LPDS using 3D / 4D technologies • Challenges & Benefits of using the 3D / 4D technology and LPDS on the project • Development of new Metrics to track project performance using 3D / 4D tools • A brief Guideline for implementing LPDS using 3D / 4D CAD technologies This paper is part of ongoing research and should provide a summary to the practitioners in the industry of how Visualization technologies like 3D and 4D CAD can play an important role in applying the LPDS on complex construction projects. }, author_keywords={Visualization, 3D / 4D CAD, Lean Project Delivery System }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Loría-Arcila2005, author={Loría-Arcila, José H. and Vanegas, Jorge A. }, editor={ }, title={Issues Affecting the Flow of Information During the Design Phase of Affordable Housing Developments}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={161-169}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/361}, affiliation={Professor and Academic Secretary, School of Engineering, Avenida Industrias no Contaminantes por Periférico Norte S/N, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, (999) 941-0195, FAX (999) 941- 0189, larcila@tunku.uady.mx ; The Fred and Teresa Estrada Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Program, School of Civil and Envir. Engrg., 790 Atlantic Dr.; SEB Building, Room 328, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, (404) 894-9881, FAX (404) 894-5418, jvanegas@ce.gatech.edu }, abstract={This paper presents the results of a research project that investigated the major issues affecting the flow of information during the design phase of affordable housing developments in Southeastern Mexico. A qualitative approach was selected for the research. Specifically, the case study mode of inquiry was chosen to investigate a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, based on the following sources: documentation, archival records, direct observation, and primarily, in-depth interviews. The findings indicate that the design process of affordable housing developments follows informal channels of communication, does not promote participation from other professionals involved in the process, does not incorporate lean or constructability concepts, and shows evidence of errors and generation of waste. Furthermore, the flow of information is perceived differently by each member of the design team, lacks a framework of reference, and primarily, shows substantial evidence of informality. Based on the results of the study it was possible to identify information flow patterns within the design team, and most importantly, to develop an information framework for the process, which was validated by the design team. This study provides direction for experimentation and creation of new design practice in affordable housing developments. }, author_keywords={Information flow, Design, Affordable housing, Case study }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rischmoller2005, author={Rischmoller, L. and Alarcón, L.F. }, editor={ }, title={Using Lean Principles as a Framework to Study Information Technology in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={171-178}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/362}, affiliation={Director, School of Construction, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Talca, Chile, E-Mail: lrischmoller@utalca.cl ; Professor, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: lalarcon@i_Hlt65167490n_Hlt65167490g.puc.cl }, abstract={Information Technology (IT) in Construction is currently a hot topic in research and practice. However, there is need for a theoretical framework to support the analysis of how IT impact construction processes. Research developed by the authors, that considered participation of the first author in IT implementation in real projects, explored the relationship between design and production theory principles, and the prevalent (transformation) and new production models (flow and value). A Transformation-Flow-Value (TFV) model of the design process provided important basis to understand the forces of change that IT offers to the construction industry, describing the impact of Computer Advanced Visualization Tools (CAVT) and attaining a synergistic effect between IT and Lean Principles. The research combined empirical evidence with lean theoretical background and developed a quantitative framework based in Freire and Alarcón (2000) and a qualitative framework adapted from Koskela (2000) to analyze the impact of IT CAVT. This paper presents both frameworks and discusses how the impact of IT CAVT to the design and construction processes can be studied using Lean Principles as a theoretical framework. }, author_keywords={Lean Principles, Information Technology }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsson2005, author={Simonsson, Peter and Carlswärd, Jonas }, editor={ }, title={Evaluation of a GPS Support System for Fleet Management Control}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={179-186}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/363}, affiliation={MSc., Department of Civ. and Env. Eng., Technical University of Luleå, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 (0)920-491000, peter.simonsson@ltu.se ; MSc., Betongindustri AB, Liljeholmsvägen 30, 100 74 Stockholm, Sweden, Phone +46(0)86256200, jonas.carlsward@betongindustri.se }, abstract={Delivery precision and fleet optimisation are highly prioritised within the ready mix concrete industry. Introducing a Global Positioning System (GPS) for logistic steering and planning provides a tool to make improvements on these areas. Such a system is presently under evaluation at a ready mix concrete supplier in Stockholm, Sweden. The system consists of GPS receivers in the trucks that send relevant information via the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) net to a server. A direct effect of implementing a GPS system is that the plants and the order central will be able to better control the whereabouts of the concrete trucks. As a result it will be possible to decrease the waste time at the plants. Another result is that the ratio of usage of concrete trucks will increase, leading to cut-downs in the truck fleet. It is further believed that the lead-time at work sites can be reduced as the delivery precision is improved. By eventually letting the contractor be a part of the system the possibilities for a good production planning at the work site will increase and the non-value adding activities will decrease due to reduced waiting time. The article presents findings from a pilot study in Stockholm, Sweden. An important ambition is to find out if the system gives the expected benefits. The customer value is evaluated through interviews and time measurements. }, author_keywords={GPS system, Waste time, Fleet optimisation, Non-value adding activities, Pilot Study, Production }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Henrich2005, author={Henrich, Guilherme and Tilley, Paul and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Context of Production Control in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={189-198}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/364}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc., MBA, Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 1NU, UK, Phone +44 (0161) 2954143, FAX +44 (0161)2954587, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, M. Proj. Mgt., Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 1NU, UK, Phone +44 (0161) 2954143, FAX +44 (0161)2954587, p.a.tilley@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 1NU, UK, Phone +44 (0161) 2956378, FAX +44 (0161)2954587, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={It is commonly accepted that production control systems should correspond to the context within which they are operating, i.e. the production situation. However, rarely is this context indicated or made explicit; for example, the boundary conditions or the range of validity of a particular production control method. Thus, it is the aim of this paper to analyze how the production context could more sys- tematically be taken into account when determining which production control system to use. Whilst it is acknowledged that contextual issues can be approached in a variety of ways, this is dependent on the perspective being considered (e.g. from a management hierarchy perspective, or a process stage perspective). This investigation looks at context from a process stage perspective and firstly considers the major production control approaches (such as CPM, Line-of-Balance, Last Planner System and Critical Chain) to determine their range of validity. Secondly, we endeavour to identify a typology of production control situations (ideal types), together with a suggestion for production control in each case. Finally, we attempt to deconstruct production control into its constituent elements and evaluate the alternative suggestions at this elemental level in relation to their contextual assumptions. In the paper, all three approaches are discussed and illustrated, based on prior literature and field observations. }, author_keywords={Production control, Methods, Typology, Decision functions. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2005, author={Arbulu, Roberto and Koerckel, Andre and Espana, Fernando }, editor={ }, title={Linking Production-Level Workflow With Materials Supply}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={199-206}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/365}, affiliation={Implementation Leader, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery Street, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362 3200, email: rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; Implementation Leader, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery Street, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362 3200, email: akoerckel@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; Business Development, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery Street, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362 3200, email: fespana@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={In traditional construction practice, work is done through functional silos such as planning and logistics. Typically, the planning department (or team) creates baseline schedules that drive procurement and logistics operations. Ensuring that materials are available for installation when scheduled is traditionally the objective of buyers or procurement personnel, members of another functional silo. The material management process is decoupled from work flow, potentially affecting the overall project delivery process. Lack of materials on site when required, lack of the ‘right’ materials on site, and accumulation of material inventories are just some of the types of waste generated by these practices, hampering performance through delays, low quality workmanship, cost overruns, and poor safety levels on sites. This paper presents a solution that uses Strategic Project Solutions’ (SPS) lean tools for production control (SPS Production Manager) and material management (SPS Material Manager) to improve transparency and performance across value streams, minimizing waste through the link of production- level work flow with material supply. Case studies are presented reporting better reliability of supply and demand due to a greater visibility across the value stream. Further benefits include a reduction of inventories on site, increased collaboration in the supply chain, realization of just-in-time material deliveries, and significant cost benefits. }, author_keywords={Inventory, Just-in-time, Material management, Production control, Pull, Value stream, Workflow }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nakagawa2005, author={Nakagawa, Yoshitaka }, editor={ }, title={Importance of Standard Operating Procedure Documents and Visualization to Implement Lean Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={207-215}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/366}, affiliation={Dr. Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Division, Toyo University }, abstract={In a previous paper (Nakagawa 2004), the author emphasized that standard operating procedure documents (SOPD) are important for implementing lean construction. This paper explains the need for SOPD, the conditions required of SOPD, and the factors that hamper the introduction of standard operating procedures at construction sites. The paper then explains how visualization is effective for introducing standard operating procedures at construction sites and achieving objectives in scheduling, quality, costs, and safety. Specifically, visualization in construction sites is discussed by considering the difference between manufacturing factories and construction sites. Finally, the paper explains visualization procedures, suggests that a PDCA circle using visualization and SOPD are essential for motivating kaizen (improvement). It also suggests that a strong commitment by top management is required to prevent stereotyped work. }, author_keywords={Toyota Production System, Standard operating procedures document, Visualization, PDCA, Kaizen }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2005, author={Sacks, Rafael and Goldin, Maxim and Derin, Zvika }, editor={ }, title={Pull-Driven Construction of High-Rise Apartment Buildings}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={217-226}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/367}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., 840 Rabin Building, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8293190, Fax +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, goldm@technion.ac.il ; Head, Project Planning and Control Dept., Danya-Cebus Construction Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel. }, abstract={Construction of high-rise apartment buildings is made complex by the myriad possibilities for clients to adapt their apartments to suit their individual needs and preferences; traditional construction planning practice of progressing upwards from floor to floor breaks down in the face of the arbitrary sequence in which clients finalize their decisions. The results are long cycle times for delivery of completed apartments and corollary high levels of work in progress (WIP), budget and schedule overruns, and general dissatisfaction with the process on the part of the contractors, subcontractors and the clients. This paper presents a management model that applies lean thinking to this problem. The model was first formulated in theory, then tested using a management simulation game, and subsequently developed for practical application by a dedicated team composed of university researchers and construction company personnel. It is now being tested in a large construction company. }, author_keywords={Pull-driven flow control, High-rise buildings, Residential construction }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Granja2005, author={Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Picchi, Flavio Augusto and Robert, Gabriel Torrano }, editor={ }, title={Target and Kaizen Costing in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={227-233}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/368}, affiliation={Professor, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design. Av. Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, CEP 13084-971, Phone +55 19/3788-2082, FAX 19/3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ; fpicchi@fec.unicamp.br. ; Director, Lean Institute Brazil, Rua Topázio 911, São Paulo/SP, Brazil, CEP 04105-063, Phone +55 11/5571- 6887, FAX 11/5571-0804, fpicchi@lean.org.br ; Postgraduate research student, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, gabriel.robert@bwu.com.br }, abstract={Target costing has been pointed out as a powerful strategy of lean manufacturing companies’ interaction with suppliers. In fact, recent academic and corporate literature show that target costing has a wider role in the lean business system, driving product development and production activities, when combined with kaizen costing. This research aims to develop a framework taking together these two matching approaches, providing a basis of a total cost-management system during the project’s life cycle. The main idea is to first design the project to an allowable cost consisting of the difference among target price meeting customer’s expectations and the desired profit. Cost-reduction interventions should be not restricted to the design phase; they proceed to the construction phase where a continuing series of kaizen activities are needed to achieve great product performance and, at the same time, assuring value for the customer at a lower cost. Combining target and kaizen costing is a powerful approach for construction firms performing in a competitive market, by assuring value for the customer at a low but still profitable price. }, author_keywords={Target costing, Kaizen costing, Cost reduction. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mitropoulos2005, author={Mitropoulos, Panagiotis ‘Takis’ }, editor={ }, title={‘Planned Work Ready’: A Proactive Metric for Project Control}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={235-242}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/369}, affiliation={Assistant professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287. Email: takism@asu.edu. }, abstract={Traditional project controls use “percent complete” and “earned value” to assess the project status. These metrics compare the amount of work completed (DID) against the work planned to be complete (SHOULD) and indicate if the project is on or behind schedule. This paper proposes a “proactive” project control metric that is based on the Last Planner’s lookahead process. The proposed metric is “Planned Work Ready” and indicates what portion of the work in the lookahead plan is expected to be ready as planned in the lookahead horizon (CAN vs. SHOULD). The metric does not include only work that is ready at that point in time, but also work that is expected to be ready as planned with a high degree of confidence. This metric indicates the “momentum” of the project and in combination with percent complete and PPC it can provide better indication of schedule performance. The paper discusses how the metric is defined, ways to quantify the metric, its relationship with other metrics (such as percent complete and PPC), and the assessment of the forecast after the fact, in order to improve the “make ready” process. }, author_keywords={Project Controls, Performance metrics, Lookahead, Make-Ready process, Constraints. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kenley2005, author={Kenley, Russell }, editor={ }, title={Dispelling the Complexity Myth: Founding Lean Construction on Location-Based Planning}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={245-251}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/370}, affiliation={Professor of Construction. School of Built Environment, Unitec New Zealand, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, New Zealand, Phone +64 9815 4321 (7374), FAX +64 9815, rkenley@unitec.ac.nz }, abstract={There has been a recent trend toward believing that projects are complex, unpredictable and that control systems of late intervention such as Last Planner are necessary to solve the problem. The complexity assumption is challenged in this paper, and it is shown that the some of the apparent complexity arises from a simple mathematical problem which is easily resolved—and thus better planning becomes not only possible but a better solution. A complex refurbishment project is used to illustrate the different approaches and to show where apparent complexity arises. It is then shown how under normal planning methods the sites are asked to resolve an intractable problem. They do their best, but they have been let down by the planners. }, author_keywords={Flowline, Complexity, Chaos, Location-based, Scheduling. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2005, author={Seppänen, Olli and Kenley, Russell }, editor={ }, title={Using Location-Based Techniques for Cost Control}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={253-261}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/371}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd., Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 29B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi ; Professor of Construction. School of Built Environment, Unitec New Zealand, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, New Zealand, Phone +64 9815 4321 (7374), FAX +64 9815, rkenley@unitec.ac.nz }, abstract={Performance measurement is an important component of lean-based management systems, however cost management systems or analysis have largely been applied at a high level and have not attempted to measure or model the production cost impacts of disruption on a lean project. While it is important to develop systems for practical site management, it is equally important to ensure that such systems can accommodate mainstream performance measurement systems. In this paper, the performance system known as Earned Value Analysis is adapted to a location-based method for planning and controlling work known as flowline or line-of-balance. The resultant method for forecasting cash flow, modeling the costs of interference and controlling costs, is described. The method is compatible with location-based scheduling methods. It uses location-based quantities and their unit prices as starting data. Because the location-based quantities are also used in developing the flowline schedule, the start and finish date for each quantity is also known. This information can be used to calculate cash flow more accurately than previously. In the preplanning phase, quantity estimates and estimated prices are used to create a location-based cost estimate. During the production phase, more accurate quantity data is available and prices from contracts can be used directly to arrive at a first cost forecast, before commencing the work. When the work is being done, cost controlling can be done by surveying the actual quantities of each location. The cost forecast is then updated based on these actual quantities and using the contract prices. The location-based schedule forecast can be used to forecast overhead costs and to forecast costs of interference. The paper contributes to our understanding of monitoring and control in a flowline-based management system in a lean-construction methodology. It also demonstrates that effective locationbased control of the payment system allows better management of sub-contractors during production. }, author_keywords={Cash flow, Earned value, Cost forecasting, Cost control, Flowline, Location-based }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2005, author={Seppänen, Olli and Kenley, Russell }, editor={ }, title={Performance Measurement Using Location-Based Status Data}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={263-269}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/372}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd., Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 29B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi ; Professor of Construction. School of Built Environment, Unitec New Zealand, Private Bag 92025, Auckland, New Zealand, Phone +64 9815 4321 (7374), FAX +64 9815, rkenley@unitec.ac.nz }, abstract={Much attention has been placed on measuring performance of activity completion in Lean literature, using techniques such as Percentage of Planned Activities Completed (PPC). Originally intended as one component of measuring plan execution, along with measures of Planned Productivity, PPC has been extensively researched but Planned Productivity has been neglected. Using a lean methodology based on location-based scheduling enables an alternative performance measurement system. This paper proposes a method which makes possible the gathering of large amounts of performance data without too much effort. The method is an important contribution to the available suite of lean methods. Performance measurement using location-based status data is a method which has much in common with earned value analysis, and is able to use the progressive performance through each location of the project as the unit of measurement. The equivalent indicator to PPC is provided by measuring against the planned completion of a location. Furthermore, before commencing work the site checks the actual quantities in each location. Planned Productivity is measured during implementation, with the start date and finish date, actual quantities and average resources used in each location being recorded. This information can be used to calculate actual productivity. The location-based data gives the ability to measure within tasks, revealing not just completion of stages as in PPC, can measure against Planned Productivity. The actual productivities can be used to forecast problems in the future and to evaluate the feasibility of alternative control actions. In addition, the location-based actual information combined with the original Bill-of-Quantities and schedule reveals the erroneous assumptions made during preplanning and facilitates learning on future projects. }, author_keywords={Flowline, PPC, Performance measurement, Location-based. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2005, author={Seppänen, Olli and Aalto, Erno }, editor={ }, title={A Case Study of Line-of-Balance Based Schedule Planning and Control System}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={271-279}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/373}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Ltd., Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 29B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail olli.seppanen@dss.fi, website www.dss.fi ; MSc, Project Engineer, NCC Construction Ltd. Mannerheimintie 103A, FIN-00280 Helsinki, Finland, E-Mail: erno.aalto@ncc.fi, website: www.ncc.fi }, abstract={Line-of-Balance is a graphical technique which can be used to plan and manage work flow. It is suitable for construction projects because of their large degree of repetition. Despite its strengths Line-of- Balance has not gained widespread use in construction industry internationally. However, it has been used as the principal scheduling tool in Finland since 1980s. As a result of two decades of research and use in industry, a comprehensive schedule planning and control system has been developed around location- based techniques. A computer software has facilitated implementation in construction companies. This paper describes a case study of 15,000 m2 office building project using location-based methods for schedule planning and control. Master schedule is based on Bill of Quantities where quantities have been calculated based on the project’s Location Breakdown Structure. Before implementation, different schedule alternatives were evaluated based on risk of interference, total duration and cost. During construction, the master schedule sets constraints on lower level task schedules, which were used to ensure the continuity of work for crews on a more detailed level. The master schedule was not updated even when there were deviations from the original plan. Instead the task plans were updated to catch up with the original schedule. This prevented the problems from accumulating in downstream production. In this case study the combination of PPC measurement (calculating the percentage of weekly assignments complete) and task planning was piloted. Weekly plans were made by combining assignments from all the task schedules. If the starting constraints had not been removed the task plan was updated to assess the effect on total production and to plan control actions. PPC measurement was found to improve task plan reliability. Benefits of the approach included better schedule control and possibility to examine how deviations from weekly plans affected the total schedule. Task planning provides information about how long a master schedule task actually reserves a location. This information can be used in planning master schedules of similar projects in future. }, author_keywords={Line-of-Balance, Scheduling, Task planning, Production control }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tilley2005, author={Tilley, Paul A. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Design Management—a New Paradigm for Managing the Design and Documentation Process to Improve Quality?}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={283-295}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/374}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation in the Built & Human Environment, Bridgewater Building, University of Salford, Salford M7 1NU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 161 295 4143, Fax +44 161 295 4587, P.A.Tilley@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Poor design and documentation quality has been identified as being a major factor in reducing the overall performance and efficiency of construction projects as well as being directly responsible for many projects running over budget, over time and being plagued with rework, variations and disputa- tion. Recent studies show that this problem is not only widespread, but continues to get worse in spite of the negative impact it’s having on the construction industry. In a similar way, project management deficiencies have also been shown to have a negative impact on construction process efficiency. However, by adapting Lean Production principles and viewing construction in terms of “production” as opposed to “transformation”, the concept of Lean Construction has been promoted as being successful in improving overall construction process efficiency, by improving the management of construction project operations. Whilst recent studies into design and documentation quality problems have focused on a variety of external factors (ie. design fees, design time, procurement methodology, ICT, etc.), as being the key to improving overall quality, this paper investigates whether the way in which the design process is managed, may provide more immediate and easily measurable results. Lean Design Management (LDM)—the introduction of “lean production” principles to the process of design—has been promoted as a new paradigm by which the design process can be made more efficient and better quality outcomes achieved. As part of an ongoing study into “theory-based lean project and production management”, this paper reviews the LDM approach to determine how new it really is and whether its implementation has the potential to achieve the design and documentation quality improvements required. }, author_keywords={Lean Design Management, Design and Documentation Quality }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Björnfot2005, author={Björnfot, Anders and Stehn, Lars }, editor={ }, title={Product Design for Improved Material Flow—a Multi-Storey Timber Housing Project}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={297-306}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/375}, affiliation={Tech. Lic., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, FAX +46 920 491091, anders.bjornfot@ltu.se ; Prof., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491976, FAX +46 920 491091, lars.stehn@ltu.se }, abstract={Understanding of construction has evolved to include a deeper understanding of its mechanics; in addition to traditional on-site work involving the manufacturing of building products—industrial construction. One of the most important aspects of any industrial process is flow of materials and resources. Using empirical data from a unique multi-storey timber housing project, this paper aims at building a better understanding of how product design affects flow of materials in housing construction. Even though a high degree of prefabrication was used in the project, the amount of complementary site work caused delays, complaints, and a slow learning cycle. A standardization process was used to shift product ‘know-how’ from person to product, resulting in increased flow and a reduction of errors. Prefabrication was not the sole solution to the encountered problems, but the controlled and ordered environment in prefabrication provided solutions at early stages. Instead of working towards solving the main production issues, the management was instead observed working with minor changes (first-aid solutions) to control flow. If industrialized multistorey timber housing construction is to be successful, product design decisions should be thought through, thoroughly, from start to finish using standardization as a guiding star. }, author_keywords={Assembly, Logistics, Multi-Storey Timber housing, Prefabrication, Standardization }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tzortzopoulos2005, author={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Chan, Paul and Kagioglou, Mike and Cooper, Rachel and Dyson, Erica }, editor={ }, title={Interactions Between Transformations:Flow and Value at the Design Front-End for Primary Healthcare Facilities}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={307-316}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/376}, affiliation={Ph.D., Academic Fellow, SCRI (Salford Centre for Research and Innovation in the Build and Human Environment), School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, Phone:+ 44 (0161) 2954284 FAX + 44 (0161) 2954587, e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D., Research Assistant, SCRI, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, Phone:+ 44 (0161) 2956170, email: p.w.c.chan@salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D., Reader on Process Management, SCRI, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Bridgewater Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M7 9NU, UK, e-mail: M.Kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Director of the Adelphi Research Institute, School of Art and Design, University of Salford, Centenary Building, Peru Street, Salford M3 6EQ, UK ; Project Director, MaST LIFT—Manchester, Salford and Trafford Local Improvement Finance Trust, e-mail: erica.dyson@mastlift.co.uk }, abstract={Design has been conceived from an operations management perspective as a process of converting inputs into outputs, as a flow of information, and as a process of generating value to customers. The integration, alignment and balance of the management needs arising from these three views has been hypothesised as essential to successful design outcomes, and it is an area in need for further research (Ballard and Koskela 1998). Such integration is challenging at the design front end, where uncertainty and poor information availability are common place. The aim of this paper is to examine the design front-end in four primary healthcare projects based on lean principles. A research hypothesis focused on better understanding the interactions between the conversion, flow and value generation aspects of the process has been developed and tested. Data has been collected through 22 semi structured interviews with diverse stakeholders involved with the projects. The ‘as-is’ design front end was mapped out and examined accordingly to good practices described in the literature. The paper identifies the influences of the procurement method used over lean design management, and the influences of design management and role definition over requirements capture and value generation. Finally, causal relationships between issues related to the transformation, flow and value views are discussed. }, author_keywords={Design Management, Requirements capture, Value generation. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Höök2005, author={Höök, Matilda and Stehn, Lars }, editor={ }, title={Connecting Lean Construction to Prefabrication Complexity in Swedish Volume Element Housing}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={317-325}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/377}, affiliation={M.Sc., Div. of Structural Engineering—Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå Sweden, Phone +46 920 491028, FAX +46 920 491091, matilda.hook@ltu.se ; Prof., Div. of Structural Engineering—Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå Sweden, Phone +46 920 491976, FAX +46 920 491091, lars.stehn@ltu.se }, abstract={Lean is about waste elimination and value creation and prefabrication of houses seems to be one way to create structure and decreased complexity and waste generated by variation. However, prefabrication decreases some types of complexity and waste but introduces other ones through new roles of the actors and a shift of focus to manufacturing. The aim of this paper is to develop an understanding of a prefabrication strategy and to show the increased need for a novel comprehension in lean construction regarding different types of prefabrication deliveries and thus different types of complexity. Complexity as such, in this paper used in a contingency context, cannot be generalized and this study explores the differences in peculiarities of on-site construction, element prefabrication and volume element prefabrication. Peculiarities in volume element prefabrication are found to consist of two connected parts; Product complexity including building element design and product design (built-in knowledge) and process complexity including internal logistics, breadth of required knowledge and integration between product and process design. The sources of complexity in volume element prefabrication are thus connected to the in-house production system, differing from on-site construction and element prefabrication peculiarities connected to fragmentation and uncertainty among actors in the value chain. }, author_keywords={Volume element prefabrication, Building peculiarities, Product complexity, Process complexity,Timber frame housing }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brookess2005, author={Brookess, Alan J. }, editor={ }, title={Theory & Practice of Modular Coordination}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={327-332}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/378}, affiliation={Prof. Dr., Technical University Delft, P.O. Box 5043 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, T +31 (0) 15 27 84297, F +31 (0) 15 27 84178, a.j.brookes@bk.tudelft.nl }, abstract={In this paper Professor Brookes will review the programme of introduction of dimensional coordination and modular coordination in UK starting from the Hertfordshire Schools of 1955. He will describe the various attempts by government and other bodies to force the mandatory use of dimensional coordination and his own involvement with the PSA Method of Building programme in 1970’s and the building of a full size test mock-up using five different types of structural frames at Building Research Establishment, Garston. He will describe his own PhD thesis on tolerances and jointing and mainly the general conclusion that 5% of building costs arise from remedial work caused by inaccuracy of construction lying outside the tolerances allowed for in design. He concludes that in recent years the situation has not necessarily improved. As a cladding consultant he is often called to advise on jointing failure arising from gaskets and sealants being outside their permissible joint sizes due to inaccuracy in the structural framework. In his own work at Singapore Arts Centre and Federation Square Melbourne, he was well aware that allowance for 3-dimensional tolerances must be provided at all critical interfaces and that all members of the building team including subcontractors must be aware of and agree the tolerances in construction related to critical dimensions and grid lines before starting manufacture and assembly. }, author_keywords={Modular, Claddings, Tolerance }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leite2005, author={Leite, Fernanda Lustosa and Miron, Luciana Inês Gomes and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Opportunities for Client Requirements Management in Low-Income House Building Projects in Brazil}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={333-341}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/379}, affiliation={M.Sc., Research Assistant at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3316 4054, e-mail: fleite@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; M.Sc., Ph.D. Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3316 4054, e-mail: lumiron@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3316 4054, e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={This paper describes the main results of multiple-case studies concerned with client requirements management in the product development process (PDP) of eight low-income house-building projects, carried out in the South of Brazil. These projects were developed in two different existing forms of housing provision in Brazil: the Residential Leasing Program (Programa de Arrendamento Residencial—PAR) and the City Entrance Integrated Program (Programa Integrado Entrada da Cidade—PIEC). Both are new forms of housing provision as far as they have created new types of client- supplier relationships that have never been experienced in Brazil before. The aim of this paper is to describe the PDP of both forms of housing provision as well as to discuss opportunities for client requirements management, emphasizing the role of the state in value generation. This investigation was based on the analysis of design, production control and legal documents, semi-structured interviews carried out with design and production professionals, as well as the evaluation of users’ degree of satisfaction. This study is part of a broader research project, which aims to propose guidelines for client requirements management in low-income house-building projects. }, author_keywords={Client requirements management, Value generation, Product development process, Low-Income house-building projects. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Orr2005, author={Orr, Cameron }, editor={ }, title={Lean Leadership in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={345-351}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/380}, affiliation={Cameron Orr MEng, Senior Lean Specialist, RWD Technologies, Birmingham, UK, Tel +44 121 770 1011, Fax +44 121 329 0834, corr@rwd.com }, abstract={Lean leadership is the missing link between theoretical solutions and application in practice. This is the difference between superficial attempts at implementing Lean, where the tools and techniques are evident, but the behaviors haven’t changed, and the results are disappointing or not sustained beyond a few brief weeks of enthusiasm. The key to understanding how to implement Lean successfully is to realize that Lean leadership is an integral part of the Toyota Production System (TPS), not an afterthought. The principles of Lean leadership are summarized in construction, which bring the ‘Lean toolbox’ to life and realize the benefits predicted by the academic models. The principles are then developed into practical behaviors that can be demonstrated, understood and replicated using rapid learning techniques, with particular focus on team leadership. The critical success factor for accelerating the take up of Lean construction is contractor leadership. The reason why the contractor’s role is key in leading the other stakeholders in the value stream is examined, and comparisons are made to leadership in the TPS. Contractors have many opportunities to embark on the Lean journey, yet the claimed benefits often lack credibility. This often leads to the danger that a “Lean” façade is bolted onto their existing operations to attempt to convince their demanding clients that they are forward thinking organizations, and that their apparent skills in Lean will earn them another “tick in the box”. This paper outlines the practical benefits of embracing Lean to fundamentally change the construction value stream, the contractor’s business, to astonish their clients, and to deliver lasting tangible benefits. }, author_keywords={Lean leadership behavior, Vision, Change management, Human centered focus, Process }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zuo2005, author={Zuo, Jian and Zillante, George }, editor={ }, title={Project Culture Within Construction Projects: A Literature Review}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={353-361}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/381}, affiliation={ PhD Candidate, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia, Phone +61 8 8302 1858, FAX +61 8 8302 2252, Jian.Zuo@postgrads.unisa.edu.au ; Associate Professor, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia, Phone +61 8 8302 2379, FAX +61 8 8302 2252, George.Zillante@unisa.edu.au }, abstract={In recent years culture has become one of the most studied topics in construction management research. Some studies have investigated the influence of culture at different levels such as national culture, industry culture, organizational culture and professional culture. Few studies however, have focused on culture at the project level and its influence on construction project management practice. Project culture is raised as a general concept in some academic papers and industry reports. These studies indicate that project culture is very important for the processing of construction projects however they do not provide a clear definition of project culture. In addition, there is no model that specifically examines the project culture of each construction project. This paper reviews the literature about cultural studies in a construction projects context, especially the culture at project level and concludes by suggesting a modified version of one current and generally used organizational culture model. }, author_keywords={Project culture, Construction projects, Organizational culture }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Buch2005, author={Buch, Sidse and Sander, Dag }, editor={ }, title={From Hierarchy to Team—Barriers and Requirements in Relation to a New Organisation of Building Sites}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={363-374}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/382}, affiliation={M.Sc., Cartel of unions in the Building, Construction and Wood Sectors (BAT-kartellet). BAT Secretariat, Kampmannsgade 4, DK-1790 Copenhagen. Sidse@3F.dk ; Constructing Architect, B.com., Process Development Manager, MTHøjgaard, Knud Højgaards Vej 9, DK-2860 Søborg. Dsa@mthojgaard.dk }, abstract={The transition from a hierarchical organisation of building sites to a team-based organisational structure calls for a change in management style and a new approach to people. The middle manager becomes the pivotal point in the change process, playing a key role in terms of ensuring successful change. If the middle manager is not willing to leave his or her previous role as a planner and controller to become an active coach who pushes developments in the right direction, all change attempts will by all accounts fail. Change management will be a key concept in the new understanding of building site organisation. All parties involved in the building process and in the building industry certainly need to break away from set patterns of behaviour and fixed attitudes. This article illustrates problems related to a shift from hierarchical to team-based organisations, outlining specific knowledge about team-based management. It describes the new roles of middle managers and crews and formulates training requirements. }, author_keywords={Changed organisational structure, Middle manager role, Lifelong learning, Change management,Autonomous crews }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shen2005, author={Shen, Li Jun and Chua, David K.H. }, editor={ }, title={Impact of Variability on Construction Schedules}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={375-383}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/383}, affiliation={Research Engineer, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, (65) 68744643, cveslj@nus.edu.sg ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, (65) 68742195, FAX (65) 67791635, cvedavid@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Variability degrades project performance. Two types of variability may affect a construction schedule, namely, task duration and the availability of resource and information (RI) prerequisites. It is well known that the variability of task duration could delay project completion, however, the effect of RI availability/unavailability on construction schedule needs to be depicted. This paper presents a simulation model which allows studying the effect of RI related variability on construction schedule. Comparisons are made to illustrate the impact of each type of variability as well as the combination of both types of variability. The results suggest that both types of variability should be minimized in order to achieve reliable work plans which is important to reduce project delays and schedule changes. }, author_keywords={Variability, Integrated Production Scheduler, Constraints, Reliable plan }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2005, author={Alarcón, Luis F. and Diethelm, Sven and Rojo, Oscar and Calderon, Rodrigo }, editor={ }, title={Assessing the Impacts of Implementing Lean Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={387-393}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/384}, affiliation={Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Manager, Production Management Center, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, ; Researcher, Production Management Center, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: orojo@ing.puc.cl ; Researcher, Production Management }, abstract={Over the last 10 years an increasing number of companies have implemented lean construction practices in an attempt to improve performance in construction projects. Most companies, and also some researchers, have reported satisfactory results from their implementation. However, there is still a need to provide more extensive analysis of the empirical evidence available to assess the impact of the implementation of lean construction. The authors have researched the implementation of the Last Planner System and other Lean Construction techniques in over one hundred construction projects over the last five years. They have also developed strategies and support tools for implementation. This paper analyzes some of the main impacts observed in the studied projects, and some of the lessons learned from implementations. The paper discusses difficulties and barriers for implementation, productivity improvements, variability reduction and effectiveness of implementation strategies. The paper also provides recommendations for future implementation and research. }, author_keywords={Implementation, Last Planner System, Information Technology }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jørgensen2005, author={Jørgensen, Bo and Emmitt, Stephen and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Divergent Focus in the Application of Lean Ideas: Examples From Denmark and California}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={395-403}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/385}, affiliation={M.Sc. (Eng.), Ph.D. student—Technical University of Denmark, Department of Civil Engineering, DTU Building 115, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Phone: +45 4525 5149, BOJ@byg.dtu.dk ; Professor, Ph.D. - Technical University of Denmark, Department of Civil Engineering, DTU Building 115, DK- 2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Phone: +45 4525 1660, SE@byg.dtu.dk ; Associate Adjunct Professor - University of California at Berkeley, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 214 McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA. Phone: +1 510 530 8656, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Through different conceptual initiatives lean construction has entered many construction environments around the world and is now an established and widely recognised approach to the management of construction activities. The adoption of the lean philosophy has taken, and continues to take place, under different social, organisational and structural conditions. These contextual factors are reflected in different issues being emphasised through the local application of lean ideas. A phenomenon illustrated in this paper with examples drawn from Denmark and California. One concern coming out of the case study material is that early lean construction initiatives may become locally institutionalised. Rigid perceptions and practice of lean construction could, arguably, constitute an impediment to future development. Collaboration between academia and practitioners can support local dissemination of insight gained in foreign environments. This may enhance future development on a practical level and hence help actors in the construction process to implement and benefit from current good practice over the longer term. }, author_keywords={Application strategies; Culture, Institutionalism; Organisational change }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2005, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Jang, Jin-Woo }, editor={ }, title={Case Study: An Application of Last Planner to Heavy Civil Construction in Korea}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={405-411}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/386}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Constr. Mgmt. and Wood Product Engrg. Department, 153 Baker Lab, State Univ. of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, 315/470-6839, FAX 315/470-6879, ywkim@esf.edu ; Ph.D. Student, Constr. Mgmt. and Wood Product Engrg. Department, 153 Baker Lab, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, jijang@syr.edu }, abstract={The Last Planner is a production planning and control tool used to improve work flow reliability. Many companies have adopted the principles and reported the results of the case studies. The lean construction and the Last Planner principles have recently been introduced in Korea. Some companies in Korea are trying to adopt the Last Planner as their production control tool. However, they often face difficulties in applying the tool to their sites for a variety of reasons. The application can encounter some resistance when applied to the sites that contain different planning and organizational systems. These barriers make the application of the Last Planner to the country with a greatly different culture, interesting. This paper introduces case studies of two heavy civil construction projects, along with descriptions of the ways that the Last Planner was applied, and how the work flow reliability was improved. It also discusses the prerequisites and barriers to implementation, of the Last Planner, in heavy civil construction projects in Korea. The results can be used as a reference for companies to improve their work flow reliability for future projects. }, author_keywords={The Last Planner, Heavy civil construction, Production control, Work flow reliability }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bortolazza2005, author={Bortolazza, Rodrigo Cremonesi and Costa, Dayana Bastos and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={A Quantitative Analysis of the Implementation of the Last Planner System in Brazil }, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={413-420}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/387}, affiliation={M.Sc. candidate, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Osvaldo Aranha Av., 99, 3º floor, Porto Alegre–RS, Brazil, fone: +55 51 3316 3959, e-mail: bortolazza@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; M.Sc., Ph.D. candidate and researcher assistant, UFRGS/NORIE, e-mail: dayana@genesis.cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, UFRGS/NORIE, e-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={In Brazil, the Last Planner system has been implemented since 1996 in a large number of construction sites. However, most research studies developed so far have emphasized the analysis of qualitative data, based on single or on a small number of case studies. Therefore, it seems that a good opportunity exists to learn more from the implementation of the Last Planner System by analysing data that are available from large samples of projects. A database was built including data from 115 projects, which have been investigated in previous research projects at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). This sample of projects was divided into three market sectors (residential and commercial building, industrial building and low-income housing). The PPC (percentage of plans completed) indicator was analyzed for all those projects. In 51 of them the causes for the noncompletion of work packages was also investigated. Moreover, a checklist of production planning and control good practices has been proposed to assess the application of some core ideas of the Last Planner system. Data mining tools, like decision trees and neural networks were also evaluated in searching for interesting patterns in the sample of 51 projects. Preliminary results on the causes for non-completion of work packages indicate that most projects still have limited success in the implementation of look-ahead planning. The paper also presents future steps in this research project. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Performance measurement, Data mining. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mohan2005, author={Mohan, Satish B. and Iyer, Sumathi }, editor={ }, title={Effectiveness of Lean Principles in Construction}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={421-429}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/388}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, 223 Ketter Hall, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, Phone: (716) 645-2114 extn. 2412, FAX (716) 645- 3733, smohan@eng.buffalo.edu ; Project Consultant, ADR Consulting, Inc., 11281 Pyrites Way, Suite A, Gold River, CA, 95670, Phone (916) 233-4490 }, abstract={This paper analyses the experiences of 16 companies who utilized lean construction principles, during the 1990 to 2003 period. A total of 41 lean principles were applied, and a total of 29 benefits were realised. Eliminating those principles that were used less than average times resulted in 11 major lean construction principles, and 6 major benefits. The two most applied lean principles included: ‘Percent Plan Complete’ (PPC), used on 10 projects; and ‘Lookahead plan’, used on 8 projects. The 6 major benefits included: (i) Cost savings, (ii) Less management cost, (iii) Project time reduction, (iv) PPC increase, (v) Less inventory, and (vi) Less rework. An analysis of the 11x6 lean principles vs. benefits table revealed that the most effective lean principle was the ‘Percent Plan Complete (PPC)’, seventy percent (70%) of the projects, who monitored PPC, experienced cost savings, and 60% experienced time reductions. ‘All parties involved in design’ principle was also very effective, reducing project times on 100% of the projects. This paper relates the major lean principles to their benefits. The experience of 16 construction companies presented in this paper will guide the future lean construction managers in selecting the most effective principles. }, author_keywords={Effectiveness, Principles, Benefits }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dahl2005, author={Dahl, Peter K. and Horman, Michael J. and Riley, David R. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Principles to Inject Operations Knowledge Into Design}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={431-436}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/389}, affiliation={Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Arch. Engr., Penn. State University, 104 Engr, Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, Phone 814/865-6394, FAX 814/863-4789, pkd109@psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Arch. Engr., Penn. State University, 104 Engr, Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, Phone 814/865-6394, FAX 814/863-4789, MJHorman@engr.psu.edu ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Arch. Engr., Penn. State University, 104 Engr, Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, Phone 814/865-6394, FAX 814/863-4789, DRiley@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={Buildings represent a significant financial investment to owners, which is often carried for many years. Just as Toyota realized that the car assembly line accounted for only 15% of the total manufacturing process, the design and construction of a building amounts to only 20% of the total cost of a facility over its life-cycle. Importantly, research has shown that when just one percent of a project’s upfront costs are spent, up to 70% of its life-cycle costs may already be committed. More research is needed to bridge the information divide between the development and operation of a facility. Progressive tools and strategies such as Design-Build-Operate-Maintain (DBOM), Design for Maintainability (DFM), and Concurrent Engineering have been developed to assist the design team in their focus on operations and maintenance (O&M) issues. Yet obstructions to the use of O&M knowledge in design still remain. It is argued that this is because the information flow of O&M knowledge into project design is poorly understood. This paper develops a model for exchanging information between design teams and O&M using the principles and tools of lean production to be implemented as a case study. To achieve anO&Mcompatible design,O&Minformation ideally ought to be received by the design team in a just-in-time fashion. This paper first explores the obstructions to O&M knowledge transfer, and then proposes a kanban system to facilitate the exchange of information. The paper discusses the triggers and media for the pull ofO&Minformation into building design, as well as the types of projects that would be most receptive to this strategy. }, author_keywords={Sustainable Construction, Operations and Maintenance, Design for Maintenance, Design Process,Design Intent Document }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Polat2005, author={Polat, Gul and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Comparison of the Economics of on-Site and Off-Site Fabrication of Rebar in Turkey}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={439-447}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/390}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90-212-285-3737; Fax: +90-212-285-6587; E-mail: gpolat@ins.itu.edu.tr ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, gballard@leanconstru_Hlt38276566c_Hlt38276566tion.org; Associate Adjunct Professor, Project & Engineering Mgmt. Group, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley; and Principal, Strategic Project Solutions. }, abstract={Most Turkish contractors prefer on-site fabrication of rebar due to several factors most of which are peculiar to developing countries. Therefore, the economics of on-site and off-site fabrication of rebar need to be compared in the project environment, which is subject to most of those factors, and it should be answered whether the strong preference for on-site fabrication is more economical than off-site fabrication in developing countries, namely in the Turkish construction industry. This study presents an economical comparison of the on-site and off-site fabrication practices of rebar by means of a simulation model that makes use of actual data obtained from a trade center project in Istanbul, Turkey. The study suggests that had the off-site fabrication practice been used in the project in Istanbul, the total cost of rebar would have been 1.2% higher than the total cost of rebar in the on-site fabrication practice. This finding also reveals the need for ‘infrastructural’ changes in the Turkish construction industry before its participants can enjoy the benefits of lean construction; a change that may be necessary in some degree for other developing countries as well. }, author_keywords={Cut & bent rebar, On-site fabrication, Off-site fabrication, Simulation model }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Polat2005, author={Polat, Gul and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Why Is on-Site Fabrication of Cut & Bent Rebar Preferred in Turkey?}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={449-456}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/391}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90-212-285-3737; Fax: +90-212-285-6587; E-mail: gpolat@ins.itu.edu.tr ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, gballard@leanconstruction.org; Associate Adjunct Professor, Project & Engineering Mgmt. Group, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley; and Principal, Strategic Project Solutions. }, abstract={Off-site fabrication of materials is a key feature of lean construction. However, the tradition of the industry has long been to fabricate materials on-site, and there are various factors that compel contractors to continue that tradition. These factors are especially powerful in developing countries. As an example, there is a strong preference for fabricating cut & bent rebar on-site in the Turkish construction industry. Using open-ended interviews, this study identifies the reasons for that preference and offers recommendations for improving off-site fabrication performance in Turkish construction. This study suggests that the preference for on-site fabrication of cut & bent rebar is based on the lack of management capability of contractors including the poor coordination capability and the defective ordering procedure, and it enables contractors to fiddle the numbers on workers and scrap in order to increase the money they receive from clients. The paper hopes to make a contribution to the theory and practice of lean implementation, especially in developing countries. }, author_keywords={Developing countries, Implementation, Cut & bent rebar, On-site fabrication, Off-site fabrication. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cuperus2005, author={Cuperus, Ype and Napolitano, Paulo }, editor={ }, title={Open Building/ Lean Construction Evaluation of a Case in Brazil}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={457-462}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/392}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Building Technology, P.O.Box 5043, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, y.j.cuperus@bk.tudelft.nl ; Civil Engineer and Management Consultant, MSc.Campo Grande-MS Brazil, paulo@dengenharia.com.br }, abstract={Open Building and Lean Construction are concepts that can be described in generic terms. Their practical applications depend on different circumstances, such as differences in culture, economy, project type and size, location, and moment in time. This paper explores the application of Open Building and Lean Construction in the Brazilian context. First the generic aspects of Open Building and Lean Construction are characterized as complementary concepts. Open Building aims to structure the process of constructing and managing the built environment along lines of decision-making, thus creating capacity for future change. Lean Construction aims to reduce waste by focusing on creating value for the customer. A building project typical for the Brazilian construction industry is analyzed. Per project different clients can be identified, all demanding their specific values to be created. For example, the investor is the contractor’s client, whereas the end user is the client of the investor. An Open Building inspired breakdown of the process and building costs suggests that the base building can be built for 57% of the total construction costs. Decisions about the remaining part can be postponed, thus saving on interest costs and can be built according to the end user’s demands, thus saving on reworks. In the final analysis the paper suggests to identify different Lean Construction inspired values that can be connected to different Open Building inspired decision-making parties. They in turn connect to sets of building parts, such as base building, fit out and furniture. }, author_keywords={Open building, Chain of value for clients, Conversion, Behavior, Future value, Complexity }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hardie2005, author={Hardie, Mary and Miller, Graham and Manley, Karen }, editor={ }, title={Innovative Connecting System for Precast Concrete Planks on a Major Sports Stadium}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={463-470}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/393}, affiliation={Research Associate, School of Construction, Property and Planning, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW, 1797. Phone +61 0 9852 4323, FAX +61 0 9852 4300, m.hardie@uws.edu.au ; Associate Professor, School of Construction, Property and Planning, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW, 1797. Phone +61 0 9852 4315, FAX +61 0 9852 4300, g.miller@uws.edu.au ; Research Fellow, School of Construction Management and Property, Queensland University of technology, GPO Box 2434 Brisbane Qld 4001. Phone +61 7 3864 1762, k.manley@qut.edu.au }, abstract={Close integration of supply and design enabled the delivery of major material and labour cost savings at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane. An integrated documentation and construction contract format permitted the use of polystyrene voided concrete planks with reliable composite connections to supporting steel beams. This system was substituted for in situ concrete beams and slabs previously assessed as the lowest cost option by the project quantity surveyor. A development of technology previously used in bridge building, the “Clever Plank” system allowed the elimination of in situ formwork with its attendant time, cost and safety disadvantages. Robust linkages were achieved between the supplier and the central project participants. Confidence in the detailed design enabled the production of the planks to commence before full testing of the prototype for code compliance was complete. This project represents an example of efficiencies achieved by minimising “flow activities” and concentrating on value-added “conversions” in accordance with lean production principles. }, author_keywords={Precast concrete, Composite connections, Innovation }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lessing2005, author={Lessing, Jerker and Stehn, Lars and Ekholm, Anders }, editor={ }, title={Industrialised Housing: Definition and Categorization of the Concept}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={471-480}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/394}, affiliation={M.Sc., Div. of Design Methodology, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden. Telephone +46 708 188213, Fax +46 46 2224719, j. lessing@tyrens.se ; Prof., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber structures, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Telephone +46 920 491976, Fax +46 920 491091, lars.stehn@ltu.se ; Prof., Div. of Design Methodology, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University PO Box 118, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden. Telephone +46 46 2224163, Fax +46 46 2224719, anders.ekholm@caad.lth.se }, abstract={A new and developed concept of industrialised housing is emerging in the Swedish building industry today. The general opinion is that industrialised housing contains the answer to many of the problems in the building sector. The paper presents a comprehensive definition of industrialised housing, points at its corner stones and key characteristics and discusses how it relates to the paradigms of lean and agile production. Eight characteristic areas are identified: Planning and control of the processes, Developed technical systems, Off-site manufacturing of building parts, Long-term relations between participants, Supply chain management integrated in the construction process, Customer focus, Use of information and communication technology, Systematic performance measuring and re-use of experiences. A categorization model is developed that allows an assessment of the degrees of implementation and fulfillment for each area. The categorization aims at pointing out the areas of strengths and weaknesses of companies working with industrialised housing. The categorization model is tested on two leading Swedish industrialised housing companies working with different frame systems and different organisational set up. }, author_keywords={Industrialised housing, Agile Production, Process, Industrialisation }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2005, author={Pasquire, Christine and Gibb, Alistair and Blismas, Nick }, editor={ }, title={What Should You Really Measure if You Want to Compare Prefabrication With Traditional Construction?}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={481-491}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/395}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil & Building Engineering; Loughborough University, UK c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor of Construction Management, Department of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University UK a.g.gibb@lboro.ac.uk ; Research Fellow; School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Australia nick.blismas@rmit.edu.au }, abstract={This paper presents the final part of the IMMPREST4 toolkit, describing in detail the measurement of risks and benefits of using prefabrication within a construction project. Based on extensive research in the UK and against a background of rising interest in prefabrication as a construction solution, this paper reinforces the need to make informed decisions which have auditable processes if the complexities of comparison are to be fully understood. The model field trials raise many questions about existing cost focussed approaches revealing barriers to innovation of any sort including the integration of Lean Thinking into construction. This paper builds on the work presented in three previous IGLC conferences. }, author_keywords={Prefabrication, Preassembly, Measurement, Benefits, Risk, IMMPREST, Cost, Procurement, Innovation. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Benjaoran2005, author={Benjaoran, Vacharapoom and Dawood, Nashwan }, editor={ }, title={An Application of Artificial Intelligence Planner for Bespoke Precast Concrete Production Planning: A Case Study}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={493-499}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/396}, affiliation={Researcher, Centre for Construction Innovation and Research, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, +44 (0) 1642-342406, FAX +44 (0) 1642-342401, b. vacharapoom@tees.ac.uk ; Professor, Centre for Construction Innovation and Research, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, +44 (0) 1642-342405, n.n.dawood@tees.ac.uk }, abstract={Precast concrete manufacturers are highly involved in the construction industry through the supply of bespoke products. Their workload is a complex combination of different and unique designed products, which have various delivery dates. The production process from design to manufacturing is complicated and contains uncertainties due to many factors such as: multi-disciplinary design, progress on construction sites, and costly purpose-built moulds. Lean construction concepts aim to identify and reduce all forms of wastes in the construction process including its supply chains. An integrated, comprehensive planning system called Artificial Intelligence Planner (AIP) has been proposed to improve the efficiency of the process by targeting on the production planning as a significant impact to the success of the business. Artificial intelligent techniques are used in AIP to enhance data analyses and decision supports for production planning. A case study for the implementation was conducted on a real bespoke precast concrete manufacturer. The difference between AIP and this factory setting was attended. Data from the studied were reformatted and the AIP configuration was customized. Finally, the successful implementation has showed the adaptability and flexibility of AIP to the real production conditions, and it has given the improvement of the resulted production schedules. The anticipated outcomes are the shortened customer lead-time and the optimum factory’s resource utilization. These consequently make the construction process lean. }, author_keywords={Bespoke precast concrete products, Production planning, Genetic algorithm, Neural network. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marosszeky2005, author={Marosszeky, Marton and Karim, Khalid and Perera, Salinda and Davis, Steve }, editor={ }, title={Improving Work Flow Reliability Through Quality Control Mechanisms}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={503-511}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/397}, affiliation={Professor, Multiplex Chair of Engineering Construction Innovation, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, 2052, Phone +612 93857773, m.marosszeky@unsw.edu.au ; Lecturer, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, 2052, Phone +612 93855163, k.karim@unsw.edu.au ; Postgraduate student, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, 2052, Phone +612 9385 4290, s.perera@unsw.edu.au ; Lecturer, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, 2052, Phone +612 93855052, s.davis@unsw.edu.au }, abstract={Lean construction relies on the distinction between value adding and non-value adding activities, and reducing workflow variability is one technique for reducing non-value adding activities. Planning controls such as the ‘last planner’ can go a long way in improving workflow reliability, but are limited in their capability to the extent they can expect the unexpected. The occurrence of specific defects in construction is, by the very fact of its happening, an unexpected event because whatever could be anticipated would be avoided. On the other hand, defects in construction have the compound effect of increasing workflow variability,as well as non-value adding activities in the form of rework.This paper explores two aspects of this problem, first of all a number of different tools were developed and trialed to explore their potential for improving defect avoidance, secondly the paper presents a generic analysis of the increase in rectification cost with time from an error being made. The paper outlines the implementation of trade start-up checklists; a management tool that was found to be particularly effective at improving quality outcomes on site. }, author_keywords={Construction defects, Work flow variability, Time to rework, Defect incident record, Checklists }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2005, author={Sacks, Rafael and Rozenfeld, Ophir and Rosenfeld, Yehiel }, editor={ }, title={Lean Scheduling for Safety: Development of a Time-Dependent Risk Level Model}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={513-520}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/398}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., 840 Rabin Building, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8293190, Fax +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., 840 Rabin Building, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8293190, Fax +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, roseny@technion.ac.il }, abstract={This paper presents ongoing research toward a conceptual model to support an advanced proactive safety management approach that is efficient not only in terms of the resources it requires, but also in terms of its impact on construction process flow. The model is based on the understanding that the risk levels to which workers are exposed, change through time. Accident risk levels are dependent on human factors, physical hazards, environmental factors and organizational/business factors. Many of these are time-dependent and their values can be derived from construction schedules (at various levels of detail, from the master schedule down to the weekly work plan). The model enables forecasting of risk levels for work teams and individual workers as a function of time. Forecasts will be available at different levels of planning windows. In implementation, the model will enable two main enhancements to project planning. First, in planning activities, the safety level resulting from combinations of activities planned to be performed simultaneously can be evaluated and manipulated (lowered, or peaks avoided) by safety-conscious scheduling. In many instances process flow can be enhanced if accident prevention measures can be made redundant by avoiding particular combinations of simultaneous activities. For example, an acceptable impact on overall risk level may be added as a consideration for releasing work for execution in a Last Planner meeting. Second, the activities and effort of those responsible for site safety can be ‘pulled’ by peaks of high risk levels. The goal is a dynamic, ‘lean’ level of effort invested in safety management, eliminating the ‘wasted’ effort inherent in standard practice, where a steady and uniform investment of accident prevention effort is applied throughout the project duration. }, author_keywords={Hazard, Risk level, Safety }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2005, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Cambraia, Fabricio B. and Howell, Gregory }, editor={ }, title={A Cognitive Systems Engineering Perspective of Construction Safety}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={521-529}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/399}, affiliation={Ph.D., Researcher at LOPP/UFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Praça Argentina nº 9, 2º andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55-51-3316- 4007. E-mail: tasaurin@terra.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at NORIE/UFRGS (Building Innovation Research Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3º andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55-51-3316- 4054. E-mail: formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D. student at NORIE/UFRGS. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3º andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: fabricio@ppgec.ufrgs.br ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, PO Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340-1003, Phone +1 208/726-9989, FAX 707/238-1369, ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={In recent IGLC Conferences some papers have taken a cognitive systems engineering perspective of construction safety. The assumption underlying those papers has been that traditional safety management tools have failed to recognize that it is unavoidable to work close to edge where control is lost and that new mechanisms are necessary to increase the ability of workers to work safely under such circumstances. Based on data collected in five construction sites in which the authors have implemented a Safety Planning and Control model, this paper sets a preliminary discussion on the applicability of some cognitive systems engineering concepts to construction safety. Due to the nature of the data available, the discussion is structured in four topics: identification of pressures and performance migrations towards unsafe zones of work; pre-task safety planning as a mechanism to develop judgment in workers; visibility of the boundaries of safe performance; incident analysis from the cognitive perspective. A set of opportunities for future research is outlined, such as the development of mechanisms to both identify and monitor pressures and the development of structured protocols to carry out investigations from a cognitive perspective. }, author_keywords={Safety, Cognitive engineering, Human error, Boundaries. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saha2005, author={Saha, Swapan and Hardie, Mary }, editor={ }, title={Culture of Quality and the Australian Construction Industry}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={531-538}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/400}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, School of Construction, Property and Planning, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW, 1797. Phone +61 0 9852 4316, FAX +61 0 9852 4300, s.saha@uws.edu,au ; Research Associate, School of Construction, Property and Planning, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW, 1797. Phone +61 0 9852 4323, FAX +61 0 9852 4300, m.hardie@uws.edu.au }, abstract={The importance of quality control has long been recognised by Australian business. This is particularly true in the construction industry, where regulators are requiring quality assurance (QA) implementation for almost all capital works. Recently doubts have arisen as to whether quality systems are actually achieving positive results in Australia. Much of the existing literature suggests that any reported failure is due to cultural misalignment. The aim of this research is to test by questionnaire the degree of compatibility between prevailing attitudes and the cultural values required for the successful implementation of quality systems in Australian construction. The results show some cultural trends that support the introduction of QA to the building industry, however, it was also found that, while the industry will sometimes accept such theories, their introduction may result in cultural consequences that were not anticipated. QA has sometimes been found to generate a low level of worker commitment and participation, and may actually reduce the degree of pride in workmanship and increase the level of fear on building sites. The message for lean construction advocates is that they should seek to anticipate potential cultural misalignments between their theory and current industry practice in order to implement their principles holistically. }, author_keywords={Culture of quality, Quality, Quality assurance, Total quality management, Australian construction industry. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Luo2005, author={Luo, Yupeng and Riley, David R. and Horman, Michael J. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Principles for Prefabrication in Green Design-Build (GDB) Projects}, journal={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={13th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2005}, pages={539-548}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/401}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Penn State Univ., 227 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A. 814/863-8313, yzl119@psu.edu ; Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Penn State Univ., 220 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. 814/863-2079, FAX 814/865-4789, driley@psu.edu ; Asst. Prof., Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Penn State Univ., 211 Engr. Unit A, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. 814/863-2080, FAX 814/865-4789, mjhorman@engr.psu.edu. }, abstract={Savings in construction costs through improved production and productivity can be critical on green building projects, as they can be used to offset the costs of high performance building components. Prefabrication of building components is often used by contractors to reduce costs. If employed effectively, prefabrication can enable process standardization, shorten lead times, improve quality control, and reduce material waste. Several tools have been developed to help select prefabrication strategies and most of them focus on design-bid-build project environments. This paper explores how benefits achieved in lean approaches to prefabrication can impact green project goals. More specifically, the paper examines the effects of how an expanded use of on-site/offsite prefabricated systems can contribute or detract from green building goals through evaluating the interplay between multiple economic, environmental, and social variables. Building on previous research that has developed tools for guiding the adoption of prefabrication practices, the design of new metrics for lean and green construction will be developed and presented to provide selection guidance for the use of prefabrication on green building projects in design-build environments. }, author_keywords={Prefabrication, Sustainability, Green building. }, address={Sydney, Australia }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abduh2006, author={Abduh, Muhamad and Roza, Hengki A. }, editor={ }, title={Indonesian Contractors' Readiness Towards Lean Construction}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={543-549}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/402}, affiliation={Associate Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Phone/Fax: +62 22-2502272, abduh@si.itb.ac.id ; Graduate Student, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Phone/Fax: +62 22-2502272, hengki_ar@yahoo.com }, abstract={This paper discusses development of an assessment model and its implementation to measure the readiness of Indonesian contractors towards lean construction and to identify which parts of lean construction principles and techniques the Indonesian contractors still lack and need improvements and promotion. The model measures contractors' readiness by observing how the contractors perform their business practices at project level and rating the practices to lean construction principles. Six major building construction projects, conducted by three big wellknown contractors, were assessed as case studies. The results of the case studies conclude convergent findings since those contractors have almost similar business processes at their project levels. The case studies also revealed that big Indonesian contractors have already implemented macro lean construction principles, i.e., the policy to have continuous improvement and to promote transparency. Meanwhile, on micro principles of lean construction, i.e., reduction of cycle time and reduction of variability, the Indonesian big contractors still lack of awareness and ability to implement the principles and techniques. It is also found that Indonesian big contractors still lack the capability to plan good work flow for reducing the cycle time of their construction operations. }, author_keywords={Assessment model, contractor, lean construction, readiness. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Al-Sasi2006, author={Al-Sasi, Basil and Brown, David C. }, editor={ }, title={An on-Site Material Handling Calculation Model}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={383-392}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/403}, affiliation={PhD Student, Construction Management Research Group, School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom, contact boas@soton.ac.uk. ; Lecturer, Construction Management Research Group, School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom, +44 (0) 23 80592938 dcb@soton.ac.uk }, abstract={The efficiency of the UK construction industry is estimated to be between 40 and 60%. To improve this situation many new ideas are being investigated. This paper reports on research being conducted to improve the way that materials are delivered to and moved around construction sites. The research uses four different models taken from operational research to produce a materials handling schedule for each commodity required for the construction project. The optimum schedule is the one which best matches the project objectives which will be lowest cost, shortest time or maximising the output from the available resources. The model is being tested on two construction sites at the University of Southampton and reduced cycle times for a number of operations }, author_keywords={Lean construction, material handling, scheduling }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2006, author={Alves, Thais da C.L. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Simulation as a Tool for Production System Design in Construction}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={341-353}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/404}, affiliation={Visiting Scholar, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, Bloco 710, Pici, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, Phone: +55 85 3366-9607, Ext. 36, thaiscla@yahoo.com ; Professor and Vice Chair of Instruction, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Associate Adjunct Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, FAX 510/643-8919, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={In this paper, the authors discuss the concepts of variability, buffers, and batches, as well as the interactions between them. The discussion aims at contributing to the identification of factors that impact production systems design, which includes the definition of buffer locations, buffer profiles, batch sizes, etc. The authors use a simulation model developed using STROBOSCOPE to represent five different scenarios for planning, fabrication, shipping, and installation of sheet metal ductwork in order to illustrate how production system design choices may affect the lead time needed to deliver a project. The data used to develop the model was obtained from time studies performed by the authors as well as from interviews conducted with field superintendents. In order to develop the model, the authors needed basic information about activities pertaining to the delivery of sheet metal ductwork. Modeled durations and quantities are approximations based on the data collected. The model highlights the need for and importance of reliable data when designing production systems and simulation models thereof. Effort needs to be put in by the construction industry and researchers to gather more representative sets of data that can be used to design production systems. }, author_keywords={Simulation, production system design, buffers, batches. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2006, author={Alves, Thais da C. L. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Investigation of Buffer Dynamics in Sheet Metal Ductwork Supply Chains}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={309-315}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/405}, affiliation={Visiting Scholar, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, Bloco 710, Pici, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, Phone: +55 85 3366-9607, Ext. 36, thaiscla@yahoo.com ; Professor and Vice Chair of Instruction, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The model discussed in this paper represents the interactions between design changes, site work, and fabrication shop work for make-to-order products. Being qualitative in nature, it serves as a basis for discussing how inventory and buffers are created in the Sheet Metal Ductwork Supply Chain due to changes in design and installation sequences. The authors chose to model changes in schedule and design because industry practitioners indicated that these are the main causes for variations that disrupt contractors’ work flow. The authors highlight selected feedback links between activities to discuss the implications of communication, timing of demand, and product standardization vs. customization. A number of insights into the model can be abstracted to other supply chains in construction. Other supply chains in construction (e.g., electrical systems, architectural components, precast concrete) can benefit from the analysis as presented. }, author_keywords={HVAC Ductwork, supply chain, buffers, information management }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2006, author={Arbulu, Roberto and Soto, Javier }, editor={ }, title={A Design Case Study: Integrated Product and Process Management}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={107-119}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/406}, affiliation={Implementation Leader, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362-3200, email: rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; Project Manager, Graña y Montero S.A., Av. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima 34, Perú, Phone: 1- (511) 213- 0444, email: jsoto@gym.com.pe }, abstract={Traditional design practices in construction indicate that most of the emphasis appears to be on product design. This may be the result of the traditional process of design-bid-build, where the design team pre-defines means and methods to the contracting team. In contrast, lean design incorporates not only product design, but also process design. Process design is commonly one of the components missing in traditional practices together with the lack of supporting systems, organizational structures, and resources required to obtain a quality design. This paper presents a case study that describes an integrated approach to manage product and process in design. The case study builds on the design phase for the construction of The Central Bus Station project in the city of Lima, Peru. The case study discusses several topics including working with cross-functional design teams, using pull to prioritize detailed engineering, applying collaborative mapping to identify design constraints so variability is minimized, measuring plan reliability, reasons for non-completion and root cause analysis, and capturing lessons learned as part of a continuous improvement process. The case study describes the use of key tools for product and process management. Preliminary results are presented including on-time completion of design milestones, customer satisfaction, better understanding of implementation constraints and challenges, and increased transparency in the overall design process. This case study represents the first implementation of lean techniques in design in the Peruvian construction industry. }, author_keywords={Cross-functional teams, design, digital prototypes, production control, production system, pull, reliability, workflow. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2006, author={Arbulu, Roberto and Zabelle, Todd }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Lean in Construction: How to Succeed}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={553-565}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/407}, affiliation={Implementation Leader, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362-3200, email: rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net ; President, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362- 3200, email: tzabelle@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={Implementing lean means an organization (project or enterprise) transforms itself from a current state to a future state vision that incorporates a lean ideal. This paper proposes a strategy for organizations to increase the likelihood of success when going through a lean transformation. This approach considers construction projects as the basis for transformation, and proposes a narrow and deep implementation approach for the transformation effort. The paper highlights key elements for a successful implementation including vision, skills, incentives, resources, and detailed action plans. It reinforces the need for heavy-weight project leadership to control behavioral development during the transformation and presents a series of concepts and techniques that support a better understanding of human and team behavior. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations for organizations that envision a transformation event towards lean project delivery. }, author_keywords={Behavioral development, change, construction, implementation, lean, resistance, transformation }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arbulu2006, author={Arbulu, Roberto }, editor={ }, title={Application of PULL and CONWIP in Construction Production Systems}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={215-226}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/408}, affiliation={Implementation Leader, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362-3200, email: rarbulu@strategicprojectsolutions.net }, abstract={One of the main characteristics of construction is that work flows through temporary production systems from the start to the end of a project. The way the production system is designed has a major influence in the outcome of the project. This paper presents a case study on rebar that illustrates how the application of PULL and CONWIP techniques can drastically improve value delivered. Benefits include reduction in physical inventories, an increase on transparency across the production system, reduction in variability levels for both demand and supply, lead time reduction, and better collaboration amongst stakeholders. }, author_keywords={CONWIP, demand, lean, production control, PULL, production system, reliability, supply, WIP. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Azambuja2006, author={Azambuja, Marcelo M. B. and Isatto, Eduardo L. and Marder, Tiago S. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={The Importance of Commitments Management to the Integration of Make-to- Order Supply Chains in Construction Industry}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={609-623}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/409}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Construction Engineering and Project Management (CEPM), University of Texas at Austin, e- mail: azambuja@mail.utexas.edu Ph.D., Assistant Lecturer at Building ; Ph.D., Assistant Lecturer at Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), e-mail: isatto@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; M.Sc.,Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), e- mail: tiagomarder@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Most causes of the inefficiency in construction supply chains are related to managerial issues, including the poor management of commitments among their members and the lack of integration of managerial processes along the chain. This paper discusses those problems in two case studies carried out in the building elevator and cut and bend rebar supply chains. As in many of construction supply chains, both configurations are characterized by their make- to-order nature, the delivery of customized products to their customers and by having their production based on final design specifications. Focusing on the flow of information along the supply chain, the objective of this paper is to assess how the integration of these make-to- order supply chains’ processes is affected by the way commitments among chain members are coordinated. By undertaking a detailed description of both supply chains’ processes and analyzing their existing problems, the study shows that a major part of them are related to the poor integration of the information flows. The Language Action Perspective (LAP) was used to provide an additional approach for analysis, emphasizing the commitments involved in the information sharing among supply chain agents. The LAP analysis revealed that the root cause of those problems relies mainly on the poor management of commitments among supply chain members. Moreover, many of the problems could be avoided by explicitly planning the flow of commitments that are made necessary by inter-organizational processes as well as by organization's internal processes. The adoption of the LAP and the focus on the flow of commitments may support the understanding of make-to-order supply chains integration problems as well as suggest actions towards the integration of their processes. }, author_keywords={Supply Chain Management, Make-to-order, information flow, Language/Action perspective, commitments management. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2006, author={Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Rethinking Project Definition in Terms of Target Costing}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={77-89}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/410}, affiliation={Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/530-1743, FAX 510/530-1920, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={That phase of projects that immediately precedes design has been called by a variety of names, including design briefing, programming, front end loading, and project definition. It is widely agreed that this project definition phase is often ill performed, resulting in the design and construction of facilities that do not satisfy their purchasers or users. A number of lean construction theorists, including this author, have made contributions to rethinking project definition as a phase within lean project delivery. Target costing is a methodology developed by manufacturers of consumer products to systematically improve product profitability, and is now being adapted for use in the delivery of construction projects. Target costing starts with setting a target cost, which is a very complex and difficult process in construction as compared to manufacturing. In this paper, project definition is revisited as the phase in which target costs are set. Both traditional and lean project definition models are reviewed, a philosophy and approach are presented and grounded in case studies, and a research agenda is put forward for project definition/setting target cost. }, author_keywords={Customer, customer value, design, design brief, design concept, design criteria, predesign, programming, project definition, target cost, value }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Beary2006, author={Beary, Thanveer M. and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. }, editor={ }, title={Prioritizing Production Planning Problems and Normalizing Percent Plan Complete Data Using Six Sigma}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={455-465}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/411}, affiliation={Project Controls Engineer, Jay Dee Contractors, Inc., 38881 Schoolcraft Rd, Livonia, MI- 48150. Email: tmohammed@jaydeecontr.com ; Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS), with its now-famous PPC metric, has been used on many projects and has proven to be an effective production planning and control tool. Application of the LPS typically results in unearthing numerous problems with the production planning process and procedures that a contractor utilizes. With limited time and budgets, the construction manager needs a method to prioritize the process improvement initiatives to undertake. This paper explores the use of six-sigma based metrics and techniques to better reveal the efficacy of the production planning process as well as identify the common-cause and special-cause deviations in the production planning process. The paper will report on the adaptation of sixsigma metrics and techniques to data collected from an actual construction project. The results suggest that the developed tools will assist in focusing process improvement efforts. The sixsigma metric developed also provides a better basis for the normalization of the PPC metric such that intra-company and inter-company production processes can be compared for benchmarking and process improvement purposes. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Percent Plan Complete, Control Charts, Last Planner System }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2006, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Koskela, Lauri and Henrich, Guilherme and Rooke, John }, editor={ }, title={Critical Flow – Towards a Construction Flow Theory}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={31-32}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/412}, affiliation={MSc, Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org ; Professor, School of Construction and Property Management – University of Salford, 4 th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2957960, FAX +44 161 2954587, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc., MBA, Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management – University of Salford, 4 th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2954143, FAX +44 161 2954587, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of Construction and Property Management – University of Salford, 4 th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2956344, FAX +44 161 2954587, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper introduces the concept of Construction Physics as a more comprehensive way of understanding the construction process from a flow perspective. It establishes a preliminary definition of the term and investigates briefly the present knowledge, flow models and methods for their management. From this it argues that the state of the art does not fully cover the whole process and proposes a holistic view of the flow of all prerequisites feeding the process. It introduces the key term Critical Flow and concludes by recommending areas that should be investigated as a joint IGLC research, development and testing programme. }, author_keywords={Critical flow, construction physics, flow management, theory, variability }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bjornfot2006, author={Bjornfot, Anders and Sarden, Ylva }, editor={ }, title={Prefabrication: A Lean Strategy for Value Generation in Construction}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={265-277}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/413}, affiliation={Tech. Lic., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, FAX +46 920 491091, anders.bjornfot@ltu.se ; Tech., Dr., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492866, FAX +46 920 491091, ylva.sarden@ltu.se }, abstract={Despite a number of attempts to establish prefabrication as a Lean Construction method, there is still confusion of what prefabrication provides to the management of the construction process. It seems as if prefabrication can provide a means of dealing with value stream fluctuations in highly complex situations, such as a traditional construction project where it is difficult to define client value accurately. The prefabrication decision and the strategies for meeting customer demands have been studied for three Swedish producers of prefabricated timber components for multi-storey housing construction. The case study results indicate that the Swedish construction industry is slowly changing from a traditional project based generation of customer value to offering specific products, adaptable by the customer to suit their own view on value. A prefabrication strategy where a well defined and tested product is offered to customers has the effect of redistributing resources from the design process to the value stream. Such redistribution enables companies with a well developed prefabrication strategy to better control the value stream and to implement new and better ways of meeting customer requirements while continuously improving their work and eliminating waste. }, author_keywords={Lean Thinking, Multi-storey timber housing, Prefabrication, Product offer, Value generation. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bølviken2006, author={Bølviken, Trond }, editor={ }, title={10 Statements on Production and Construction Theory}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={67-73}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/414}, affiliation={Director, Business Development and Strategy, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, Postboks 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no (Veidekke Entreprenør AS is a Norwegian subsidiary of Veidekke ASA, one of the major Scandinavian construction and real-estate-development companies) }, abstract={Koskela sees production as the production of value through a flow of transformations. He analyses peculiarities characterizing the construction industry, and advocates elimination and mitigation strategies in order to reduce the disadvantages related to these peculiarities. This paper sees industrialised production as production of commodities through a flow of transformations. The commodities are seen as having dual character, possessing both use- value and price (exchange value). Within “the Lean Construction – movement” the understanding and examination of the commercial dimensions of construction is far behind the understanding of more technical or organisational issues like planning and scheduling. The commodity-term, distinguishing between the use- and monetary value-dimensions, should also be able to contribute to a better understanding of the commercial dimensions of construction. A specific industry is characterized by its specific peculiarities. This means that the existence of peculiarities is not something that is specific only to the construction industry, but which is found in all industries. As a consequence, elimination and mitigation of peculiarities in order to reduce disadvantages can no longer be seen as sufficient strategies. This paper also sees peculiarities as a potential advantage, and advocates strategies where these potential advantages are explored. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bortolazza2006, author={Bortolazza, Rodrigo C. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={A Quantitative Analysis of Data Collected From the Last Planner System in Brazil}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={625-635}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/415}, affiliation={ }, abstract={In Brazil, a large number of companies have implemented the Last Planner system in order to improve the performance of their production systems. However, most research studies developed so far have emphasized the analysis of qualitative data, based on a small number of case studies. Therefore, there seems to be a good opportunity to learn more about production control by analyzing data from a larger sample of projects, based on performance measures such as the percentage of plans completed (PPC) and the causes for the non completion of work packages. This paper presents further developments of a research project that was first presented at the IGLC13 Conference. It is based on data from 133 projects. Some of them have been investigated in previous research projects at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). The remaining data have been provided by companies that have been using the Last Planner system for several years. At first, the average PPC and the reasons for the non completion of tasks were analysed using descriptive statistics. In a sample of 96 projects multivariate regression analysis was used for explaining the variance of weekly PPC, using as independent variables the causes for non completion of work packages, number of assignments completed and timing of the projects. The results indicated that a major problem in most projects is the lack of effective implementation of look-ahead planning. Moreover, for multivariate regression analysis, some causes for the non completion of work packages, such as work force and planning have a strong contribution for explaining the variance of weekly PPC. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, performance measurement, multivariate regression analysis }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bulhões2006, author={Bulhões, Iamara Rossi and Picchi, Flavio Augusto and Folch, Alex T. }, editor={ }, title={Actions to Implement Continuous Flow in the Assembly of Pre-Fabricated Concrete Structure}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={407-419}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/416}, affiliation={PhD student, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, iamara@fec.unicamp.br. ; Professor, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, and Director, Lean Institute Brazil. Av. Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas/SP, Brazil, CEP 13084-971, Phone +55 19/3788-2082, fpicchi@fec.unicamp.br ; Civil Eng., Technology and Quality Director, MUNTE Industrialized Constructions, Ltda. , atf@munte.com.br. }, abstract={Most production systems in the construction industry have a large number of interruptions in the work of gangs, resulting in waste and under-utilization of resources. Such interruptions are typically caused by variability in the production system and lack of synchronization of processes. This paper discusses the implementation of continuous flow in the process of assembling the pre-fabricated concrete structure of an industrial building, located in the State of S Paulo, Brazil. The implementation process was mostly based on Lean Thinking principles, involving tools for creating continuous flow. Action-research was the research strategy adopted for developing this study, which was divided into two main stages: (a) implementation of production control for making the production system minimally stable; (b) implementation of a proposed assembling sequence and rhythm, based on a small batch repetitive cycle. The implementation was successful in terms of reducing the cycle time, improving the productivity in the assembling process, reducing waste in the utilization of cranes, and, specially, increasing stability of the assembly process. }, author_keywords={Continuous flow, pre-fabrication, Lean Thinking, small batch, increasing stability }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Codinhoto2006, author={Codinhoto, Ricardo and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={How Analysis and Synthesis Have Been Understood in Design}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={121-134}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/417}, affiliation={The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, E-mail: r.codinhoto@salford.ac.uk ; The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, E-mail: l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; he University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, E-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, E-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={In the disciplines related to the design of products and services, such as New Product Development and Design Science, there is a lack of a commonly accepted theoretical and methodical basis. This papers starts with the proposition that the ancient method of analysis and synthesis, developed originally by Greek geometers, is the basis of models that have been used to classify and describe the ill structured design problem. In this paper, we examine the possibility of improving our understanding of the design process and therefore lean design management by bringing to light a discussion about the concepts of analysis and synthesis and how these have been interpreted through time. Also, how this concept has been used within engineering design methods. To do so, we investigate how analysis and synthesis have been understood in the literature, indicating similarities and differences between ancient and current understandings. }, author_keywords={Analysis and synthesis, design process, engineering design }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Court2006, author={Court, Peter and Pasquire, Christine and Gibb, Alistair and Bower, David }, editor={ }, title={Design of a Lean and Agile Construction System for a Large and Complex Mechanical and Electrical Project}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/418}, affiliation={Research Engineer, Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK ; Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK ; Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK ; Principle Fellow, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, UK }, abstract={This paper represents “work-in-progress” as part of a collaborative research project being undertaken at the Centre for Innovative Collaborative Engineering for an Engineering Doctorate at Loughborough University, UK. The programme is funded by the EPSRC and is sponsored by a major UK mechanical and electrical contractor (the sponsor company). The project will have specific objectives, which will be capable of making a significant contribution to the performance of the company. The sponsor company is developing a “construction system” in order to improve the performance of its projects, and earlier research in this field has shown that lean interventions, when applied to a case study project, has had positive results. This paper describes the next phase of the development of the construction system, and proposes a lean and agile production system model which is to be implemented on a major private finance initiative (PFI) hospital development, and in particular the mechanical and electrical (M&E) elements. The model builds upon a “leagile” concept developed from manufacturing theory, and shows how the need for leanness and agility depends upon a total supply chain and labour strategy. }, author_keywords={Construction system, performance improvement, lean interventions, lean and agile, mechanical and electrical, leagile, total supply chain, labour }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Esquenazi2006, author={Esquenazi, Alberto and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={Evaluation of Lean Improvements in Residential Construction Using Computer Simulation}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={137-149}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/419}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-54-6210370, alberto@mexicoisrael.com ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il }, abstract={Changes to apartment designs initiated by clients are an inherent part of residential construction. Competition for customers where supply exceeds demand, and increasingly sophisticated consumers, have forced construction companies to accept the phenomenon. However, client changes delivered during construction adversely affect the stability and flow of work at the construction site. To cope with this challenge, three main changes were suggested to the traditional approach of construction of high-rise residential buildings: reduce the batch size to single apartments, work with multi-skilled teams and schedule work with a pull controlled system. To evaluate these three changes, Sacks and Goldin developed a management simulation game, called ‘LEAPCON ™ ’, which simulates the construction process of an eight story building with 32 apartments using Lego ® pieces. Repeated executions of the live game indicated reduced cycle times, cash flow and levels of work in progress, and improved throughput. However, investigation of the separate and combined influences of each intervention could not be measured, nor could the performance indicators be monitored through time. Thus computerized discrete event simulation was needed for more complete evaluation of the three lean management changes. Twelve computerized simulations were built using the Stroboscope ® program. It was found that each one of the interventions improved one or more of the parameters of interest, while different combinations of them also improved some of the results. Reduced batch size improved cash flow and work in progress; multi-skilled teams improved labour utilization rates, and pull flow enabled execution of all client changes. However, application of all three interventions in unison was essential for achieving the anticipated results simultaneously. }, author_keywords={High-rise apartment construction, production system design, computer simulation }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Folkestad2006, author={Folkestad, James E. }, editor={ }, title={Concurrent Design for Production (Cdp): Materializing Interface Knowledge on a Us Residential Construction Project Using Computer Aided Design Objects}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={319-330}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/420}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Construction Management, Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, Phone +1 970/491-7823, FAX 970/491-2473, folkestad@colostate.edu }, abstract={The concept that design is a social process is well established in the research literature. Following the tradition of ethnographic methods used to study design in context, this paper describes a 12-month research study conducted with a US residential homebuilder. The study utilizes the concurrent design process to elicit tacit interface knowledge and explicitly define it using 3D CAD models. Three-dimensional CAD graphics were used as a concurrent design tool to provide visual representations of product and actor interfaces. More importantly, these tools created conversations that otherwise would not have taking place in traditional design process. Out of necessity, and following the spirit of the concurrent design process, the tool was modified to include intermediate production objects (IPOs) for transferring production details to field level workers. The concept of concurrent design for production (CDP) is introduced as an extension of concurrent design that provides a method for improving onsite construction processes. }, author_keywords={Concurrent design for production, production, residential construction, Computer Aided Design (CAD) }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gallardo2006, author={Gallardo, Carlos Antonio Samaniego and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Picchi, Flavio Augusto and Folch, Alex Tort }, editor={ }, title={Stabilization and Standardization of a Precast Production Process}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={205-213}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/421}, affiliation={Civil Eng., M. Sc. Candidate at GTE/Unicamp, carlosasamaniego@yahoo.com ; Ass. Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and urban Design, Department of Architecture and Building, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Campinas/SP, CEP 13083-852, Brazil, Tel.: +55 19 3788-2082, FAX + 55 19 3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br, fpicchi@fec.unicamp.br ; Ass. Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and urban Design, Department of Architecture and Building, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). Director, Lean Institute Brasil, Rua Topázio 911, São Paulo/SP, Brazil, CEP 04105-063, Tel.: +55 11 5571-6887, FAX: +55 11 5571-0804, fpicchi@lean.org.br ; Civil Eng., Technology and Quality Director, MUNTE Industrialized Constructions, Ltda. , atf@munte.com.br }, abstract={Adapting and implementing new management techniques based on principles and tools originated in the manufacturing industry have been challenging the construction industry. This research aims to present improvements achieved in the fabrication process of precast concrete roof tiles, after a first stage of diagnosis and basic stabilization of the production process. This work was carried out jointly with a Brazilian company in the state of Sao Paulo, dedicated to the erection and fabrication of pre-cast concrete components. This study is part of an ongoing action-research, where the production process of concrete precast roof tiles fabrication was already analyzed. After a first diagnosis of the production process, lean principles and tools were used to stabilize and standardize the production process of these precast components. Results allow concluding that lean implementations helped with the basic stabilization and standardization of the different work elements involved in the fabrication system of precast concrete roof tiles and could be adapted to other precast concrete components production process, providing higher reliability in the production process and production throughput improvements for these components. }, author_keywords={Precast, roof tiles, stabilization, standardization, production processes }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Garcia2006, author={Garcia, Salvador and Romero, Ariadna and Diaz, Hector and , }, editor={ }, title={Incentive Plans for Mexican Construction Workers}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={525-532}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/422}, affiliation={Professor, Civil and Construction Management. Engineering, Department, 2501 Garza Sada Street, ITESM, Monterrey, NL, Mex, 64849, Phone 52 81552540, sgr@itesm.mx ; Graduated Student, Civil and Construction Management. Engineering, 2501 Garza Sada Street, ITESM, Monterrey, NL, Mex, 64849, Phone 52 81552540, ariadnarb@yahoo.com.mx ; Graduated Student, Civil and Construction Management, Engineering, 2501 Garza Sada Street, ITESM, Monterrey, NL, Mex, 64849, Phone 52 81552540, arqhectordiaz@yahoo.com.mx ; }, abstract={Construction is one of the industries that rely heavily on the worker's performance. The construction worker is responsible for the optimal use of resources and equipment, making him an important part of the project and his performance essential to its accomplishment. The aim of the paper is to propose an incentive scheme for the Mexican construction worker that could assist the firm to achieve its goal in terms of costs, time and quality of its projects. The incentive plan is the direct result of a work study analysis conducted in a firm specialized in the construction and development of low income housing complexes in Mexico. In particular, the study focuses in three types of activities: stucco and plaster application and masonry of concrete block walls. Based on the observations from the methods employed and time spent in each process, with previous identification of the firm's objectives and benchmarks, the monetary incentive schemes are designed to meet the firm's objectives. Furthermore, the proposed incentive scheme is meant to identify the most trained workers and to build a database that could help to keep track and rehired them in the future. However, the main use of the incentive plan is the effect it has on the worker's motivation that could help him to improve his performance. The paper offers numerical results for the three activities under study in terms of productivity indicators, comparison to theoretical benchmarks and evaluation of field personnel and design of effective economic incentives }, author_keywords={Economic incentives, work study, worker's evaluation, performance, productivity }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gehbauer2006, author={Gehbauer, Fritz and Stock, Patricia and Steffek, Peter }, editor={ }, title={Swarm Intelligence and Ant Colony Approach - Can They Be Applied in Optimizing Construction Processes?}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={15-30}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/423}, affiliation={Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, gehbauer@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Chief Engineer, ifab-Institute of Human and Industrial Engineering, University of Karlsruhe, Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, patricia.stock@ifab.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Research Assistant, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, steffek@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de }, abstract={A swarm can be described as a group of individuals using direct and indirect communication to act without central command with high efficiency in problem solving. For example, the insect society as a whole is extremely efficient due to a sophisticated form of self-organization is based on an indirect communication between its members. This communication is both between the members and their environment. For example the ant behaviour leads to repeatedly finding near optimum strategies in food supply, logistics and formicary construction. Studies of this behaviour have led to the first usable algorithms in the solution of logistical problems, in evolutionary programming and in manufacturing planning and control. A few examples will be presented. This paper will further study the differences between construction intelligence and swarm intelligence and discuss the possibilities to adapt this evolution to systems and problems of construction processes. First considerations have shown that the principles of the existing ant algorithms and simulation tools of manufacturing can be used in construction as well. In case of disturbances fast reorganization of processes can be developed using the algorithm. Modifications have to be made in terms of a number of definitions and system parameters. Any self-organizing system relies on frequent measurement, rapid distribution of information and near optimum reactions. By improving the related abilities construction can be made more transparent and goal-oriented. The paper is concluded with considerations as to whether swarm intelligence and derived algorithms can make a contribution to a construction theory (understanding the processes). }, author_keywords={Swarm Intelligence, ant colony approach, wasp colony approach, managing the process, optimizing construction processes, resource planning }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{González2006, author={González, Vicente and Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Gazmuri, Pedro }, editor={ }, title={Design of Work in Process Buffers in Repetitive Building Projects: A Case Study}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={165-176}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/424}, affiliation={Ph. D. Candidate, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. Lecturer, Escuela de Ingeniería de la Construcción, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. E-Mail: vagonzag@puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Industrial Engineering, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: pgazmuri@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Variability in construction projects usually leads to schedule delays, cost overruns and productivity losses. Among the different techniques and tools employed to manage a construction project the use of buffers is a common approach to handle variability and to protect production processes from its negative impact. Time float, resource inventories and budget contingencies are examples of buffers used in construction in an intuitive and informal way. Empirical evidence recently collected about existing inefficiencies in the use of WIP (Work-in-Process) in construction projects highlights the double-opportunity to improve current practice of WIP and variability management by using WIP as buffers. The paper addresses the use of WIP buffers in construction schedules of repetitive building projects and proposes an approach for WIP buffer design. A discrete simulation model to study the impact of the optimum WIP buffer size on construction schedule was developed and this paper presents its application to a real project (case study). Finally, simulation results and the potential of WIP buffers to implement production strategies based on Lean Construction principles in construction projects are analyzed. }, author_keywords={Buffers, Lean Construction, Simulation Optimization, Variability, Work in Process }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Harel2006, author={Harel, Michael and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={Subcontractor Resource Allocation in a Multi-Project Environment – Field Study}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={467-478}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/425}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8292245, harelm@techunix.technion.ac.il ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il }, abstract={Various strategic considerations lead construction companies to reduce their core staff and employ subcontractors. Productivity is a critical determinant of profitability for subcontractors working under unit price contracts. When the flow of work on any project is unstable or unreliable, they are forced to adjust their resource allocations across the multiple projects on which they work in parallel. Earlier research explored subcontractors’ economic motivation; this research explores project managers’ and subcontractors’ behaviours de facto, through 57 in-depth interviews with experienced practitioners. The work focused on the decision-making process in allocating limited resources across multiple projects. Motivating factors other than productivity, such as cash flow, financial exposure, motivation and reputation, project work flow, etc. were explored. The main results show that productivity and work flow are in fact the primary motivating factors; that more than 50% of project managers use push control in a way that prevents subcontractors from achieving their desired productivity rates; that subcontractors believe on average that approximately 60% of the work promised will in fact become available on schedule, and therefore engage in overbooking; and that project managers tend to respond by exaggerating their resource demands by an average 20%. These findings support the hypothesis that mistrust and competition, rather than cooperative behaviour, are the norm. They form the basis for continuing research toward a descriptive theoretical model of the multi-project subcontracted environment. }, author_keywords={Subcontracting, behaviour model, resource allocation, field survey, decision-making }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Henrich2006, author={Henrich, Guilherme and Abbott, Carl and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Drivers for Innovation in Production Management}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={533-541}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/426}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc., MBA, Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 (0)161 2954143, FAX +44 (0)1612954587, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Senior Researcher, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 (0)1612953172, FAX +44 (0)1612954587, c.abbott@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Construction and Property Management, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 (0)1612956378, FAX +44 (0)1612954587, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The aim of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of innovative programmes in construction. The term 'best practice' is commonly used in industry in to describe and disseminate cases where high levels of performance have been achieved. Several terminologies are used to describe this phenomenon, the best practice being the most widely used term. Best practices usually stimulate a desire in other companies to achieve similar levels of performance or gains that have been obtained by those best practice companies. This desire for better performance commonly triggers an innovation adoption programme by other companies. However, there are two kinds of drivers to innovation adoption: one is usually started by normative pressures applied by customers, suppliers, regulators or senior management. This type of adoption is called push-driven. On the other hand, there is a pull-driven innovation adoption decision, which is triggered strictly by an internal need associated with a performance gap. Based on this background this paper explores the generation, development and adoption of innovative programmes by industry. }, author_keywords={Best practice, drivers, innovation, production management }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Höök2006, author={Höök, Matilda }, editor={ }, title={Customer Value in Lean Prefabrication of Housing Considering Both Construction and Manufacturing}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={583-594}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/427}, affiliation={Tech. Lic., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491028, FAX +46 920 491913, matilda.hook@ltu.se }, abstract={Prefabrication increases standardisation and repetitiveness both in processes and products and yields a progress of a construction process that is more comparable to manufacturing than on-site construction. Previous research shows that house prefabrication reduces waste and resolves some of the peculiarities of construction (e.g. one-of-a-kindness, on-site production and a temporary organisation). However, the need for value creation by considering construction peculiarities in prefabrication is also discussed within the IGLC community. Hence, the aim of this research is to contribute to the understanding of how to obtain a lean prefabrication strategy, i.e., a strategy that considers both waste reduction and value generation. To find suggestions for development within value creation of a prefabrication strategy, a multiple case study of the total population of Swedish timber volume element (TVE) prefabrication, and a customer survey of 57 potential and previous real-estate trustees of the TVE building system was performed. The result shows that value generation is connected to meeting customer needs formulated within the deep-rooted culture of construction based on historical knowledge and attitudes. Traditional on-site production is still apparently perceived to allow a higher degree of control, trust and flexibility. To obtain a lean prefabrication strategy both waste reduction, through the use of manufacturing related project orientation, and consideration of the construction culture is therefore needed. Previous researches suggest flexibility, customisation and convincing design have to be met to obtain value generation and this is empirically confirmed by this research. However, the research also shows that a lean prefabrication strategy still has to meet the traditional needs of the process, as control and trust of the production process and the product, trust of the manufacturer together with information transfer, to obtain customer value. Control and trust can be supported by information transfer via strategic alliances and demonstration houses. }, author_keywords={Lean prefabrication, Construction peculiarities, Customer value, Timber volume element housing }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2006, author={Howell, Gregory and Macomber, Hal }, editor={ }, title={What Should Project Management Be Based On?}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={41-50}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/428}, affiliation={Managing Director, Lean Construction Institute, 625 Main Street 1B, Louisville, CO 80027, +1-303-408-1098. ghowell@leanconstruction.org (Also Partner, Lean Project Consulting) ; Partner, Lean Project Consulting, 36 Kirkland Drive, Andover, MA 01810. +1-978-470-8994. hmacomber@leanproject.com. }, abstract={Projects historically have been defined as temporary undertakings carried out by a single purpose organization. Projects and their management can be described and portrayed from a variety of perspectives, each founded on some conceptual basis, hiding or revealing various aspects, and opening or closing some possibilities for action. This paper joins the continuing exploration about the nature of projects and their management. The power of lean approaches in the materiel/information domain is well established and rests on solid conceptual foundations. In this paper we explore projects as human endeavors and how our humanity with all its capacities and limits opens possibilities for improvement. }, author_keywords={Project management, Theory, Language Action Perspective }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Isatto2006, author={Isatto, Eduardo L. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={The Inter-Firm Coordination of the Construction Project Supply Chain}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={293-308}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/429}, affiliation={Associate Lecturer at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) – Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99/3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-190, Brazil, Phone (+55) 51 3316- 3959, isatto@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Associate Professor at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE) – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) – Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99/3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-190, Brazil, Phone (+55) 51 3316- 3959, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The application of supply chain management to construction has been a challenging task. An important reason for that is the difference between the industrial context where it was originated and the construction industry. Although the literature suggests that the use of multiple theoretical approaches can provide a comprehensive description and understanding of construction supply chains, so far no framework has been offered for their joint use in practical situations. This paper aims to provide a multi-theoretical approach that can be used to comprehensively describe inter-organizational coordination of construction project supply chains. The use of three theoretical approaches is discussed: the Theory of Coordination (TC), the Transaction Costs Theory (TCT) and the Language/Action Perspective (LAP). A case study is presented to illustrate the joint use of these three theoretical approaches in a practical situation. The study shows that the three theoretical approaches are highly complementary and that their joint use provides a comprehensive view of how such construction project supply chains arise, develop and finally disband. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, inter-firm coordination, project management. }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Izaguirre2006, author={Izaguirre, Luis E. and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Multidimensional Modeling: A Mechanism for Improving Construction Project Management}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={355-368}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/430}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, JJC Contratistas Generales S.A., Lima, Perú, M. Sc., Universidad Católica Chile, e-mail: eizaguirre@jjc.com.pe ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Fax: 011-562-686-4806, E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={“Multidimensional Modeling” is an automated, visual and digital representation of various dimensions of a project which uses availably commercial software or an exclusive computational tool. A “Dimension” is any variable that a professional needs to know and analyze in order to manage a construction project, and which can be used during the whole life cycle of the project, from the design stage all the way to the operation stage. The modeled dimensions were the surface, space, time, constructive sequence and the execution strategy, quantity takeoff, cost, safety, and activities performance history. Performance indicators were used to evaluate the use of the model which was proposed as a mechanism for improving construction project management. The validation and evaluation of the multidimensional modeling was performed using the foolproof method for three case studies (Chilean building projects). The use of the multidimensional modeling increased transparency during project execution and simplified the coordination, control and planning processes. This was accompanied by improvements in availability, consistency, accessibility and reliability of information from the project, and with a decrease in uncertainty regarding project scope and performance. Additional observations included improvements in speed and in the decision making process, and improvements in communication among project participants. }, author_keywords={Information Technology, Lean Construction, Multidimensional Modeling, Construction Management }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemmer2006, author={Kemmer, Sérgio L. and Saraiva, Martina A. and Heineck, Luiz F. M. and Pacheco, Ana Valéria L. and Novaes, Marcos de V. and Mourão, Carlos A. M. A. and Moreira, Luiz C. R. }, editor={ }, title={The Use of Andon in High Rise Building}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={575-582}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/431}, affiliation={M. Sc. Student, Civil Engineering Pos-Graduate Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, kemmer@ecv.ufsc.br ; Flows Supervisor, C. Rolim Engineering Ltd., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, martina@crolim.com.br ; Ph.D., Professor, Department of Production Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, freitas8@terra.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Quality and Technology Manager, C. Rolim Engineering Ltd., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, valeria@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Director, C. Rolim Engineering Ltd., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, marcosnovaes@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Logistic and Supply Manager, C. Rolim Engineering Ltd., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Production Manager, C. Rolim Engineering Ltd., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, luizcarlos@crolim.com.br }, abstract={The Andon device is traditionally used in the manufacturing industry. This visual management tool shows the status of operations in an area and signalizes the occurrence of abnormalities. This research work takes the view that its application is connected to lean construction concepts, as its main function is to identify problems within the production line. It becomes possible to determine the origin of the production disturbances during the building process and not only at the end of it, in a way that the required measures can be taken to avoid the repetition of such problems. It is noticed also that the use of Andon improves the continuous flow of the activities and avoids rework. Moreover it provides operative crews and production managers the opportunity of learning. The application of this managerial tool has gained adepts in construction companies in the Brazilian northeast. The objective of this article is to show the steps for the application of this tool within the building construction environment. This work was developed through a case study in a multi-storey building construction and it encompasses hardware installation (both at the work place and management office), development of control charts, and the production problems analyzes. This study is concluded with the presentation of the results acquired with the use of this managerial tool. The number of work stoppages was reduced significantly, communication was greatly enhanced and transparency was enacted as production problems were readily reported, discussed and analysed. }, author_keywords={Andon, lean construction, building control }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2006, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Jang, Jin-Woo }, editor={ }, title={Applying Organizational Hierarchical Constraint Analysis to Production Planning}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={371-382}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/432}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Construction Management & Wood Product Engineering Department, 153 Baker Lab, State University of New York, Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, Phone +1 315/470-6839, ywkim@esf.edu ; Ph.D Candidate, Construction Management & Wood Product Engineering Department, 160 Baker Lab, State University of New York, Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, Phone +1 315/470-6831, jijang@syr.edu }, abstract={Construction management has de-prioritized production planning and control, especially crew- level management while great emphasis has been placed on project management. It is often found that each employee (or the Last Planner) in charge of the constraint removal tends to conceal the information (or problem) until the last responsible moment (L.R.M.) passes. This may happen because that the employee does not want to reveal that he/she has an unresolved constraint fearing that it will be interpreted as incompetence. There are times when the Last Planner is not in an ultimate position of authority, thus sometimes he/she is expected to solve constraints over which he/she has no control. When this arises, there is often an inefficient attempt by the Last Planner to eliminate these constraints, thus making the situation worse. Greater informational transparency would help to solve this problem. Due to a movement that focuses on crew-level planning and control, the authors suggest in this paper that responsibility be assigned to, or shared with, the appropriate level of organizational management as constraints are identified in the look-ahead window. The organizational hierarchical constraint analysis is defined in this paper as submitting problems to the level of management best suited to solving specific constraints. By using organizational hierarchical constraint analysis, the make-ready process is improved. This paper is followed by a case study in which organizational hierarchical constraint analysis has been applied, the results of which have been discussed with project participants. }, author_keywords={The Last Planner System, organizational hierarchical constraint analysis, make-ready process, informational transparency }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Knapp2006, author={Knapp, Steve and Charron, Roberto and Howell, Gregory }, editor={ }, title={Phase Planning Today}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={431-441}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/433}, affiliation={Project Coach, Lean Project Consulting, 625 Main St. 1B, Louisville, CO 80027, Sknapp@leanproject.com, Phone 303-717-0952 ; Project Coach, Lean Project Consulting, 625 Main St. 1B, Louisville, CO 80027, Rcharron@leanproject.com, Phone 786-287-2335 ; Principal, Lean Project Consulting, 625 Main St. 1B, Louisville, CO 80027, Ghowell@leanproject.com, Phone 303-408-1098 }, abstract={Since the publication of White Paper #7 “Phase Scheduling” (Ballard 2000), work on many projects has been planned with this technique by teams of varying configuration. Many teams have adapted their own approach to developing a “phase schedule”, in some cases called a “reverse phase schedule” or a “pull phase schedule”. During these planning sessions, ideas have been put in practice that improve on the original scheme and increase the benefits of producing a phase schedule. Perhaps the most significant being the conversations that the teams pursue during the exercise. This paper will briefly describe the authors’ current approach to and practices for preparing phase schedules and how this has become, in actuality, phase planning. It will then describe how phase planning produces the project schedule as traditionally understood, and more importantly designs the network of commitments necessary to deliver each project milestone, and how understanding and using the network of commitments improves project performance. }, author_keywords={Phase Planning, scheduling }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2006, author={Ko, Chien-Ho }, editor={ }, title={Buffer Evaluation for Demand Variability Using Fuzzy Logic}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={255-264}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/434}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering and Technology Management, Da-Yeh University, 112 Shan-Jiau Rd., Da-Tsuen, Chang-Hua 515, Taiwan, e-mail: fpecount@yahoo.com.tw, phone: +886-4- 8511888, fax: +886-4-8511270; Research Director, Taiwan Lean Construction Institute; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute Asia }, abstract={Precast fabricators face numerous challenges as they strive for business success. Among them, demand variability is arguably the biggest headache. The objective of the research is to develop a Buffer Evaluation Model (BEM) to protect fabricators against the impact of demand variability. Laws of forecasting are considered when developing the model. A pulling strategy of finishing production later relative to erection dates is established thereafter. To avoid fabricators losing capacity due to the relatively later fabrication, a time buffer is analyzed using Fuzzy Logic (FL). FL, in the BEM, is primarily used to deal with uncertain information encountered while evaluating time buffer. The study validates performance of the proposed method using a real precast project. Application results show that the proposed method can effectively reduce level of the inventory as well as reduce the risk of producing product falling victim to design changes. }, author_keywords={Fuzzy logic, precast fabrication, finished goods inventory, buffer management, demand variability }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2006, author={Koskela, Lauri and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={On the Metaphysics of Management}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/435}, affiliation={Professor, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, 4 th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom. Email: l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Centre Manager, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, 4 th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom. Email: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The question about the metaphysics of management is considered especially from the point of view of the subject, acts and object of management. Management is understood holistically, in connection to production, rather than as an independent domain in itself. In terms of metaphysics, the time-honoured question about the superiority of thing (substance, matter) ontology or process ontology is addressed. The determination of metaphysical commitments is discussed. Empirical evidence on the appropriateness of alternative metaphysical assumptions in management is forwarded. It is concluded that Western management thinking has been dominated by thing metaphysics. This has led to deficient conceptualizations and counterproductive methods, present in the 20 th century. There have been process metaphysics based correctives, which include Japanese-originated methods and out-of-the box methods developed by Western parties. These correctives have often outperformed their substance based counterparts, but their adoption in the West has been slow. It is concluded that the Western metaphysical assumptions, especially when implicit, hinder learning, understanding and implementation of the process based correctives in the realm of management. However, even if the dominant Western metaphysics constrains our thinking, it might be possible to break out of it, through appropriate ontology training. }, author_keywords={Metaphysics, management, production management, organization, change, process, substance }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lim2006, author={Lim, Chul-woo and Yu, Jung-ho and Kim, Chang-duk }, editor={ }, title={Implementing PPC in Korea’s Construction Industry}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/436}, affiliation={Graduate student, Department of Architecture Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul, Korea FAX +82-2-942-7101 (icw34@kw.ac.kr) ; Professor, Department of Architecture Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul, Korea FAX +82-2-942-7101 (myazure@kw.ac.kr) ; Professor, Department of Architecture Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul, Korea FAX +82-2-942-7101 (stpkim@kw.ac.kr) }, abstract={Developed by the Lean Construction Institute, the Last Planner ® System (LPS) consists of four steps: Master Schedule, Phase Schedule, Lookahead Planning, and Weekly Work Plan. This paper focuses on the process of measuring the Percentage of Plan Completed (PPC) at the Weekly Work Plan stage. PPC refers to the percentage of weekly assignments completed. The results of research on the use of PPC in many other countries confirm the benefits of using PPC. In Korea’s construction industry, however, the concept of PPC is still relatively new. This paper analyzes the cases of PPC application in other countries and compares it with the production control system in Korea’s construction industry. The results of this research are expected to serve as the basis for the institutionalization of the PPC implementation process in Korea. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Lookahead Plan, Weekly Work Plan, PPC, Time Management }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nakagawa2006, author={Nakagawa, Yoshitaka }, editor={ }, title={Real Time Performance Information System Using Mobile Phone}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={331-339}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/437}, affiliation={Dr. Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Division, Toyo University }, abstract={The author explained the importance of standard operating procedure documents and visualization in order to implement lean construction in IGCL12 and 13. PPC chart and Table of Reason for Failure are important tools in order to execute standard operation and visualization. But the information is often not in real time, not precise and not shared with the foreman, staff of site and head offices of both the contractor and subcontractors. In order to improve these shortcomings, author is developing real time performance information system using mobile telephone. This paper first explains if we have real time performance information of the work and reason of the performance, we can easily eliminate waste in order to pursue the perfection of construction work flow. The idea of this system came from POS system of convenience store._Then the author shows how the real time information of each merchandise item at a convenience store is used and how it is determined whether an item sold well or poorly. The real time performance information system on construction site using mobile phone now under development is explained. Finally, the author explains the examples and effects of eliminating waste using mobile phone system. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Real Time Performance Information System, Mobile Phone, PPC }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Narang2006, author={Narang, Puneet and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. }, editor={ }, title={Quantifying Workers’ Hazard Identification Ability Using Fuzzy Signal Detection Theory}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={497-509}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/438}, affiliation={Graduate Student Research Assistant, 9 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: narangpu@msu.edu. ; Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu. }, abstract={Safeguarding construction workers from occupational hazards, whether arising from traumatic, ergonomic, and/or exposure accidents, is part and parcel of the lean construction ideal of waste elimination. Howell et al. (2002) proposed a new approach to understand construction accidents based on Rasmussen’s theory of cognitive systems engineering. One aspect of the model focused on worker training to recognize hazards (unsafe conditions). The primary goal of this paper is to develop a method to quantify workers’ ability to identify these hazards. Abdelhamid et al. (2003) explored the need for an assessment of the process of identification and applied Signal Detection Theory (SDT) to assess workers’ ability to detect unsafe conditions. This research applies Fuzzy SDT, proposed by Parasuraman et al. (2000), to increase the applicability of conventional SDT analysis to construction settings where the definition of a signal event and its associated response do not follow a binary or dichotomous structure. Application of the methodology is demonstrated using a pilot study involving structural steel workers. Results from the sample of 10 ironworkers indicated the average sensitivity in identifying hazards was above average and that workers generally adopted a conservative strategy. Data analysis using conventional SDT model showed a marginally increased sensitivity, but with a very high variation. This result illustrated that fuzzy SDT model was more reflective of the ability of construction workers to identify construction hazards. }, author_keywords={Occupational Safety, Construction Safety, Signal Detection Theory, Construction Accidents, Hazard Identification }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Owen2006, author={Owen, Robert and Koskela, Lauri and Henrich, Guilherme and Codinhoto, Ricardo }, editor={ }, title={Is Agile Project Management Applicable to Construction?}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={51-66}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/439}, affiliation={PhD ‘Candidate, Phone +44 161 295 4143, r.l.owen@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Phone +44 161 295 7960, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; PhD Candidate, Phone +44 161 295 4143, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Research Assistant, Phone +44 161 295 4284, r.codinhoto@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper briefly summarises the evolution of Agile Project Management (APM) and differentiates it from lean and agile production and ‘leagile’ construction. The significant benefits being realized through employment of APM within the information systems industry are stated. The characteristics of APM are explored, including: philosophy, organizational attitudes and practices, planning, execution and control and learning. Finally, APM is subjectively assessed as to its potential contribution to the pre-design, design and construction phases. In conclusion, it is assessed that APM offers considerable potential for application in pre- design and design but that there are significant hurdles to its adoption in the actual construction phase. Should these be overcome, APM offers benefits well beyond any individual project. }, author_keywords={Agile, Project Management, Construction }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2006, author={Pasquire, Christine and Soar, Rupert and Gibb, Alistair }, editor={ }, title={Beyond Pre-Fabrication - the Potential of Next Generation Technologies to Make a Step Change in Construction Manufacturing}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={243-254}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/440}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Leics, LE11 3TU, UK Tel: ++44 (0)1509 222895 Fax ++44(0)1509 223981 c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leics LE11 3TU UK Tel: ++44 (0)1509 227636 Fax ++44(0)1509 227648 r.c.soar@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Leics, LE11 3TU, UK Tel: ++44 (0)1509 223097 Fax ++44(0)1509 223981 a.g.gibb@lboro.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper describes a number of next generation manufacturing technologies which may find applications in construction such as digital fabrication and rapid prototyping. It will also look at some of the work being undertaken within UK Government funded research projects within the overarching area of Freeform Construction. In addition to explaining the technical processes and products of these, the paper will explore the delivery management issues and theorise how these next generation technologies have the potential drive lean thinking deep into the heart of the construction industry. The technology and delivery issues will be presented in a conceptual model of construction manufacturing. The underlying premise for this research agenda is the static nature of construction – with the basic logic behind the processes being unchanged for centuries, construction is probably the last bastion standing against technological revolution. Next generation manufacturing technologies have the potential to drive the paradigm shift needed to achieve the changes the industry is being pushed towards. This paper provides a view of a different construction industry for the coming century and shows the processes that may help shape it along the way. }, author_keywords={Construction manufacturing; freeform construction, digital fabrication, rapid prototyping, automation }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pavez2006, author={Pavez, Ignacio and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Qualifying People to Support Lean Construction in Contractor Organizations}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={513-524}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/441}, affiliation={Research Assistant, MSc student, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Engineering Faculty, Construction Management School, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 3547050, ipavez@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Engineering Faculty, Construction Management School, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 3544245, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={The consolidation of the lean construction theory demands the application of its concepts and principles in practical situations, but until now most of the implementations have been very fragmented. They have focused mainly on the improvement of project performance through the application of new tools and methodologies, leaving aside organizational and human issues. This paper proposes a way to support lean construction in contractor organizations, both creating a Lean Construction Professional Profile (LCPP) (seeking what competencies are needed) and expanding the focus centered on projects to address organizational and human issues that are necessary to carry out a sustainable and successful implementation. Several research activities were carried out: an assessment of what skills Project Managers (PMs) need, a study of how construction PMs use their time, and an analysis of the best practices coming from the outcomes of executive’s studies in management science, construction industry and lean construction. Extracting the main contributions and similarities of each approach, and taking the premise of the holistic development of people as a key element, five areas of competence and knowledge were identified: (1) enterprise vision, (2) lean vision, (3) technical capacity, (4) management capacity and (5) social competence. From the five competence-knowledge areas the LCPP was defined, considering first mental models that drive acting (enterprise vision and lean vision) and then sorting the competences needed in their complexity. }, author_keywords={Organization development, human resource development, project manager, lean construction, executive work }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Polat2006, author={Polat, Gul and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={How to Promote Off-Site Fabrication Practice of Rebar in Turkey?}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={279-290}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/442}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90-212-285-3737; Fax: +90-212-285-6587; E-mail: gpolat@ins.itu.edu.tr ; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619. 510/530-8656, gballard@leanconstruction.org; Associate Adjunct Professor, Project & Engineering Mgmt. Group, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., University of California at Berkeley; and Principal, Strategic Project Solutions. }, abstract={The authors have previously explored the practices of Turkish contractors in a series of papers, using rebar as the focal point. The exploratory studies have revealed a very complex socio- technical-economic system in play, the upshot of which is that performance is far from lean. This paper looks at the problem as representative of those faced by the construction industries in developing countries. First the system elements and dynamics are described, using force field analysis as the organizing tool. Then proposals are made for moving the industry toward lean construction practices, including optimal use of off site fabrication. }, author_keywords={rebar, off-site fabrication, barriers, improvement suggestions, Turkish construction industry }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Robert2006, author={Robert, Gabriel R. T. and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis }, editor={ }, title={Target and Kaizen Costing Implementation in Construction}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={91-105}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/443}, affiliation={Civil Eng., M. Sc. Candidate at GTE/Unicamp, gabriel.robert@terra.com.br Engineering Supervisor of a Brand Retail Unit in São Paulo, Brazil. ; Asst. Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and urban Design, Department of Architecture and Building, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Campinas/SP, CEP 13083-852, Brazil, Tel.: +55 19 3788-2082, FAX + 55 19 3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br }, abstract={The challenge of implementing a combined target and kaizen costing approach has been recognized as a promising strategy for construction companies seeking to increase their profit margins, efficacy of production process and relationship with suppliers. Construction companies use to perform their services in a competitive market and can apply this combination to reduce construction costs, while at the same time assuring their profitable business margins. This research sought to implement a combined target and kaizen costing approach along the planning and construction phases of brand retail units (BRU). A context specific case study with four BRU has been devised. The main idea was firstly to design and to specify the units to reduce historical product development costs by means of product’s definition interventions. On the target costing application the “customers care service center” of the company has been consulted about possible product conception interventions that were not perceived as value by customers. Later, the kaizen costing approach sought continuous improvements on production processes mostly based on suggestions originated by the main sub-contractors. The case study results show cost reductions around 13% compared with previous cost data of the company for these facilities. }, author_keywords={Target costing, Kaizen costing, Cost reduction, Brand Retail Units }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2006, author={Sacks, Rafael and Harel, Michael }, editor={ }, title={How Last Planner Motivates Subcontractors to Improve Plan Reliability – a Game Theory Model}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={443-454}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/444}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il ; PhD Candidate, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8292245, harelm@techunix.technion.ac.il }, abstract={There is an inherent relationship between subcontractors’ labour resource allocation behaviour and the level of plan reliability they perceive. Under fixed-price or lump sum contracts, projects with low plan reliability can only be profitable for subcontractors when buffers of ready work are large enough to shield their productivity. A normal form game theory analysis can show that subcontractors will naturally tend to behave defensively whenever they perceive that plans are unreliable, resulting in unreliable labour allocation, and thus reducing plan reliability further, resulting in a vicious circle. The Last Planner System works to improve plan reliability. However, in order to achieve continuous improvement of the system, a rigorous model is needed to improve understanding of the mechanisms by which it affects labour resource allocation behaviour. The extended form game theory model presented in this research explains the relationship between project managers and subcontractors, and indicates at what levels of trust behaviour changes from competitive to collaborative. Ideas for enhancing construction procurement and production system design to make plans more reliable are discussed against the background of this theoretical explanation. }, author_keywords={Subcontracting, game theory, Last Planner, plan reliability }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saffaro2006, author={Saffaro, Fernanda A. and Trescastro, Marcel G. and Rodrigues, Alana A. and Schramm, Fábio K. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Heineck, Luiz F. }, editor={ }, title={Saffaro Trescastro Rodrigues Schramm Formoso heineck_prototyping Contprototyping Contributions for Production Management in Constructionributions for Production Management in construction.pdf}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={421-429}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/445}, affiliation={M.Sc, Assistant Professor at the Civil Engineering Department, State University of Londrina. Ph.D. Candidate at the Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. saffaro@uel.br ; Architect, M.Sc., Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 3castro@via-rs.net ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc. Candidate at the Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. alana.rodrigues@gmail.com ; M.Sc., Assistant Professor at the Federal University of Pelotas, Ph.D. Candidate at the Building Innovation Research Unit – NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, “Este link externo ir? abrir em nova janela” fabioks@ufpel.edu.br ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit – NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Professor, Postgraduate Program in Production Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, heineck@deps.ufsc.br }, abstract={The uncertain nature of construction requires the use of tools that generate useful information and support decision making in each phase of the product development process (PDP). Experimentation techniques have been adopted by other industrial sectors with the aim of supporting product development, especially due to the existing uncertainty and risk. However, those techniques have been poorly used in construction, especially in the study of production processes at building sites. This paper describes three studies that were carried out in construction companies with the aim of investigating the role of two experimentation techniques, FRS and on-line learning, and also the requirements for their implementation. The results suggest that these techniques can be used to understand work methods and to establish standard operation elements. The production constraints did not allow the standard work to be fully adopted and interrupted the continuity of the cycle observation–reflection– action that could create in-depth knowledge on work methods. The paper discusses the requirements for establishing an appropriate environment in order to increase the prototyping contributions for creating an in-depth knowledge on work-methods. }, author_keywords={Prototyping, first run study, standard-operation }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2006, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Cambraia, Fabricio B. }, editor={ }, title={Towards a Common Language Between Lean Production and Safety Management}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={483-495}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/446}, affiliation={Ph.D., Associate Professor at LOPP/UFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Praça Argentina nº 9, 2º andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55-51- 3316-4007. E-mail: saurin@ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at NORIE/UFRGS (Building Innovation Research Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3º andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55-51-3316- 4054. E-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br ; Civil Engineer, MSc, PhD candidate at NORIE/UFRGS. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3º andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: fabricio@cpgec.ufrgs.br }, abstract={This paper discusses lean production objectives and design principles that can be shared by production management and safety management. It focuses on strategies to deal with variability, emphasizing two typical lean production concepts – autonomation and visual management – which can be used in safety management to detect variability. Moreover, considering the cognitive systems engineering perspective on safety as a basis, this paper discusses four guidelines for developing and monitoring procedures in the lean production approach: (a) take into account workers´ mental and physical capabilities; (b) stress workers involvement in procedures development and monitoring; (c) investigate reasons for successful performance rather than just causes of non-compliance with procedures; and (d) adopt a broader view on the meaning of deviations from procedures, which should not necessarily be seen as negative. It is proposed that similar analysis to the one carried out in this paper be undertaken to other lean production elements (e.g. how lean practices such as kaizen, supply chain management and total productive maintenance may benefit safety?). An inverse analysis is also necessary, since some elements that are usually included in safety management systems can be integrated to lean production practices. }, author_keywords={Safety management, cognitive systems engineering, lean production, operations management }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schramm2006, author={Schramm, Fábio K. and Rodrigues, Alana A. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={The Role of Production System Design in the Management of Complex Projects}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={227-239}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/447}, affiliation={M.Sc., Assistant Professor at Federal University of Pelotas – UFPel, Ph.D. Candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, fabioks@ufpel.edu.br ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc., Researcher at NORIE/UFRGS, alana@ppgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), formoso@ufrgs.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 – 3º andar, CEP 90035-190, Porto Alegre – RS, Phone: +55 51 3316 3959 }, abstract={Production system design (PSD) is one of the core activities of production management. It translates the intended production strategy into a set of decisions. It establishes the structure that will manage different activities, and creates appropriate conditions for control and improvement. The design of production systems should begin at the early stages of product design, including not only on-site production itself but also on suppliers’ and consumers’ processes. In operational terms, a major concern is to devise the layout and the material and information flows in order to create favourable conditions for a more efficient production system. Despite its importance, very little attention is usually given to production system design in the construction industry. This paper discusses the implementation of production system design in complex construction projects, such as hospitals, industrial and commercial buildings. This discussion is based on the findings of two case studies, using a model for production system design devised for low cost repetitive house-building projects as a starting point. Differently from low cost house-building, in complex projects the client requirements are not usually well defined at the beginning of the project. This requires the production system design to be carried out in several stages. Another difference is the large number of subcontractors and suppliers involved and the high degree of interdependence between them. Some prototyping tools were used for reducing uncertainty, and to increase transparency. The main contribution of this paper is to propose the PSD as a way to cope with certain features of complex construction projects. It proposes the scope of decisions involved, and the requirements that are necessary to perform this task effectively in such projects. The results indicated that production system design can potentially improve the performance of production systems in such projects, and improve the understanding of the impacts of client requirements and design changes. }, author_keywords={Production system design, complex projects, production management }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2006, author={Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Process Benefits From Use of Standard Products – Simulation Experiments Using the Pipe Spool Model}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={177-188}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/448}, affiliation={Professor and Vice Chair of Instruction, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, FAX +1 (510) 643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Construction materials management and supply chain management are challenging not in the least because of the sheer number and variety of types of materials being assembled in any one project. Uniqueness of materials increases system complexity. This raises the question addressed in this paper: How may the use of increasing numbers of a standard product affect production system performance? To answer this question, we build on the pipe-spool model with ‘matching problems’ that was presented at the IGLC in 1997 but we study parameters that are different from those studied previously to illustrate how management practices may affect a production system’s behavior. Specifically, we show how the use of standard products alleviates the matching problem. Computer-based discrete-event simulation is known to be a useful tool to describe how lean systems may be designed and metrics applied to analyze their performance. Accordingly, we use simulation experiments to illustrate the relationship between the use of various numbers of standard products and process execution. As shown, small numbers of standard products result in some reduction of the project duration, but increasing numbers benefit the system disproportionately more. Using lessons learned from this experiment combined with other observations based on theory and practice, we provide directions for follow-on research and recommendations for managers to design their project-based production systems by exploiting product standardization opportunities. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, variability, product standardization, process modelling, materials management, supply chain management, discrete-event simulation, pipe, piping system, process plant, industrial construction, off-site fabrication }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Toolanen2006, author={Toolanen, Bengt and Olofsson, Thomas }, editor={ }, title={Relational Contracting and Process Design Promoting Cooperation}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={191-203}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/449}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Tech Lic., Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden Bengt.Toolanen@ltu.se ; Professor, Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden Thomas.Olofsson@ltu.se }, abstract={In Sweden as in many other countries new demands have led to the set-up of public committees and research projects for scrutinizing the construction sector. The main conclusions are that traditional models for managing the building process do not match the nature of today’s fast- track, uncertain and complex projects. Since 2004 there is also a government appointed Committee in Sweden dealing with these matters. It is interesting to notice that the Committee has already given prominence to Lean Construction ideas and concepts as a model for the future of the Swedish construction sector. New ideas and innovative concepts for the development of the construction process in huge projects which are extremely quick, uncertain and complex have been tested by the Swedish mining company LKAB at a pelletizing plant project described in this paper. The project is procured as a partnering project on DB (Design and Build) basis and with transparent remuneration form. The expectations and demands from the client concerning targets regarding time, cost and functions are set high. Advanced design models such as 3D, 4D and VR has been used to support a concurrent engineering design and construction process. This paper will mainly deal with the relational contracting aspects. Especially, how the contracting model affects the process design. The results of the study presented are based on a field survey case study carried through by the authors. }, author_keywords={Procurement models, project types, lean contracting, relational contracting, field survey, process design }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Villarouco2006, author={Villarouco, Vilma and Fittipaldi, Andréa }, editor={ }, title={A Better Plan for Construction Companies}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={567-574}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/450}, affiliation={Architect; Doctorate in Production Engineering; Professor at the Federal University of Pernambuco; Address: Av. Dezessete de Agosto, 2270 - Recife/PE - Brazil - CEP: 52.061-540; Phone 55 081 2126.8301; E-mail: villarouco@hotmail.com ; Engineer; Master's in Production Engineering; CREA-PE; Address: Av. Agamenom Magalhães -s/n ,: Recife/ PE - Brazil - Phone 55 081 91117791; E-mail: adfitti@terra.com.br }, abstract={A failure to adopt measures for improving production has been identified among a number of construction companies in Northeast Brazil, especially in comparison to the south and southeast regions of the country. Studies are being carried out with the aim of understanding the current development of building construction in the city of Recife and its metropolitan area in the state of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil; and identifying obstacles to the adoption of Lean Construction. The level of knowledge on the issue among companies has also been studied. Limited awareness regarding lean construction has been identified, together with a lack of studies on construction management in engineering courses. This paper shows the results of these research projects, which also investigated aspects of ISO 9000 certification among companies, as well as environmental management, production planning and control. Suggestions are made in an effort encourage the adoption of Lean Project Delivery among construction companies in the state of Pernambuco. The case studies developed here were part of larger research. }, author_keywords={Construction companies, Northeast Brazil, lean construction }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wu2006, author={Wu, Jianfeng and Soibelman, Lucio }, editor={ }, title={Graphical Analysis on Non-Conformances of Construction Production Processes: Ongoing Research and Case Study}, journal={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={14th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2006}, pages={393-405}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/451}, affiliation={PhD Student and Research Assistant, Civil and Env. Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Phone +1 412/268-6126, jianfen1@andrew.cmu.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering., Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA, Phone +1 412/268-2952, FAX +1 412/268-7813, lucio@andrew.cmu.edu }, abstract={The Last Planner™ system of production control, based on lean construction principles, has been broadly and successfully implemented in several projects over the past years. Its focus on work plan realization is useful in helping project management teams identify main problems that constrain the timely completion of individual activities, and decrease possible variability. However, potential problems in designs of production processes, which also contribute to risks and variability during their implementations, have been seldom studied and could be only learned and used by human planners in a subjective and implicit manner. In this paper, a research approach is detailed to address this problem by creating a generic and concise data representation for networks of construction production processes in support of graphical analysis and pattern recognition. As a part of this ongoing research, a case study is presented with preliminary results, which were obtained by applying the research approach on a Last Planner™ database of production control from a large capital facility project. Networks of production processes were analyzed by comparing type descriptions of the original plans and their actual performance. Interesting and statistically valid patterns were recognized in this study, such as correlations between the topology of a work plan and its probability of having non-completions during implementation. Such objective and explicit patterns could help project managers better understand potential problems in original designs of construction processes, and make informed decisions to decrease corresponding variability and increase reliability in planning and control. }, author_keywords={Graphical analysis, production processes, pattern recognition, knowledge discovery }, address={Santiago, Chile }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2007, author={Koskela, Lauri and Rooke, John and Bertelsen, Sven and Henrich, Guilherme }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The TFV Theory of Production: New Developments}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/452}, affiliation={Professor, School of the Built Environment – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2957960, FAX +44 161 2954587, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2956344, FAX +44 161 2954587, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk ; MSc, Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc., MBA, Ph.D. candidate, School of the Built Environment – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2954143, FAX +44 161 2954587, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper aims at reporting new developments in the understanding of the TFV (Transformation-Flow-Value generation) theory of production. This theory identifies three interdependent angles to production: transformation (achieved by resources workers, machines, etc.) oriented (T), materials oriented (F) and customer oriented (V). Fundamental ontological differences in the presuppositions of the three sub theories are pinpointed. In particular, the transformation theory subscribes to thing metaphysics, whilst the value generation theory is based on process metaphysics. It is suggested that for achieving an internal alignment among the sub theories, two different understandings should be distinguished: thing-metaphysics based (TFV)t and process metaphysics based (TFV)p. It is shown that the three different sub theories have often in practice been interpreted according to (TFV)t. However, the fundamental problems associated to this understanding are also pinpointed, and the limited range of application of (TFV)t is noted. In the consideration of (TFV)p, especially the transformation theory has to be reinterpreted as a processual conceptualization. It is suggested, following a hint from Shingo, that transformations equate to work. It is suggested that the traditional command and control (or management-as-planning) mode is in coherence with the (TFV)t theory. Unfortunately, this mode of control amplifies the conceptual shortcomings of the (TFV)t, and it has been found to be inefficient in practice. Instead, for (TFV)p, more holistic modes of control are needed. An initial exploration of control coherent with the (TFV)p conceptualization is made. }, author_keywords={Transformation, flow, value generation, production, metaphysics. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2007, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Henrich, Guilherme and Koskela, Lauri and Rooke, John }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Construction Physics}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={13-26}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/453}, affiliation={MSc, Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc., MBA, Ph.D. candidate, School of the Built Environment – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2954143, FAX +44 161 2954587, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2957960, FAX +44 161 2954587, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2956344, FAX +44 161 2954587, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={At the 14th annual conference in the International Group for Lean Construction in 2006 the authors presented the concept of construction as a process being fed by a number of flows out of which one is the critical one deciding the speed with which the process takes place. This contribution takes the idea further and sets out by discussing production in general and the underlying mental flow models associated with this understanding. It then suggests a new model for the understanding of the nature of project production with a focus on all the flows feeding this complex process. It continues by discussing the nature of the flows and at the same time looks at the impact of their variability at the project level. And finally it looks at the present tools for project management and their suitability in a process understanding of the project where particularly the nature of Last Planner is discussed. }, author_keywords={Construction physics, flow, project management, mental models }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rooke2007, author={Rooke, John and Koskela, Lauri and Bertelsen, Sven and Henrich, Guilherme }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Centred Flows: A Lean Approach to Decision Making and Organisation}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={27-36}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/454}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of Construction and Property Management – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2956344, FAX +44 161 2954587, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Construction and Property Management – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2957960, FAX +44 161 2954587, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; MSc, Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc., MBA, Ph.D. candidate, School of Construction and Property Management – University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2954143, FAX +44 161 2954587, g.henrich@pgr.salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Koskela has argued that the flow conception of production is a key to understanding and generating improvement innovations. However, it has tended to be assumed that this view is appropriate for the analysis of processes, rather than of operations. However, it is notable that Shingo also conceives of operations in terms of flows. The flow conception treats the process holistically, as a continuum, time is central to understanding them. Events, rather than objects, are key units. It is argued here that the key distinction between a process flow and an operational flow is that processes are essentially passive, acted upon by operations. Conversely, operations, whether human or mechanical, have the quality of intentionality. It is suggested that the idea of 'competence', borrowed from ethno methodology is a prime analytic device for understanding operational flows. Human activities have the quality that they can be understood as practical competencies or abilities that we can acquire for ourselves. It is suggested that we can extend production theory to examine the production of organisation, as distinct from its usual focus on the organisation of production. The organisations which design, construct and manage the built environment may be viewed as social processes which are produced in the exercise of the operational competences of their memberships. }, author_keywords={Lean Theory, Flows, Operations, Organisation, Competence }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Codinhoto2007, author={Codinhoto, Ricardo and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Method of Analysis in Production Management}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={37-45}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/455}, affiliation={Research Fellow, SCRI / HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, Phone: +44 (0)161 2953507, e-mail: r.codinhoto@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, Phone: +44 (0)161 2956378, e-mail: l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Academic Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2954284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, tel. +44 (0)161 2953855, e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The method of analysis was developed by ancient Greek geometers to identify and solve problems related to geometry. From that period, well known scientists such as Newton and Descartes have applied the method. More recently, Polya has presented the method of analysis as a heuristic template to solve mathematical and other problems. Despite its continual epistemological dilution, the method has also been used to explain the cognitive process of designing. In this paper it is claimed that the method of analysis can also explain production management. It seems that the method of analysis has been used across different levels of management in production, i.e. from a holistic/strategic perspective through to detailed levels. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to discuss whether the method of analysis provides a partial theoretical foundation for production planning. The research approach is literature review with an emphasis on the method of analysis and synthesis. The conclusion is that the method of analysis and synthesis adds to the theoretical explanation of both design and production. }, author_keywords={Analysis and synthesis, production planning }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2007, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Towards a New Understanding of the Construction Industry and the Nature of Its Production}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={46-56}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/456}, affiliation={MSc, Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il }, abstract={Looking around, there is no doubt that the poor performance of today’s construction industry is a global phenomenon. This leads to reflections on the nature of the industry itself and its project performance compared to the situation before World War II. Have the projects and or the industry changed for the worse? And if so, why? And how can it be changed back again – if getting back is desirable? This paper looks at the industry and the projects from flow and complexity points of view and observes that the whole industry forms one very complex and dynamic network, whose nature and behaviour is poorly understood. It applies two basic rules to the complex network: the economic driver of service industries that demands optimization of resource utilisation, and the fundamental rule of queuing theory that relates waiting time and/or buffers to capacity utilisation rates. Taken together, these rules begin to provide an understanding of this network and its behaviour that offers a reasonable explanation for the industry’s performance. }, author_keywords={Complex networks; Construction management; Flow; Stalemate; Subcontractors; Variability. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chen2007, author={Chen, Qian and Reichard, Georg and Beliveau, Yvan }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Interface Management - A Facilitator of Lean Construction and Agile Project Management}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={57-66}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/457}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Building Construction, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, Phone +1 540/239-1479, FAX 540/231-7339, qchen@vt.edu ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Building Construction, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, Phone +1 540/818-4603, reichard@vt.edu ; G.A. Snyder Falkinham Professor and Head, Dept. of Building Construction, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, Phone +1 540/818-4602, yvan@vt.edu }, abstract={This paper aims to establish and clarify the close relationships between Interface Management (IM) and the two emerging construction management philosophies: lean construction and agile project management (APM). The applications of these two approaches face great challenges from a project’s complexity. IM, managing and controlling interrelationships or interactions among elements of complex project systems, can help augment these two strategic approaches and facilitate the implementation of related techniques and methods in the dynamic built environment. This paper first briefly introduces the new concept of IM and its benefits to construction management. Then, it reviews lean construction and APM respectively. During the review, this paper simultaneously investigates the benefits that IM can offer to these two approaches in regard to philosophy and technique. In conclusion, it is assessed that IM can greatly improve the implementation of lean production and APM in construction and help optimize overall performance of construction project systems. }, author_keywords={Interface management, lean production, lean construction, agile, agile project management, multi-disciplinary team, complexity. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Forsberg2007, author={Forsberg, Azam and Saukkoriipi, Lasse }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Measurement of Waste and Productivity in Relation to Lean Thinking}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={67-76}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/458}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Architecture and Infrastructure, Luleå University of Technology, SE- 971 87 Luleå, Sweden, +46 (0) 70-794 76 23, azam.forsberg@ltu.se ; Tech. lic, Building Economics and Management, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins gata 8, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden, +46 (0)31-7721964, lasse.saukkoriipi@chalmers.se }, abstract={In the Swedish construction sector there have been debates concerning what can be done about the current low productivity and the high levels of wastes. During the last few years it has become more common to utilize principles from lean construction as a way to enhance the problems concerning the levels of productivity and waste. The aim of this paper is to do a literature review on measurement of waste and productivity. Terms waste and productivity will be compared and discussed in relation to lean construction. Furthermore this paper will highlight the use of lean philosophy to reduce waste and improve productivity in the Swedish construction industries. The study shows that the term ‘waste’ is more closely related to lean thinking than productivity is, but both terms are according to our analysis nonetheless important when striving for cost reductions. Furthermore there is a need of changing in the way of thinking in order to create a value added activities that can cut down production cost in the Swedish construction industries. }, author_keywords={Waste, productivity, lean construction, Swedish construction industry and performance measurements. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neto2007, author={Neto, Jose de Paula Barros and Alves, Thais da C.L. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Strategic Issues in Lean Construction Implementation}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={78-87}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/459}, affiliation={Professor, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, Bloco 710, Pici, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br ; Assistant Professor, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, Bloco 710, Pici, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, thaiscla@yahoo.com }, abstract={The paper discusses topics on production strategy and the need for proper definition of strategic goals before the implementation of Lean Production/Construction in construction companies. This research was motivated by two main reasons. The first reason is that few papers in the construction management literature tackle the relationship between strategic issues and Lean, even at IGLC conferences. The second is that construction companies seem to have implemented Lean in operational levels starting from tools and principles with low level of complexity without actually linking these to the companies’ strategic goals. Without proper strategic orientation Lean implementation may fail like other initiatives to improve companies’ performance. The research method used in this investigation comprised three phases: literature review, field research, and interviews with specialists and managers in construction companies. The authors carried out a research on a group of construction companies that have been implementing Lean in their construction sites and looked for evidences that link operational action to strategic planning. The paper concludes with the results of the cross analysis between the cases and the interviews as well as recommendations to assure proper engagement between Lean and strategic issues in construction companies. }, author_keywords={Strategy, production strategy, lean construction implementation. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2007, author={Ballard, Glenn and Kim, Yong-Woo }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Implementing Lean on Capital Projects}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={88-97}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/460}, affiliation={Associate Adjunct Professor, University of California, Berkeley. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Assistant Professor, Construction Management and Engineering Program, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY 13135. }, abstract={This paper reports the findings of a research project commissioned by the Construction Industry Institute (U.S.A.) to discover the secrets of successful implementation of lean principles and methods on capital projects. Findings were drawn primarily from a review of the literature and from case studies. The best prospects for successful implementation were found in those projects driven by organizations committed to being lean enterprises; i.e., pursuing the lean ideal in accordance with lean principles, and using the best available tools and methods. As regards project implementation, findings and the corresponding recommendations are provided for contractual and organizational structures, project definition, design, supply, assembly and post project learning. }, author_keywords={Implementation, lean, lean enterprise, lean project delivery }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gonzalez2007, author={Gonzalez, Vecente and Alarcon, Luis F. and Mundaca, Fenando }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Investigating the Relationship Between Planning Reliability and Project Performance}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={98-108}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/461}, affiliation={M. Eng., Ph. D. Candidate, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. Lecturer, Escuela de Ingeniería de la Construcción, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. E-Mail: vagonzag@puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Field Engineer, Integrated Project Management, Schlumberger. E-Mail: mundaca@slb.com }, abstract={Variability is an endemic problem in construction projects, which leads to the general deterioration of their performance. During the last decade the Last Planner System (LPS™) has been increasingly applied in construction projects to improve planning reliability as a strategy to increase the project performance. LPS™ promotes a series of actions and methods to increase planning reliability, monitoring the Percentage of Plan Completed (PPC) in a short term planning period. Nevertheless, there is limited evidence studying properly the relationship between planning reliability and project performance. In this paper, the authors developed a detailed research in a home building project analyzing this relationship at activity and project level, in order to understand how changes of planning reliability levels impact over project performance during construction phase. For doing so, two indexes are proposed: A planning reliability index activity-based called Process Reliability Index (PRI), and an aggregated labour productivity index project-based called Project Productivity Index (PPI). At activity level, activity performance indicators are compared with PRI. At project level, PPI is compared with PPC as a project planning reliability index. Statistical analyses for both levels were conducted showing positive and robust trends to improve performance when planning reliability is increased. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Variability, Project Performance, Planning Reliability. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Yu2007, author={Yu, Haitao and Tweed, Tarry and Al-Hussein, Mohamed and Nasseri, Reza }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Managing Variability In-House Production}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={109-118}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/462}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada, Phone +1 780/492-9131, FAX 780/492-0249, hyu@ualberta.ca ; General Manager, Landmark Master Builder Inc., 9765-54 Ave. Edmonton, Alberta, T6E 5J4, Canada, Phone +1 780/702-8273, FAX 780/436-4773, tarryt@landmarkmasterbuilder.com ; Assistant professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2W2, Canada Phone +1 780/492-0599, FAX 780/492-0249, malhussein@ualberta.ca ; President, Landmark Master Builder Inc., 9765-54 Ave. Edmonton, Alberta, T6E 5J4, Canada, Phone +1 780/702-8273, FAX 780/436-4773, rezan@landmarkmasterbuilder.com }, abstract={The differences between construction and manufacturing are well known. There have been many arguments on whether lean production model is relevant to construction and what strategy should be taken for construction enterprises to pursue lean transformation. A central issue here is how to deal with high variability in construction process. This paper presents a collaborating research performed by the University of Alberta and a local homebuilder. An analysis of historical production data confirms that the current house production flow is extremely variable, particularly at the beginning of the production process. The ripple effects of a change in production conditions can cause serious problems in scheduling and lead to big variation in construction operation durations. Based on a comparative study of home building and auto manufacturing, a comprehensive approach is proposed to reduce and manage the variability in house production through the resolution of particularities. }, author_keywords={House production, Construction particularities, Variability, Residential construction, Strategy. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ansell2007, author={Ansell, Mary and Holmes, Mike and Evans, Rees and Pasquire, Christine and Price, Andrew }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Lean Construction Trial on a Highways Maintenance Project}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={119-128}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/463}, affiliation={Research Engineer, AmeyMouchel, Telford, UK. Phone +44 1952 655558, mary.ansell@ameymouchel.com ; Construction Team Leader, AmeyMouchel, Telford, UK. Phone +44 1952 655508, mike.holmes@ameymouchel.com ; Delivery Manager, AmeyMouchel, Telford, UK. Phone +44 121 2541306, rees.evans@ameymouchel.com ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK. Phone +44 1509 222895, c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK. Phone +44 1509 222627, a.d.f.price@lboro.ac.uk }, abstract={In 2005, lean thinking was trialled to improve processes in the construction phase of a highways maintenance project. The trial was undertaken by a partnering framework; those involved were already working in a collaborative environment, and it was thought this would be conducive to introducing lean thinking. The scheme involved resurfacing and deep patching of two four lane carriageways and the provision of concrete protection to eight bridge piers. During the construction phase, a buffered programme, four-week look-ahead programmes and weekly programme plans were used to: undertake constraints analysis; measure planned activities completed each week; and analyse root causes of delay. On completion, the Project Team were interviewed on the successes and failures of using lean thinking on the project. Both problems and benefits were encountered in applying lean to the project. There were some issues with the way that lean was presented and certain improvements to the process were identified so that lean could be continued on other schemes undertaken within the framework, including: ensuring a better understanding of lean thinking and its application in a highways context; adopting some of the analyses as a formal process and measurement tool; and investigating principles of lean thinking outside programme management. }, author_keywords={Highways maintenance, implementation, lean processes, partnering framework }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2007, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Park, Changjung and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={A Case Study on Rebar Supply Chain Management by GS E&C}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={129-134}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/464}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Constr. Engr. and Mgmt. Program, Constr. Mgmt. and Wood Product Engrg. Department, Advisory Committee, GS E&C, 153 Baker Lab, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, 315/470-6839, FAX 315/470-6879, ywkim@esf.edu ; Manager, Lean Construction Task Force Team (TPMS Team), GS Engineering and Construction, Seoul, Korea, parkcj@gsconst.co.kr ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={In the past it has been difficult to implement lean supply chain management in construction because one entity does not have control over an entire supply chain. This research investigates supply chain practices at GS Engineering & Construction in Korea. The purpose of this case study is to explore the lean application on rebar supply chain management practice at GS. The paper discusses vertical integration in the supply system to reduce lead time and to improve a supplier’s reliability. It also discusses production control system and task standardization for a contractor’s planning reliability. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, rebar supply chain, lean construction, case study, vertical integration, task standardization }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2007, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Jang, Jin Woo and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={A Subcontractor's Lean Journey: A Case Study on Ilyang}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={135-140}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/465}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Constr. Engr. and Mgmt. Program, Constr. Mgmt. and Wood Product Engrg. Department, 153 Baker Lab, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, 315/470-6839, FAX 315/470-6879, ywkim@esf.edu ; Ph.D. Candidate, Constr. Engr. and Mgmt. Program, Constr. Mgmt. and Wood Product Engrg. Department, 153 Baker Lab, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, jijang@syr.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Labouratory, University of California, Berkeley. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={In most cases, owners of companies or general contractors initiate Lean implementation on construction projects. The value in this case study is that it presents a subcontractor successfully implementing Lean construction on its projects. The case study investigated its motivation for making a Lean transformation, the course of its Lean transformation, and the lessons learned through its Lean journey. The study used interviews with twentyfive key personnel, twelve site visits, and an analysis of twelve documents on twelve projects. Further, it shows that while subcontractors have difficulty initiating Lean implementation beyond their own firms due to their lack of influence, it is possible for them to affect this kind of change. }, author_keywords={Case study, Lean journey, subcontractor }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Moon2007, author={Moon, Hyo-Gi and Yu, Jung-Ho and Kim, Chang-Duk }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Performance Indicators Based on TFV Theory}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={141-146}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/466}, affiliation={ }, abstract={In order to obtain good project performance, the performance of construction work processes should be improved. Traditionally, good project performance means a project is on budget and on time with expected quality. Thus, most project managers have used project performance indicators concerning time, cost, quality, safety, profitability, etc. However, these performance indicators are result-oriented and they cannot measure the performance of construction work processes, which we call as process-oriented performance. As process-oriented performance indicators for construction works, this paper suggests the use of three concepts: reliability, efficiency and effectiveness. These are derived from the TFV theory. The following three statements are the basis for establishing indicators related to those three TFV concepts: a “Transformation should be efficient”, “flow should be reliable”, and “value of a work relies on the effective completion of the preceding work”. This paper proposes three TFV based indicators, establishes a logical relation model between the indicators and other traditional indicators, and tests the validity of those indicators. Finally, this paper suggests how to use these indicators to build a process-oriented performance measurement system for construction projects }, author_keywords={Performance measurement, TFV, reliability, effectiveness, efficiency }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Imtiaz2007, author={Imtiaz, Ghaffar and Ibrahim, Abdul Razak }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Lean Production System to Enhance Performance in Operations: An Empirical Study of Malaysian Construction Industry}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={147-156}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/467}, affiliation={Senior Management Consultant/ Project Manager SMEC Malaysia and PhD Student, Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University Malaya, Malaysia, Phone: 603-79542799, agipak@yahoo.com ; Associate Professor and Director Graduate School of Business, Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University Malaya, Level 4, Block C, City Campus, Jalan Tun Ismail, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Phone: 603-26173008, razak@um.edu.my }, abstract={The construction industry consumes large amount of natural resources. These resources, if not properly utilized, will lead to a generation of waste. These wastes do not add value and affect the construction industry’s performance globally. The aim of this research is to improve operational performance of Malaysian construction industry by the application of Lean Production System (LPS) that has a significant impetus in reduction of waste. The assessment of construction practices against Lean Production System principles was carried out through structured questionnaires to the G7 construction organizations, that is, organizations which have no limit to tender for construction jobs. These organizations are registered with the Construction Industries Development Board (CIDB), Ministry of Works Malaysia. The data revealed that the G7 construction organizations have integrated some form of LPS principles in day-to-day operations at the macro level; however knowledge of LPS is not fully conceptualized. The application of LPS principles has improved operational performance because findings revealed that there is a correlation between Lean Production System (LPS) and operational performance (OP). }, author_keywords={Malaysian construction industry, lean production system (LPS), operational performance, lean construction (LC). }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sterzi2007, author={Sterzi, Marcus P. and Isatto, Eduardo L. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Integrating Strategic Project Supply Chain Members in Production Planning and Control}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={159-169}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/468}, affiliation={M.Sc, Civil engineer at BSF Engenharia. Rua Portugal, 776, CEP 90520310. Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil. Phone number: +55 51 3342 7622,e-mail: mpsterzi@terra.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Osvaldo Aranha Ave., 99, 3º floor, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil, phone number: +55 51 3316 3959, (NORIE), e-mail: isatto@cpgec.ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (NORIE), e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Much of the waste in the construction industry is related to ineffective planning, including design delays, flaws in the planning system and ineffective integration of suppliers in the planning system. Although SCM literature suggested some opportunities regarding the integration between construction supply chain (SC) firms and pointed out the difficulty of identifying critical SC members, so far no previous research has proposed mechanisms for identifying and integrating strategic project supply chain members. This research study proposes a set of guidelines for integrating supply management functions through the production planning and control system as well as using it for understanding the main problems related to the lack of integration. Multiple case studies were carried out in a main contractor from the South of Brazil. In those case studies a set of criteria was defined for choosing strategic suppliers and some improvements in the production planning and control were implemented. Among the main conclusions of the study, this research work proposes a strategy to identify the SC members that have to be integrated into a typical construction project and manage them across the Last Planner System®. }, author_keywords={Lean supply chain, Supply chain management, Integration, Last Planner System }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vaidyanathan2007, author={Vaidyanathan, Kalyan and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Construction Supply Chain Maturity Model - Conceptual Framework}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={170-180}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/469}, affiliation={Senior Product Line Manager, i2 Technologies. 4 Cambridge Center, 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, Phone +1 617/551-2780, FAX 617/761-2674, kalyan@i2.com ; Managing Director, Lean Construction Institute. 625 Main St 1B, Louisville, CO 80027, Phone +1 303/408-1098, GHowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Construction supply chain management has been researched and discussed in various academic and industry segments for a few years now. Members of FIATECH are discussing and defining the processes, standards, and schemas around construction supply chain management. There is a growing realization among the members of the AEC community of the need to remove inefficiencies in the construction supply chain and improve operational excellence, but the steps to achieve them is not clear. In this paper, the authors will present a conceptual framework of construction supply chain maturity model (CSCMM) to address the above issues, drawing on similar research done in manufacturing supply chains and software processes. The objective of the framework will be to provide a roadmap for members to realizing operational excellence so that collectively the construction project can realize the benefits of improved performance. This paper will explore the maturity model and its benefits to performance of both firm level and construction project level performance. }, author_keywords={Maturity model, Construction supply chain management. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamzeh2007, author={Hamzeh, Farook R. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn and Kaminsky, Philip M. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Logistics Centers to Support Project-Based Production in the Construction Industry}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={181-191}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/470}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, farook@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Adj. Associate Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, 4179 Etcheverry, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1777, 510/642-4927, FAX 510/642-1403, kaminsky@ieor.berkeley.edu }, abstract={ABSTRACT: With the advancement of information technology and increased market competition, construction companies are driven to employ supply chain management strategies to seek competitive advantage. Managing logistics is one component at the core of such strategies. An effective logistics system ensures delivery of the right products and services to the right customers at the right time while minimizing costs and rewarding all participants based on value added to the supply chain. As a component of a logistics system, logistics centres can serve the construction industry by offering services such as: storage, transport, distribution, assembly, kitting, consolidation, sorting, breaking bulk, cross-docking, and e-commerce. This paper focuses on the role logistics centres may play and the impact they may have on construction supply chains. Construction companies may configure their logistics centres in different ways to match their global and local supply chain strategy, while addressing challenges posed by variation in demand and supply for material, equipment, and services. A hypothesis is that logistics centres are underused in this industry, yet may offer considerable advantage. The ultimate aim of the research that is reported on here is developing a logistics system to support project-based production needs. The authors present a simulation model of a logistic centre that supports multiple site stores on different construction projects facing variations in supply lead times. The objective of the simulation is to find an approach to reduce material management costs while avoiding resource shortages, and enhancing both reliability and responsiveness of the supply chain. }, author_keywords={Logistics centre, supply chain management, logistics, lean construction, simulation. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pinho2007, author={Pinho, Tiago and Telhada, Jose and Carvalho, Maria S. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Definition of a Supply Chain Management Model in Construction - Case Study}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={192-197}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/471}, affiliation={PhD Student, Systems and Production Department, School of Engineering - Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, tiago.pinho@dps.uminho.pt ; Professor, Systems and Production Department, School of Engineering - Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, telhada@dps.uminho.pt ; Professor, Systems and Production Department, School of Engineering - Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, sameiro@dps.uminho.pt }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to describe the implementation of a construction Supply Chain Management (SCM) tool that is being developed in a PhD graduation project. The project is entitled “Definition of a Logistics Network Model in the Construction Industry: Case Study” and is being carried out in dst – domingos da silva teixeira, s.a., with the main office in Braga - Portugal. The project under development aims to elaborate a detailed analysis of the logistic system of a construction company, which includes the processes of re-engineering for the logistic activities by developing appropriate methodologies, procedures and tools aiming the compression of time, eliminating waste and improving the global performance of the logistics network. All the information is being integrated into an Information and Communication System (ICS). In order to improve the information flow, a software based on a single database that permits accessibly outside the company through a web portal is being developed. The main aspects of the current work will be discussed in this paper, along with some preliminary results. }, author_keywords={Supply Chain Management, Information System, Logistics Case Study, Construction Company. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mossman2007, author={Mossman, Alan }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Lean Logistics: Helping to Create Value by Bringing People, Information, Plant, Equipment and Materials Together at the Workface}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={198-211}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/472}, affiliation={BArch MBSc 19 Whitehall, Stroud GL5 1HA, UK 01453 765611, Email: alan.mossman@btconnect.com }, abstract={In the early days of IGLC, logistics was covered in the Supply chain and logistics management championship. Recently logistics per se has disappeared from the list of championships. It was clear from comments at the 2007 mid-year meeting that those present felt it had been correctly subsumed in the current Supply Chain Management theme. Work with constructors suggests that the logistics function is just as important as managing the assembly processes at the workface and needs focused attention. Taking Baudin (2004) as a starting point, lean construction logistics is defined as “all the operations needed to deliver a structure or building, except for the making/assembly of the structure or building”. An examination of IGLC papers mentioning logistics against this definition suggests that up to now construction logistics is too narrowly cast. A case is made for a separate championship of Construction Logistics within IGLC and a distinct discipline of Construction Logistics within Construction Management education. This study draws on a variety of experiences of construction logistics in the UK, makes links to nD design, Last Planner and other lean tools and examines the contribution that Construction Logistics can make to optimizing the end-to-end construction process while minimizing waste and energy use. It concludes that the Last Planner System is first and foremost a Logistics Planning System. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Lean Logistics, Construction Logistics, Logistics Planning. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ahn2007, author={Ahn, Changbum and Park, Moonsea and Lee, Hyun-Soo and Roh, Seungjun }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Project-Based Knowledge Management System for Lean Construction}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={549-558}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/473}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Dept. of Architecture, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, 151-742, Korea. Phone +82 2 880 8311, FAX 82 2 887-8923, acb1229@snu.ac.kr ; Associate professor, Dept. of Architecture, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, 151-742, Korea. Phone +82 2 880 5848, FAX 82 2 887-8923, mspark@snu.ac.kr ; Professor, Dept. of Architecture, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, 151-742, Korea. Phone +82 2 880 7056, FAX 82 2 887-8923, hyunslee@snu.ac.kr ; Researcher, Dept. of Architecture, Seoul National Univ., Seoul, 151-742, Korea. Phone +82 2 880 8311, FAX 82 2 887-8923, rohsj97@snu.ac.kr }, abstract={Construction inefficiency most frequently occurs in the construction knowledge area. Knowledge management (KM), then, through sharing best practices and learning from past projects, can be an effective means of implementing lean construction. However, many KM initiatives have failed to meet this expectation, due to the top-down, controlled approach and an ineffective transferring mechanism. To address this challenging issue, this paper proposes a project-based KM system that helps to acquire and transfer knowledge, using blogs on a project basis instead of knowledge maps. Project blogs store various types of project information and knowledge including communications among project participants, and interconnecting personal blogs of project participants with project blogs would improve collaboration between project participants. Moreover, the proposed KM system could realize “information pulling” of lean construction by delivering prerequisite knowledge of an activity at the time that project participants are ready for that activity. Stored knowledge, with the contextual information extracted from the schedule database, is automatically “pulled” to project participants. By extending the concept of this project-based approach, this paper also suggests a web portal providing ASP service. This portal would serve as a database for lean construction best practices and thereby strengthen industry-wide sharing of live knowledge. }, author_keywords={Knowledge Management, Lean Construction, Information Pulling, Project Blog }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bae2007, author={Bae, Jin-Woo and Kim, Yong-Woo }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Sustainable Value on Construction Project and Application of Lean Construction Methods}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={312-321}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/475}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Constr. Mgmt. and Wood Product Engrg. Department, 153 Baker Lab, State Univ. of New Work, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, Phone +1 315/470- 6831, FAX 315/470-6879, jbae01@syr.edu ; Assistant Professor, Constr. Mgmt. and Wood Product Engrg. Department, 153 Baker Lab, State Univ. of New Work, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, Phone +1 315/470-6839, FAX 315/470-6879, ywkim@esf.edu }, abstract={Lean Production is a systemic approach to meeting customer expectations, whatever they value, by reducing waste. At first glance, Lean then could only contribute to sustainability, but in fact sustainability is achieved only if the customer values sustainability. One intention of this paper’s authors is to examine whether sustainability is feasible as an added value. Another intention is to examine how current Lean construction tools and methods impact the construction and operation of sustainable facilities. The last is to suggest how these Lean construction tools and methods have evolved to contribute to green construction. The authors reviewed the publications which study both Lean Principles and Practices, and the impacts on the economic, social and environmental sustainability. The paper also investigated the relationships between Lean construction methods and its impacts, which were identified with suggestions for future research. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, sustainable construction, sustainable assessment, Sustainability }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brodetskaia2007, author={Brodetskaia, Irina and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Understanding Flow and Micro-Variability in Construction: Theory and Practice}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={488-497}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/478}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8292875, cvirina@techunix.technion.ac.il ; Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il }, abstract={Uncertainty within supply chains, design changes, and lack of predictability of the production capacity of subcontracting trades, are only a few of the factors that make construction projects unpredictable. For residential finishing works, this is true even at the daily level; however most available production control methods, such as Last Planner, do not operate at this resolution. As a result, a production system is needed in which intelligent decisions about effective utilisation of available resources can be made daily or even hourly. A theoretical understanding is needed of the flow of operations on the micro-level of project management – at the level of daily resource utilisation – in order to develop appropriate systems. Various models of process flow developed in manufacturing industries for management of production on the operational level, which might apply to construction, are presented and discussed. A detailed case study, in which the patterns of flow of finishing trades were observed and recorded in a large residential project, provided a basis for exploration of different models. The patterns of flow of trade crews through the building demonstrate reentrant flow similar to that found in semiconductor job shop situations, but also exhibit differences and contradictions with the main assumptions of factory production management. Heuristic solutions appear to hold promise for guiding the flow of construction crews at the daily operational level if and when conditions emerge that invalidate work packages assigned in a weekly work plan. }, author_keywords={Micro-variability, production flow, project management, resource utilisation, trade }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Folkestad2007, author={Folkestad, James and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Do Projects Have Horsemen?: Investigating the Warning Signs of Unreliable Commitments}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={423-430}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/486}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525, Phone +1 970/491-7823, FAX 970/491-2473, folkestad@cahs.colostate.edu ; Managing Director, Lean Construction Institute, 625 Main Street 1B, Louisville, CO 80027, Phone +1 970/408-1098, ghowell@leanconstruction.org (Also Partner, Lean Project Consulting). }, abstract={Projects are temporary business organizations that accomplish work through a networkof- commitments, commitments that both develop and rely on the relationship of trust. Commitment and trust is built via conversations, conversations that connect distributed knowledge, establish understanding and demonstrate trustworthiness. Missing conversations can lead to dissatisfied customers, operational breakdowns and project failure. This paper describes an ongoing observational-research study that is coding active project language on several construction projects. The objective of this research is to explore the relationship between conversation and various project and operational breakdowns. The end goal of this research is to establish warning signs that would indicate the need and direction for constructing intervening conversations that would improve network reliability, trust and customer satisfaction. This research has been modelled based on observational research methods used by John Gottman to study marriage and relationships. Dr. Gottman realized that couples struggled to break marital problems because they were not aware of the language patterns that were destructive to their relationships. After many years of observation Gottman was able to code language used by couples identified what he called the “four horsemen” or “warning signs” for a troubled marriage. Trained at using these warning signs, Gottman can observe a couple for five minutes and predict with more than 90 percent accuracy which couples will remain married which will divorce. It is suggested that, similar to Dr. Gottman's findings, there are "horsemen" or negative interactions that serve as warning signs for customer dissatisfaction, operational failure, low levels of innovation, and lost opportunity. This investigation is collecting observational data in an effort to identify the "horsemen" of lean Construction. Armed with these warning signs (horsemen), a trained project stakeholder could design and deploy critical conversations and subsequently increase project value. }, author_keywords={Network, commitments, linguistic action. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Friblick2007, author={Friblick, Fredrik and Akesson, Anna and Leigard, Anton }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Learning Lean Through Lean Game - A Case From the Infrastructure Industry}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={475-484}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/487}, affiliation={Department of logistics, University of Lund, Sweden, Phone +46 704 930 561, FAX +46 46 222 46 15, fredrik.friblick@tlog.lth.se ; Prolog Construction Logistics, Malmö, Sweden, Phone +46 708 189 828, FAX +46 40 122 367, anna.akesson@prolog.se ; Prolog Construction Logistics, Malmö, Sweden, Phone +46 704 676 292, FAX +46 40 122 367, anton.leigard@prolog.se }, abstract={Lean games can be a successful way to introduce Lean thinking but identifying and removing learning barriers in the games are important for successful quality learning that supports individual Lean thinking and behaviour after playing the game. FIA– Renewing in the infrastructure industry, developed a Lean game for educating all their members in Lean production. The game was initially influenced by the Buckingham Lean Game and then adjusted to fit an infrastructure production process. Focus in the design process and when playing the game is on breaking barriers and making the learners, learn through reflection. The game addresses basic Lean principles and tools such as; process design, eliminating waste concerning for example materials and space, push Vs pull, kanban card, kaizen and performance measurement. When this paper is written the Lean game InFrame has been played half a dozen times and so far no quantitative results can be presented. However, three levels of reflection can be distinguished. Facing learning barriers when meeting practitioners in the construction industry is a critical issue for learning. However, games as a first introduction to Lean for practitioners is a rather undiscovered field of research and need more attention in the future. Further development and research need to focus on what do learners bring from playing Lean games and how can the learning environment for practitioners be improved. }, author_keywords={Learning, Game development, Lean applied on infrastructure production, Process design, Continuous improvements. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gehbauer2007, author={Gehbauer, Fritz and Zulch, Gert and Ott, Michael and Borkircher, Mikko }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Simulation-Based Analysis of Disturbances in Construction Operations}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={571-579}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/489}, affiliation={Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, gehbauer@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Professor, ifab-Institute of Human and Industrial Engineering, University of Karlsruhe, Gert.Zuelch@ifab.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Research Assistant, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, ott@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Research Assistant, ifab-Institute of Human and Industrial Engineering, University of Karlsruhe, Mikko.Boerkircher@mach.uni-karlsruhe.de }, abstract={Construction site work is not only influenced by external factors such as weather, soil, available space and traffic conditions, but also by internal ones, in particular the qualifications of the employed personnel and the reliability of subcontractors. These factors are stochastic and thus cannot be predicted, thereby creating great difficulties for construction operations management. The implementation of simulation presents one possibility to support the planning of construction work and thus to secure construction operations. Within a current project, the simulation of construction operations is being supplemented by the registration of construction operations disturbances and their consequences. A database allowing for the recording and classification of disturbances at various construction sites was developed for this purpose. This disturbance database can be integrated into a simulation-based planning tool as an expandable data basis, allowing disturbances to be parameterised and to be taken into account in modelled construction operations. This tool also supports planning operations in Lean Construction such as work flow and resource levelling. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, simulation of disturbances }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hill2007, author={Hill, Kristin and Silvon, Christine and Draper, John }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Anoher Approach to Transforming Project Delivery: Creating a Shared Mind}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={417-422}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/492}, affiliation={Associate Principal, Lean Project Consulting, 625 Main Street, Louisville, CO 80027. 1 303 665 8191, Khill@leanproject.com ; Project Coach, Lean Project Consulting, 625 Main Street, Louisville, CO 80027, 1 303 665 8191, CSlivon@leanproject.com ; Senior Project Coach, Lean Project Consulting, 625 Main Street, Louisville, CO 80027. 1 303 665 8191, Jdraper@leanproject.com }, abstract={The principles and practices of lean project delivery can be difficult for successful managers to accept. As in manufacturing, the shift to lean in project settings calls for a deep change in perspective, understanding and practice: a paradigm change. Most efforts to implement lean construction begin with pilot or laboratory projects designed to put teams in action using the Last Planner System®. This process-centred approach, while successful in the short term, is difficult to extend or sustain as participants do not yet understand the extent and nature of the change necessary or the opportunities it offers. Too often, early gains are lost as teams using lean approaches layered on or attached to traditional practices drift back to their old ways. This paper describes the use of Study Action Teams (SAT) to create a new sensibility, a way of thinking, or indeed a “shared mind” in a project team. The paper will discuss why a shared mind matters and how a SAT creates a shared mind, and will describe the SAT team and process. Participant comments and examples of resulting new leadership and team actions will be included. }, author_keywords={Study Action Teams, Leadership, Lean Project Delivery }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ioannou2007, author={Ioannou, Photios G. and Srisuwanrat, Chachrist }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Probabilistic Scheduling for Repetitive Projects}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={498-507}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/495}, affiliation={Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univ. of Michigan, MI 48109-2125, Phone +1 734/764-3369, FAX +1 734/764-4292, photios@umich.edu ; Doctoral Candidate, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, Univ. of Michigan, MI 48109-2125, Phone +1 734/764-3369, FAX +1 734/764-4292, christ_cv@hotmail.com }, abstract={The sequence step algorithm for probabilistic scheduling of repetitive projects is a generalized methodology for scheduling projects with activities that repeat from unit to unit and have probabilistic durations. In simple terms it can be compared to PERT but for resource-constrained scheduling. The sequence step algorithm addresses for the first time the problem of scheduling repetitive projects with probabilistic activity durations while keeping resources (crews) employed continuously. This algorithm can be implemented in most general-purpose simulation systems. The algorithm is presented in detail and is applied to an example project with 7 activities and 4 repetitive units using a simulation model developed in Stroboscope, an activity-based simulation system. Numerical and graphical results help explain the algorithm and provide insight into the underlying tradeoff problem between reducing the expected crew idle time and increasing the expected project duration. }, author_keywords={Scheduling, repetitive projects, linear projects, line of balance, probabilistic scheduling, resource continuous constraints, uninterrupted work flow, simulation. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jang2007, author={Jang, Jin Woo and Kim, Yong-Woo and Park, Chan Jeong and Jang, Woo Suk }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Importance of Partners in a Challenging Lean Journey}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={465-474}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/496}, affiliation={ }, abstract={If a general contractor were to implement the Lean system on a construction project, the most important factor to the success of the project would the subcontractor’s ability to implement Lean. The focus of this paper is team building in the project to improve Lean performance. This paper presents GS E&C’s (Engineering and Construction, the general contractor) pilot projects for production control, where Lean construction was implemented in a construction project with its subcontractors. In Korea, GS E&C is one of the leading companies using Lean construction in the construction industry. The findings of GS E&C’s pilot projects indicated that in a construction project, it had had trouble with production controls without subcontractor support. Another project showed that Lean was more successfully implemented when the subcontractor had strong Lean implementation experience and capability. This resulted in a new challenge for the general contractor – how to build relationships with subcontractors and improve their capabilities to implement Lean construction. Active involvement in the entire construction process, enthusiasm for, commitment to, and motivation for implementation, and keeping an open mind about the changes, were all found to be very important when implementing Lean construction by both general contractor and subcontractor. This paper also discusses the prerequisites and barriers to the implementation of Lean with its subcontractor in Korean construction projects. These pilot projects investigate the possibilities of achieving closer alignment between GS E&C and its subcontractors. Such alignment may be achieved by implementing Lean production principles not only within, but across organizational boundaries. }, author_keywords={Lean IT system, team building, subcontractor, and case study. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jang2007, author={Jang, Jin Woo and Kim, Yong-Woo }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Use of Percent of Constraint Removal to Measure the Make Ready Process}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={529-538}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/497}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Constr. Engr. and Mgmt. Program, Constr. Mgmt. and Wood Product Engrg. Department, 156 Baker Lab, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, 315/470-6831, FAX 315/470/6879, jijang@syr.edu ; Assistant Professor, Constr. Engr. and Mgmt. Program, Constr. Mgmt. and Wood Product Engrg. Department, 153 Baker Lab, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, 315/470-6839, FAX 315/470-6879, ywkim@esf.edu }, abstract={Project process controls have traditionally occurred after-the-fact, and have focused exclusively on finding discrepancies and measuring results after a specific period of time. The Last Planner® System (LPS) is a production planning and control tool focused on the make-ready and shielding processes for improving workflow reliability. In the LPS, percent plan complete (PPC) has been used as a measurement of the shielding process. However, the system lacks a measurement for the makeready process. This paper proposes a new measurement for the make-ready process called percentage of constraint removal (PCR). This new measurement of constraint removal would be an efficient and flexible means to measure the make-ready process. This measurement provides 1) a leading indicator for work production performance, 2) a performance measurement for the make-ready process, and 3) how appropriately to size the look-ahead window. This paper presents three case studies of heavy construction projects where both performance measurements, PCR and PPC, were applied and investigated. How PCR and PPC are correlated with progress performance was also studied. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, make-ready process, percent plan complete, percentage of constraint removal, case study. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jang2007, author={Jang, Jin Woo and Kim, Yong-Woo }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Using the Kanban for Construction Production and Safety Control}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={519-528}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/498}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Constr. Engr. and Mgmt. Program, Constr. Mgmt. and Wood Product Engrg. Department, 156 Baker Lab, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, 315/470-6831, FAX 315/470-6879, jijang@syr.edu ; Assistant Professor, Constr. Engr. and Mgmt. Program, Constr. Mgmt. and Wood Product Engrg. Department, 153 Baker Lab, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, 315/470-6839, FAX 315/470-6879, ywkim@esf.edu }, abstract={The paper explores non-traditional applications of the Kanban. “Kanban” is the Japanese word for “visual cards” and is a Lean tool developed in the automotive industry for JIT production. The Kanban acts as a work order without which work should not start, and has also been used as a material process flow technique for the pull replenishment logic system. The Kanban is usually used in the construction material procurement process by organizing orders, acting as a visual tool for the improvement of communication among all stakeholders, and insuring that the right amount of the right item is delivered at the right time. This paper seeks to promote the use of the Kanban as a work order for the construction production process, and as a construction process control tool. There are two types of Kanban described in this paper: the ordering Kanban, and the receipt Kanban. The Kanban is also useful as safety control tool because safety information is included on each Kanban. Due to the Kanban’s ability to increase communication, and to decrease the number of accidents, this paper highlights one of the most important findings of these case studies: the use of the Kanban in construction production and safety control. }, author_keywords={Kanban, production control, safety control, and case study. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jung2007, author={Jung, Do Young and Han, Seung Heon and Im, Keon Soon and Ryu, Chung Kyu }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Modelling and Inventory Management in Construction Operation Involving On-Site Fabrication of Raw Materials}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={367-379}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/500}, affiliation={Researcher, Technology Research Institute, Daelim Industrial Corporation, Seoul, 110-732, Phone +82- 2-2011-8262, FAX +82-2-2011-8068, jungdy@yonsei.ac.kr ; Associate Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering Department, Yonsei Univ., Seoul, 120-749, Korea, Phone +82-2-2123-2799, shh6018@yonsei.ac.kr ; Ph.D. Candidate, Daelim Industrial Corporation, Seoul, 110-732, Korea, Phone +82-2-2011-8262, ksim21c@empal.com ; MS student, Civil and Env. Engineering Department, Yonsei Univ., Seoul, 120-749, Korea, Phone +82-2-2123-2799, rck69@hanmail.net }, abstract={There are usually plenty of material inventories in a construction site. More inventories can meet unexpected demands, and also they may have an economical advantage by avoiding a probable escalation of raw material costs. On the other hand, these inventories also cause negative aspects to increase costs for storing redundant inventory as well as decreasing construction productivity. Therefore, a proper method of deciding an optimal level of material inventories while considering dynamic variations of resources under uncertainty is very crucial for the economical efficiency of construction projects. This research presents a stochastic modelling method for construction operations, particularly targeting a work process involving on-site fabrication of raw materials like iron-rebar process (delivery, cut and assembly, and placement). To develop the model, we apply the concept of factory physics to depict the overall components of a system. Then, an optimal inventory management model is devised to support purchase decisions where users can make timely actions on how much to order and when to buy raw materials. Also, optimal time lag, which minimizes the storage time for pre-assembled materials, is obtained. To verify this method, a real case is applied to elicit an optimal amount of inventory and time lag. It is found that average values as well as variability of inventory level decreased significantly so as to minimize economic costs related to inventory management under uncertain project condition. }, author_keywords={Optimal inventory management, Inventory cost, Reorder point, Optimal time lag }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemmer2007, author={Kemmer, Sergio L. and Heineck, Luis F.M. and Novaes, Marcos de V. and Mourao, Carlos Alexandre M.A. and Alves, Thais da C.L. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Medium-Term Planning: Constributions Based on Field Application}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={509-518}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/501}, affiliation={Lean Initiative Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., sergio@crolim.com.br ; Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Production Engineering, Federal University of Ceará ; Construction Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., marcosnovaes@crolim.com.br ; Procurement Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Assistant Professor, Department of Structures and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, thaiscla@yahoo.com }, abstract={The literature on lookahead planning suggests that there are six major functions embedded on its scope, i.e., shielding production, integration between long- and shortterm planning, controlling and learning, management of physical flows, cost control, and safety planning and control. Based on the literature, this paper presents a case study on the implementation of medium-term planning, a.k.a., lookahead planning, developed in a 8.758,80 m2 multi-storey residential building in the city of Fortaleza, Northeast of Brazil. Differently from other papers on this topic, the authors present a descriptive case study, based on field experience, not a prescriptive one. Recommendations provided by the literature were used to implement concepts related to lookahead planning. This paper presents evidence on how medium-term planning was firmly established as a managerial routine six months after its initial implementation and describes how the literature recommendations were put in practice. The authors also found out opportunities for improvement, e.g., constraints identified at the medium-term level had not been defined precisely resulting on low levels of task completion at the operational level. The paper concludes with recommendations based on how the company investigated has been able to sustain and improve practices related to medium-term planning. }, author_keywords={Planning, medium-term planning, constraints analysis. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Klotz2007, author={Klotz, Leidy and Horman, Michael }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Transparency, Process Mapping and Environmentally Sustainable Building}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={322-331}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/503}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany ; }, abstract={As Toyota’s production system matured, line managers made important use of visual controls with their kanban system and andon boards. Since encapsulated as transparency, these systems were remarkable for their ability to convey the wellbeing of production at any moment. This paper describes research investigating the impact of process mapping on transparency. This research will help determine whether process mapping may be a valuable tool to assist sustainable project delivery – where transparency is a key requirement. This paper has several contributions. First, a working definition of transparency based on lean theory is developed. A literature review follows that, using the framework provided by the transparency definition, presents evidence of transparency-related benefits provided by process mapping. Finally, the current progress and future plans of an ongoing project examining the relationships between transparency, process mapping, and sustainable project delivery at Penn State’s Office of Physical Plant (OPP) are described. Specifically, the development of process maps and a methodology to study their transparency impacts at OPP are discussed. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, transparency, project delivery, process mapping. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lee2007, author={Lee, Doo Hee and Song, Young Woong and Choi, Yoon Ki }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Continuous Improvement Plan of Business Process in Construction Company}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={590-596}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/505}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea, Phone +82-2-817-7339, FAX 816-3354, ldh800525@ssu.ac.kr ; Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea, Phone +82-2-817-7339, FAX 816-3354, songhero@ssu.ac.kr ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea, Phone +82-2- 817-0704, FAX 816-3354, ykchoi@ssu.ac.kr }, abstract={Lean management has traditionally been adopted by manufacturing industries to improve operations through the identification and elimination of all forms of waste. The construction industry has also adopted this philosophy, primarily in the field of projects. In order to increase a company’s competitiveness and productivity, lean management is needed in the enterprise business process as well as in the field. The intent of this study is to explore a method of introducing lean management which continuously improves enterprise business processes. We have adopted the five fundamental concepts (specify value, identify the value stream, flow, pull, and perfection) of lean management as an approach, and applied BPM (Business Process Management) to continuously improve business processes. An example is presented to illustrate how lean concepts were applied to the actual budget process of Korean construction companies. }, author_keywords={Lean Management, Enterprise Business Process, BPM, Continuous Improvement }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Milberg2007, author={Milberg, Colin }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Tolerance Considerations in Work Structuring}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={233-243}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/508}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92181-1324, 619/594-8474, cmilberg@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={Work structuring is the breakdown of both product and process into chunks, sequences and assignments to make work flow smoother and with less variability, in turn reducing waste and increasing value. Work-structuring decisions should include tolerance considerations. Tsao et al (2000) and Milberg et al (2001) illustrated how tolerancerelated problems that interrupt workflow generate waste. Tolerance accumulation is often ignored in design, resulting in unanticipated tolerance problems. Tolerance accumulation is dependent not only on tolerance allocation but also on assembly sequence and interface (connection) design, which are functions of work-structuring decisions. This paper discusses tools and techniques used in evaluating tolerance accumulation and process capabilities during detailed design in order to make work-structuring decisions, as well as how tolerance management should be integrated into work structuring. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Work Structuring, Tolerances, Tolerance Management. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2007, author={Filho, Antonio N. de. Miranda and Costa, Jorge Moreira da and Heineck, Luis F.M. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Exploiting Motivation in the Change Towards Autonomation in Construction Projects}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={442-452}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/509}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc., Ph.D. candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, Scholarship Holder of the Brazilian Government (CAPES), anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, jmfcosta@fe.up.pt ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Senior Professor, Production Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. freitas8@terra.com.br }, abstract={By strictly focusing on variables in the work environment, project managers are likely to overlook why workers behave differently when exposed to similar challenges under the same motivational factors. This is a problem that calls for a better understanding on worker motivation and personality types considered proper to the new production paradigm. The interest in the subject comes from the speculation that the implementation of autonomation in the construction sector may lie beyond the best practice programmes and the discussion of adequate cultural and leadership characteristics. This paper summarizes an empirical qualitative study, which aims to illustrate differences in personal motives and how such differences can be balanced to better suit lean practices. The discussion is based on lessons learned from two case studies where autonomous crews were implemented to react to the vicissitudes of work in a construction projects context. The conclusions show the close relationship between worker motivation and strategic choices in production strategy. This has allowed the identification of two important conditions that need to be attained by firms interested in autonomous crews. }, author_keywords={Worker motivation, teambuilding, strategic choices, lean production. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2007, author={Filho, Antionio N. de Miranda and Costa, Jorge Moreira da and Heineck, Luiz F.M. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Assessing the Effects of Structural Differences on Action, Reaction and Conformation in Construction Projects}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={380-389}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/510}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc., Ph.D. candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, Scholarship Holder of the Brazilian Government (CAPES), anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, jmfcosta@fe.up.pt ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Senior Professor, Production Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. freitas8@terra.com.br }, abstract={Research studies indicate the existence of three generic ways for dealing with uncertainties: control, flexibility and buffers. These are the ways of assuring organizational robustness to support the proactive and reactive management of events that occur during the project. Traditionally, project management practices have strongly relied on the combined use of control and buffers. However, the increasing notion of project complexity has changed paradigms and pushed structural changes towards the development of flexibility capabilities. One such change is the adoption of a more flat organizational structure characterized by autonomy and decentralization, being its most visible aspect the multi-functional teams working as mobile production cells. This paper focuses on structural changes required for this type of flexibility and its effects on managers’ interventions and use of buffers. Interviews were conducted with project managers from five high rise building firms who adopt different organizational structures and a parallel between their distinct practices was established. The analysis of strategic contents shows the successful implementation of this type of flexibility as the result of strategic choices accompanied by bundles of best practices at the operational level and by proper decisions regarding the use of buffers at the tactical level. }, author_keywords={Flexibility, production cells, best practices, strategic choices. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mitropoulos2007, author={Mitropoulos, Panagiotis and Cupido, Gerardo and Namboodiri, Manoj }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Safety as an Emergent Property of the Production System: How Lean Practices Reduce the Likelihood of Accidents}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={282-293}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/512}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85287- 0204. Email: takism@asu.edu. ; Previously graduate assistant, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85287-0204. Email: gcupido@periniwest.com ; Graduate assistant, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85287- 0204. Email: manoj.namboodiri@asu.edu. }, abstract={The current approach to accident prevention does not account for the effect of work practices on the likelihood of accidents. This paper addresses the question “How do the production practices, and particularly lean practices, affect the likelihood of accidents in construction operations?” First we propose that the production system affects the likelihood of accidents in two ways: (1) by generating (or preventing) situations with increased task demands (increased potential of accident), and (2) by affecting the workers’ ability to cope with these situations (capabilities) and avoid errors. Then, we review the production system factors (technical and social) that influence the likelihood of accidents. The effect of production practices was examined through an exploratory field study of framing operations. The case study compared the production practices of a High Performance crew (in terms of productivity and safety) with the practices of an average performance crew. The evidence indicates that a focus on reducing uncertainty, errors and rework (practices consistent with lean production practices) and matching skills to task demands increased productivity while reducing the likelihood of accidents. }, author_keywords={Safety management, Accident prevention, Production management }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Parrish2007, author={Parrish, Kristen and Wong, John-Michael and Tommelein, Iris D. and Stojadinovic, Bozidar }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Exploration of Set-Based Design for Reinforced Concrete Structures}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={213-222}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/515}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, kristen_parrish@berkeley.edu ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, jmwong@ce.berkeley.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Labouratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/ and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 721 Davis Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, Phone +1 510/643-7035, FAX 510/643-8928, boza@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={To explore the feasibility of improving the delivery process of reinforced concrete, we focus in this paper on reinforcing bars (rebar) used in cast-in-place (CIP) concrete. Specifically, we describe the methodology for set-based design of rebar that we are pursuing in an ongoing research effort. Set-based design makes it possible to maintain feasible solutions for longer in the design process than is otherwise affordable using point-based design. It thereby allows for input from several project participants at the same time and early on, as well as throughout project delivery. Set-based communication helps participants avoid rework and through teamwork develop a more globally satisfactory design solution than would otherwise be the case. To illustrate the methodology, we examine the canonical example of reinforcement at a beam-column joint and study the relationships between those who design the joint and those who fabricate and install it: mainly the structural engineer, the fabricator, and the rebar placer. The set-based approach for concrete design is promising. It warrants further effort in characterizing sets at different levels of abstraction and in articulating what different participants value, both of which are needed for sets to be narrowed effectively and for the process to lead to a solution. }, author_keywords={lean construction, product modelling, set-based design, reinforced concrete, rebar, design methodology, product development, design management, production system design }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pavez2007, author={Pavez, Ignacio and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Lean Construction Professional’S Profile (LCPP): Understanding the Competences of a Lean Construction Professional}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={453-464}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/516}, affiliation={Research Engineer, MSc, Production Management Center (GEPUC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Engineering, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 3547050, ipavez@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Engineering, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 3544245, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={The consolidation of lean construction demands the application of its concepts and principles in practical situations, but until now most of the implementations have been very fragmented. They have mainly focused on the improvement of project performance through the application of new tools and methodologies, leaving aside organizational and human issues. Therefore, it is necessary to state the role of people and to identify what competences they need for working in a lean organization. In order to advance in these issues, an assessment of what skills Project Manager’s (PM) need and a research of how construction PMs use their time were recently completed, complementing these results with an analysis of the best practices identified in previous studies. This paper proposes a way to support lean construction in contractor organizations by creating a Lean Construction Professional Profile (LCPP), which identifies the competence areas needed and organizes them in a consistent model which was validated by lean construction experts and professionals. The results allowed to infer that a lean construction professional needs to develop simultaneously three competence areas: enterprise vision, technical competence and social competence; which are associated to the three elements of lean management: business purpose, processes and people. These results are expected to contribute to improve the effectiveness of professionals who work in a lean organization. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean management, human resource development, competences }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pavez2007, author={Pavez, Ignacio and Alarcon, Luis F. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Lean Construction Professional's Profile (LCPP): Understanding the Competences of a Lean Construction Professional}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={453-464}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/517}, affiliation={Research Engineer, MSc, Production Management Center (GEPUC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Engineering, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 3547050, ipavez@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Engineering, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 3544245, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={The consolidation of lean construction demands the application of its concepts and principles in practical situations, but until now most of the implementations have been very fragmented. They have mainly focused on the improvement of project performance through the application of new tools and methodologies, leaving aside organizational and human issues. Therefore, it is necessary to state the role of people and to identify what competences they need for working in a lean organization. In order to advance in these issues, an assessment of what skills Project Manager’s (PM) need and a research of how construction PMs use their time were recently completed, complementing these results with an analysis of the best practices identified in previous studies. This paper proposes a way to support lean construction in contractor organizations by creating a Lean Construction Professional Profile (LCPP), which identifies the competence areas needed and organizes them in a consistent model which was validated by lean construction experts and professionals. The results allowed to infer that a lean construction professional needs to develop simultaneously three competence areas: enterprise vision, technical competence and social competence; which are associated to the three elements of lean management: business purpose, processes and people. These results are expected to contribute to improve the effectiveness of professionals who work in a lean organization. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean management, human resource development, competences. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ramkrishnan2007, author={Ramkrishnan, Karthik and Roper, Kathy and Castro-Lacouture, Daniel }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Green Building Rating and Delivery Systems in Building Construction: Toward AEC+P+F Integration}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={332-342}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/518}, affiliation={Graduate Research Assistant, Building Construction Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. Phone +1 678/602-9092, FAX 404/894-1641, karthikr@gatech.edu ; Assistant Professor, Building Construction Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. Phone: +1 404/385-4139, Fax +1 404/894-1641, kathy.roper@coa.gatech.edu ; Assistant Professor, Building Construction Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA 30332, USA. Phone: +1 404/ 385-6964, Fax +1 404/ 894-1641, dcastro@gatech.edu. }, abstract={Within the past decade, new building construction in the United States is being affected by the availability of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). This rating system profoundly alters design and operational issues that include energy and water use, indoor health, recycling for occupants, access to mass transit, materials impacts, landscaping, construction waste management, and maintenance. However, very little is known about the cumulative effects of the rating system across different phases of the project life cycle, such as planning, architecture, engineering, construction and operational facility management (AEC+P+F). As project stakeholders embrace AEC+P+F integration in the quest for improving project performance indicators (e.g., cost, time, quality, etc.), the impact of LEED on this integration, or vice versa, is still unknown. Moreover, the implications of the delivery system in LEED attainment are not clearly associated with the level of AEC+P+F integration. This paper presents the early stages of research focused on determining the associations between LEED criteria, project life cycle, stakeholders and typical delivery systems used in building construction. Results are validated using opinions from experts across the different disciplines in a future study. A matrix of weighted indices is also presented and explained so that increased collaboration may be incorporated into the construction process. The effects of this collaboration on the overall project life cycle, and the association with lean construction (LC) are discussed. }, author_keywords={LEED rating, project life cycle, delivery system. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salem2007, author={Salem, O. and Lothlikar, H. and Genaidy, A. and Abdelhamid, T. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={A Behavioour Based Safety Approach for Construction Projects}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={261-270}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/525}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071 ; Graduate Student, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071 ; Associate Professor, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 }, abstract={The application of behaviour-based safety in the construction industry has been limited. The objective of this research is to provide a decision support system, which will assist construction companies in implementing behaviour-based safety. The research was carried out by performing a detailed review of the existing literature on the topic and carrying out a pilot study to verify the validity of the model. As a part of the model a rating system has been developed which can quantify and evaluate the performance of different sub-contractors working for the primary contractor. The results showed that an adequate improvement in safety performance is possible with this approach. Most of the groups participating in the study showed an improvement in at least three of the safety-based behaviours. Some groups showed improvement in more than six behaviours. }, author_keywords={Behaviour based safety, applied behaviour analysis, behaviour modification, accidents/injuries. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schnonherr2007, author={Schnonherr, Ignacio and Alarcon, Luiz F. and Maturana, Sergio }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Quantifying the Benefits of Using E-Marketplace in Construction Companies}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={560-570}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/526}, affiliation={R.A., Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: ischonherr@gmail.com ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Industrial Engineering, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: smaturan@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={The procurement process is critical for construction companies. In order to improve it, many are resorting to e-marketplaces although they usually do not know exactly how much they can gain by doing so. This paper describes a study that quantified the benefits of using an e-marketplace to support the procurement process of a construction company. In this study, 25 construction companies were studied, all of which use Iconstruye, Chile’s main e-marketplace in the construction industry. The research shows that the adoption of an e-marketplace reduces turnaround time, errors and urgent orders, and irregular purchases. In general, a more reliable procurement process directly contributes to a leaner construction process by reducing upstream variability, procurement cycle times and the need for large inventories on site. Users also perceive an improvement in certain global indicators when using an emarketplace. }, author_keywords={e-marketplace, construction procurement process, supply process, lean construction. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schramm2007, author={Schramm, Fabio K. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Using visual interactive simulation to improve decision making in production system design}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={357-366}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/527}, affiliation={MSc, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), PhD Candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, fabioks@ufpel.edu.br, Rua Almirante Barroso, 1734, CEP: 96010-280, Pelotas/RS, Brasil, Phone: +55 53 3222 7981 ; PhD, Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), formoso@ufrgs.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 – 3º andar, CEP: 90035-190, Porto Alegre/RS, Brasil, Phone: +55 51 3308 3959 }, abstract={The performance of production systems in construction is strongly affected by variability, interdependence and uncertainty. Simulation models are useful for modelling the behaviour of production systems, and understanding the combined effects of those factors. Although simulation is widely used in several industrial sectors and their benefits are well-known, most of the applications in construction have been developed by academics. Very little has been reported in the literature on the use of simulation for the design of real production systems in the construction industry. One of the main causes for its poor dissemination is the lack of confidence and perception of validity in simulation models by decision-makers. Visual Interactive Simulation (VIS) is a technique which integrates mathematical and symbolic models with runtime interaction and real-time graphic display of the model output. Such features can potentially make it easier to introduce simulation in the task of designing production systems in construction, by getting decision-makers involved in both processes of building and using the model. This paper presents an exploratory study on the application of VIS for improving the decision-making process in the production system design of a building project. A process of external wall plastering was used to test the use of VIS and to assess the difficulties and benefits of this technique. The main findings are related to the improvement of communication and understanding between the user and model builder, as well as the need for creating opportunities for reflection. }, author_keywords={Visual interactive simulation, production system design, decision-making. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Senior2007, author={Senior, Bolivar A. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Implications of Action Theories to Lean Construction Applications}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={407-416}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/529}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Construction Management Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525-1584; email: bolivar.senior@colostate.edu }, abstract={Two models of Action Theory offer fundamentally different views of the merits and appropriate use of plans. While the Deliberative Action model considers plans as a necessary prerequisite for project execution, the Situated Action model offers an alternative view in which plans are intrinsically imperfect due to the limited information visible to any planning agent. This paper discusses these competing models, emphasizing their implications to Lean Construction and the construction project planning and execution process in general. Two current planning and execution paradigms are used to illustrate these issues, namely the Critical Path Method and the Last Planner System. The former is a prototypical Deliberative model technique, while the latter exemplifies a Lean Construction application with many Situated Action model features. This paper ends with a conclusion section discussing the implications of both models and recommendations for further research. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Planning, Action Theory. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsson2007, author={Simonsson, Peter and Emborg, Mats }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Industrialization in Swedish Bridge Engineering: A Case Study of Lean Construction}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={244-253}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/530}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Phone +46 920 493140, FAX +46 920 491913, Peter.Simonsson@ltu.se ; Professor, Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden (see above), Head, research and development, Betongindustri AB, SE 100 74 Stockholm, Phone +46 8 6256200 }, abstract={The purpose of the project has been to evaluate and possibly improve the degree of industrialization and productivity when constructing bridges in full scale. Earlier theoretical studies have indicated that, if prefabricated reinforcement, self compacting concrete (SCC) and permanent formwork are used the degree of industrialization can be increased markedly. To be able to realize this, Lean Construction principles prove to be important utensils during the planning and design phase as well as during the construction of a full scale project. Throughout the design and planning of this first full scale bridge project, intensive contacts between designer, contractor, client and material suppliers were established. The design team concluded that the production time at site could be reduced with up to 20 % and the number of workers could be reduced by virtually 50 % during almost half the project. This was realized by planning with Last Planner ideas, and designing the project properly using modern construction tools and materials. The design team also concluded that if the concrete class increased some of the very dense shear force reinforcement could be left out. The evaluated outcome of the demonstration project, i.e. potential productivity improvements, structural quality improvements, immediate feasible waste and cost reductions and the positive impact on the working environment, shows that the predicted benefits made were fulfilled. }, author_keywords={Bridge design, Concrete, Productivity, Industrialisation, Lean, Waste, Logistics, Full scale test, Prefabrication, Reinforcement }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsson2007, author={Simonsson, Peter and Rwamamara, Romuald }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Consequence of Industrialized Construction Methods on the Working Environment}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={302-311}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/531}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Div of structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Phone +46 920 493140, FAX +46 920 491913, Peter.Simonsson@ltu.se ; Ph.D. Student, Div of structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Phone +46 920 492353, FAX +46 920 491913, Romuald.Rwamamara@ltu.se }, abstract={Traditionally, the working environment has been poor especially when it comes to steel reinforcement and concrete casting on construction sites. Industrialised construction methods such as self compacting concrete (SCC) casting and prefabricated steel reinforcement are creating a basis for an improved working environment. By using these methods, it is assumed that the cost for sick leaves due to ergonomic injuries and accidents are reduced as health and safety risks inherent to the traditional working methods are decreased. Observations along with video filming and informal interviews were performed. With a sequence-based activity method ErgoSAM, an ergonomic risk analysis was conducted. The analysis showed that industrialised methods reduced ergonomic workload on concrete workers. The industrialisation of the production process through the introduction of innovative construction methods has benefited the construction workplace environment as well as the customer value in terms of improved material handling, elimination of additional adverse affect on health of handling vibrating tools, reduced on site congestion and reduced over all material costs. }, author_keywords={Working environment, Steel reinforcement, Concrete casting, Industrialisation, Lean construction. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Srisuwanrat2007, author={Srisuwanrat, Chachrist and Ioannou, Photios G. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Investigation of Lead-Time Buffering Under Uncertainty Using Simulation and Cost Optimization}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={580-589}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/533}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 2350 G.G. Brown, University. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, christ_cv@hotmail.com ; Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 2350 G.G. Brown, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, photios@umich.edu }, abstract={The impact of uncertainty and variability in the productivity of trades aggravates the problem of work interruptions and idle time within repetitive activities. To eliminate the interruptions and idle time in order to achieve smooth work flow of resources, activities are deliberately delayed from their early start date. However, this practice induces a problem of tradeoffs between project cost and duration. Many recent studies have suggested that different types of buffers can be used to absorb the impact of uncertainty and variability on production work flow and most studies focus on using buffer to determine “when to halt an on-going production line”. In contrast, this paper focuses on “when to start a production line so that there is no interruption”. Two different approaches to lead-time buffering, the sequence step algorithm (SQS-AL) and the completed unit algorithm (CU-AL), are investigated using STROBOSCOPE (a discrete- event simulation system) with a special search add-in that implements a genetic-algorithm (GA). The investigation reveals that applying lead-time buffer provides better work flow and greater project profit; however, these depend on the penalty cost of work flow interruption and indirect cost. Both algorithms have implications that translate to advantages and limitations depending on assumptions, simplicity of simulation model, project characteristics, and uncertainty. }, author_keywords={Lead-time buffering, the sequence step algorithm, the completed unit algorithm, production work flow, continuous resource utilization, idle time, simulation, STROBOSCOPE, genetic algorithm, profit maximization. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ward2007, author={Ward, Steven. A. and McElwee, Ward }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Application of the Principle of Batch Size Reduction in Construction}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={539-548}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/538}, affiliation={MCIOB, MILM, Leckford, Crookes Lane, Kewstoke, W-S-M. BS22 9XB UK. Phone +44 1934 625936. steve@leanpractitioners.co.uk ; MCIOB, MILM, Leckford, Crookes Lane, Kewstoke, W-S-M. BS22 9XB UK. Phone +44 1934 625936. steve@leanpractitioners.co.uk }, abstract={Dominated by sub-contracting, mass production remains the prevalent modus operandi in the UK construction sector; this is contrary to single piece flow, a fundamental principle of lean thinking. The concept of batch sizing in a construction setting is explored together with the effects that reduced batch sizes have on construction programmes. Also examined are the practical and cultural issues that arise in reducing batch sizes both at master planning level and in the tradesman’s approach to the work. The effect of batch size reduction is quantified in two construction case studies. The observations of case study one are compared with a computer model developed by the authors, founded on the theory of lean and batch sizing. The model assesses the programmed completion time for projects using multiple trades, operating with differing batch sizes and cycle times. The theoretical background to the findings are developed as a result of the observations compared with the computer model to provide a mathematical expression to identify the relationship between batch size reduction and overall out-turn programme length. The implications for the construction sector in developing a small batch approach are discussed, and a methodology provided for calculating the effects of such an approach on overall project duration. }, author_keywords={Batch size, lean, construction }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Watkins2007, author={Watkins, Matt and Mukherjee, Amlan and Onder, Nilufer and Mattila, Kris G. }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Understanding Labour Productivity as an Emergent Property of Individual and Crew Interactions on a Construction Site}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, pages={400-405}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/539}, affiliation={Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Computer Science, Michigan Tech. USA Phone +1 906- 487-1952, mtwatkin@mtu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Env. Engineering, Michigan Tech.. USA Phone +1 906- 487-1952, amukherj@mtu.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, Michigan Tech.. USA Phone +1 906-487- 1641, nilufer@mtu.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Env. Engineering, Michigan Tech.. USA Phone +1 906- 487-2523, mattila@mtu.edu }, abstract={The construction site is a complex system composed of interactions in space between individual crewmembers and crews. Congestion often leads to lowered productivity. Lean construction research has shown that effective work flow management can improve construction labour performance, and labour flow contributes to lean work flow. The existing body of research in the study of construction labour productivity has primarily used a top-down approach to modelling and understanding the impacts of space congestion on labour productivity. In this paper, we propose a bottom-up approach and explore whether labour productivity on a construction site can be treated as an emergent property resulting from interactions between individual crewmembers and different crews. We present our pilot implementation and initial results depicting the relative value of various areas of space and the effect of the number of available tasks on congestion. }, author_keywords={Agent Based Modelling, Productivity, Space Allocation }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abreu2008, author={Abreu, Carlos Alexandre C. de and Neto, J.P. Barros }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Using Real Option Valuation Theory to Measure Benefits From Uncertain Costs Reductions}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={567-576}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/541}, affiliation={Researcher, Department of Structural Engineering and Civil Constructions, Ceará Federal University; Brazil. Phone +55 85 33969607 (30); calexandreabreu@yahoo.com.br ; Professor, Department of Structural Engineering and Civil Constructions, Ceará Federal University; Brazil. Phone +55 85 33669600; jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={The aim of this paper is to make an investment evaluation using a Real Option model and demonstrate the differences in investment decision – making process using traditional and Real Option valuation in a construction project. The main objective is to show how the incorporation of cost uncertainty in the economic analysis influences the final result of the evaluation. Financial data of cash flows from a residential building project before construction and other market data are used as inputs for the economic analysis of the project. First we estimate the project’s value using traditional valuation indicator Net Present Value (NPV) with no cost reduction. After that we estimate the NPV simulating possible costs reductions resulting from better internal processes towards a lean construction. The same financial and market data used to estimate the NPV are used in the Real Option Valuation model as inputs. The model’s uncertain variable is the total operational costs which will be considered a random variable governed by a stochastic process. Other variables as income, taxes and market variables remain deterministic in the model. }, author_keywords={economic evaluation, uncertainty, real options, cost reduction, lean construction }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{AlSehaimi2008, author={AlSehaimi, Abdullah and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={What Can Be Learned From Studies on Delay in Construction?}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={95-106}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/542}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, MSc, PhD Student, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, Salford, M5 4WT, UK. A.O.Alsehaimi@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Professor of Theory Based Lean Project and Production Management, SCRI, University of Salford, School of the Built Environment, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Over many years, delay has emerged one of the most significant problems in the construction industry, so much so that the causes have been investigated in numerous studies in different developing countries. Poor project management has been cited by a number of investigators as the main reason. However, despite such consensus, there are usually no clear recommendations demonstrating how project management practice could be improved. Moreover, the majority of recommendations made in the existing studies are general in nature and do not lead to a focus on a specific area. None of them are devoted to solving the difficulties associated with particular causes. It is further argued that delays do not arise purely because of tangible causes, as usually assumed in delay studies, but rather the underlying theory of project management may play a role in this regard. Finally, the paper argues that the utility of further traditional studies on delay is limited. }, author_keywords={delay, construction industry, project management, project management theory }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Andersen2008, author={Andersen, Bjorn and Bolviken, Trond and Dammerud, Hege Skarbekk and Skinnarland, Sol }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Approaching Construction as a Logistical, Economical and Social Process}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={27-38}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/543}, affiliation={Researcher, Fafo, Institute for Applied Social Research, Borggata 2B, P.O. Box 2947 Tøyen, N- 0608 Oslo, bjoern.andersen@fafo.no ; Director, Business Development and Strategy, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no (Veidekke Entreprenør AS is a Norwegian subsidiary of Veidekke ASA, one of the major Scandinavian construction and real-estate-development companies) ; Design manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, hege.dammerud@veidekke.no ; Researcher, Fafo, Institute for Applied Social Research, Borggata 2B, P.O. Box 2947 Tøyen, N- 0608 Oslo, sol.skinnarland@fafo.no }, abstract={Industrialised construction can be understood as production of commodities through a flow of transformations. The commodities have a dual character, possessing both usevalue and exchange value. This leads to the understanding of production as a physical/logistical process (producing use value) and an economical process (producing exchange value). However, the production process is always carried out by a group of people, by a social system. Understanding the social context under which the production process takes place is therefore crucial. If we do not understand “the social system of production”, our ability to understand and improve the production system will be limited. Improvements in the logistical process (the Last Planner System, Production System Design, etc) or in the economical processes (Value Chain Analysis, etc), will always have to be carried out within a specific social environment or system embedded in specific company cultures. In this paper we address the social infrastructure and the company culture of the construction processes as prerequisites for successful improvements in the logistical and economical processes in construction }, author_keywords={flow of transformations, lean construction, physical logistics, social logistics, company culture, social infrastructure, }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aslesen2008, author={Aslesen, Sigmund and Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Last Planner in a Social Perspective – A Shipbuilding Case}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={333-344}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/545}, affiliation={Researcher, Fafo Institute for labour and social research, P.O. Box 2947 Töyen, 0608 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 2208 8669, sigmund.aslesen@fafo.no ; External lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, 2840 Holte, Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={This paper addresses the implementation and use of Last Planner System for production control to improve workflow reliability in a Norwegian shipyard. The paper clarifies the adjustments made to adapt this system and particularly stresses the difficulties and challenges faced during the transformation from a rational operationoriented to a process-oriented approach to production planning and control. The paper suggests that to benefit from employing Last Planner, making a system of collaborative improvement must be part of it. More generally, the paper is a first step to a deeper understanding of why Last Planner works from a sociological point of view and in investigating its application to other types of project production. }, author_keywords={production control, project production, people, culture and change, last planner }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bae2008, author={Bae, Jin-Woo and Kim, Yong-Woo }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Lean Supply System: A Case Study of High-Rise Condominium Construction in Seoul, Korea}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={735-742}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/546}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Construction Engineering Program, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., Univ. of Washington, Box 351610, 425-361-5778, jbae@u.washington.edu ; Assistant Professor, College of Architecture and Urban planning, Dept. of Constr. Mgmt, Univ. of Washington, Box 351610, 206-616-1916, yongkim@u.washington.edu }, abstract={Prefabrication and just-in-time delivery are important in lean supply system. Past research focuses on how much lead time is reduced and how much costs are saved, but few have studied on the environmental impacts. While most studies on the environmental impacts have focused on select life-cycle phases or specific building materials and components, the impacts of different construction methods or supply strategies from the construction phase are ignored or simply approximated. This paper presents results of a case study where the environmental impacts of prefabrication and just-in-time delivery strategy of rebar supply on a high-rise condominium project in Seal, Korea. }, author_keywords={rebar supply system, prefabrication, just-in-time delivery, case study, environmental impacts }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barth2008, author={Barth, Karina B. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Improvement of Performance Measurement Systems Using Production Management Dashboards}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={769-780}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/547}, affiliation={M.Sc., Civil Engineer, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., 3rd floor, Porto Alegre–RS, Brazil, phone: +55 51 3308-3959, e-mail: kbertotto@gmail.com ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, UFRGS/NORIE, e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The issue of performance measurement has been increasingly discussed by the academic community and professionals of most industries. The large amount of publications about this theme indicates its importance for business management and also the existence of gaps in knowledge. In Brazil, there has been an increasing interest from construction companies in improving their performance measurement systems. However, the characteristics of this industry make the development and implementation of performance measurement systems a relatively complex task. Previous research has pointed out the need for improving the use of performance measurement for decision making, by properly processing and analyzing existing data. One way of improving performance measurement systems is the development of performance dashboards, which allow a set of performance indicators to be monitored through a single interface. This paper proposes a set of guidelines for the conception and assessment of production management dashboards, as a mechanism for improving performance measurement systems for production management in construction. It is based on two action research empirical studies, which involved the development and implementation of production management dashboards in two different construction companies. The main contributions of this research study are: (a) criteria to assess the effectiveness of dashboards; (b) mechanisms for involving different management levels on the use of dashboards; and (c) guidelines for implementing dashboards. }, author_keywords={dashboard, measurement systems, performance measurement, process transparency, production management }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bassanino2008, author={Bassanino, May and Underwood, Jason and Allen, Tom and Khosrowshahi, Farzad and Stokes, Eric }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Towards Developing an Industry Led Educational Framework Using Lean Approach}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={281-286}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/548}, affiliation={Researcher, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK, T +44 161 2956563; m.n.bassanino@salford.ac.uk ; Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK, T +44 161 2956290; j.underwood@salford.ac.uk ; Manager, Information, Comms and Media Division, Mott MacDonald, Brighton; UK T +44 1273 365029; Tom.Allen@mottmac.com ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK, T +44 1612956297; f.khosrowshahi@salford.ac.uk ; Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK, T +44 161 2952168; e.stokes@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The poor performance and inefficient manner in which the construction industry operates has been recognised through a variety of combined government and industry initiatives over the years. A major challenge towards improvement is recognised as lying with education and industry stakeholders actively creating closer and more effective relationships to facilitate a greater mutual understanding. The application of Information Technology (IT) systems can well enhance ‘Lean’ initiatives through improving process flow, reduction of the non-added value activities, better meet customers’ requirements and adding value which will increase the performance of the industry. This paper presents a project that is focused on developing an industry led framework for educational training programmes. The outcomes of two workshops organised with the industry that have resulted in a Continued Professional Development (CPD) training framework comprising of three distinct levels in terms of strategic, operational and technology aspects of that particular key area are discussed. The essence of this work is based on adopting the ‘Lean’ approach and adding value by identifying the IT skills gaps recognised ‘by the industry’ ‘for the industry’ and addressing them in developing training programmes. }, author_keywords={educational training programme, lean approach, strategic operational technical focus, people process technology environment areas }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Biesek2008, author={Biesek, Guilherme and Isatto, Eduardo L. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Implementing Customized Method for the Evaluation of Subcontractors}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={359-369}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/549}, affiliation={MSc candidate, Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, FAX +55 51 33084054, gbiesek@gmail.com.br ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, FAX +55 51 33084054, isatto@ufrgs.br ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Group (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, FAX +55 51 33084054, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Different types of evaluation of suppliers have been used in the construction industry. In those evaluations it is important to consider the level of client-supplier relationships that exists. This is particular important for companies that establish long-term relationships with a few suppliers. Insufficient understanding of how to determine these levels can lead to problems such as considering the requirements for a long-term relationship when the requirements for a transactional relationship is enough. In the literature, very little exist on the criteria for establishing those levels and also on how to translate such criteria into operational dimensions. This paper proposes a method of suppliers’ evaluation for construction companies, considering the need of customized this assessment based on the type of the supplier-firm relationship. The method intends to provide a better understanding of the construction firm needs as well as to translate them into operational dimensions. This method was tested in a case study conducted in a medium sized company which deals with complex projects. A framework containing operational dimensions that categorize suppliers was developed according to needs of the construction company. Finally, a set of guidelines for making the evaluation tools more useful is proposed. }, author_keywords={supplier management, performance evaluation, relationship, supply chain managemen }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bjornfot2008, author={Bjornfot, Anders }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={An Engineering Perspective on Lean Construction Theory}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={15-26}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/550}, affiliation={PhD, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Structural Engineering – Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, anbjo@ltu.se }, abstract={The diversity of Lean Construction research and applications is extensive. Due to this diversity, it can be argued that Lean Construction theory has been overextended and lost some of its fundamental ideas. Even though much theoretical progress has been achieved, theoretical development shows inadequate relation to practical construction. Therefore, theory development is of limited interest for the construction community. The aim of this paper is to make Lean Construction more accessible for construction participants who are interested in learning more about the advances of Lean Construction theory, but are unable to do so due to the vast availability of associated theories. The view of the engineer, representing such a construction participant, is used to revivify and organise Lean Construction theory through a classic structural engineering problem, the column-buckling case. Similar to the engineering case, the delivery team should consider four dimensions when designing a stable production system; these dimensions are product standardisation, process standardisation, workload reduction, and organisation strength. Application of these aspects in a systematic manner has potential to reduce variation while improving system stability and control. }, author_keywords={lean construction, construction theory, production system design, engineering design, }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bulhoes2008, author={Bulhoes, Iamara Rossi and Picchi, Flavio Augsto }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Continuous Flow for Structural Design in Prefabricated Concrete Structures}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={169-181}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/551}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Group of Building Management and Technology, iamara@fec.unicamp.br ; Director, Lean Institute Brazil, Rua Topázio 911, São Paulo-SP, Brazil, CEP 04105-063, Tel.: +55 11 5571-6887, Fax: +55 11 5571-0804, fpicchi@lean.org.br }, abstract={In industrial building, the assembly process is often carried out in large batches, i.e. a large number of structural elements (columns and beams) are assembled before placing slabs and roof parts, increasing the amount of work in progress. One of the factors that contribute for that is the large size of design batches. Often the first elements to be designed are the ones that have more repetition. This paper discusses the implementation of the principle of continuous flow on the structural design of prefabricated industrial buildings, emphasizing the reduction of design batch size. An action research empirical study was carried out in a large prefabricated concrete structure manufacturer from the State of São Paulo, Brazil. This study was divided into three stages: (a) an overall analysis of the design activities; (b) a detailed analysis of the design process of one project; and (c) preliminary results of the implementation of design, prefabrication and assembly continuous flow in a construction project. The implementation process is based on core Lean Thinking concepts and principles. The expected results are the reduction of total (design, prefabrication and assembly) cycle time, increase in productivity, work in progress reduction, and improved process stability. }, author_keywords={lean thinking, continuous flow, small batch, design process, }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2008, author={Chin, Chang-Sun and Russell, Jeffrey S. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Improving Performance of Process Flows}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={39-49}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/552}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, chin2@wisc.edu ; Professor and Chair, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, russell@engr.wisc.edu }, abstract={A process flow is a sequence of processes and stock points through which entities pass in sequence. At the level of a flow, the performance metrics related to overall system performance are throughput, cycle time and work-in-process. Understanding relationships between these metrics and flow behaviour is most important part to improve process flow performance and design high efficiency flows. A system can perform completely differently under different conditions. By comparing flow performance in a present state with those in theoretically possible states that a system can reach, we can determine whether a process flow is good or bad. The research defines process flow performance metrics as well as their relationships, and suggests a method to evaluate process flow performance using the flow metrics. The outcome will provide an internal benchmark of a process flow and different routes for process flow improvement. }, author_keywords={process flow, bottleneck rate, raw process time, critical WIP, practical worst case performance, internal benchmark }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Choi2008, author={Choi, Seokjin and Ku, Tae H. and Yeo, Dong. H. and Han, Seung H. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Waste Elimination of Mucking Process of a Petroleum Storage Tunnel Through the Value Stream Analysis}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={155-167}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/554}, affiliation={Ph.D. student, Dpt. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 120-749, Seoul, South Korea. Phone +82-2-2123-2799, FAX +82-2-364-5300, sjchoi@yonsei.ac.kr ; Assistant manager, Korea National Oil Corporation, Anyang, South Korea. Phone +82-31-380-2808, keth012@knoc.co.kr ; M.S. student, Dpt. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 120-749, Seoul, South Korea. Phone +82-2-2123-2799, totwd@yonsei.ac.kr ; Associate Professor, Dpt. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 120-749, Seoul, South Korea, Phone +82-2-2123-2799, shh6018@yonsei.ac.kr }, abstract={Construction firms are getting smarter and more effective by significantly improving their performance level at the job site. Particularly, cycle time which represents the time needed to complete one set of operation has been an important measure of productivity. In this study, cycle time of a petroleum storage tunnel which has many reiterative operations is investigated. With the aid of value stream analysis based on flow process chart, non-value adding activities of mucking-focused process are identified. Value stream mapping is then applied to simplify the current process as well as to remove crucial wastes of the process. Finally, this study suggests a scheme to improve the mucking process, which ultimately shows that applying the ‘to-be’ mode to the real site can improve the cost and average effectiveness by 9.6% and 17.7%, respectively. }, author_keywords={value stream analysis, flow process chart, tunnel construction, mucking process }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chua2008, author={Chua, D.K.H. and Hossain, Md. Aslam }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Reduced Duration of the Design Projects With the Concept of Early Estimation of Design Tasks}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={485-494}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/555}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore. Email: cvedavid@nus.edu.sg ; Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore. Email: aslam@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Reducing the lead time of construction projects is a great challenge in today’s competitive world and especially where the LD (Liquidated Damage) is high. The duration is commonly lengthened due to high dependencies among activities/parties. Greater concurrency can shorten project duration and this can be achieved by getting early information from precedent activities especially in the design phase. The concept of using early estimated information is found to be useful in reducing the duration of the design project. However, this concept imposes rework for successor(s) if there is mismatch between used estimated information and the original information that comes from full analysis. On project completion, the impact of rework due to the use of early estimated information is of great concern. Therefore, this study examines the benefit from early information through estimation and the adverse effect of rework. In the design process, some activities are estimable while some are not. Moreover, most of the events are stochastic in nature including the probabilistic nature of the activity durations and potentials for rework. For this reason, in order to validate the abovementioned concept, the simulation technique has been utilized to model the design process. }, author_keywords={early estimation, rework, reduced duration, design process }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cleary2008, author={Cleary, Martin and Owen, Robert and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Promise-Based Management as an Enabling Factor in Lean Construction – Towards a Clarification}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={83-93}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/556}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK Fax +44 161 2954587 ; Senior Research Fellow, Phone +44 161 2954143, Email r.l.owen@salford.ac.uku ; Professor, Phone +44 161 2956378, Email l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The question of who we are in the world and how that question impacts on all discussion, or perhaps the ontological situation, is the starting point of the issues to be addressed in this paper. The width and the scope of the issues are so vast as to invite mistaken or unsatisfactory outcomes; however, the nature of construction, which might be described as the most concrete of real world situations, demands study in order to better understand what must be done to produce successful projects. From a survey of ideas found in post-enlightenment philosophy, we propose to explore some ideas found in the work of Fernando Flores and others, and to form a foundation from which we can address the question of how the structure of business communication can be clearly applied to that of construction. It is not so much that a specific philosophy or even philosophical approach should be applied to construction, as providing “useful ideas for practice” as suggested by Charles Spinosa These ideas can be gleaned from various sources both ancient and modern: from Aristotle’s metaphysics, to Charles Taylor and his championing of Herder’s expressivism as an antidote to Cartesian rationalist designative theory. The luxury we have, which shouldn’t be underestimated, is the ability to be eclectic and if an idea will function then we can own it for our specific problems and issues, as addressed in Lean Construction. This paper will draw on papers delivered at previous Lean Construction Conferences by Howell, Macomber, Senior and others and merge their contributions to overlay them onto a new philosophical perspective. }, author_keywords={construction, management, lean, philosophy }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Codinhoto2008, author={Codinhoto, Ricardo and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Rooke, John and Kagioglou, Mike and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Facilitators and Barriers to the Integration of Healthcare Service and Building Design}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={425-434}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/557}, affiliation={Research Fellow, SCRI / HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, Phone: +44 (0)161 2953507, e-mail: r.codinhoto@salford.ac.uk ; Academic Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2954284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, SCRI, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, e-mail: j.a.rooke@eml.cc ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, tel. +44 (0)161 2953855, e-mail: m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, Phone: +44 (0)161 2956378, e-mail: l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Service design research recognises the importance of infrastructure design in the achievement of streamlined service delivery. Although research about service design and building design is abundant, very little is known about the integration of these processes. Therefore, this research aimed at identifying facilitators and barriers to the integration of service and building design processes. To this end, the initial results from a historical investigation of the redevelopment of a hospital in Salford, UK were used to identify facilitators and barriers to the integration of service and building design. Data was collected through interviews, document analysis and a workshop. Initial results present internal and external factors related to the design process generating barriers to integration of service and building design. }, author_keywords={service design, building design, healthcare, service operations management }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cordova2008, author={Cordova, Francisco and Brilakis, Ioannis }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={On-Site 3D Vision Tracking of Construction Personnel}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={809-820}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/558}, affiliation={PhD. Pre - Candidate. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109-2125; PH (734) 763-2148; email: cordovaf@umich.edu ; Assistant Professor. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 48109-2125; PH (734) 763-2148; email: brilakis@umich.edu }, abstract={Open construction sites are highly complex environments for onsite tracking. The large amount of items present along with the amounts of occlusions/obstructions, make efficient onsite personnel tracking very difficult. Current tracking methods rely mostly on Radio Frequency technologies, such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Bluetooth and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi, Ultra-Wideband, etc). These technologies require manual deployment of tags and record keeping of the people they are placed on. In open construction sites with numerous people working simultaneously, sensor installations and maintenance increases the cost and time needed to implement these tracking methods. This paper presents a new, less obtrusive method for open site tracking of personnel using video cameras. Video feeds are collected from on site video cameras and presented to the user. The user can then select the person that is to be tracked. The person is subsequently tracked in each video using 2D vision tracking. In each frame, epipolar geometry is used to calculate the depth (3D position) of the person. This method addresses the limitations of radio frequency methods since it uses existing construction site equipment (security cameras) to perform tracking. The method has been implemented in a C++ prototype and preliminary results show effective 3D positioning of personnel in construction sites. }, author_keywords={3D location, personnel tracking, image alignment }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Court2008, author={Court, Peter and Pasquire, Christine and Gibb, Alistair }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Modular Assembly in Healthcare Construction – A Mechanical and Electrical Case Study}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={521-532}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/559}, affiliation={Research Engineer, Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK. ; Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK. ; Dept of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK. }, abstract={This paper presents findings as part of a research project to develop and implement a lean and agile construction system on a case study project. The objective of the research project for the sponsor company is to improve its projects site operations, making them safer for the worker, and improving efficiency and productivity. A principle output of the research is the development and use of an innovative method for assembling offsite, transporting and installing mechanical and electrical distribution modules. In total 196 modules were installed in 17 construction zones on the case study project and the results show that zero accidents occurred either onsite or offsite associated with this work; an 8.62% cost saving is achieved over an estimation of traditional methods (with an estimated productivity loss of 25% for traditional method site labour); a higher quality is achieved with less site rework; 93% less hours are required onsite for the S&P method (much fewer operatives onsite at risk of injury); and a shorter overall cycle-time is required to complete the work when compared to traditional methods. This paper reports on the findings using IMMPREST software as a tool for assessing the benefits derived from the use of modular offsite assembly against what would otherwise have been traditional installation methods for this case study. }, author_keywords={construction system, IMMPREST, health, safety, productivity }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dave2008, author={Dave, Bhargav and Koskela, Lauri and Kagioglou, Mike and Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={A Critical Look at Integrating People, Process and Information Systems Within the Construction Sector}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={795-808}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/560}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953431; B.Dave@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953178; L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953178; M.Kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; MSc, Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={The problems that the construction industry faces are widely discussed over the years. The pressure is increasing on the industry to deliver projects with minimal buffers of time, space and resources; and with minimal negative impact on the surrounding environment. The industry has been slow to respond to these challenges and continues to be criticised for that reason. There have been a number of attempts to address these challenges within the research community with varying degrees of success. However majority of these projects tend to address specific areas within the construction process rather than looking at the process as a whole. Lean principles help address the inherent wastes lying within the construction process, however there is no evidence of widespread implementation of such principles. People, process and Technology are three important aspects from Lean perspective. However in construction, technology is mostly being applied to peripheral processes resulting in less than satisfactory outcomes. There is a need address the construction process as a whole with a view to integrate various areas and aspects involved. The goal of this paper is to provide a new conceptualization for doing this with a specific focus on application of ICT within construction. Based on a literature review, prior arguments and propositions for a holistic view are reviewed. Based on them, outline of a tentative new framework for integrating processes, people and information systems is presented. }, author_keywords={construction process integration, ICT in construction, construction efficiency }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dugnas2008, author={Dugnas, Karolis and Oterhals, Oddmund }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={State-of-the-Art Shipbuilding: Towards Unique and Integrated Lean Production Systems}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={321-331}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/561}, affiliation={MSc in Industrial Logistics, Research Assistant, Molde Research Institute (Møreforsking Molde AS), Britvegen 4, NO-6411 Molde, Norway, Phone +47 712 142 88, Karolis.Dugnas@HiMolde.no, www.mfm.no ; PhD in Engineering, Chief Research Officer, Logistics, Molde Research Institute (Møreforsking Molde AS), Britvegen 4, NO-6411 Molde, Norway, Phone +47 712 142 82, Oddmund.Oterhals@HiMolde.no, www.mfm.no }, abstract={The background for this paper is the Lean Shipbuilding R&D program, hosted by the Norwegian Research Council. The following shipyards participate in this program: Aker Yards, Kleven Verft and Ulstein Verft. Together they constitute a significant part (app. 75%) of the total Norwegian shipbuilding capacity. The paper is intended to give readers an essential theoretical support towards a better shipbuilding process. Together with the Lean theory review, current activities and plans for implementation of Lean principles at the participating shipyards are outlined and discussed as well. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations regarding both, theoretical and practical issues leading to further development of the Lean Shipbuilding concept and its application to different shipyards in the Norwegian context. }, author_keywords={lean shipbuilding, lean construction, project management, production system design, theory dissemination }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Engelmann2008, author={Engelmann, Hagen and Gehbauer, Fritz and Steffek, Peter }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Software Agents to Suport Decision Making in Design and Execution Planning}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={783-794}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/562}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, engelmann@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Professor, Director of the Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, gehbauer@tmb.unikarlsruhe. de ; Research Assistant, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, steffek@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de }, abstract={One of the particular advantages of the Last Planner System is to bring downstream players, for example construction firms, into upstream design and planning phases in order to make optimal use of all available knowledge. This procedure is actually hindered in many countries by the existing governmental contracting rules. To overcome this problem and to be able to include downstream knowledge in earlier phases of the project a solution based on software agents is proposed. The objective is to devise the software architecture for a decision support system incorporating the Last Planner System as communication platform. As the software agents shall act for persons not available during a Last Planner session they must be integrated in the collaborative process. The paper discusses a concept for this problem based on a Multi-Agent System (MAS) modelling the communication process, and a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) to provide different functionalities needed. The concept provides a corner stone for a computer-based simulation of the knowledge of actors who are not available in phases of the Last Planner process. }, author_keywords={last planner system, design and execution planning, decision support, multi-agent system, service-oriented architecture }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Feng2008, author={Feng, Peter P. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Standard Work From a Lean Theory Perspective}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={703-712}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/563}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/292-9786, FAX 510/278-8521, peterfeng@comcast.net ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/ and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a proof of concept that standard work procedures as prescribed by lean theory can be implemented within a concrete construction company. Standard work procedures and knowledge transfer utilizing the “J” programs as prescribed by Training Within Industry and lean theory can and does reduce variability in construction processes. Variability in work processes increases the probability of breakdowns (any deviation from an expected outcome), errors and negative iteration which leads to schedule and cost overruns. Standardizing work methods reduces the probability of breakdowns, thereby improving work flow, providing a basis for learning from what breakdowns do occur, and providing a basis for experimentation with alternative work method designs. Exploratory research with work standardization in a concrete construction division is presented, including the cultural and organizational issues that were overcome to change the current paradigm. Two findings from this research are: 1) obtained a better understanding of what standard work procedures are and how they differ from preconceived notions, and 2) development of standard work procedures to create a baseline for continuous improvement. Practitioners can use this research to understand how to analyze processes, improve them and transfer critical knowledge. }, author_keywords={rework, tfv, training within industry, standard work }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Feng2008, author={Feng, Peter P. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Booth, Lawrence }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Modeling the Effect of Rework Timing: Case Study of a Mechanical Contractor}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={691-702}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/564}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering. Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/292-9786, FAX +1 510/278-8521, peterfeng@comcast.net ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/) and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Project Manager, Frank M. Booth, Inc., P.O. Box 5, 222 Third Street, Marysville, CA 95901, Phone +1 530/749-3778, lawrenceb@frankbooth.com }, abstract={Design and construction changes often cause rework, increase a project’s cost, and delay its delivery. Data was obtained from a mechanical contractor in order to study rework timing and how it disrupts their detailing, fabrication, and installation processes. A set of simulation models illustrate the impact of rework timing. The focus is on early changes, that is, changes that become known when the contractor is detailing, so they can be dealt with either (1) right away during detailing, (2) during fabrication, or (3) during on-site installation. One model shows that dealing with changes in the detailing phase not only affects that phase but can have negative impacts on installation as well. Another model shows that detailing a project to a set of approved drawings and maintaining those until project completion, forces changes to be pushed downstream to site installation, which makes the impact of those changes more transparent to all players involved and can reduce negative iteration. The question addressed in this paper is: When early changes occur, is there benefit to incorporating them during site installation instead of trying to capture, re-detail, and change drawings? Practitioners can use this research to assess resources to avoid rework. }, author_keywords={changes, contracts, detailing, discrete event simulation, lean construction, mechanical contractor, rework }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fontanini2008, author={Fontanini, Patricia Stella Pucharelli and Picchi, Flavio Augusto and Loureiro, Sergio Adriano and Junior, Orlando Fontes Lima and Folch, Alex Tort }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Simulating a Construction Supply Chain– Preliminary Case Study of Precast Elements}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={371-380}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/565}, affiliation={PHD Candidate of the Architecture and Civil Engineering Department, DAC-FEC-UNICAMP/ GTE, stella@fec.unicamp.br ; Professor of the Architecture and Civil Engineering Department, DAC-FEC-UNICAMP/ GTE; fpicchi@fec.unicamp.br ; Master Student of the Architecture and Civil Engineering Department, DGT-FEC-UNICAMP/ LALT, saloureiro@gmail.com ; Professor of the Architecture and Civil Engineering Department, DGT-FEC-UNICAMP/ LALT, oflimaj@fec.unicamp.br ; Executive Director of MUNTE Construction, atf@munte.com.br }, abstract={This paper presents a preliminary case study of simulation in a construction supply chain, adopting as focus company a pre-cast elements producer. The framework for relationships analysis was provided by a value stream macro mapping (VSMM), taking steel as the specific case. Data collection was carried out gathering information from the company’s information system and from interviews with representatives of involved agents. This data was compiled in a first simulation of current state, using iThink software, generating output of selected parameters for analysis. A future state is drafted, suggesting modelling strategies for a second simulation using lean tools, in further studies. The paper concludes with recommendations and considerations about the potential of this kind of simulation to study complex construction supply chains behaviour. }, author_keywords={lean simulation, supply chain, lean thinking }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Forgues2008, author={Forgues, Daniel and Koskela, Lauri and Lejeune, Albert }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Breaking Socio-Cognitive Barriers to Value Generation in Integrated Teams}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={435-446}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/566}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Construction Engineering,1100 Notre-Dame St. West, École de Technologie Superieure, Montreal (QC) Canada, H3C 1K3Phone +1 514/3968668 daniel.forgues@etsmtl.ca ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 295 6378; L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Department of management & technology, Université du Québec à Montréal; Canada. Phone +1 (514) 987-3000, # 4844; lejeune.albert@uqam.ca }, abstract={Value generation is defined as meeting client requirements while minimizing waste. Authors agree on the issues related to sequential design in handling client requirements, and suggest the use of an integrated Design approach as an alternative. Little is said, however, about the impact of adopting integrated Design new organization of work on traditional design practice, processes and tools, and about the importance of breaking down socio-cognitive barriers related to mental model fragmentation between design professionals, clients and users. This may result in cognitive inertia, a major source of waste. The objective of the research is to develop and test the use of boundary objects, such as requirement management tools in the context of integrated teams and organizations to break the cognitive inertia that hinders value generation. The research is conclusive about the effectiveness of using boundary objects such as a requirement management construct to transform practices in construction. The research also contributes to a better understanding of the new purpose of construction projects by framing its context and process dimensions within a theoretical framework, and to the evolution of practices in construction. }, author_keywords={integrated design, value management, activity theory, boundary artefact }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frier2008, author={Frier, Marie and Kirkegaard, Poul Henning and Fisker, Anna Marie }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Architectural Intention as the Mediator of Lean Housing Construction}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={533-540}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/567}, affiliation={M.Sc. Eng. PhD Student, Dwellab, Department of Architecture & Design, Aalborg University (AAU), Gammel Torv 6, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark. Phone: +45 25266446. Email: mfri@aod.aau.dk ; M.Sc Eng. Associate Professor Ph.D, Dwellab, Department of Civil Engineering, AAU ; Architect maa. Associate Professor Ph.D Dwellab, Department of Architecture & Design, AAU }, abstract={In recent years a number of companies have taken up the challenge of producing prefab houses using lean principles, hereby incorporating value driven production theory as the means to optimize construction processes. However, the value of home is dependent on architectural qualities and interior spatial experiences difficult to operationalize as production objectives. As stated by Sven Bertelsen a home should be more than the sum of the parts; the home constitutes our physical and metaphysical being and there is deep feelings connected to this phenomenon (Bertelsen, 2005). Modularization and prefab production as lean construction strategies hold obvious potentials in the development of an effective building envelope with regards to indoor climate, assembly etc. However, the discussion of lean construction, future working co operations and processes, often avoid an actual positioning regarding the values, which were originally the main focus of lean construction philosophy (Howell, 1999). Through the development of a particular interior architectural focus this paper suggests a method for reintroducing customer value; architectural quality, as the outset for making housing construction lean. }, author_keywords={prefabrication, architectural values, construction strategies, theory and application }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{El-Gafy2008, author={El-Gafy, Mohamed A. and Abdelhamid, Tariq }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Using System Dynamics Modeling as a Lean Construction Work Structuring Tool}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={121-130}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/568}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, 114 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: elgafy@msu.edu ; Associate Professor, 116 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu }, abstract={Discrete Event Simulation has been advanced in the construction literature as a tool to design construction operations while incorporating performance variability to arrive at more realistic durations and cost estimates. This tool can enable Lean Construction work structuring (LWS), which is concerned with the selection and sequencing of work methods during the product design stage. LWS is “thinking production process during the product design stage”. This paper introduces system dynamics as a quantitative approach for LWS wherein an operation is designed and analyzed for effectiveness of production strategies before implementation. System Dynamics evaluates the actions in terms of dependencies and feedback loops among process variables. The proposed modeling approach will be qualitatively demonstrated and discussed using a bricklaying operation to illustrate the benefits of the proposed methodology. }, author_keywords={lean construction, lean work structuring, discrete event simulation, dynamic system modeling, simulation, }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gehbauer2008, author={Gehbauer, Frtiz }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Lean Organization: Exploring Extended Potentials of the Last Planner System}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={3-13}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/569}, affiliation={Professor, Director of Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), University of Karlsruhe, Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, gehbauer@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de }, abstract={The subject of the paper originated from practical project work in a large organization designing, planning, and supervising public infrastructure projects. This organization can be described as traditional with a lot of regulations but conscious of the fact that project work could be improved. Cooperative phase planning along the lines of the Last Planner System was applied in several pilot projects (design/planning phases only). It became obvious rather quickly that lean approaches on a project level would be limited in developing their potential if the overlying organizational structures and cultures would not offer a commitment to Lean and preparedness to changes. The objective of the paper is to show how these changes can gradually be initiated to overcome the main obstacles as fear, resistance to change, and existing procedures. The main questions are: What are the desirable features of an organization that will support lean project work? Can the Last Planner System play a double role by both improving the project and facilitating gradual changes within the organization? The method adopted in the organization referred to in this paper was to make the project teams acquainted with some selected eye openers of organizational concepts. To discuss the full set of such concepts with the teams would have done no good. This paper gives a report on this selective approach. In this process the Last Planner System is now being used to transfer improvements of motivation, cooperation, transparency, reliability and promises from the project level into the organization. }, author_keywords={lean organisation, organisational changes, lean management, last planner system, }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2008, author={Gomez, Christy P. and Bahtiar, Siti Fazreen Idayu }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Mechanism for Introducing Lean Construction Project Management Principles and Concepts Through Self-Directed Learning}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={269-279}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/570}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Construction and Property Management, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. PH: (+6)07-453 7193; FAX: (+6)07-453 6021; email: cpgomez@uthm.edu.my ; Masters Student, Department of Construction and Property Management, University Tun Hussein, Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. PH: (+6)07-453 7193; FAX: (+6)07- 4536021; email: fazreenaidayu@yahoo.com }, abstract={Approaches to introducing lean construction principles and concepts have been, in the main, inconsistent with the learning theories and their learning modes. Additionally, these approaches have been found to be lacking in terms of being practice-specific whilst not addressing the potential to be systemically implemented. This paper describes an attempt to address these issues. A pilot Lean Construction Management Learning Programme (LCMLP) is currently being developed with a collaborative industry partner as a mechanism for implementing Lean Construction principles and concepts in a systemic manner within the management community of a construction project whilst addressing the key issue of conceptual change that focuses on the necessary learning modes. The approach is a collaborative longitudinal management research and development (R&D) project, viewed as a form of Management Learning Practice. This programme is aligned with the andragogy model of education focused on self-directed learning in a situated context. The Programme is structured according to the key fields of Design Management, Production Management and Supply Chain Management focused on minimizing waste and maximizing value. }, author_keywords={lean construction, management learning, action learning, social learning, construction management }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gonzalez2008, author={Gonzalez, Vicente and Alarcon, Luis Fernando and Maturana, Sergio and Bustamante, Jose Antonio and Mundaca, Fernando }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Work-in-Process Buffer Management Using the Rational Commitment Model in Repetitive Projects}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={667-678}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/571}, affiliation={M. Eng., Ph.D(c), School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile. Lecturer, Sc, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. E-Mail: vagonzag@puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: smaturan@ing.puc.cl ; M. Eng., School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: jabustac@ing.puc.cl ; Well Engineer, Integrated Project Management, Schlumberger. E-Mail: mundaca@slb.com }, abstract={The use of buffers (Bf) has been a common production strategy to protect construction processes from the negative impact of variability. Construction practitioners and researchers have proposed different buffering approaches for different production situations and contexts, but practical solutions to manage Bf at operational level in construction projects are not obvious. This research proposes an operational level methodology for Work-In-Process (WIP) Bf management in repetitive projects, using the rational commitment model (RCM). RCM is an operational decision-making tool for production planning and commitment negotiation. RCM helps determine WIPBf sizes for a short-term planning horizon using field information and planning reliability indicators at the construction level instead of variability levels. RCM allows managing WIPBf among different crews involved in construction processes. The proposed methodology was validated in real repetitive projects. An application is used to illustrate the robustness and practicality of RCM to manage WIPBf on-site, which can become a key factor for industry penetration of Bf production strategies based on Lean Production principles. }, author_keywords={buffer, lean production, rational commitment model, work-in-process }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamzeh2008, author={Hamzeh, Farook R. and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Improving Construction Work Flow – The Connective Role of Lookahead Planning}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={635-646}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/572}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, farook@calmail.berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu and Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, University. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712,USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Lookahead planning is a fundamental process in the Last PlannerTM system of production control, which encompasses four tiers of planning processes: master scheduling, phase scheduling, lookahead planning, and commitment planning. Lookahead planning means not just viewing near-term tasks from the master or phase schedule and possibly detailing them, but it is a process to make tasks ready and create a workable backlog of tasks. The purpose of this paper is to report on research dedicated to improving the Last PlannerTM system in general and the lookahead process in particular. The paper describes the role of lookahead planning as a connector between long term planning and commitment planning. Research is presented on two projects in North America combined with preliminary results from a survey investigating the Last PlannerTM implementation and the performance of the lookahead process. The data collected was employed to evaluate the current practice, suggest hypotheses for improvement, and introduce experiments to test these hypotheses. The study findings indicate an inadequate performance of the lookahead process mainly due to the lack of instructions such as Last PlannerTM implementation guidelines or related standardized integrative practices. The paper suggests guidelines and reports on research concerned with producing, testing, and improving the required instructions. }, author_keywords={Lookahead planning, production control, lean construction, Last PlannerTM system, rationalizing production. }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hofacker2008, author={Hofacker, A. and Oliveira, B. Fernandes de and Gehbauer, F. and Freitas, M.d. Carmo Duarte and Menez, Jr., R. and Santos, A. and Kirsch, J. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Rapid Lean Construction-Quality Rating Model (LCR)}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={241-250}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/573}, affiliation={Research Associate, Institute of Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe University (TH), Germany, Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, D-76128 Karlsruhe. Tel: (49) 721 608 5476, Fax: (49)721 695245, Hofacker@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Master student, Graduate Program on Construction, GRUPOTIC, Universidade Federal de Paraná (UFPR), Brazil, Tel: (55)41 3361 3448, bruno.oliveira@ufpr.br ; Professor, head of the Institute of Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe University (TH), Germany, Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, D-76128 Karlsruhe Tel: (49) 721 608 2647, Fax: (49)721 695245, Gehbauer@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Professor, Industrial Engineering, Graduate Program on Construction, GRUPOTIC, Universidade Federal de Paraná (UFPR), Brazil, (55) 41 3361 3448, mcf@ufpr.br ; Professor, Industrial Engineering, Graduate Program on Construction, Leader of the GRUPOTIC Research Group,Universidade Federal de Paraná (UFPR), Brazil, (55) 41 3361 3448, mendesjr@ufpr.br ; Professor, Design and Sustainability Research Center, Universidade Federal de Paraná (UFPR), Rua General Carneiro, 460, Ed. Dom Petro 1, sala 717, Centro, Curitiba, Brazil, Tel: (55) 41 3360 5313, asantos@ufpr.br ; Research Associate, Institute of Technology & Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe University, Germany, Tel: (49) 721 608 8221, Fax: (49)721 695245, Kirsch@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de }, abstract={The rapid Lean Construction-quality8 Rating model (LCR) is a unique and easy model to evaluate the quality and degree of leanness related to the pursuit of the leanphilosophy in a construction project. A standardized framework enables to combine qualitative evaluation through observation together with quantitative analysis. A categorized evaluation scheme is proposed within the same model, to easily visualize and interpret the rating results. The degree of LC-application is hereby distinguished between d-projects (low level, projects without any LC knowledge, low quality and highly wasteful) and aaa - projects (high level). This standardized rating model can be applied to all kinds of construction projects and within different geographic contexts. One hour of construction site visit and another half-hour for the analysis is required to undertake the rating. The model further suggests applying the rating model on three or more construction projects of one company. This should allow carrying the evaluation forward from a project to a company level. }, author_keywords={rating model, lean construction, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification of projects }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ilozor2008, author={Ilozor, Benedict D. and Egbu, Charles O. and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Designing and Building to Minimize Construction Waste}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={743-768}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/574}, affiliation={Associate Professor and Graduate Assistant & Research Coordinator, Construction Management Programs, School of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, Eastern Michigan University, USA. ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, England, UK. ; Associate Professor, 116 Human Ecology, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA }, abstract={Lean Construction strives for reliable workflow on the construction site by using work-structuring and the Last Planner System. In the construction industry, many factors contribute to unreliable workflow such as late delivery of material and equipment, blue-print errors, change orders, equipment breakdowns, tool malfunctions, improper resources utilization, labor strikes, and environmental (weather) effects. Another important source of variability, which is often overlooked is construction waste, as in by-products of the construction process. This source of reliable workflow impedance create cluttered, congested, and dangerous work conditions. In Lean Construction, 5s or 6s is deployed in order to mitigate the effects of construction waste. Another tact to use, which follows from the continuous process improvement spirit that underlies lean, is to minimize and ideally eliminate this waste. If dealt with appropriately, there can be many benefits, including lower overall cost, faster production, a higher quality, and more sustainable buildings. The purpose of this investigation is to ascertain key sources of construction waste, and whether generation varies with the type and size of the constructions. A sample of 30 general contractors was studied, and several null hypotheses on waste generation and minimization differences were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Although subtle shifts were observed in the aspects of waste behavior that seemed predicated on construction sectors and capital base, to some extent the proposition that construction type and size can influence waste generation and minimization was validated. Based on this study, some solutions are provided as viable avenues to managing and minimizing construction waste. }, author_keywords={lean construction, construction waste, workflow problems, waste minimization }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Izquierdo2008, author={Izquierdo, Jorge Luis and Arbulu, Roberto }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Application of Production Management in Industrial Epc and Mining Projects in Peru}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={713-720}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/575}, affiliation={Head of Project Controls, Graña y Montero S.A. Av. Paseo de la Republica 4675, Lima 34, Perú, Phone: 1- (511) 213-0444, email: jizquierdo@gym.com.pe ; Director SPS|Technical Services, Strategic Project Solutions Inc., 1040 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, Phone: 1-415-362-3200, email: rarbulu@spsinc.net }, abstract={Projects in the industrial EPC and mining sectors of the construction industry share common characteristics such as complexity and size, high levels of interdependency between multiple stakeholders, remote and disperse geographical locations, and in many cases, extreme weather conditions. The combination of these characteristics creates production environments in which variability abound hampering performance, causing delays, and reducing quality and safety levels. Ensuring the successful delivery of industrial and mining projects then requires new ways of working that support the identification and reduction of variability mainly from sources such as materials supply, engineering, and site operations. Traditional project management practices are not enough to identify, reduce, and buffer the remaining variability in support of performance improvement efforts. This paper proposes how to adopt production management to complement existing project management practices for industrial EPC and mining projects in order to achieve better results in terms of schedule reduction and productivity improvement through variability management. The paper presents case studies on the application of production management techniques for this type of projects including results and lessons learned. This paper is a joined effort between Graña y Montero (GyM), the largest general contractor in Peru, and Strategic Project Solutions (SPS), leader in the development of solutions for the improved management of capital projects. }, author_keywords={buffers, EPC, industrial, mining, planning, production management, variability }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jacomit2008, author={Jacomit, Ana Mitsuko and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Picchi, Flavio Augusto }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Target Costing Research Analysis: Reflections for Construction Industry Implementation}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={601-612}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/576}, affiliation={Postgraduate research student, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), Department of Architecture and Construction (DAC), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design (FEC), University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP), 13083-852, Campinas, SP, Brazil;, anamjacomit@gmail.com; ; Asst. Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), Department of Architecture and Construction (DAC), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design (FEC), University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP), 13083-852, Campinas, SP, Brazil; adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ; Director, Lean Institute Brazil, Rua Topázio 911, São Paulo/SP, Brazil, CEP 04105-063, Phone +55 11/5571- 6887, FAX 11/5571-0804, fpicchi@lean.org.br }, abstract={Target costing or Genka Kikaku, as originally named in Japan, is not only a tool for managing costs, but a strategic approach for development of new products, that aims to reduce costs, ensuring quality, reliability and other attributes that will add value to the customers. This paper presents a framework that summarizes a product development process with the literal application of target costing, and seeks to compare this framework to three implementations of it in the construction industry. It started with elaboration of a flowchart that allowed the definition of the parameters to be used in the analysis. Results show that none of the cases studied covers a completed target costing implementation as envisioned in manufacture. Finally, this work points out some issues that need further development such as studies about alternative ways of obtaining the target cost – based on the current market price instead of historical data. }, author_keywords={target costing, target cost, cost management, value engineering }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jang2008, author={Jang, Jin Woo and Kim, Yong Woo }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={The Relationship Between the Make-Ready Process and Project Schedule Performance}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={647-656}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/577}, affiliation={ }, abstract={This research investigates the importance of the make-ready process in last planner implementation. The make-ready process has the potential to improve workflow predictability and reliability in construction projects. The construction industry has recognized that timely constraint removal is an important and distinctive requirement of successful projects. Percentage of constraint removal (PCR) was used as a performance metric for the make-ready process. The authors tested the relationship between PCR and Percent Planned-work Completed (PPC), and hypothesize that PPC depends on the effectiveness of the make-ready process. Correlation and regression analyses were used to investigate how the effectiveness of the make-ready process (as measured by PCR) affects PPC. The results of the correlation coefficients for the relationship between PPC and PCR are significant (p<0.05). The regression analysis revealed that PPC positively related with PCR (p<0.1). Workflow reliability differed depending on the operational performance of the make-ready process. }, author_keywords={make-ready process, constraint analysis, percentage of constraint removal, percent plan complete, case study }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jayaraman2008, author={Jayaraman, Venkataramanan and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Ilozor, Benedict D. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Assessment of Uncertainty Management Approaches in Construction Organizations}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={221-229}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/578}, affiliation={Project Engineer, Perini Building Co, USA. Email: vjayaraman@periniwest.com ; Associate Professor, 116 Human Ecology, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu ; Associate Professor and Graduate Assistant & Research Coordinator, Construction Management Programs, School of Engineering Technology, Eastern Michigan University, USA. Email: bilozor@emich.edu }, abstract={Previous research has indicated that in about 85% of the projects, the managers underestimated the extent of uncertainty at the start of a project. Since then limited research has been conducted to study the uncertainty climate in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) organizations. The primary goal of this research was to assess the orientation of construction organizations towards managing uncertainty. A Working Climate Survey (WCS) was used to measure two aspects of uncertainty, namely, personal and work environment uncertainty. Analysis of the responses of 61 construction industry professionals from a wide spectrum of companies indicated the possibility of some correlation between demographic items and results of the study. It was also found that creating the right environment for employees is the first essential step necessary to embrace uncertainty followed by training the employees. Moreover, an improvement in the percentage of responses in dynamic climate was found when only the companies that practice any of the lean construction principles were considered separately from the entire sample. Based on the findings of the research, guidelines for embracing uncertainty in the project and production management phases are developed and presented. }, author_keywords={lean construction, construction uncertainty, embracing uncertainty }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemmer2008, author={Kemmer, Sergio L. and Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. and Alves, Thais da C.L. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Using the Line of Balance for Production System Design}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={299-308}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/579}, affiliation={Lean Initiative Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, sergio@crolim.com.br ; Professor, Department of Mechanical Production Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil ; Assistant Professor, Department of Structures and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, thaiscla@ufc.br }, abstract={The line of balance (LOB) is a tool for project planning and control that provides great visibility for the flows of work in a construction site. The LOB depicts information related to when, where and what activities are done at any time as well as activity batch size, pace, and buffers between different crews. Besides making work flows more transparent to those managing a project, this tool can serve as a means to simulate and discuss different alternatives and strategies to sequence activities in the long run. This paper presents a study carried out in a construction company in Fortaleza, Brazil in which the authors used the LOB in the initial planning phase of a high-rise residential project. Based on the information provided by different LOBs, representing different scenarios, the authors discussed with projects managers, superintendents, and crews the advantages and disadvantages of each scenario regarding the project’s lead time, activities cycle time, gang sizes, batch sizes, buffers, sequencing, interferences between crews, learning effect and productivity. The paper presents the project’s personnel views about the different scenarios and respective indicators, and discusses the implications of the group’s chosen scenario for the project as whole. The LOB was developed in spreadsheet software (Microsoft® Excel) and had a high rate of success as the project’s participants could easily understand the concepts used to develop each scenario, simulate, and evaluate the impacts they had on the project’s performance. Based on other papers’ conclusions about the topic, this paper aims at contributing to the discussion about production system design based on solid production indicators depicted through low-cost and low-level of abstraction tools such as the Line of Balance. }, author_keywords={line of balance, lead time, flow, batch, buffer, negotiation }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khalfan2008, author={Khalfan, M.M.A. and McDermott, P. and Oyegoke, A.S. and Dickinson, M.T. and Li, X. and Neilson, D. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Application of Kanban in the UK Construction Industry by Public Sector Clients}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={347-358}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/580}, affiliation={Research Fellow, SCRI Research Centre, University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 (0)161 2955226; m.m.a.khalfan@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 (0)161 2954808; p.mcdermott@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, SCRI Research Centre, University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 (0)161 2954748; a.s.oyegoke@salford.ac.uk ; Research Assistant, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. m.t.dickinson@salford.ac.uk ; Ph.D candidate, School of the Construction Management and Real Estate, Southeast University, China. Visiting Fellow at School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, lixianguang@tom.com ; Fusion21, Building Skills Centre, Huyton, Merseyside, L36 6AP }, abstract={Kanban is a one of the lean approaches adopted within the industry in order to pull construction materials through their production systems on a just-in-time basis. The approach is developed in the automotive industry and now being widely implemented within the construction industry with many success stories. The objective of this approach is to accomplish management of products and materials with least waste; e.g., unnecessary inventories and processing time, waiting time, as well as physical waste. The primary means for achieving the objective is to simplify the processes of acquiring, storing, distributing and disposing of selected products and material on site. This paper talks about a particular type of kanban, called supplier kanban. The supplier kanban is the one which transmits a replenishment signal to outside suppliers and from suppliers to manufacturers of the products as well as signal for delivery of material just-in-time on the construction site. Here the author talks about a material management strategy adopted by Fusion 21, a group of local authorities and housing association that use supplier kanbans to signal the need for delivery of selected products from preferred suppliers and manufacturers to site just-in-time for the operations and maintenance of their social housing stocks. Fusion21 is at the forefront of procurement partnerships in the social housing sector and is the winner of the Housing Corporation Gold award for ‘Innovation in Procurement’. Fusion21 members own over 135,000 properties throughout the UK with membership expected to increase significantly over the next 4 years. Fusion21 jointly procures construction related contracts on behalf of its partner organisations and already manages numerous frameworks for various elements with current activity of over £45M per year. }, author_keywords={kanban, just-in-time, lean construction, material management, supply chain integration, pull }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2008, author={Kim, Sang-Chul and Kim, Yong-Woo and Park, Chan-Jeong }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Introduction of Workforce Database System for Effective Production Planning}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={833-838}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/581}, affiliation={Manager, GS Engineering and Construction Corp., Seoul, Korea. Tel: 82-2-728-2544, sckim08@gsconst.co.kr ; Assistant Professor, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Department of Construction Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. E-mail: yongkim@u.washington.edu ; General Manager, GS Engineering and Construction Corp., Seoul, Korea. Tel: 82-2-728-2605, parkcj@gsconst.co.kr }, abstract={Workforce information is important in production planning because production planning is a job matching a production unit’s capacity to loads of assignments. However, tracking and managing workforce information such as skills and accident history is not an easy job. This paper aims to describe a prototype workforce database system using RFID (radio frequency identification) with emphasis on tracking workforce capacity on daily production on sites. It is noted that the study presented in this paper is a part of on-going research on using workforce information for production planning. }, author_keywords={workforce information, database system, workforce capacity }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2008, author={Ko, Chien-Ho and Wang, Shu-Fan }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Arranging Weekly Work Plans in Concrete Element Prefabrication Using Genetic Algorithms}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={849-856}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/582}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, e-mail: fpecount@yahoo.com.tw, phone: +886-8-7703202, fax: +886-8-7740122; Research Director, Taiwan Lean Construction Institute; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute Asia ; Assistant Researcher, Taiwan Lean Construction Institute }, abstract={Applying lean production concepts to precast fabrication have been proven promising. However, foreman encounters difficulties in arranging weekly work plans. The objective of this research is to overcome the difficulty when arranging weekly work plans in concrete element prefabrication. Current practices in arranging weekly work plans are fairly basic, and depending heavily on experience, thereby resulting in inefficient resource utilization and even late delivery. To enhance weekly work planning, this research develops a flowshop sequencing model. In the model, production constraints and buffer sizes between stations are considered. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is then used to search for optimum solutions with minimum makespan and tardiness penalties. The performance of the proposed method is validated by using two case studies. The experimental results show that the research work can be used to enhance weekly work planning especially for numerous combinations of sequences. }, author_keywords={precast fabrication, weekly work plan, genetic algorithms, flowshop sequencing model, buffer }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2008, author={Koskela, Lauri and Siriwardena, Mohan and Rooke, John }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Through-Life Management of Built Facilities: Towards a Framework for Analysis}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={61-71}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/583}, affiliation={Professor, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, ; Research Fellow, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, ; Research Fellow, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, }, abstract={Although built facilities are required to cater to changing requirements over time, effective through life management is absent as an in-process activity from most large scale procurements. Through a review of key literature, several approaches which address aspects relevant to through-life management are discussed, and an attempt is made to create a unified view framework of understanding of what constitutes through-life management. Furthermore, an initial diagnostic style checklist is provided as a way of identifying the absence of through-life management. }, author_keywords={Through-Life Management, built facilities, product-service }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2008, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Which Kind of Science Is Construction Management?}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={51-60}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/584}, affiliation={Professor, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, }, abstract={It is argued that the mainstream views on the nature of construction management are insufficient, and as one consequence of this, the relevance of construction management has been questioned. As a solution to this situation, construction management is suggested to be repositioned as a design science, rather than as an explanatory science. A historical consideration reveals that design science equals to one of the sciences proposed by Aristotle, however, the suggestion of Aristotle has been forgotten. Thus, there has been a long-standing neglect of the design science, which explains the present fragmentation of this field. It is argued that this redefinition of construction management will solve several problems plaguing this discipline, including the problem of relevance. }, author_keywords={construction management, natural science, social science, science of production, design science, constructive research }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Larsson2008, author={Larsson, Robert }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Simulation of Construction Operations Applied to In Situ Concrete Frameworks}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={143-153}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/585}, affiliation={M.Sc. Div. of Structural Engineering, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden. Phone +46 733 141153, Fax +46 46 2224212, robert.larsson@kstr.lth.se }, abstract={The erection process of in situ cast concrete frameworks in multi-storey housing consists of multiple on site activities in which labour, equipment and materials are interacting in a complex system. Studies have shown that the current process involves a wide range of non-value adding activities, resulting in poor process efficiency. This paper presents a model developed for discrete-event simulation of activities and resource use involved in the construction of in situ cast concrete frameworks in multi-storey housing. The model simulates the work flow which is subject to multiple work locations and resource availability constraints. The model has been developed and validated by studying four ongoing projects. The model functionality and simulation approach are described. The validation of the model is also described and finally a parametric study is conducted to demonstrate the use of the model. It is shown that the model can reproduce the dynamic behaviour in a work flow constrained by resource availability. The model can be used to analyze how different production strategies involving resource allocation influence total construction time and cost. }, author_keywords={discrete-event simulation, in-situ concrete framework, construction activities, work flow }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lennartsson2008, author={Lennartsson, Martin and Bjornfot, Anders and Stehn, Lars }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Lean Modular Design: Value-Based Progress of Industrialised Housing}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={541-552}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/586}, affiliation={M.Sc., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492967, FAX +46 920 491091, martin.lennartsson@ltu.se ; Tech., Dr., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, FAX +46 920 491091, anders.bjornfot@ltu.se ; Prof., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491976, FAX +46 920 491091, lars.stehn@ltu.se }, abstract={One of the core ideas of Lean Construction is that the process of designing and producing a construction product should progress continuously and create value for both the customer and the delivery team. The hypothesis in this paper is that modularisation has potential as a method for value management. The aim is to describe how modularisation, in a lean context, can be used as a tool to facilitate the management of internal and external values in industrialised housing. The paper will explore the theory of modularisation and its drivers and examine how the method can promote value management. Modularisation is then explored in practice, using empirical knowledge from the building service systems (HVAC, electricity, etc.) development process at five Swedish multi-storey timber housing producers. The analysis point out the importance of decomposing the modularisation process into a jointly performed industry phase where modules are designed, followed by a company internal product development process that complies to the modules. This paper concludes that it is not the product decomposition into modules that is of importance, rather the process that strives to balance internal and external values. }, author_keywords={modular drivers, industrialised housing, building service systems, value management }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leong2008, author={Leong, Michelle S. and Tilley, Paul }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={A Lean Strategy to Performance Measurement – Reducing Waste by Measuring ‘Next’ Customer Needs}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={757-768}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/587}, affiliation={Director, Lean Practitioners Ltd. Leckford, Crookes Lane, Kewstoke, W-S-M BS22 9XB, UK Phone +44 845 8673788, Mobile +44 7935 312214, michelle@leanpractitioners.co.uk ; Teaching Fellow, School of Engineering, Physics & Mathematics, University of Dundee; UK. Phone +44 1382 385103; p.tilley@dundee.ac.uk }, abstract={Despite the odd victory here and there, the construction industry is continuing to be seen by many as a poor performer – especially considering the advances being made in other industries. It is the authors’ belief that this is due (to a large extent) from a gateway waste of not measuring and/or using wrong, inappropriate or insufficient measures for performance appraisal. By identifying and using appropriate measures for benchmarking performance, both quick wins and long-term process improvements can be achieved, as better knowledge helps to identify the right direction and focus areas for investing in improvement efforts. The aim of this paper is to briefly discuss current performance measurement (or lack there of) within the construction industry and through the use of a simple case study example, identify some of the waste and repercussions of either not measuring or using inadequate/inappropriate measures or targets. The paper also aims to explore the notion of measuring NEXT customer needs – as part of a lean performance measurement strategy – in order to try to achieve end user customer satisfaction. A case study example involving the RFI process is then used to illustrate the authors’ belief that tailoring measures according to NEXT customer needs will assist in driving behaviour towards end user value, improving performance, reducing waste and contributing directly to the bottom line. }, author_keywords={data collection, construction, lean, measures, NEXT customer, systems thinking, value, value demand, failure demand }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leung2008, author={Leung, Arthur W.T. and Tam, C.M. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Assessing Project Staffing Requirements Using Unsupervised Clustering Techniques}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={613-622}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/588}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Division of Building Science and Technology, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Phone: (852) 27887617, Fax:(852)27889716, bsawtl@cityu.edu.hk ; Professor, Department of Building & Construction, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Phone: (852) 27887620, Fax:(852)27887612, bctam@cityu.edu.hk }, abstract={Standardization, prefabrication and mechanization have been adopted, with similar concepts of lean construction, by the Hong Kong SAR government to solve housing problems since 1980. Project managers usually believe that the number of supervisory staff is directly proportional to the scale of a project. However, it is observed that there are significant variations in the allocation of supervisory staff. The objective of this pilot study attempts to explore the relationship between the scale of building projects, in terms of project clusters, and staffing strategies. In order to derive objective classification for building projects, objective project data has been used for forming project clusters using the Self-organizing Map (SOM) algorithm, which is a well-known unsupervised clustering technique. The project clusters formed represent the natural grouping in terms of similarity. The relationships between supervisory staffing patterns and project clusters have been reviewed. The findings identifies that there is a significant difference between staffing strategies for standardized public housing project and supervisory staff has been reduced proportionally to the project scale. The results shed some light on the understanding of staffing practice adopted by contractors in Hong Kong and provide some insight for future research. }, author_keywords={project cluster, project scale, staffing cost, unsupervised clustering technique, site organization }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Li2008, author={Li, Xianguang and Aouad, Ghassan and McDermott, Peter and Liu, Ying and Abbott, Carl }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Integrating Information Accross Construction Supply Chain Using nD Modelling}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={839-848}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/589}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Department of the Construction Management and Real Estate, Southeast University, China. Visiting Fellow of SCRI at University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 (0)161 2955352; lixianguang@tom.com. ; Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Business, Law & the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. Director of the SCRI Research Centre, Phone +44 (0)161 2955176; g.aouad@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Salford Centre for Research & Innovation (SCRI) at University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 (0)161 2954808; p.mcdermott@salford.ac.uk ; Lecture, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Xinhua University, China. Phone +86 (0)551 5364580; liuyingguang@tom.com ; Senior research, Salford Centre for Research & Innovation (SCRI) at University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 (0)161 2953172; c.abbott @salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Information integration has been recognized as key factors for effective construction supply chain (CSC) management. It acts as an enabler to implement lean production philosophy by facilitating information sharing, joint decision making, process integration and team cooperation. This paper aims to explore an nD modelling based information system to enhance the CSC information integration and sharing. Mixed methodologies including literature review, theory analysis and workshop discuss were employed. The research identified that lack of information integration across the CSC is the main barrier to effective supply chain information management. An nD modelling based two level construction supply chain information system, consisting of operational project supply chain extranet and strategic organizational supply chain extranet, was proposed and illustrated in detail. Application of the system shows it could enable construction information integration and interdisciplinary analysis to facilitate collaborative decision making and process integration, and also provide a solution to match the principle of long term cooperation for supply chain management with the actual unique and transient nature of project based construction. }, author_keywords={information integration, construction supply chain (CSC), nD modeling }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lima2008, author={Lima, Lisiane P. and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Echeeveste, Marcia E.S. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Client Requirements Processing in Low-Income House-Building Using Visual Displays and the House of Quality}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={459-470}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/590}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, e-mail: lisi.lima@gmail.com ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3rd floor, Porto Alegre, Brazil, e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 5th floor, Porto Alegre, Brazil, e-mail: }, abstract={Several studies have pointed out the importance of client requirement processing and the difficulties of implementing it in the construction industry due to the complex nature of its products. In Brazil, new forms of housing provision have resulted in innovations on the relationship between governmental and non-governmental organizations and the final users, resulting in a complex net of interests. In the lowincome housing sector, the final users rarely take part directly in the product development process and for this reason their needs and requirements in general are not properly considered by the design team. This demands radical changes on the way the product development process is managed. This paper presents a case study on the management of requirements in the Residential Leasing Program, currently one of the most important programs for low-income housing provision in Brazil. The study emphasizes the task of processing client requirements in this context based on visual displays development and on the house of quality adaptation. Visual displays and tools are used to support requirements data processing and analysis, including the partial application of quality function deployment (QFD). Based on this discussion, the limitations and benefits of the proposed tools for requirement processing in the context of low-income housing are pointed out, considering the peculiarities of this product in terms of value generation. }, author_keywords={requirements processing, low-income house-building, client satisfaction, visual displays, house of quality, quality function deployment }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Liu2008, author={Liu, Min and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Improving Labor Productivity Through Production Control}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={657-666}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/592}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering., North Carolina State Univ. , 208 Mann Hall, 2501 Stinson Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695. E-mail: min_liu@ncsu.edu ; Associate Adjunct Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and Research Director for the Lean Construction Institute. Email: ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This research collected production data from a pipe installation project to study how construction labor productivity is related to four variables: Percent Plan Complete (PPC, a measure of work flow reliability), work load, work output, and workers per week. The results suggest that productivity is not improved by completing as many tasks as possible regardless of the plan, nor from increasing work load, work output or the number of work hours expended. Productivity does improve when work flow is made more predictable, thus enabling a better match of available work load with capacity (labor hours). These findings can help project managers understand the relationship between work flow and productivity and to focus on actual drivers of productivity. It may also help consulting companies pinpoint responsibility for productivity losses in claims. }, author_keywords={construction management, labour productivity, work flow, work flow variation, Last Planner™ System }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Meiling2008, author={Meiling, John and Johnsson, Helena }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Experience Feedback at Industrialised House Builders}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={553-564}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/593}, affiliation={M.Sc. John Meiling, Division of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden, johnmeiling@ltu.se, +46 920 491818 ; Ph.D. Helena Johnsson, Div. of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, helena.johnsson@ltu.se. }, abstract={In lean theories as in quality management, the notion of continuous improvement is strong. Experience from an earlier production cycle should be fed into the next cycle. The framework of lean production offers a structure for experience feedback to take place. The industrialised house builders would benefit more from experience feedback than traditional construction firms would, since the degree of repetitiveness of their work is higher. The degree of prefabrication in industrialised housing ranges from manufacturing open walls and floors up to producing entire volume modules with complete interior cladding. The higher the degree of prefabrication, the stronger is the clash between construction and manufacturing, since the traditional construction process does not cater for the need for early design decisions that are rigid throughout the building process. This paper aims at exploring the production process at three industrialised housing companies seeking feedback opportunities and implications. An explorative research method is used where interviews with the participating companies show that initiatives and opportunities exist, but not in a consistent way. The transformation of information and knowledge into useful design input could be seen as a bottleneck in production process. }, author_keywords={experience feedback, industrialised housing, multi storey building, timber volume element prefabrication }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mota2008, author={Mota, Bruno Pontes and Mota, Ricardo Rola and Alves, Thais da C.L. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Implementing Lean Construction Concepts in a Residential Project}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={251-257}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/594}, affiliation={Undergraduate student, Civil Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. Phone +55 85 3244-1697, brunopmota@yahoo.com.br ; Director, Pauta Engenharia Ltda, Brazil. Phone +55 85 3244-1697, ricardo@pauta.eng.br ; Assistant Professor, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, University of Ceará, Brazil. Phone +55 85 3366-9607, ext.36, thaiscla@ufc.br }, abstract={The main goals of this paper are to present a case in which Lean Construction concepts were implemented and to discuss the benefits achieved during the process. The case study was developed during the construction phase of a residential project in the urban area of Fortaleza, Brazil. The project comprised the construction of 18 houses financed by a private investor and it was constructed and managed by a smallsized construction company. After lean concepts were implemented the project achieved a more stable flow of work and the number of emergency requests for resources decreased dramatically. Also, the project was completed a month in advance when compared to its original schedule thus allowing the investor to sell the units sooner than expected. Finally, after analyzing the benefits achieved in this pilot project the company’s upper management has decided to use Lean concepts in other projects, and the private investor wants to make sure Lean is used in other projects financed by his company. The paper aims at contributing to the literature on Lean Construction on the industry papers section by presenting a success story experienced by a small-sized construction company. }, author_keywords={Production system design, transparency, line-of-balance, home building }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nguyen2008, author={Nguyen, Hung V. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Process-Based Cost Modeling to Support Lean Project Delivery}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={577-588}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/595}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 407 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, hung-nguyen@berkeley.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/ and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory and Adj. Associate Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Using traditional cost models, with inputs of historical cost data and elemental quantities from product design, it is possible to point out which design alternative appears to produce more saving than the others. However, with the consideration of the cost implications of logistics and construction processes in different design alternatives, this saving may be less than anticipated or even negative. Following cost advice as outputs of traditional cost models, designers may decide to choose an alternative that is more costly to build. The application of set-based design, production system design, and target costing in Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS) raises a need for a cost model which facilitates trade-off analysis between multiple alternatives of product and process design. Meanwhile, traditional cost models are incapable of supporting product and process design integration in LPDS. This paper describes a research initiative at Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL) on investigating how process-based cost models support product and process design integration in LPDS. }, author_keywords={cost modeling, lean project delivery system, target costing, production system design }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Olatunji2008, author={Olatunji, Joseph Oladiran }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Lean-in- Nigerian Construction: State, Barriers, Strategies and “Go-Togemba” Approach}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={287-297}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/596}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Building, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria. Phone +2348035613467; tungybox2000@yahoo.com }, abstract={Lean-in-Construction, which is alien to Nigerian construction process, offers valuable techniques to manage construction at improved workflows and minimal waste generation. This paper therefore examines the exportation of lean to the Nigerian construction process by exploring the practitioners’ extent of knowledge and scope of application of lean techniques. However, the survey research involving ten companies via quota sampling technique and personal interviews is based on Toyota production principles only i.e. lean production. The paper reveals key strategies for absorption of lean with approaches to build and improve on JIT and concurrent design and construction in Nigeria. It therefore recommends these suggested-strategies for the entrenchment of lean in Nigerian construction process to combat waste generations and enhance workflows. }, author_keywords={lean production, Nigeria, construction, barriers, approaches, waste minimization }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Parrish2008, author={Parrish, Kristen and Wong, John-Michael and Tommelein, Iris D. and Stojadinovic, Bozidar }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Set-Based Design: Case Study on Innovative Hospital Design}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={413-424}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/597}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, kristen_parrish@berkeley.edu ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, jmwong@ce.berkeley.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/ and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 721 Davis Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, Phone +1 510/643-7035, FAX +1 510/643-8928, boza@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper describes collaboration efforts of a project team that implemented lean concepts in the course of structural system selection during the design phase of a hospital project. Out-of-the-box thinking, contractual incentives for team work, early collaboration, and a set-based design approach led to the development of an innovative and cost-effective structural system that may set precedent for other medical facilities to be constructed in seismically active zones. The structural design team on this project rigorously explored the design space and tested design alternatives against project value propositions. When pushed by the owner to think more broadly, the structural engineer proposed using a new technology, namely viscous damping walls. This concept was developed in Japan but has not yet been tried on projects in the United States. Because it is a first, this solution requires not only rigorous analysis and testing by the structural engineer but also detailed investigation by the state's regulatory agency that issues building permits. This paper describes the team's efforts at defining the design space and the set-based design approach they used. A key lesson from this case study is that teams have a lot to learn about how to make requests and commitments while pursuing setbased design to be lean. }, author_keywords={lean construction, coordination, collaboration, set-based design, stakeholder value, integrated project delivery, relational contracting, viscous damping walls, seismic design, structural engineering }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Parrish2008, author={Parrish, Kristen and Wong, John-Michael and Tommelein, Iris D. and Stojadinovic, Bozidar }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Value Propositions for Set-Based Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={495-506}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/598}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, kristen_parrish@berkeley.edu ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, jmwong@ce.berkeley.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/ and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 721 Davis Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, Phone +1 510/643-7035, FAX +1 510/643-8928, boza@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Reinforced concrete is used in capital facilities in all sectors of the construction industry. Numerous specialists are involved in its design and supply chain. However, reinforcing steel (rebar) configurations are typically specified by structural engineers relatively early on in the project, often without the benefit of input from project stakeholders such as rebar detailers, fabricators, and placers. In current design practice, using tacit knowledge of structural performance as well as construction expertise, structural engineers select a rebar configuration that is optimal from their perspective, given the project constraints. The adoption of new design methodologies, such as performance-based design and set-based design, affords opportunities for use of the knowledge of downstream project stakeholders in structural design. Value propositions relate, e.g., physical product characteristics, relative dollar, or time ‘costs’ to parameters that define value for different project stakeholders. They can then be used to assist project teams in developing mutual understanding while gauging the merits of different sets of alternatives, making tradeoffs, and narrowing sets of design alternatives. Industry participants in this research have helped to develop such value propositions. This paper presents a value proposition of a rebar placer, that relates rebar diameters to labour productivity rates, and these can be translated into placement costs. Proof-of-concept is delivered of the use of this value proposition in set-based design of a reinforced concrete shear wall. }, author_keywords={lean construction, set-based design, performance-based design, reinforced concrete, rebar, design methodology, value proposition, stakeholder value, constructability, cost }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Partouche2008, author={Partouche, Rebecca and Sacks, Rafael and Bertelsen, Sven }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Craft Construction, Mass Construction, Lean Construction: Lessons From the Empire State Building}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={183-194}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/599}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, rebeccap@tx.technion.ac.il ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il ; Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, Apt 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org }, abstract={Despite much research and debate on the subject, the definition of lean construction is still under question. Contrary to the linear evolution of production systems from craft to mass and lean, with agile production following as a clearly defined management strategy, construction systems have not developed from craft to industrialized and lean. The focus of industrialized construction is on prefabrication in off-site industrial facilities, and cannot be considered to be the equivalent of mass production in construction. One of the world’s most impressive building construction projects, that of the Empire State Building, highlights the existence of another construction system and justifies the introduction of the term ‘mass construction’. Lean construction derives in large part from lean production, but in fact lean construction systems are rooted in three construction systems: craft, industrialized and mass construction. These often co-exist in modern construction projects, making their management complex. One of the challenges for application of lean construction is to identify the right methods to cope with an industry that as a whole has not evolved from craft to mass construction, but one that remains mixed between them. }, author_keywords={agile production, craft construction, flow, industrialized construction, mass construction, production system design, tall buildings }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pavez2008, author={Pavez, Ignacio and Alarcon, Luis F. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Lean Construction Professional’S Profile (LCPP): Implementation in Chilean Contractor Organizations}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={231-240}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/600}, affiliation={Research Engineer, MSc, Production Management Center (GEPUC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Engineering, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 3547050, ipavez@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, PhD, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Engineering, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 3544245, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Consolidation of lean construction demands the active participation of people able to apply this management system. Therefore, a pioneer research was carried out to define a Lean Construction Professional Profile (LCPP), which identifies three competence areas to develop simultaneously: enterprise vision, technical competence and social competence. This article presents an incipient implementation of the LCPP in Chilean contractor organizations, based on the identification of competences needed by project team’s positions. Also, new developments of the model are discussed in order to provide recommendations for implementing the LCPP inside the companies. Results have allowed to visualize the coherence of the model in terms of what the enterprises expect of their project staff and how -through the identification of specific competences- it is possible to address the three elements of lean management: business purpose (enterprise vision), processes (technical competence) and people (social competence). In the future, it is expected to obtain data which allow organizations managing individual performance according to the LCPP and implement the model in other human resource management processes, with the aim of reaching better lean construction implementations. }, author_keywords={lean construction, lean management, human resource development, competences }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pennanen2008, author={Pennanen, Ari and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Determining Expected Cost in the Target Costing Process}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={589-600}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/601}, affiliation={Adjunct Professor (Tampere University of Technology). Partner of Haahtela Project Management Group, Finland. ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi. www.haahtela.fi ; Associate Adjunct Professor and Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley; Director, Lean Construction Institute. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Previous IGLC papers have presented a target costing methodology that begins with reconciliation of the client’s allowable cost and the expected cost of the product they want to accomplish their purposes. This methodology has been derived from publications describing how target costing is used in product development. This paper evaluates the extent to which target costing applied to construction matches up with the target costing methodology from product development and also presents a building information model to define expected cost. The information model uses customer requirements for the spaces and site conditions as initial information and develops the life cycle costs of the spaces. It models building components in relation to customer requirements and prices them with market data, consistent with product development practice. }, author_keywords={cost modeling, expected cost, knowledge management, project management, target costing }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pinho2008, author={Pinho, Tiago and Telhada, Jose and Carvalho, Maria S. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Supply Chain Management in Construction - A Case Study of a Portuguese Company}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={821-832}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/602}, affiliation={PhD Student, Systems and Production Department, School of Engineering - Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, tiago.pinho@dps.uminho.pt ; Professor, Systems and Production Department, School of Engineering - Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, telhada@dps.uminho.pt ; Professor, Systems and Production Department, School of Engineering - Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, sameiro@dps.uminho.pt }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to present the preliminary results of the implementation of a construction supply chain management application, which is being developed in a PhD graduation project. This project was thought to overcome significant inefficiencies of the rudimentary and bureaucratic communication system of a case study company. The main result of this implementation was the design and the implementation of a web portal that allows the adequate portability to help local project managers on construction sites filling their material and equipment orders to the central warehouse. The project involved several stages, including preparatory reengineering processes conducted in the logistics sector and the implementation of a fleet management system. The web portal is being currently used by the company and there are now clear evidences that its implementation brought effective competitive gains by minimizing communication errors, improving resource usage, lowering stock levels and, most of all, by reducing the overall costs of construction projects. }, author_keywords={supply chain management, construction logistics, information system, case study }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Roelandt2008, author={Roelandt, Kurt F. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Implementing Lean Construction in a South African Construction Company}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={259-267}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/603}, affiliation={Programme Manager, Aveng Limited (www.aveng.co.za), Continuous Improvement Division,- Grinaker-LTA Office Park, Jurgens Street, Johannesburg, South Africa. Phone +27 11 578 6200, Fax +27 11 578 6388, kroelandt@avengcig.com }, abstract={The Aveng Group, listed in South Africa, are active across Africa, Australasia, the Pacific Rim, the Asian sub-continent and the Middle East. The Group initiated an ambitious program to implement LEAN in their Operating Groups in the fall of 2006. The activities of The Aveng Group range from multi-disciplinary Construction, Manufacturing, Mining and Engineering as well as Management Services, with a total turnover of US$3.2 billion. In 2006 the Aveng Group embarked on an exercise to benchmark its organization versus best practices in the areas of Risk, Organisational Health, Talent Development, Procurement and Operational Efficiency. For each area a number of gaps versus world class standards were identified and an improvement program set up. To deal with the issues identified in the Operational Efficiency stream it was decided to embark on a Lean journey. The Roads & Earthworks (R&E) Business Unit within the Construction Operating Group was chosen as one of the units to initially pilot. The overall objective was to implement LEAN in this Business Unit using the Toyota Production System (TPS) as a benchmark to achieve the goals of Best Quality, Lowest Cost, Shortest Lead Time, Best Safety and Highest Morale. It was the first time in South Africa that LEAN would be implemented in the Construction sector. The paper will focus on the implementation of a number of basic tools and systems to achieve the foundations of the TPS which are: Visual Management and Levelled Production. The paper will give practical examples for each. The results of the first pilot sites – which show an average improvement of 2–3% EBIT - and the lessons learned are shared. The last part of the paper discusses the way forward based on lessons learned, i.e. the creation of a suitable project organization to combine planning, safety, quality and operational efficiency activities in one department }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rooke2008, author={Rooke, John and Seymour, David and Koskela, Lauri and Bertelsen, Sven and Owen, Robert and Cleary, Martin }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Enquiry Pull Research: An Ethnomethodological Approach to Lean Construction Research or a Lean Approach to Ethnomethodological Research}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={73-82}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/604}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 295 4366, j.a.rooke@eml.cc. ; Visiting Professor, School of the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, seymour.de@googlemail.com. ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 295 7960, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Consulting Engineer, External Lecturer, Danish Technical University, Roennebaervej 10, app 108, 2840 Holte, DK Denmark, Phone +45 4542 4705, sven@bertelsen.org ; Senior Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone ; Post-Graduate Researcher, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone }, abstract={This paper assembles some principals from three strands of thought: lean theory; ethnomethodology; and Wittgensteinian philosophy. These are considered with a view to their impact on research design and used here as a basis for an initial exploration of a candidate research topic, in order to illustrate this impact. Principles of Lean Theory are considered, along with those from Wittgensteinian social enquiry and Ethnomethodology, in order to suggest a strategy for Lean Research. These are applied to the intial consideration of a candidate research topic, in order to illustrate the argument. }, author_keywords={research methodology, TFV theory, Wittgenstein, ethnomethodology, }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2008, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Using the “Five Whys” as a Decision-Making Framework for Evidence-Based Design}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={391-402}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/605}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Program in Engineering and Project Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/684-5729 cezkr@berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/ Associate Adjunct Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919 ballard@ ce. berkeley. edu }, abstract={Evidence-Based Design (EBD), the judicious and conscientious use of current best evidence to make design decisions for unique projects, is being applied to the design of healthcare facilities with increasing frequency. Because of both the need to replace and expand aging buildings and a retiring baby boom generation, construction of healthcare facilities is currently on the rise in the US. Advocates of EBD argue that its rigorous application will reduce incidence of medical error and improve rates of patient recovery. However, while some promises made by EBD can be scientifically substantiated, design of facilities may not be the only appropriate solution to the problems EBD advocates cite; healthcare facility designers are pressing for EBD adoption, even when a less costly, non-capital program response might be equally effective. This paper suggests that while the error-proofing logic of EBD makes sense, a structured framework for the "Five Whys" should be rigorously implemented by design decision-makers, to ensure that multiple options are considered before final solutions are adopted. }, author_keywords={evidence-based design, lean construction, five whys }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2008, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Wong, John-Michael and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Using Controlled Experiments to Calibrate Computer Models: The Airplane Game as a Lean Simulation Exercise}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={309-319}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/606}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Engineering and Project Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/684-5729, cezkr@berkeley.edu ; PhD Candidate, Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Materials Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 760 Davis Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720- 1710, Phone +1 510/910-3716, jmwong@ce.berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/, and Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 415/710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Simulation games may be used to introduce lean principles to those who are considering implementing them. However, they can also function as controlled experiments against which to calibrate a computer model and they can even be adapted to serve as the gold standard of scientific experimentation, the randomizedcontrolled trial. Results generated from a live playing of the Airplane Game validate an EZStrobe computer-based simulation model representing one part of the game. Close alignment of results suggests that the computer model will likely be able to accurately predict outcomes from similarly structured, real life activities, such as those encountered in a design office or on a construction site. }, author_keywords={lean, Airplane Game, discrete-event simulation, controlled experiment, randomized controlled trial, EZStrobe }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2008, author={Sacks, Rafael and Harel, Michael }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Partial Remuneration for Capacity to Stabilize Subcontractor Resource Allocations}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={109-120}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/607}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il ; PhD Student, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, harelm@techunix.technion.ac.il }, abstract={A novel formula for payment to subcontractors, which shifts some of the risk for reduced productivity due to plan instability from the subcontractor to the general contractor, is proposed. The formula requires that a price for capacity be set as well as a price for product, with a single weighting parameter to balance between them. Using a three player game theory based simulation, use of the formula has been shown to lead to resource allocation behaviours that benefit all parties in unstable or average conditions, but has no effect under stable conditions. }, author_keywords={economic game theory, production system design, remuneration for capacity, resource allocation, subcontracting }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schaefer2008, author={Schaefer, D. and Abdelhamid, T.S. and Mitropoulos, P. and Howell, G.A. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Resilience Engineering: A New Paradigm for Safety in Lean Construction Systems}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={723-734}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/608}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, 401H Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. E: schaf123@msu.edu. ; Associate Professor, 116 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. E: tariq@msu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, P.O. Box 870204, Tempe, AZ 85287. 480/965-3378. Arizona State University. E: takism@asu.edu. ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Lean Construction Institute 625 Main Street, 1B, Louisville, CO 80027-1827 303-665-8385. E: ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Achieving reliable workflow between construction operations is paramount to the success of Lean Construction implementations. In Lean Construction, as in lean production, workflow of operations is affected by waste (muda), variability (mura), and overburden to workers and machines (muri). It follows then that reliable workflow in construction operations cannot be achieved without safe work practices, which is the concern of this paper. The work of Jens Rasmussen was used previously as a foundation to propose a new cause and effect model for the way construction accidents originate and propagate to injury. The model provided a conceptual framework to help workers better detect where hazards may be released, better cope near the boundary beyond which work is no longer safe, recover if control is lost, and finally to minimize the effects if loss of control is irreversible. This paper presents a paradigm that investigates the ability of actors within an organization to anticipate and adapt before and after risk situations give rise to loss of control. The paradigm is dubbed “Resilience Engineering” in an attempt to signify that the ability to respond and adapt to unexpected changes can be engineered into organizational settings similar to how certain materials are engineered to be resilient – to recover to their original shape after being stressed. According to the pioneers of this field, a resilient organization is one that has mastered the art of managing and coping with unexpected events and following disruptive consequences. An underlying principle in Resilience Engineering is that understanding failure in order to prevent its reoccurrence is more profound when we understand how safety is created by people in workplaces with continually changing hazard sources and inevitable compromises between safe and productive actions. In this paper, the origins of Resilience Engineering are reviewed, focusing on what it is and what it isn’t. The paper concludes with propositions for implementing Resilience Engineering in construction settings and offers pointers to future research. }, author_keywords={lean construction, safety theory, occupational safety, construction safety, construction accidents, resilience engineering }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schramm2008, author={Schramm, Fabio K. and Silveira, Guilherme L. and Paez, Homes and Mesa, Harisson and Formoso, Carlos T. and Echeverry, Diego }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Using Discrete-Event Simulation to Support Decision-Makers in Production System Design and Operations}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={131-141}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/609}, affiliation={MSc, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), PhD Candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, fabioks@ufpel.edu.br, Rua Almirante Barroso, 1734, CEP: 96010-280, Pelotas/RS, Brasil, Phone: +55 53 3222 7981 ; Civil Engineer Undergraduate Assistant at NORIE/UFRGS, guilherme.silveira@ufrgs.br ; MSc, Civil Engineer, Constructora NORCO, Bogotá, Colombia, ingenierianorco@cable.net.co ; Civil Engineer, Graduate Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, ha.mesa905@uniandes.edu.co ; PhD, Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), formoso@ufrgs.br, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 – 3º andar, CEP: 90035-190, Porto Alegre/RS, Brasil, Phone: +55 51 3308 3959 ; PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, dechever@uniandes.edu.co, Phone: 57-1-3324314, Fax: 3324313 }, abstract={It is well known that the performance of production systems in construction is strongly affected by variability, interdependence and uncertainty. For that reason, discrete-event simulation is useful for modelling the behaviour of production systems, and understanding the combined effects of those factors. This paper describes two case studies carried out in different countries on the use of discrete-event simulation models in the decision making process concerned with production system design and operations of house-building projects. In the first study, carried out in Colombia, an operations analysis of the construction of structural walls and slabs in a multiple six-floor residential building project was undertaken. Based on the simulation model, a number of recommendations for reducing the total construction time were made, enabling the production managers of the construction company to assess different scenarios, and establish an improved construction sequence in order to reduce the share on non value-adding activities. The second case study consisted of the development of a reusable simulation model for the production system design of a Brazilian construction company that constructs low-rise house building projects. This model supported the development of a new production system design for the company, in order to change from standardized to customized production of dwellings, using a mass customization strategy. The paper emphasizes the challenges of using such models in a real environment, discussing the benefits that were achieved and the difficulties faced by those companies in adopting discrete-event simulation in their decision making processes. }, author_keywords={construction process simulation, production systems design, operations design }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shen2008, author={Shen, Lijun and Chua, David K.H. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={An Investigation of Critical Chain and Lean Project Scheduling}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={679-690}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/610}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, (65) 68744643, FAX (65) 67791635, cveslj@nus.edu.sg ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engrg., National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, (65) 68742195, FAX (65) 67791635, cvedavid@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Critical chain and lean construction are two inspiring initiatives aiming at dramatically improving project performance through attacking the traditional management methods. The critical chain approach advocates improving throughputs to shorten task duration estimates and deploys various schedule buffers (i.e., project, feeding, resource, and capacity) to protect the project due date. The lean construction principles emphasize on eliminating waste by reducing non-value adding activities and managing hidden flows to improve the reliability of planning and production control. This paper investigates both practices and suggests that it is feasible, and necessary, to balance between aggressiveness (critical chain) and reliability (lean). A combination of critical chain and lean principles may provide benefits of both perspectives, with which critical chain is employed at relatively higher level to set up aggressive goals on task durations and deliveries of prerequisites, while lean works at low level to minimize the impact of flow uncertainties. An illustrative case study is provided to depict the effect of planning and control applying both the critical chain and the lean approaches. }, author_keywords={critical chain, lean construction, constraint, reliable plan, buffer management }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simoes2008, author={Simoes, Eliane A. and Takinami, Faviane K. and Hirota, Ercilia H. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={An Analysis of Low-Income Housing Business Chain in the Light of Target Costing Concept: A Case Study in Brazil}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={623-632}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/611}, affiliation={Dr., Civil Engineer, Senior Lecturer at State University of Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil – e-mail: eliane@uel.br ; Civil Engineer, Master degree student at State University of Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil – e-mail: fabitakinami@yahoo.com.br ; Dr., Civil Engineer. Associate Professor at State University of Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil – email: ercilia@uel.br }, abstract={Several studies on the transference of the target costing concept from manufacturing to the construction industry have been developed (Ballard and Reiser, 2004; Granja et. al., 2005). However, the application of this concept in the public sector is still seldom explored. This paper presents preliminary results of an ongoing research project aimed to analyze the applicability of target costing concepts and principles to the development of low income housing projects sponsored by a public agency in Brazil. This study has been conducted based on an exploratory case study developed in a council housing office, whose mission is to provide housing for low-income people. This office develops the building designs and promotes the construction of the projects. In order to analyse this supply chain as a business, the researchers have adapted the tool Value Stream Mapping (VSM) for information flow. The objective of the VSM is to provide a comprehensive view of a product development process as a flow of information, and, therefore, identify improvement and failures of the process. The efforts made in the exploratory case study were concentrated on a literature review and elaboration of the map. }, author_keywords={low income housing, target costing, value stream mapping }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thyssen2008, author={Thyssen, Mikael Hygum and Emmitt, Stephen and Bonke, Sten and Kirk-Christoffersen, Anders }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={The Toyota Product Development System Applied to a Design Management Workshop Model}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={507-518}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/612}, affiliation={M. Sc. Civ. Eng., PhD student, DTU Management Engineering, Section for Planning and Management of Building Processes, Building 115, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Lyngby, DENMARK, Tel. + 45 2469 0635, E-mail: mit@byg.dtu.dk ; Professor of Architectural Technology, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK, Direct line +44 (0)1509 222815, E-mail: S.Emmitt@lboro.ac.uk ; Head of Section, Associate Professor, M.A. (Sociology), B.A. (Philology), DTU Management Engineering, Section for Planning and Management of Building Processes, Building 115, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Lyngby, DENMARK, Tel. +45 4525 1648, E-mail: sb@byg.dtu.dk ; Head of Customer Advisory Services, M. Sc. Civ. Eng., NIRAS Consulting Engineers and Planners Sortemosevej 2, DK-3450 Alleroed, DENMARK, Tel. + 45 4510 4379, E-mail: akc@niras.dk }, abstract={Within a lean framework the goal is to enhance productivity by maximizing client value and minimizing waste known as muda. In the construction industry focus has mainly been on minimizing waste within the construction site production process. However, research has shown that a great amount of the waste experienced during site assembly can be traced back to the early design phase. In addition minimizing waste does not guarantee overall project success if client values are not fully understood. Indeed it is possible to effectively produce a product that the client does not value. This paper reports the early findings of a research project which aims to develop a workshop method for lean design management in construction through a deeper understanding of the Toyota product development system (TPDS) and value theory in general. Results from a case-study will be presented and a theoretical comparison of the workshop model with lean principles will lead to proposals for further development of the workshop approach to design management. }, author_keywords={design management, lean product development, value management, workshop method, product value, design reviews }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2008, author={Tillmann, Patricia Andre and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Opportunities to Adopt Mass Customisation – A Case Study in the Brazilian House Building Sector}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={447-458}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/613}, affiliation={Master candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone: +55 51 3308 3518, FAX: +55 51 3308 4054, patriciatillmann@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone: +55 51 3308 3518, FAX: +55 51 3308 4054, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Mass customisation stands for the ability to develop high value-added products within short time frames and at relatively low costs. This strategy is well known in manufacturing, where it has been widely used for competitive advantage. By contrast, the house building industry in Brazil has been criticized for the lack of effectiveness in dealing with the diversity of customer requirements. In low-cost housing, for instance, product flexibility tends to be very limited, due to the fact that most housing programs adopt mass production core ideas in their conception. This paper presents some interim results of an investigation which aims to identify opportunities and barriers for introducing a mass customisation strategy in the Brazilian housing market. A case study was carried out in a company that develops and builds house building projects for lower middle class customers. Dwellings are commercialised after the completion of the design stage and before they are built, making it possible for costumers to adapt to some extend the dwellings in order to suit their needs and expectations. An analysis of this company’s product development process (PDP) revealed that there are many obstacles to overcome before a mass customisation strategy can be fully implemented. These obstacles are related mainly to legal and economical issues related to existing housing provision forms in Brazil, inherent characteristics of construction processes and managerial difficulties. However, some opportunities were also found, such as high degree of costumer involvement, the company’s concern to increase product value, and willingness to improve managerial processes. Finally, based on main findings, a set of guidelines for improving the PDP in terms of supporting the adoption of a mass customisation strategy is proposed. }, author_keywords={mass customization, design flexibility, product development, house building, low cost housing }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2008, author={Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={‘Poka Yoke’ or Quality by Mistake Proofing Design and Construction Systems}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={195-205}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/614}, affiliation={Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/, and Professor, Engineering and Project Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643- 8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The Japanese concept ‘poka yoke’, translated into English as ‘mistake proofing,’ has been mentioned at previous IGLC conferences. This notwithstanding, mistake proofing appears to not have been (nor be) systematically researched or practiced in the lean construction community. To raise awareness of opportunities provided by thinking with mistake proofing in mind as a means to build quality into project delivery, this paper summarizes the philosophy that underlies mistake proofing. Examples illustrate how mistake proofing applies to the work done within one specialty trade, how manufacturers and fabricators can design their products so they cannot be constructed defectively, and how architects and engineers may conceive of system designs that are less likely to fail during construction or in a product’s life cycle. Reader contributions to an online repository of mistake proofing applications in the architecture-engineering-construction (AEC) industry, posted at http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/pokayoke/, will be gratefully acknowledged. }, author_keywords={poka yoke, mistake proofing, jidoka, autonomation, design, engineering, system, specification, construction, safety, quality, constructability, tolerance management, life-cycle performance, lean construction }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tuholski2008, author={Tuholski, Stan J. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Design Structure Matrix (DSM) Implementation on a Seismic Retrofit}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={471-484}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/615}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering. Department, 407 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 925/423-6493, FAX +1 925/422-9455, tuholski1@llnl.gov ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu and Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720- 1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={A void exists in the practical application and theoretical development of design theory methodologies within the structural engineering (SE) community. This void contributes to project performance deficiencies as characterized by, e.g., cost overruns, rework, and sub-optimal design. In the manufacturing sector, product design and production improvements have resulted from implementation of the design structure matrix (DSM) methodology. DSM offers a means to represent, analyse, and decompose complex systems in order to improve their performance. DSM has been used within the architecture engineering construction (AEC) industry and is becoming more readily available thanks to recent developments of project specific DSM scheduling software. DSM helps design teams streamline their processes (so that process steps can be executed sequentially) vs. identify situations when iteration is to be expected or group meetings can be called for brainstorming and rapid feedback. This paper examines a case study where DSM-based planning software was used on a seismic retrofit project. It demonstrates how lean practitioners can use DSM to fill the gap when translating a sticky-note schedule showing hand-offs into an activity network with various types of dependencies, and how that, in turn, can be translated into a schedule. }, author_keywords={design, design structure matrix, DSM, lean construction, structural engineering, scheduling, dependence, oba, oobeya, big room, building information modeling (BIM), laser scanning }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wettig2008, author={Wettig, Magdalena Rojas and Mansilla, Dario Rodriguez and Cardenas, Luis F. Alarcon }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Organizational Improvement Methodology for Chilean Construction Industry}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={211-219}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/616}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Graduate Student, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Ingeniería, Ingeniería y Gestión de la Construcción Department, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, mrojasw@ing.puc.cl ; Sociology Professor, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Sociology Institute, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, drodrigm@uc.cl ; Civil Engineer Professor, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Ingeniería, Ingeniería y Gestión de la Construcción Department, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={The organizational climate (OC) gives an overview of the perception of the working environment of the organization members. This paper presents a methodology for improving human resource policies, designed to be used in construction companies. It includes an organizational climate diagnosis tool (organizational climate), especially designed for the Chilean construction industry. This methodology was developed with companies that were implementing Lean Construction in order to monitor the impacts of the implementation. Initially, through a bibliographic study the organizational climate dimensions were documented according to the existing literature. In second place, through questionnaires and interviews applied to a group of professionals, the most representative parameters of the Chilean construction industry were selected. Finally, the tool was validated both statistically and qualitatively. Based on the results of data analysis, five parameters were selected as the most representative indicators of construction industry organizational climate: quality of information; role definition for each one of the team members; occupational risks, availability of the superior to listen and help, and fulfilling commitments. This methodology is composed by few simple steps, which can be easily implemented. It is expected that this methodology will make possible the development of organizations, and it has been tested only for the Chilean construction industry, and that is the reason why it is only valid under these circumstances. }, author_keywords={organizational diagnosis, organizational climate, organizational development, lean construction, human resources }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lawlor-Wright2008, author={Lawlor-Wright, Therese and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Codinhoto, Ricardo and Kagioglou, Mike and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={From Performance Targets to Service Design and Healthcare Infrastructure}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={403-412}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/617}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Health and Care Research and Innovation Centre, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, Phone +44 161 2955000; t.lawlor-wright@salford.ac.uk ; Academic Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2954284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, Health and Care Research and Innovation Centre, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, Phone +44 161 2955000; r.codinhoto@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, l.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Challenging performance targets have been set for the UK National Health Service. In order to respond to these targets, the NHS has adopted approaches such as Lean Healthcare to reduce waste and improve its effectiveness. This paper explores the topic of Performance Management and the consequent redesign of services in the NHS. Using the lens of the TFV model, changes in the NHS are examined in an effort to understand the impact on the demand for infrastructure. The traditional approach in the health service is based on a transformation model concept where functional areas are central and the emphasis is on clinical specialties. Lean Healthcare concepts are now being applied to reduce lead times in the NHS. This represents a transition from a transformation model to one where the flow of patients is the main perspective. In an effort to reduce the lead time for patients to access services, major service redesign efforts have led to changes in the demand for infrastructure and the need for refurbishment and new buildings where functional areas are co-located. The NHS is also moving towards being ‘patient led’ and increasing value to the taxpayer and to the patient. It has been demonstrated that infrastructure has a high impact on patient satisfaction and their choice of health service provider. Thus, as the NHS moves towards a competitive healthcare marketplace, high quality infrastructure is of increasing importance. }, author_keywords={healthcare, operations, performance, management, infrastructure }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zimmer2008, author={Zimmer, Eric and Salem, Ossama and Genaidy, Ashraf and Shell, Richard }, editor={Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, title={Case Study: Lean Supply Chain Management in Construction Projects}, journal={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={16th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2008}, pages={381-388}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/618}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 ; Associate Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 ; Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 }, abstract={Researchers and construction professionals have adopted lean manufacturing concepts and strategies in the development of lean construction principles. Much of these efforts have centered on the field construction activities themselves. However, the ideology of lean focuses on the entire value stream of an operation from raw material to final product delivery. Waste and inefficiency is still evident throughout construction supply chains. The goal of this paper is to investigate improvement opportunities in the construction industry, utilizing the practice of lean supply chain management. A case study was conducted to achieve this goal and investigate applicability in the field. An assessment was done with a local contractor already familiar with lean. From this study came a number of findings and observations: differences between lean and non-lean fabricators and effects on construction, effective staging of materials. From these findings, improvement recommendations are prepared for future projects. }, author_keywords={lean construction, supply chain management, just-in-time, collaboration }, address={Manchester, UK }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdelhamid2009, author={Abdelhamid, T.S. and Schafer, Don and Mrozowski, Tim and Jayaraman, V. and Howell, G. and El-Gafy, Mohamed A. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Working Through Unforseen Uncertainites Using the OODA Loop: An Approach for Self-Managed Construction Teams}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={573-582}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/619}, affiliation={Associate Professor, 214 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu ; PhD Candidate, 401H Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: schaf123@msu.edu ; Professor, 102 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: mrozowsk@msu.edu ; Project Engineer, Perini Building Co, USA. Email: vjayaraman@periniwest.com ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Lean Construction Institute 625 Main Street, 1B, Louisville, CO 80027-1827 303-665-8385. E: ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Assistant Professor, 201E Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: elgafy@msu.edu }, abstract={Construction operations are dynamic and time sensitive. The management response to issues on site is typically a consequence of and the response to an event that has already taken place. Decisions and actions that are delayed are often rendered ineffective because of the constantly changing site conditions. The sudden emergence of the situation and the dynamic nature of its evolution needs to be addressed with flexibility and fluidity based on an appropriate assessment of the issues at hand. The need to increase the effectiveness with which self-managed teams perform under such conditions cannot be overstated and clearly requires a theoretical framework that can provide an interpretation of the underlying cognitive processes and selected responses in the face of dynamically evolving environments, and the intricate interrelationships among all constituents of the process. This paper presents the Observe-Orient-Decide-Act (OODA) loop as the theoretical interpretation by which to understand, influence, and predict the performance of self-managed construction teams. The paper begins by introducing the constructs of the OODA loop, followed by exploring its application to understand and evaluate the performance of self-managed teams in construction. The paper then posits that the effectiveness of self-managed teams found in construction is a function of the collective OODA loop speed of the group. The paper concludes with research possibilities associated with the OODA Loop, and develops guidelines for embracing uncertainty in the project, and production management phases. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, OODA loop, last planner system, self-organizing teams. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{AlSehaimi2009, author={AlSehaimi, Abdullah and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Last Planner System: Experiences From Pilot Implementation in the Middle East}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={53-66}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/621}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, MSc, PhD Candidate, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, Salford, M5 4WT, UK. Email: A.O.Alsehaimi@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Academic Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT; UK, Email: p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk. ; Professor of Theory Based Lean Project and Production Management, School of the Built Environment, SCRI, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, Email: L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The work described in this paper is devoted to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing Last Planner to improve construction planning practice in Saudi construction industry. Firstly, the primary results of implementing Last Planner System (LPS) in two construction projects in Saudi Arabia are presented. Action research strategy was undertaken with different data collection methods employed included interviews, observation and survey questionnaire. Secondly, benefits gained in terms of improving construction management practice are presented, the critical success factors for LPS implementation are discussed, and potential barriers for implementing LPS revealed from the studies are presented. The results demonstrated numerous benefits were gained in terms of improving construction planning and site management. The fact that the structural work in one of the sites finished two weeks ahead of schedule is a clear evident of this improvement. However, there are some potential barriers reported which hindered the achievement of full potentials of LPS. Finally, a comparison between the outcome of this study and some previous studies on Last Planner in other countries is briefly carried out. }, author_keywords={Action Research, Construction Industry in Saudi Arabia, Construction Planning, Critical Success Factors and Barriers, Last Planner System. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2009, author={Alves, Thais da C.L. and Neto, Jose de P Barros and Heineck, Luis F.M. and Kemmer, Sergio L. and Pereira, Pedro E. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Incentives and Innovation to Sustain Lean Construction Implementation}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={583-592}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/622}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, Bloco 710, Pici, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, thaiscla@ufc.br ; Professor, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, Bloco 710, Pici, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br ; Professor, Department of Mechanical Production Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza -CE, Brazil ; Construction Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, sergio@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Consultant, Minformática, pedro@minformatica.com.br }, abstract={The implementation of Lean Construction concepts, principles, and tools requires that different professionals be engaged in the process so that success is achieved. Also different initiatives have to be put into practice to keep the project’s participants motivated during the change from traditional production planning and control methods to the ones proposed by Lean Construction. Before the change to a Lean system can take place, traditional models have to be challenged and the gains related to the use of Lean concepts and principles have to be visible to everyone. Managers have to be creative and devise ways to educate project participants about Lean concepts and principles and to inform collaborators about the rewards that will result from the Lean implementation. This paper presents a study carried out in multiple construction sites in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil to identify different types of incentives and innovative methods put in place to motivate and engage participants of construction projects that have been implementing Lean. The authors have found that construction companies have put in place incentive systems and low-cost innovative methods based on classic theories of motivation combined with Lean concepts and tools, i.e., autonomation (jidoka), production leveling (heijunka), and kanban. }, author_keywords={Innovation, incentives, lean construction, strategy. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2009, author={Ballard, Glenn and Hammond, Jamie and Nickerson, Romano }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Production Control Principles}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={489-500}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/623}, affiliation={Associate Adjunct Professor and Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley; ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Vice President, AML Technologies., jamie.hammond@amltechnologies.com ; Principal, Boulder Associates, rnickerson@boulderassociates.com }, abstract={This paper reports the results of a search for the principles of production control. The search starts from the Last Planner4 system, develops its principles, functions and methods, then explores their applicability to designing and making, the primary types of work involved in project production systems. What differences in these types of work make a difference for control? What adaptations of principles, functions or methods and tools are needed for different types of work? The authors tentatively propose that the principles and functions derived from Last Planner are applicable to the types of work involved in project production systems, and that methods now in use can be successfully adapted for those types of work. The paper concludes with a description of needed research. }, author_keywords={Last planner, principles of production control, production control, types of work }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Carneiro2009, author={Carneiro, Andre Quindere and Filho, Antonio Nunes de Miranda and Alves, Thais da C.L. and Nascimento, Kilson and Carneiro, Renato Quindere and Neto, Jose de P. Barros }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Development and Evolution of Project Production Systems: The PS-37 Case}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={383-392}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/625}, affiliation={Construction Manager, Construtora Castelo Branco, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, andre@construtoracastelobranco.com ; Construction Manager, Construtora Santo Amaro, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br ; Assistant Professor, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, thaiscla@ufc.br ; Director, Construtora Castelo Branco, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, kilson@construtoracastelobranco.com ; Civil Engineering Intern, Construtora Castelo Branco, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, renatoquindere@yahoo.com.br ; Civil Engineering Intern, Construtora Castelo Branco, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, renatoquindere@yahoo.com.br }, abstract={A way to better comprehending the production strategy is by looking at it from two complementary perspectives: content and process. However, most research papers tend to focus on the content of a successful production system while few explore the process in which it was developed. Because lean construction literature is no different, this paper aims to fill this gap by describing the method applied by a Brazilian construction company when designing the project production system. The method called PS-37 (three Ps and seven Ss) is named after the initials of four steps based on Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints (Presuppose, Predetermine, Process, Subordinate), the five senses of organization (Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu, Shitsuke), and safety. It has become such a source of competitive advantage that the firm has reaped many financial gains in projects and even changed its strategic orientation. The authors present a formal description of the method, which evolved from the decision to implement the Lean philosophy at construction sites into a framework that embraces several activities necessary to deliver a project. In doing so, the authors hope to bring awareness to the benefits of understanding a successful production strategy through the process in which it was developed. }, author_keywords={Lean project delivery system, theory of constraints, production system design. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2009, author={Chin, Chang-Sun }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Identifying Root Causes of Long Review Times for Engineering Shop Drawings }, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={557-572}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/626}, affiliation={Ph.D., Honorary Fellow, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, chin2@wisc.edu }, abstract={Every construction project requires approved shop drawings. Design drawings do not show details required for installation, so (sub)contractors cannot construct/install without approved shop drawings. Shop drawings are generally produced by subcontractors and should be reviewed and approved by appropriate parties promptly in order to avoid production delays. Observations on the shop drawing review process reveal that engineering review times of such major construction components as structural steels and reinforcing bars are unnecessarily long and often fail to meet the time frames within which contractors expect to receive responses from the design team. The primary goal of the study is to identify and speculate about possible measures for eliminating the root causes of long review times for engineering shop drawings. Since it is not a simple task to identify and eliminate root causes of any problem because problems are always coupled with their business and work processes, the study uses a systematic problem-solving technique: problem understanding, problem-cause brainstorming, problem-cause data collection and analysis, and root-cause identification. The study reveals that the root cause of long engineering review time is insufficient and unclear information, rather than capability or availability of reviewers. }, author_keywords={Engineering review, problem solving, root causes, shop drawings }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2009, author={Chin, Chang-Sun }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Queueing Theory and Process Flow Performance}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={247-256}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/627}, affiliation={Ph.D., Honorary Fellow, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, chin2@wisc.edu }, abstract={Queuing delay occurs when a number of entities arrive for services at a work station where a server(s) has limited capacity so that the entities must wait until the server becomes available. We see this phenomenon in the physical production environment as well as in the office environment (e.g., document processing). The obvious solution may be to increase the number of servers to increase capacity of the work station, but other options can attain the same level of performance improvement. The study selects two different projects, investigates their submittal review/approval process and uses queuing theory to determine the major causes of long lead times. Queuing theory provides good categorical indices—variation factor, utilization factor and process time factor—for diagnosing the degree of performance degradation from queuing. By measuring the magnitude of these factors and adjusting their levels using various strategies, we can improve system performance. The study also explains what makes the submittal process of two projects perform differently and suggests options for improving performance in the context of queuing theory. }, author_keywords={Process time, queueing theory, submittal, variation, utilization }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2009, author={Chin, Chang-Sun }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Work-in-Process and Construction Project Information Flows}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={257-266}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/629}, affiliation={Ph.D., Honorary Fellow, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, chin2@wisc.edu }, abstract={The inception and completion of the contractor’s tasks (i.e., physical production) rely on complete and prompt responses to related information from the design team. However, observations on processing times of Requests For Information (RFI), which is one of major construction project information flows, show that the processing times are unnecessarily long and that on-time response rates are low. The primary goal of this study is to investigate reason(s) for long information processing time from the production perspective. The study uses three similar projects in terms of the type of building, project budget, and construction duration, gathering actual RFI processing times and measuring key flow performance metrics in order to determine that the major reason for late RFI reviews is the high level of work-inprocess (WIP) in the system. To fortify this finding, the study conducts regression analyses, which show a strong correlation between the number of WIP (i.e., RFIs) and the number of delays. The study also analyzes what factors make the WIP level high and suggests possible solutions to reduce the level of WIP from the production perspective. }, author_keywords={Delay, processing time, regression, request for information, work-in-process }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chinda2009, author={Chinda, Thanwadee }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={The Use of System Dynamics Modelling in Improving Construction Safety}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={91-100}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/630}, affiliation={PhD, School of Management Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Bangkadi, Pathumthani, Thailand, Phone +66-2-5013505 ext.2111, thanwadee@siit.tu.ac.th }, abstract={The construction project has a predetermined date of delivery, is subject to one or several performance goals, and consists of a number of complex activities. These characteristics make the construction industry one of the most hazardous industries, resulting in high rates of accidents. The main cause of construction accidents is viewed as the direct result of having a poor safety culture. Much attention has been paid to organizational safety culture, and to the development of tools for monitoring its health, in order to identify areas for safety improvement. This paper aims to develop the construction safety culture (CSC) dynamic model, utilizing the system dynamics (SD) modeling, to capture the interactions among key factors of CSC over a period of time. The CSC index, developed through SD modeling, is used to measure the level of CSC maturity, and identify areas for safety improvement. Furthermore, dynamic simulations for two organizations are performed, and simulation results are investigated. The organizations could also perform a number of policy experiments to underline areas for safety improvement, and select the best policy that matches its situation. }, author_keywords={Construction industry, CSC dynamic model, CSC improvement, CSC index, policy experiments. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chua2009, author={Chua, David K.H. and Yeoh, K.W. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={A Framework for Construction Requirements Based Planning Utilizing Constraints Logic Programming}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={327-336}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/631}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Dept of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, (65) 65162195, FAX (65) 67791635, cvedavid@nus.edu.sg ; Research Scholar, Dept of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, (65) 65164643, FAX (65) 67791635, g0600355@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={In the lean construction philosophy, the management of constraints is essential to reduce project delays. These constraints can be derived from construction requirements which define the characteristics of the construction project. This paper discusses the evolution and classification of requirements. Additionally, a framework to semantically map the construction requirements to schedule constraints called PDM++ is proposed, which models the schedule impact of such requirements. Finally, an analysis methodology is proposed to identify the criticality of constraints and construction requirements. This allows project managers to subsequently manage these critical requirements. An illustrative example is presented to demonstrate the usage of PDM++ and the proposed analysis methodology. }, author_keywords={Construction requirements, constraints management, integrated planning and scheduling, computer-aided scheduling. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Davis2009, author={Davis, Steven R. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={An Algorithm for Creating Master Schedules That Minimises Schedule Reorganisation Resulting From Adverse Risk Events}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={187-196}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/632}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, Phone +61 2/9385-5052, FAX 2/9385-6139, s.davis@unsw.edu.au }, abstract={Lookahead planning is a process that identifies constraints that need to be removed in order for the activity to proceed. If an activity has constraints that cannot be removed in time for it to start then the activity needs to be rescheduled and work may need to be found for the resources that would otherwise be idle. This may impact many subsequent activities that depend on the delayed activity reducing the reliability of the schedule and potentially extending the project. This paper presents an algorithm based on a risk model for creating a master schedule for a project arranged to minimise the reorganisation required when delays occur to activities that have some probability of being delayed. The model assumes that the project will be utilising a lookahead process so that it will be recognised ahead of time that a particular activity will be delayed. It also assumes that the probabilities that different activities will be delayed, and an estimate of the amount of warning of each delay that will be given by the lookahead process, can be obtained from risk analysis. A case study example is presented that highlights the algorithm’s effectiveness. }, author_keywords={Risk management, lookahead process, schedule planning, schedule reorganisation, }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Feng2009, author={Feng, Peter P. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Causes of Rework in California Hospital Design and Permitting: Augmenting an Existing Taxonomy}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={407-416}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/633}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Engineering Management Department Air Force Institute of Technology, Dayton, OH 45431, Phone +1 510/292-9786, peter@fengconsultants.com ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/) and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Based on the premise that healthcare facility design and construction costs are escalating due to rework in (1) upfront planning, (2) programming, (3) design, and (4) permitting phases, a group of healthcare facility owners, architects, designers, contractors and state permitting personnel conducted a study to understand where the waste occurs. This study identified 158 process waste items. In this paper we categorize these 158 waste items using an existing taxonomy of rework and extending it as needed. The existing taxonomy of rework contains five categories: (1) human resource capability, (2) leadership and communication, (3) engineering and reviews, (4) construction, planning, and scheduling, and (5) material and equipment supply. The extension places waste items into three new categories: (1) planning, programming, and budgeting, (2) design planning and scheduling, and (3) design review. This research identifies what causes of rework are within the California healthcare facility design and permitting phases. Understanding these waste items provides a foundation on which to build new practices that avoid costly design and permitting delays. }, author_keywords={Cause and effect diagram, design and permitting, rework, and lean construction. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Formoso2009, author={Formoso, Carlos T. and Moura, Camile B. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Evaluation of the Impact of the Last Planner System on the Performance of Construction Projects}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={153-164}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/634}, affiliation={Ph.D., Associate Professor at NORIE/UFRGS (Building Innovation Research Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3º andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: 55-51-3316-4054. E-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc., Researcher at NORIE/UFRGS. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3º andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. E-mail: camile.moura@gmail.com }, abstract={The Last Planner System of Production Control has been used in many different countries since the mid Nineties. However, most research studies developed so far have emphasized the analysis of qualitative data, based on a small number of case studies. Very few quantitative analyses have been undertaken on the impact of its implementation and on the factors that affect its effectiveness. Based on the construction of a large project database, this article presents the main results of an investigation that aimed to assess the impact of LPS based production planning and control systems on the performance of construction projects in terms of cost and time. This investigation has also analyzed the impact of a set of production management practices on the effectiveness of those planning systems. The database contains the following indicators: PPC, cost deviation, time deviation, and site management best practices index. Several analyses were carried out using regression analysis techniques. As main conclusions, the study provided some evidences on the way production planning and control influences project performance, and the importance of site management best practices on the effectiveness of planning and control. Despite the fact that some of the analyses indicated a fairly low correlation index, due to some limitations on the data available, the regression models produced were very consistent. }, author_keywords={Last planner, planning and control, production management, project performance. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Friblick2009, author={Friblick, Fredrik and Olsson, Veronica and Reslow, Joakim }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Prospects for Implementing Last Planner in the Construction Industry}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={197-206}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/635}, affiliation={Assistant prof, Department of Industrial management and logistics, Lund university and CEO Prolog Construction Logistics, Sweden, Phone +46 704 930 561, fredrik.friblick@prolog.se ; Civil engineer, Prolog Bygglogistik AB, Malmö, Sweden, Phone +46 736 218 173, FAX +46 40 122 367, veronica.olsson@prolog.se ; Civil, engineer, Prolog Bygglogistik AB, Malmö, Sweden, Phone +46 708 211 797, FAX +46 40 122 367, joakim.reslow@prolog.se }, abstract={This paper presents, from a lean construction perspective, the results of a national study about production planning, involving building companies in Sweden. Collection of information includes field studies, an electronical survey and interviews with project managers and site managers. As a result of gathered information, common means regarding planning projects is being presented, as well as a compilation of the planners’ requirements and desideratums. Lean construction is discussed in the relation to results showing that the respondents were unfamiliar with theories about planning e.g. the Last Planner system. Many of the approached respondents in the study are of the opinion that their planning knowledge is insufficient and that they are in need of education in order to improve their planning ability, resulting in more profitable projects. Also, the study shows a desire to involve more people in the planning activities, such as physical workers and subcontractors. The will to improve the planning process in combination with a desire to involve more personnel are distinctive conditions to raise the industries knowledge about Last Planner. }, author_keywords={Production planning, Last Planner, survey, interviews, Sweden, subcontractors, physical workers. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Friblick2009, author={Friblick, Fredrik and Tommelein, Iris D. and Mueller, Edith and Falk, Jon Henrik }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Development of an Integrated Facade System to Improve the High-Rise Building Process}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={359-370}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/636}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Management and Logistics, Lund University, Sweden, and CEO Prolog Construction Logistics, Malmö, Sweden, Phone +46704930561, fredrik.friblick@prolog.se ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/) and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, Fax +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Director, Arup Facade Engineering in London, and CWCT, Bath; contact: edith.mueller@arup.com ; Founder and inventor, Brunkeberg Industriutveckling AB, Regeringsgatan 93, 111 39 Stockholm, Sweden, Phone +46703604424, henrik@brunkeberg.se }, abstract={This paper describes an integrated system for facade installation in high-rise buildings, the development of which was guided by lean construction principles. The facade system has components that comprise means to ease material handling, installation, and maintenance. Integrated installation features of the facade system remain as permanent parts of the exterior facilitates and serves the process of building maintenance. De-coupling of interacting trades during installation has been the main driver in the system’s product development process and is a major system advantage. The facade will be installed from the building’s exterior and require only minimal on-floor work, allowing other contractors on site to use the space inside the building. The number of fixers needed when building with the integrated installation system will be significantly lower than with a traditional facade system. Using this system, panels can be handled and installed with a continuous flow that is less prone to variation and generates less waste, such as internal transport and waiting time, relative to traditional installation systems. This paper refers to lean principles as tools to master challenges in the facade installation process, recognizing problems in traditional installation systems such as, e.g., chain reactions caused by delay. The integrated facade system, including patented technology, is under further development and in preparation for on-site trials. }, author_keywords={High-rise building, lean construction, material handling, supply chain, waste reduction, de-coupling, variability reduction, continuous flow, cladding panels, facade system }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salvatierra-Garrido2009, author={Salvatierra-Garrido, Jose and Pasquire, Christine and Thorpe, Tony }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Value in Construction From a Lean Thinking Perspective: Current State and Future Development}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={281-294}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/637}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, Phone +44 (0)1509 222884, J.L.Salvatierra-Garrido@lboro.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer in Commercial and Construction Management, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, Phone +44 (0)1509 222895, c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Head of Department, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, Phone +44(0)1509 223770, a.thorpe@lboro.ac.uk }, abstract={At present, the concept of Value has been included in many theories and management tools applied to the construction industry. Despite a continuing effort of researchers to define or develop a common understanding of this concept, this work has not advanced sufficiently to provide a universal theory of Value to apply in the construction industry as a whole. This paper investigates the conceptual notion of Value from a Lean Thinking (LT) perspective with the aim of developing a framework for understanding Value from this and how Value has been used in the construction industry. Historically, in most definitions of the concept of Value three main parameters (cost, time, and quality) converge, in construction many authors place these parameters in an economic perspective in which “Value for Money” dominates. At present, LT applied to the construction industry has demonstrated the potential to add Value from the very early stages of a project. Therefore, the focus of LT in construction is extended beyond the on-site project delivery and into the earlier processes such as design and supply chain integration. The work described in this paper forms part of a larger study aimed at understanding how construction delivers Value to the society as a whole, and why this concept should be incorporated into. }, author_keywords={Lean thinking, value, lean construction, quality, waste. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2009, author={Gomez, Christy P. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={An Innovative Self-Assessment Approach for Minimization of Construction Pecularities on Lean-Oriented D&B Projects}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={67-78}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/638}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Construction and Property Management, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. PH: (+6)07-453 7193; FAX: (+6)07-453 6021; email: cpgomez@uthm.edu.my }, abstract={It has been established that the three pecularities (3 P’s) of construction production, namely: site production; one-of-a-kind product; and temporary production organization, leads to variability and thus to waste, as well as low performance levels affecting delivery of value to the client. This phenomena is often taken for granted as a permanent characteristic and a given feature of the construction industry. However, there are a growing number of findings regarding established benefits (especially based on whole-life costing approach) to be gained from long-term relationships, systems formwork, industrialized building systems, automation in construction though using light-weight construction materials, and planning and scheduling techniques such as Line-of-Balance etc. It is argued in this paper that it is necessary to challenge these basic assumptions and secure innovative approaches to drive concerted fundamental efforts towards minimizing waste and maximizing value in construction. In line with this argument, a Lean Excellence Assessment Framework Driver (LEAF-D) for construction project organizations that is focused on minimizing site production; implementation of generic production and installation tools and techniques; and incorporation of elements towards development of more permanent organization structures, is proposed. Additionally, taking into account that the construction industry is confronted with immense communication difficulties, and an evidently ineffective use of information and communication technology, the LEAF-D is being designed as a simple-to-use web-based tool, entitled Web-Lean Assessment Framework Phase 1 (Web-LEAF1). The assessment will be consistently undertaken by representatives of the various disciplines of the novated design-and-construct (ND&C) organizations on a continuous basis (to stimulate continuous improvement) within certain set time-frames to fit with the project durations, that will only require input of new and updating of existing data based on specific elements as identified under the 3P’s. With respect to the often regarded traditional nature of the construction industry, this innovative approach is viewed as one of the necessary drivers to initiate action for transforming construction so as to be within the relevant eco-system to support lean concepts and principles. The framework is designed to be implemented on ND&C project organizations that are committed to developing their potential for minimizing waste and maximizing value. }, author_keywords={Lean Excellence Assessment, novated design-and-construct, innovative. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gonzalez2009, author={Gonzalez, Vicente and Alarcon, Luis Fernando and Maturana, Sergio and Mundaca, Fernando and Bustamante, Jose Antonio }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Rational Commitment Model: Improving Planning Reliability and Project Performance}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={207-218}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/639}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Fellow, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Lecturer, Escuela de Ingeniería de la Construcción, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. E-Mail: vagonzag@uc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: smaturan@ing.puc.cl ; Well Engineer, Integrated Project Management - Schlumberger. E-Mail: mundaca@slb.com ; Planning and Development Engineer, Socovesa, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: jabustamante@socovesa.cl }, abstract={Reliability of planning commitments at operational level is one of the key factors to improve project performance. The Last Planner System (LPSTM) is a tool designed to improve planning reliability in construction industry, however, the improvements in planning reliability are often limited due to the fact that the decision-making processes in construction, including those related to planning commitments, are mainly based on experience and intuition. The Rational Commitment Model (RCM) presented in this paper is a tool that helps to overcome this situation by introducing decision-making aids based on analysis of field data, which allows developing more reliable planning commitments using statistical models. RCM allows forecasting planning commitments for short term-periods using field production data such as labor available, buffer size, and planned progress. Several case studies have demonstrated the RCM forecasting capabilities and its practical use to improve reliability of planning commitments and project performance. The RCM also contributes to solve the well-known workloadcapacity problem and provides useful insight into lean production performance issues. }, author_keywords={Lean Production, Rational Commitment Model, Planning Reliability, Statistical Models. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gonzalez2009, author={Gonzalez, Vicente and Alarcon, Luis Fernando }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={A Methodology for Integrated Buffer Design and Management in Repetitive Construction Projects}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={393-406}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/640}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Fellow, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Lecturer, Escuela de Ingeniería de la Construcción, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. E-Mail: vagonzag@uc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={One important challenge of production systems in both manufacturing and construction is the management of the harmful impacts of variability. While both industries have commonly used buffer-based production strategies to deal with the variability issue, construction is characterized for using intuitive, non-general and wasteful buffering strategies. For overcoming these limitations, this paper describes a conceptual approximation for an integrated buffer (Bf) design and management methodology using Work-In-Process (WIP) in repetitive building projects. The Bf design component uses the Multiobjective-Analytic-Model (MAM) and Simulation-Optimization (SO) modeling, while the Bf management component uses the Rational-Commitment-Model (RCM), an operational decision support tool based on statistical analysis. Each individual component has been previously tested and validated in different case projects. This integrated methodology provides a comprehensive approach to deal with variability using WIP Bf, which explicitly considers: (i) a general production framework which covers the production levels from top to bottom; (ii) a general modeling framework which is suitable to any repetitive building project; and (iii) a sound theoretical framework for describing different production scenarios in repetitive building projects. The main characteristics, advantages, perspectives and limitations of the integrated methodology are addressed in the paper. }, author_keywords={Buffer design and management, work-in-process, multiobjective analytic models, simulation-optimization, rational commitment model, repetitive construction projects. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gupta2009, author={Gupta, Arjun P. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Blume, Katherine }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Framework for Using A3s to Develop Shared Understanding on Projects }, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={545-556}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/642}, affiliation={Project Historian on CPR and Research Assistant, International Energy Systems, 90-4034 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, Phone +1 510/495-2865, arjunpgupta@gmail.com ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Project Director, LEED AP, Southland Industries, 7421 Orangewood Avenue, Garden Grove, CA 92841, Phone +1 714/901-5800, FAX 714/901-5811, kblume@southlandind.com }, abstract={Various forms of Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) have recently started displacing design-build as the project delivery approach of choice for a number of players in the construction industry. In an IPD setting, the combination of all disciplines working together and concurrently provides for a continuous exchange of ideas and information, leading to more informed decision making than would be possible otherwise. A report format called the A3 has gained prominence in projects managed in IPD settings to facilitate such exchanges and develop a shared understanding among collaborators. Especially in dynamic projects, A3s help in quickly educating new participants on the nature and status of the project. A3s also have the additional advantages of helping people on other projects learn what has already been thought through and providing direct points of contact for further information on the subject presented by them. In this paper, we report on what A3s are. We describe a framework for A3 development and their effective use on projects, based on the A3 process developed in the co-opetition phase of the California Prison Receivership (CPR) project. We draw on reflections from leaders on that project to highlight questions that other projects might face and suggest means to increase the likelihood of successful implementation of the A3 process. }, author_keywords={A3s, integrated form of agreement, Integrated Project Delivery, IPD, Plan-Do-Check- Act, PDCA, knowledge management, collaboration }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamedi2009, author={Hamedi, M. and Sharafi, Z. and Ashraf-Modarres, A. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Standardization of Fossil-Fuel Power Plant Projects According to Lean Construction Principles}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={31-42}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/643}, affiliation={Mapna Group Research and Development, Tehran, Iran, hamedi_m@mapna.com Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran ; Mapna Group Research and Development, Tehran, Iran, hamedi_m@mapna.com ; Mapna Group Research and Development, Tehran, Iran, hamedi_m@mapna.com }, abstract={The peculiarities of construction industry cause many none-added value activities that reduce the efficiency of construction projects. These activities are real threats to corporate success and sustained growth. Therefore becoming lean and improving overall performance is indispensible in today's competitive market. Construction of fossil-fuel power plants is a complicated task susceptible to including many non-added value activities. So survival and growth in such industries is hardly achievable without having a new paradigm to execution of these projects. This paper discusses application of lean construction principles (LCP) into fossil-fuel power-plant projects in engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) phases. Partial implementation of LCP in engineering phase is achieved through standardization of design process. Consequently manufacturing power-plant main equipments that were considered a make-to-order (MOD) task has been changed to a make-to-stock (MOS) activity which greatly improves quality and reduces cost and lead time in manufacturing. Further work is being pursued to utilize LCP in preparing for construction and building power plants islands. The paper discusses a case study in MAPNA Group which involves quantification of LCP utilization in various power-plant activities and the way it has improved overall corporate performance in these projects. Finally it is shown how gained benefits are transferred as value to customers. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, standardization, fossil-fuel power plant projects. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamzeh2009, author={Hamzeh, Farook R. and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris D }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Is the Last Planner System Applicable to Design? A Case Study}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={165-176}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/644}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, farook@calmail.berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu and Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, University. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712,USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, 510/643-8678, FAX: 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The Last PlannerTM system has been successfully implemented in construction to increase the reliability of planning, improve production performance, and create a predictable workflow. However, some practitioners question the function of the Last PlannerTM system during design especially that design processes involve iterations and circular chains of interaction between different parties. The purpose of this paper is to report on research comprising the application of Last PlannerTM system in design. The paper describes the developments and adjustments introduced to the Last PlannerTM system to better suit design processes on a health care project in North America. Novel standardized planning practices used on the project are reported and analyzed. The study findings suggest that the Last PlannerTM system principles account for both deliberative and situated action models. On one hand, deliberative planning4 takes place at the master and phase scheduling level where a premeditated rigid course of action is undertaken in setting milestones and identifying handoffs. On the other hand, situated planning is performed at the lookahead planning and weekly work planning stages where planning takes into account changes in the environment and the uncertainty affecting inputs, processes, and outputs of design activities. }, author_keywords={Lean design, last plannertm system, lookahead planning, production control, lean construction. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hossain2009, author={Hossain, Md. Aslam and Chua, D. K. H. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Simulation-Based Model for Handling Iteration and Feedback Loop in Design}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={511-522}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/645}, affiliation={Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore. Email: aslam@nus.edu.sg ; Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore. Email: aslam@nus.edu.sg }, abstract={Iteration is a common phenomenon in design process which improves the design solution and finalizes it for downstream activities as well as for construction. Though iteration is expected, it imposes rework for the design tasks and often delays design completion. In practice, two basic types of iteration can be seen during design. Firstly, activities with sequential dependency can start early if parameter/information produced by the predecessor is estimable. This estimation might not be accurate enough so that reiteration is needed. Secondly, for coupled tasks in complex design process, design can be finalized by “Sit & settle” or through “Repetition” of tasks involved in loop so that design solution converges to a specified workable range. Taking into account the abovementioned issues, probability of rework has been formulated to develop the proposed simulation model. The simulation model has been examined with a few design tasks and found effective quantifying the amount of rework due to iteration and the overall impact on total design duration. Simulation results depict that most of the rework can be scheduled parallel along with other design tasks so that effect of rework is minimal compared to the amount of time can be saved. The results also show that size and position of coupled design tasks have a great impact on design project. KEY WORDS }, author_keywords={Iteration, rework, feedback loop, repetition, sit and settle, simulation model, design completion. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jara2009, author={Jara, Cristina and Alarcon, Luis F. and Mourgues, Claudio }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Accelerating Interactions in Project Design Through Extreme Collaboration and Commitment Management – A Case Study}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={477-488}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/646}, affiliation={Graduate Student, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: cejara@uc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: cmourgue@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Extreme Collaboration (XC) is a methodology originally pioneered by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory to accelerate the conceptual design of space missions from months to a few days. XC has been adapted for application to AEC projects showing its potential for reducing cycle time and improving quality in construction projects. XC teams are cross-functional, co-located groups enabled with high performance computer modeling and simulation tools, large and interactive graphic displays, shared models and special organization, culture and training to support the design process. This paper reports on the experimentation by the authors to accelerate the design process of a multidisciplinary team that is expected to simultaneously optimize the architecture, structural design, energy efficiency and cost of wood houses. The authors adapted the XC concepts to the context of the project team and combined them with Phase Scheduling, which manages the commitments of the design team members. This paper describes the adapted methodology and the preliminary evaluation by the project team. The team, 20 designers from 5 disciplines, evaluated different aspects of the methodology, including speed, quality, effectiveness, team work, modeling support, and planning reliability. The results are promising and have encouraged the authors to continue using the adapted methodology in future projects. }, author_keywords={Extreme collaboration, phase scheduling, commitment management, last planner system, lean project delivery system }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jensen2009, author={Jensen, Patrik and Hamon, Emile and Olofsson, Thomas }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Product Development Through Lean Design and Modularization Principles}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={465-474}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/647}, affiliation={M.Sc., Div. Construction Engineering and Management, Luleå university of Technology, Sweden, Phone +46 8 566 414 61 , FAX +46 8 566 410 50, patrik.jensen@tyrens.se ; M.Sc., Tyréns AB, 205 19 Malmö, Sweden, Phone +46 8 566 416 68 , FAX +46 8 566 410 50, Emile.Hamon@tyrens.se ; Professor, Div. Construction Engineering and Management, Luleå university of Technology, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491362, FAX +46 920 491091, Thomas.olofsson@ltu.se }, abstract={Customers’ demands regarding quality and cost efficiency caused the Swedish construction industry to increase its levels of prefabrication. However, the main focus has been on the structural design and production in the development of these new building systems, and very little attention has been devoted to customer needs and requirements. This has created a situation where ad hoc solutions have been introduced to adapt the building system to match the project requirements, causing problems in the production process with waste and quality problems as a result. Therefore, a development project was initiated with the goal to design a new building system for multi-story timber housing that could match the client needs and requirements. This paper describes how this development process was pursued using lean design methods and modularization principles. A multi-skilled development team worked for over 6 months in developing a technical and a process platform for a flexible building system. The study shows that it is evident that modularization principles can be used in order to develop flexible building systems that better can match the requirements from an individual project. From a set of rules, the architect can configure and design a unique building which enables the manufacturability of the building system and ensures a smooth assembly process of the prefabricated modules on the construction site. }, author_keywords={Lean design, modularization, configuration, prefabrication, product development. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2009, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Skaar, John and Thorstensen, Rein Terje }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Implementation of Last Planner in a Medium-Sized Construction Site}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={15-30}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/648}, affiliation={Dr.Ing, Associate Professor, Faculty of economics and social sciences, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 37 25 30 00, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Quality and HSE-manager John Skaar, Skanska Agder, Norway, Phone +47 45869178, e-mail: John.Skaar@skanska.no ; Head of Department Rein Terje Thorstensen, Faculty of technology and science, Department of engineering and science, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 37 25 30 00, e-mail: rein.t.thorstensen@uia.no }, abstract={The paper address a pilot project in implementation of Last Planner initiated by the general contractor, Skanska, in a construction project of 6800 square metre made up of a kindergarten, junior high school and a sports and cultural centre. Excavation work started late autumn 2008 and the utility buildings are scheduled to be delivered to the owner in June 2010. The owner is the Municipality of Kristiansand. Action research is applied as research method, where academics take part in the change processes, together with professionals from the construction project and the general contractor’s head office. This paper concerns reflections from the ongoing construction process and is based on preliminary data. The first run is broadly in accordance with the Last Planner concept as outlined by Ballard. It is, however, identified a need to improve the system to link the output from the collective phase scheduling to production planning via the lookahead schedule and constraint analysis, which has been mis-conceptualised in the early phase of the project. The most successful part of the implementation study so far is several phase planning processes, in which the technical sub-contractors have been taking active part in the collective organised planning process. It is too early in the project to see if this also leads to improved PPC in production, but it is expected that it will. However, the same quality of coordination is missing for the architect and the subcontractor for site work. It is identified a number of empirical difficulties in the implementation the process. The largest challenge seems to be the relationship between the architect, the general contractor and the owner, as the pattern in the relationship appears to be dysfunctional in order to create best possible condition for cooperation, and which need to be further studied. Moreover is it identified proposals for further improvements in the Last Planner concept. }, author_keywords={Last planner, implementation, first run study, preliminary findings }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemmer2009, author={Kemmer, Sergio L. and Alves, Thais da C.L. and Macedo, Marcio and Novaes, Marcos de V. and Neto, Jose de P. Barros }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Lean Office at a Construction Company}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={43-52}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/649}, affiliation={Construction Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, sergio@crolim.com.br ; Assistant Professor, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, Bloco 710, Pici, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, thaiscla@ufc.br ; Administrative and finance manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, marcio@crolim.com.br ; Director, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, marcosnovaes@crolim.com.br ; Professor, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, s/n, Bloco 710, Pici, CEP: 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={This paper presents the initial efforts of a construction company to implement the Lean philosophy at their main office. The company has reaped many benefits from the Lean philosophy at its construction sites but it realized that the office was left behind in the process and needed to catch up to sustain the gains reached by site operations. In order to engage the office personnel in a Lean Office initiative, the first step was to disseminate the Lean philosophy in a seminar and brainstorm possible actions to be taken at the office. After that, participants visited one of the company’s construction sites to see how the concepts, principles and tools presented at the seminar are used at the site. The process of payment was chosen to be the pilot project for the Lean Office initiative because it was deemed to require urgent action due to its importance to the construction site activities as well as because of the time and effort it demanded from the office personnel. The company expects to reduce the time to process bills and make payments, to reduce the incidence of rework, and to discipline site engineers, construction managers, and suppliers about the new processes to sustain the gains throughout time. }, author_keywords={Lean office, invoice, payment. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2009, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Bae, Jinwoo }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Supply Chain Costs Analysis Using Activity-Based Costing: Case Study in Rebar Supply}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={113-126}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/650}, affiliation={Yong-Woo Kim, Assistant Professor, College of Built Environment, Department of Construction Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. E-mail: yongkim@u.washington.edu ; Jinwoo Bae, Ph.D. Students, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. E-mail: jbae@u.washington.edu }, abstract={The activity-based costing method was used to compute rebar supply chain costs. This paper describes the model developed, the calculated costs, and sensitivity analysis results, followed by the relatedness to lean principles. Many literatures and consulting companies discuss how to reduce total costs in supply chain. But the first question to improve supply chain profitability should be to understand where the costs are spent in your supply chain and where the opportunity for improving your profits exists. Many opportunities to reduce total cost in supply chains, which are responsible for unnecessary overhead costs. The activity-based costing method was used to develop supply chain costing model. This paper discusses the benefits of activity-based costing in supply chain costs using a case study in rebar supply chain. This paper contributes to the knowledge of lean construction domain in that the activity-based costing method is adopted in supply chain costing so that stakeholders can make use of the ABC costing data to reduce total supply chain costs to achieve the project objective, not their internal production objectives. }, author_keywords={Supply chain costs; rebar supply; activity-based costing }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2009, author={Ko, Chien-Ho and Ko, Chin-Yuan }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Diagnosis and Strategy Development for Introducing Lean Production Systems in Precast Fabrication}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={443-452}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/651}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, e-mail: fpecount@yahoo.com.tw, phone: +886-8-7703202, fax: +886-8-7740122; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute- Taiwan; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute-Asia ; Assistant Researcher, Lean Construction Institute-Taiwan, http://www.TaiwanLCI.org/ }, abstract={The most challenge issue when enterprise implementing continuous improvement is how to select appropriate methods. The objective of this study is to develop a diagnosis model for analyzing appropriate methods. The model is developed using enterprise diagnosis methods that consist of three components, namely production system, fundamental management, and staff mentality. Those three perspectives stems from Toyota’s 3 M’s (muda, mura, muri). Applicability of the proposed model is validated using a real precast fabricator. Application results show that the developed model has potential to be used to analyze strategy required for introducing lean ideas. }, author_keywords={Lean production, business diagnosis, precast, lean construction. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2009, author={Koskela, Lauri and Rooke, John }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={What Triggers Management Innovation?}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={337-344}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/652}, affiliation={Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Research fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, jalfro@eml.cc }, abstract={There is a popular tendency in management science towards what could be called “theory denial”: the denial of the significance of theory for the development of management thought and action. We contend that this theory denial is just wrong, in the light of empirical evidence, and that is a damaging idea, because it diverts the attention of the scholarly community away from the core issues of the field. In this paper, we consider two variants of this theory denial, purporting to reveal the serious problems in their justification. First, the approach stressing the importance of studying how ideas are translated into solutions by organizations is considered. It is shown that there two unsubstantiated assumptions, first about the relative lack of importance of the (solution) idea, and second about the prior existence of such ideas. Second, a recent influential view on management innovation and the process through which it emerges is examined. This view focuses on the individuals (from inside and outside the organisation) who drive the innovation process and on the phases of the innovation process itself. The motivation for change is represented as coming solely from a perceived shortfall between the organization’s current and potential performance. Ideas, it would seem, arise spontaneously to fill this gap. We present historical examples to argue that the genesis of innovative management thinking can be much more closely accounted for and that ideas can themselves have a role in motivating change. Through exemplary cases, we contend that new concepts of production have operated in a way resembling the role of a scientific paradigm, as defined by Kuhn. A leading aspect of such a paradigm is that it defines criteria for choosing problems. The concept precedes and drives the innovation, functioning as a paradigm which guides the development of detailed solutions to problems which otherwise would not be visible. Indeed, the developments of new concepts of production seem to have triggered a long-standing stream of interrelated management innovations. Thus, rather than arising spontaneously in response to organisational need, “management ideas” have arisen in the context of an emerging theory of production. Thus, we contend that the role of management scholars is not only to come up with creative ideas or to address the translation of ideas, as held in the mainstream view, but rather they should develop new concepts and theories on phenomena relevant for management (such as production), based also on a critical scrutiny of present ones, clarify and make explicit concepts in use that are implicit, and codevelop new methods based on proven or promising concepts. }, author_keywords={Management innovation, theory. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2009, author={Koskela, Lauri and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={The Economic Theory of Production Conceals Opportunities for Sustainability Improvement}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={295-304}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/653}, affiliation={Professor, SCRI (Salford centre for research & innovation in the built & human environment), School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, Maxwell Building, 4th floor, Salford, M5 4WT, Tel: +44(0)161 295 6378, Fax: +44(0)161 295 4587, Email l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/) and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={In analyses of action options regarding sustainability, the economic theory of production is often used as a conceptual starting point. We contend that this theory is deficient, even counterproductive. Especially, we argue that effective options exist for sustainability improvement that are not visible in this theory, and thus will not be taken into consideration when comparing alternative options based on it. We argue that the fundamental problem of the economic theory of production is that it cannot explain the formation of either cost or value in an adequate way. This situation seems to have been caused by the foci and assumptions of the “marginalist turn” of economics, starting from 1870, especially the denial to consider any internal organization of production other than that caused by prices and costs, the assumption of optimal efficiency, and the assumption of ends as given. The shortcomings of the economic theory of production are demonstrated through a case study on plasterboard (also known as drywall) installation. We show how practices for installation of these products, as advocated in lean construction, would not have been suggested or visible in a “sustainability” analysis based on economic theory. }, author_keywords={Theory of production, economics, sustainability, lean production, waste, plasterboard, drywall, installation. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lennartsson2009, author={Lennartsson, Martin and Bjronfot, Anders and Stehn, Lars }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Production Control Through Modularisation}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={453-464}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/654}, affiliation={M.Sc., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492967, FAX +46 920 491091, martin.lennartsson@ltu.se ; Tech., Dr., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, FAX +46 920 491091, anders.bjornfot@ltu.se ; Prof., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491976, FAX +46 920 491091, lars.stehn@ltu.se }, abstract={In Sweden, the industrial housing trade has developed for many years with the salient idea of improving production control through an increased level of prefabrication. However, production variability is a consistent issue as work is still sub-optimised, resulting in a fragmented production process. Consequently, problems arise when prefabricated parts and components are assembled. The building services are often a source of high variability (many different components and subcontractors), leading to reduced production control. The aim of this paper is to present how modularisations can provide prerequisites for production control in service system design. So far, modularisation has only rendered little attention in Lean construction. In this paper, a modularisation development effort of five Swedish industrial housing companies is reported. To generate a relevant set of modules, several workshops were held together with company representatives and building service consultants. The Design Structure Matrix (DSM) was used to detect the lowest common geometrical denominator of the building service systems as well as crucial connection points and interfaces. Combining the DSM with qualitative module drivers generates a design for service system modules facilitating improved production control. }, author_keywords={Production control, building services, modularisation, module drivers. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lima2009, author={Lima, Lisiane P. and Miron, Luciana I.G. and Leite, Fernanda and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Perceived Value in Social Housing Projects}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={305-316}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/655}, affiliation={M.Sc., Dr. Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, CEP: 90.035-190, e-mail: lisi.lima@gmail.com ; Dr., Associate Professor, School of Architecture and Urbanism, NORIE/UFRGS, Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, CEP: 90.035-190, e-mail: luciana.miron@ufrgs.br ; Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, email: fll@andrew.cmu.edu ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NORIE/UFRGS, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, CEP: 90.035-190, Phone + 55 51 3308 3518, e-mail:formoso@ ufrgs.br }, abstract={In recent years, concerns with value generation in construction have increased, as a result of the introduction of novel marketing and operations management ideas, strongly related to the Lean Production paradigm. Among other improvements, several organizations have developed strategies targeting client attraction and retention. In the Brazilian construction industry, investments in social housing projects have greatly increased in the past decade. Considering the heavy investments in this sector, the success of a project depends strongly on final client retention and main clients’ perception on satisfaction and value. The goal of this paper is contribute to the consolidation of these concepts in the social housing context. This research is based on a set of multiple case studies carried out in two different forms of housing provision implemented in Southern Brazil. The main contributions of the paper are concerned with the understanding of the relationship among satisfaction, human needs and perceived value according to the perception of the main clients involved in construction projects, especially the dwellers. }, author_keywords={Perceived value, satisfaction, housing needs, human needs, low-income housing projects. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lin2009, author={Lin, Chun-Chang and Wang, Wei-Chih and Yu, Wen-Der }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Integrated Model of Weighting and Evaluating Decision Criteria for Supporting Best-Value Contractor Selection}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={419-430}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/656}, affiliation={PhD, Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, Phone +886 4/2392-8036, cclin.janet@msa.hinet.net. ; Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, Phone +886 3/571-2121 ext. 54952, FAX 3/571-6257, weichih@mail.nctu.edu.tw. ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering, Chung Hua University, Taiwan, Phone +886 3/518-6748, FAX 3/537-0517, wenderyu@chu.edu.tw. }, abstract={This study proposes an integrated model to facilitate the weightings and evaluations of tenders involved in the best-value contractor selection process. In the criteria weighting, an adaptive AHP approach (A3) is applied. A3 uses a soft computing scheme, genetic algorithms, to recover the weights of the various criteria based on the derived pairwise weighting matrix (PWM) of criteria. In the evaluations of tenders, two sub-models are proposed. The first sub-model is a bid price evaluation model (PRICE), and it is developed to deal with the quantitative criterion, i.e., bid price criterion. The second sub-model is a performance-based evaluation model (PERFORM), and it is employed to quantify the expected performances of other qualitative criteria for each bidder. The proposed model integrates with A3, PRICE and PERFORM to support the best-value contractor selection. The benefits of this proposed model are demonstrated by applying it a real-world case project. Lessons learned from this case project are also summarized to provide future applications. }, author_keywords={contractor selection, analytic hierarchy process, adaptive AHP approach, performance, utility function. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Liu2009, author={Liu, Min and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Factors Affecting Work Flow Reliability - A Case Study}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={177-186}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/657}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, 211 Mann Hall, 2501 Stinson Dr., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, Phone +1 919/513-7920, FAX 919/515-7908, min_liu@ncsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 214 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/642-2016, FAX 510/643-8919, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Low work flow reliability is a major contributor to the construction industry’s dismal productivity record. The purposes of this paper are to identify the factors affecting work flow reliability, learn from failures of completing work plans, and recommend strategies to improve work flow reliability in order to improve productivity for construction projects. We collected production data of 592 working days in 12 working areas from a pipe installation project which implemented the Last Planner System. The data included the number of daily planned tasks, daily planned tasks completed, daily tasks completed non-planned, daily tasks uncompleted, daily planned man-days and completed man-days. Root causes of uncompleted tasks were also documented. Based on the data collected, correlation analysis was conducted to study the factors affecting work flow reliability. We found that commitment plan, prerequisite work, material and weather are the top four factors affecting work flow reliability. Strategies on how to effectively improve work flow reliability are also recommended. The findings can help project managers focus on the important factors causing work flow variation in their work plan and improve labor productivity. The results can also help consulting companies pinpoint root causes and responsibility for productivity losses in claims. }, author_keywords={Work flow, work flow reliability, last planner system, lean construction, productivity. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Liu2009, author={Liu, Jang-Jeng and Wang, Wie-Chih }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Simulation-Based Scheduling Model for Multiple Design Projects}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={523-532}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/658}, affiliation={Graduate student, Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan. E-mail: sandroliu@nsrrc.org.tw. ; Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan. E-mail: weichih@mail.nctu.edu.tw. }, abstract={A design firm often needs to allocate various types of design resources or participants to the multi-disciplinary activities of various design projects. Each of these design projects is undertaken either in a proposal phase, basic design phase, detailed design phase, or construction phase of a building project. Effective allocation of the design participants to activities depends on how the design activities of these design projects are scheduled. But the effect which is caused by design iterations in schedule and resource isn’t considered before. This study finds design iterations by DSM and other methods and develops a simulation-based scheduling model to effective allocate design participants to multiple design projects under the effect of design iteration. This model is helpful to find how to lean the design schedule and design resources. Particularly, simulation algorithms are proposed to model the uncertainties of design iterations, draw amounts of iterations, design participants’ man hour, and activity durations. The operation of the model is demonstrated by applying it to a Taiwanese design firm who deals with multiple design projects. }, author_keywords={Multi-project, design iteration; design schedule; design process; simulation }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maund2009, author={Maund, Kim A. and London, Kerry }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Integrated Supply Chain Construction Ecosystem Management}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={103-112}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/659}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Australia, Phone 02 49215000, FAX 4985 4200, kim.maund@studentmail.newcastle.edu.au ; Professor, Chair in Construction Management, School of Architecture and Building, Faculty of Science and Technology, Deakin University, Australia, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Phone 03 52278301, FAX 03 522 78341, kerry.london@deakin.edu.au }, abstract={Agenda 21 may be considered the most significant programme of action influencing environmental policy for the Australian development and construction industry. The industry has remained one of the most rapidly expanding sectors; yet, we have seen the gradual process of exhausting natural resources and irreversible environmental degradation. Even with the introduction of numerous new environmental policies, it remains questionable as to whether real improvements have occurred across the industry. Legislative mechanisms to direct on-site environmental management appear deficient; information flows between participants along the supply chain appear to impact upon environmental management performance; and industry fragmentation remains compounded by ill-defined external, non-contractual supply chain influences that directly impact on contractual systems. Limited research has considered construction supply chain theory and environmental management particularly in reference to policy. The literature highlighted a need to develop a supply chain model which seeks to integrate chain actors and government regulators through holistic information management. The model assumes that fundamental to industry change is statutory control to mandate construction environmental management plans. However, industry change and subsequent environmental management rely upon effective information dissemination. The next stage involves model refinement, investigating barriers and enablers to widespread diffusion of such an innovative integrated environmental management system. }, author_keywords={Supply chain integration, ecologically sustainable construction, environmental policy, environmental management }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Morton2009, author={Morton, Scott and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Conceptual Estimating in Project Capital Planning and Validation.}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={431-440}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/660}, affiliation={VP Project Development, Oscar J. Boldt Construction Company. Scott.Morton@boldt.com ; Associate Adjunct Professor, University of California, Berkeley. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Cost modeling for capital construction projects is a critical aspect of the funding approval process. Traditional conceptual cost-modeling efforts have been undependable because they lack connection to the specific program, quality, site and locality characteristics of the project owner’s expectations. Underestimating construction costs will jeopardize project success; overestimating costs will put project approval at risk. Either diminishes the effectiveness of the project owner’s business planning. This paper describes a process for evaluating the completed financial performance of multiple projects on the basis of a building’s program, quality factors, and site and locality characteristics. These same factors can be used as a cost-modeling tool that dramatically increases the dependability of the outcome. The tool allows for real-time cost modeling and evaluation of multiple project considerations or solutions. The output of the cost model provides an achievable yet challenging starting point for an effective integrated target value design effort, with individual component target costs defined in addition to overall project target cost. The process is illustrated with a case study and compared to other approaches to conceptual estimating. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research. }, author_keywords={Capital planning, conceptual estimating, cost modeling, target costing, target value design }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nguyen2009, author={Nguyen, Hung V. and Lostuvali, Baris and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Decision Analysis Using Virtual First-Run Study of a Viscous Damping Wall System}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={371-382}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/661}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 407 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, hung-nguyen@berkeley.edu ; Senior Project Manager, HerreroBoldt, CPMC Cathedral Hill Hospital Project, 633 Folsom Street, 6th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94107, Phone +1 415/762-7432, blostuvali@herrero.com ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/ and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Although Building Information Modeling (BIM) practices such as 3D modeling, 4D simulation, clash detection, model-based analysis, model-based scheduling and estimating have been widely utilized by the A/E/C industry, there is insufficient guidance on the application of BIM to assist the team in integrating product design and process design to meet target value in an Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) environment. This paper investigates the possibility of performing a virtual first-run study (VFRS) during a project’s design phase. VFRS is a first-run study carried out in a virtual environment, where objects of study are created in a computer model in three dimensions, and those objects are linked to process and resource data to represent the process of construction. The paper describes a case study of employing VFRS, process mapping, and Choosing By Advantages to choose a method for the installation of Viscous Damping Walls at the Cathedral Hill Hospital Project in San Francisco. The paper concludes by proposing an integrated framework for the efficient application of VFRS to support project teams on constructability review, construction planning, and operation design. }, author_keywords={Virtual first-run study (vfrs), bim, work structuring, choosing by advantages. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Olano2009, author={Olano, Ricardo M. and Alarcon, Luis F. and Razuri, Carlos }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Understanding the Relationship Between Planning Reliability and Schedule Performance: A Case Study}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={139-153}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/662}, affiliation={Project Superintendent at Freeport McMoran Americas,PMP, MBA, PhD Student in Management Sciences (ESADE - Spain), E-Mail: Ricardo_Olano@fmi.com ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; MSc, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: cerazuri@uc.cl }, abstract={The earned-value method (EVA) monitors the progress of the project using dollar value or man hours as the metric by comparing the amount of work completed against the work planned to be complete and indicate if the project is on or behind schedule by means of the Schedule Performance Index (SPI). The Last Planner System (LPS™) increase planning reliability by reducing workflow variability, through analyzing and removing activity restrictions, analyzing causes for not fulfilled plans and monitoring its improvements by means of Percentage of Plan Completed (PPC). The paper presents two cases studies about the application of the mentioned project control techniques and shows evidence that demonstrates the relationship between planning reliability (PPC) and project schedule performance (SPI). This relationship was tested statistically showing positive trends. The results show that project time is improved by increasing planning reliability during construction phase. These findings can help project managers understand the relationship between workflow reliability and project time, and prove that the role of the professional manager needs to become more proactive. }, author_keywords={Project control, earned-value, last planner, planning reliability and schedule performance. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Parrish2009, author={Parrish, Kristen and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Making Design Decisions Using Choosing by Advantages}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={501-510}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/663}, affiliation={Project Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1Cyclotron Road, Mail Stop 90R1116, Berkeley, CA, 94720-2117, KDParrish@lbl.gov ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/) and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Choosing By Advantages (CBA) is a sound system to make decisions using welldefined vocabulary to ensure clarity and transparency in the decision-making process. Making sound design decisions aids in successful implementation of set-based design. This paper explores the use of CBA to select a design for steel reinforcement, aka. rebar, in a beam-column joint. CBA, in conjunction with set-based design, allows the engineer to explicitly consider multiple design alternatives that meet various ‘must’ and ‘want’ criteria. The factors and criteria developed to evaluate the design alternatives reflect the values of the various project team members involved in rebar design and construction. Because decision-making is subjective, it is important to document why and on what basis decisions are made so they can be revisited at a later time on that project, should new considerations or facts become available, and on future projects. Decision-makers using CBA list the attributes and advantages (the beneficial difference between two alternatives) of each alternative and then assign a degree of importance to each advantage relative to the one that is least preferred. The example presented herein shows that team member values may conflict, but including all perspectives in the CBA table enriches the decision-making process and cultivates a shared understanding among project team members. }, author_keywords={Choosing By Advantages, group decision making, set-based design, reinforced concrete design. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pavez2009, author={Pavez, Ignacio and Gonzales, Vicente and Alarcon, Luis F. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Integral Vision: A Novel Approach to Improve the Efectiveness of Lean Construction Theory and Practice}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={267-280}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/664}, affiliation={Research Engineer, MSc, Production Management Center (GEPUC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: ipavez@ing.puc.cl ; Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Lecturer, School of Construction Engineering, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. E-Mail: vagonzag@uc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, PhD, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Engineering, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Currently, most of management approaches coming from engineering have been focused on the exterior world, it means, everything that can be see (structures-processes-outcomes). This situation has created a low sustainability of these management approaches and tools, because they forget central aspects of people behavior both in individual and collective domains. Therefore, some efforts to integrate the organization’s interior and exterior world have been carried out, with the aim of looking at the organization’s interior world (personalityemotionality- values-culture) as a design space coherent with effective management practices focused on the exterior world, as lean construction. This article describes and analyzes the revolutionary theory of integral vision proposed by Ken Wilber, as a framework that embraces different insights, theories and practices in such a manner that strengthen the discipline of project management under lean construction perspective. Thus, it can be argued that, if lean construction wants to evolve towards an effective management practice, needs to include some elements of integral vision, in order to make compatible human and technical development inside the organization or project. By doing so, lean construction has to strength research areas related to people, which so far have received little attention. }, author_keywords={Integral vision, lean construction, lean management, organizations. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Perera2009, author={Perera, Salinda and Davis, Steven and Marosszeky, Marton }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Two Dimensional View of the Supply Chain on Construction Projects}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={127-136}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/665}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Phone +61 422 179 306, sperera@evanspeck.com ; Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Phone +61 2 9385 5052 , sdavis@unsw.edu.au ; Executive Consultant, Evans and Peck Pty Ltd. Level 6, Tower 2, 475 Victoria Ave, Chatswood, NSW, 2067, Australia, Phone +61 2 9495 0576, Email mmarosszeky@evanspeck.com }, abstract={Subcontracted trades undertake most of the physical construction work in construction projects. While many research projects have examined relationships between designers, developers and head contractors, there has been limited focus on detailed analysis of the relationships between subcontractors. Where relationships in the supply chain have been examined it has tended to be along the dimension of contractual relationships between subcontractors and their suppliers. This paper looks at the relationships between subcontractors in a second dimension where they build on each other’s work on the construction site, but are not contractually related, except through the head contractor. Initial investigations carried out during this research confirm that subcontractors focus on the head contractor as their primary customer, and hence attention on the following trade as a customer is minimal. This paper proposes a shift in focus, whereby a subcontractor (preceding trade) attempts to meet the product and service quality expectations of the trade that will be building upon that subcontractor’s work (following trade) leading to an improved project culture and better overall project quality outcomes. Tools were developed to increase the interaction between preceding and following trades and communicate product and service quality expectations. These were implemented on three construction sites in Sydney, Australia while three other sites were monitored for changes in customer focus and culture without any interventions. Results to date show that the tools developed have in fact increased focus on following trades resulting in improvements in overall project characteristics. }, author_keywords={Construction, supply chain, process relationship, subcontractors, service quality, customer focus. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Polesie2009, author={Polesie, Pim and Frodell, Mikael and Josephson, Per-Erik }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Implementing Standardisation in Medium-Sized Construction Firms: Facilitating Site Managers’ Feeling of Freedom Through a Bottom-Up Approach}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={317-326}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/666}, affiliation={Construction Management. Department of civil and environmental engineering, built environment, Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg, Phone +46317721960 pim@chalmers.se ; Construction Management. Department of civil and environmental engineering, built environment, Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg, ; Construction Management. Department of civil and environmental engineering, built environment, Chalmers University of technology Göteborg, }, abstract={Construction project are often referred to as unique and construction processes often described as inefficient. The amount of waste in projects is claimed to be in the range of 10-80% depending on the definitions of waste and the methods used to study them. There is a general understanding that the proclaimed uniqueness of construction projects is a reason for the claimed inefficiency and it is suggested that the processes in construction should be more standardised to increase the efficiency and reduce waste in accordance with the lean principles. Another characteristic of construction projects is that site managers are usually given the authority to run a project as if it were their own firm, effectively running a company within a company. They value the freedom to run projects their own way and e develop ways of working with which they are comfortable and do not always consider their colleagues’ experiences. Construction firms must accordingly struggle with finding efficient ways to standardise in order to avoid the perception of dealing with unique projects while simultaneously retaining what makes the organisation special and provides them with a competitive edge. This can result in construction firms implementing modern management principles that site managers are expected to accept without considering their need for individuality. This paper discusses the challenges faced by construction firms’ need for standardised activities and processes to reduce waste and increase efficiency, while simultaneously emancipating site managers so that they continue to find freedom, value and motivation in their work. Based on interviews with eight site managers in three medium-sized Swedish construction firms, the indications are that processes should be developed slowly with a bottom-up approach. }, author_keywords={Lean principles, standardisation, construction projects, management, processes, freedom. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ramaswamy2009, author={Ramaswamy, K.P. and Kalidindi, Satyanarayana N. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Waste in Indian Building Construction Projects}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={3-14}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/667}, affiliation={M.Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India, Phone +91-9940179701, ramaswamy1985@gmail.com ; Professor, Building Technology & Construction Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India, Phone +91-44-22574268, satyakn@iitm.ac.in }, abstract={The Indian construction industry is characterised by challenges such as low productivity, lack of skilled labour, time and cost overruns etc. These are associated with considerable waste present in the construction sites. An important step towards elimination of waste, is to understand and measure the amount of waste actually present in Indian construction sites. Currently there is very little documentation in literature on this issue in the Indian construction industry context. This paper aims to investigate waste in Indian construction industry, focusing mainly on building projects. Six ongoing projects were taken up for the study and the wastes identified were quantified in terms of project cost by collecting data through direct observations, records and using tools such as work sampling. The results showed that waste due to non value added activities by labour and equipment was much higher compared to material waste generated in the sites. The total cost of waste calculated as percentage of project cost, for the items studied, varied from 5.38% to 14.70% among the projects studied. However, this did not include the cost of quality deviations as this data was not documented in the sites studied. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, indian construction, productivity, waste, work sampling. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2009, author={Sacks, Rafael and Dave, Bhargav A. and Koskela, Lauri and Owen, Robert }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Analysis Framework for the Interaction Between Lean Construction and Building Information Modelling}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={221-234}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/668}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Env. Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, Phone +44-161-2953431, b.dave@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK Phone +44-161- 2956378, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Senior Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, Phone +44-161-2954143, r.l.owen@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Building with Building Information Modelling (BIM) changes design and production processes. But can BIM be used to support process changes designed according to lean production and lean construction principles? To begin to answer this question we provide a conceptual analysis of the interaction of lean construction and BIM for improving construction. This was investigated by compiling a detailed listing of lean construction principles and BIM functionalities which are relevant from this perspective. These were drawn from a detailed literature survey. A research framework for analysis of the interaction between lean and BIM was then compiled. The goal of the framework is to both guide and stimulate research; as such, the approach adopted up to this point is constructive. Ongoing research has identified 55 such interactions, the majority of which show positive synergy between the two. }, author_keywords={Building information modelling, information flow, lean construction. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schramm2009, author={Schramm, Fábio K. and Tillmann, Patrícia A. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Redesigning the Production System to Increase Flexibility in House Building Projects}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={347-358}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/669}, affiliation={MSc, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), PhD Candidate at NORIE/UFRGS, fabioks@ufpel.edu.br, Rua Almirante Barroso, 1734, CEP: 96010-280, Pelotas/RS, Brasil, Phone: +55 53 3222 7981 ; Architect, PhD Student at NORIE/UFRGS, patriciatillmann@gmail.com }, abstract={New market requirements have demanded from industrial companies innovations in their production strategies. Mass customization is one of those innovative strategies. It combines low unit costs of mass production and product flexibility. The ability of giving to the customer the possibility to choose among several product options has also been used as a competitive advantage in the housing building sector. However, despite the growing demand for customized homes, construction companies have faced difficulties to meet clients’ needs with efficiency. One of the main causes lies in the fact that most companies do not change the way project production systems are designed to cope with the customization process, leading to an increase in site rework and waste. This paper presents a research study carried out in a housing building company, which has decided to introduce a customization strategy. The production system was redesigned based on lean principles to support that strategy. This article discusses briefly different approaches for customization, as well as the implications for the design of production systems. Also, the process of redesigning production systems based on lean principles is described. Key decisions and difficulties of this process are also highlighted. The results show that the consideration of lean principles in the production system has enabled not only the delivery of a more flexible product to customers, but also has improved the way production was managed due to an increase in transparency and predictability. }, author_keywords={Production system design; flexibility; repetitive projects. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Venkatachalam2009, author={Venkatachalam, Senthilkumar and Varghese, Koshy and Shivaji, C.Y. }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Achieving Lean Design Using Design Interface Management Tool}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={533-542}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/670}, affiliation={Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India -600036, Tel:+91-44–22575255, Fax:+91-44-2257 4252, Email: vsenthil@iitm.ac.in ; Professor, BTCM Division, Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India – 600036, Tel: +91 -44 -22574257, Fax:+91-44-22574252, Email: koshy@iitm.ac.in ; Deputy General Manager (Design), DIAL Project, L&T ECC, Delhi, India, Tel: +91 - 44 – 2257 5255, Fax: +91 - 44 - 2257 4252, Email: cys@lntecc.com }, abstract={The design and construction on infrastructure projects were earlier done in sequence. However, the rapid rise in the infrastructure requirements and accelerated project schedules produced tremendous pressure on the construction organizations to adopt concurrent and fast-track techniques. This resulted in suboptimal utilization of resources and increased wastes to meet the schedule in the construction and design phases. Lean principles are used to plan the wastes reduction in the construction phase which was a common demand in the past. Research studies show that the design phase has more impact on the overall project planning and wastes reduction than the subsequent phases. Many methods have been devised to plan the design phases. Of these, the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) has shown a lot of application potential. This paper discusses a server based DSM tool called ‘diMs’ implemented on a design project to achieve lean design through managing the processes. The paper also discusses the waste reduction using ‘diMs’ tool compared with the conventional design practices with an example case study. }, author_keywords={Lean design, DDSM, diMs, design interface management. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsson2009, author={Simonsson, Peter and Rwamamara, Romuald }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Ergonomic Exposures From the Usage of Conventional and Self Compacting Concrete}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={81-90}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/671}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Div of structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Phone +46 920 493140, FAX +46 920 491913, Peter.Simonsson@ltu.se ; Senior Researcher, Div of Architecture and Infrastructure, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Phone +46 920 492353, FAX +46 920 491913, Romuald.Rwamamara@ltu.se }, abstract={The use of ergonomic production methods in concrete casting does have a significant human, social and financial impact in terms of the reduction of occupational injuries and related injury compensations. This paper presents a case study of comparative analyses of the ergonomic situations for concrete workers casting with two different types of concrete, namely the conventional concrete and the self-compacting concrete (SCC). Analyses were conducted with two methods for the identification of ergonomic hazards; and in comparison to conventional concrete, the analysis results have shown that SCC consistently gave significant improvements in work postures and led to less workload and noise exposure among concrete workers. The combination of lean thinking and ergonomics result in a system where the worker is as efficient, safe, and comfortable as possible during the concrete casting work process. Material handling plays a significant role in lean construction by keeping the worker at the center and ameliorating many of the ergonomic problems that would otherwise remove the person from the production process. Transportation and unnecessary motion are two of the seven types of wastes that can be significantly reduced with the implementation of an ergonomic production system such as SCC that eliminates awkward work postures and vibrating tools. With the correct ergonomic material/product used in production of concrete structures, waste can be removed from the production system, thus creating an increase in production, decreased costs, an increase in quality of the product and less absence of workers in the future due to less stressful work. }, author_keywords={Work environment, worker safety, concrete casting, risk management, lean thinking, and ergonomics. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wong2009, author={Wong, John-Michael and Parrish, Kristen and Tommelein, Iris D. and Stojadinovic, Bozidar }, editor={Cuperus, Ype and Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi }, title={Setplan: A Computer Tool to Aid in Set-Based Design}, journal={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={17th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2009}, pages={235-244}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/672}, affiliation={Designer, KPFF Consulting Engineers, 1160 Battery St., Suite 300, San Francisco, CA, 94111, Phone +1 415/989-1004, john-michael.wong@kpff-sf.com ; Project Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Mail Stop 90R1116, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1116, KDParrish@lbl.gov ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/) and Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 721 Davis Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, Phone +1 510/643-7035, FAX +1 510/643-8928, boza@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper describes a computer tool named SetPlan that works with Building Information Modelling (BIM) software to aid in set-based design. It captures information from a BIM model and displays it in a ‘dashboard’ that supports project participants in developing shared understanding of rebar objects as the design unfolds. In turn, updates from SetPlan help to colour code the BIM. We engaged practicing structural engineers, rebar fabricator-placers, and general contractors from the San Francisco Bay Area in workshops to determine the need and use cases for SetPlan. This paper illustrates SetPlan’s use for designing a shear wall. SetPlan compares three shear wall reinforcement schemes (representing various wall shapes with different boundary reinforcement). It extracts information from a BIM in Tekla 14.0 about the shear wall reinforcement, enabling information sharing across the project team. The tool eliminates some of the jargon issues that may arise in crossdisciplinary design conversations by displaying data graphically and it is a first step in making set-based design easier to implement using current design software. }, author_keywords={Set-based design, rebar, building information modelling (BIM), reinforced concrete. }, address={Taipei, Taiwan }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Slivon2010, author={Slivon, Christine A. and Howell, Gregory A. and Koskela, Lauri and Rooke, John }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Social Construction: Understanding Construction in a Human Context}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={2-11}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/673}, affiliation={Project Coach, Lean Project Consulting, 625 Main Street, Louisville, CO 80027, Phone +1 303/665-8385, cslivon@leanproject.com ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, Phone +1 208/726-9989, ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2957960, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 161 2956344, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={As lean construction has evolved as a practice, efforts have been made to develop theoretical foundations for understanding it. These efforts have been informed by our understanding of lean manufacturing, a source of many of the seminal ideas for lean construction. One key insight has been the shift from the understanding of a process as the transformation of materials from inputs to outputs to the view of a process as a flow of materials through a sequence of steps or operations. Another has been the recognition that value must be considered from the customer perspective. More recently, several authors have proposed more general contexts for understanding the entire construction process. These proposals have included observing the essential role of language in the conduct of projects, recognizing the limitations of a purely economic context, and adopting a more comprehensive flow perspective. In this paper, we propose a framework for situating the construction process in the world of human concerns. We show that consideration of the human being as actor within a world of concerns provides a necessary context and foundational explanation for all subsequent discussions of process, flow, value, and commitment. We also suggest a new perspective for understanding and addressing the issue of risk. }, author_keywords={Theory, Process, Project, Flow, Value, Language action perspective, Commitment, Risk }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heidemann2010, author={Heidemann, Ailke and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Cooperative Project Delivery in an Environment of Strict Design-Bid-Build Tender Regulations}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={581-587}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/674}, affiliation={Research Associate, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 6086542, FAX +49 721 695245, ailke.heidemann@kit.edu ; Professor, Director of Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 6082646, FAX +49 721 695245, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu }, abstract={Lean Construction enhances cooperative project delivery with a focus on customer needs and the optimization of the project as a whole rather than pieces during the design phase, as well as, during construction. Several international case studies have been conducted. The hypotheses are: (1) Using the lean approach, project results will be positively influenced by a cooperative project delivery, in the areas of cost, time and quality.(2) The full application of the lean cooperative model is limited by strict design-bid-build tender regulations required for public clients.The existing Lean Project Delivery System in the USA and the corresponding contract - the Integrated Form of Agreement – and, the Australian Alliance Agreements have been analysed. The main focus of the analysis has been to identify the fundamental characteristics and factors of success concerning a cooperative project delivery. As a result, a Lean System which includes the key parts for cooperative project delivery from the client‘s perspective will be presented in this paper. It identifies which procurement rules are impediments to early cooperation and – hence - would have to be modified. The reasons for those modifications are given on the basis of the case studies. It was difficult to compare the results of different projects and to allocate the influence of different tools to the outcomes in terms of cost, time and quality. A matrix has been developed that measures qualitative results and correlates it to the use of the tools. The matrix will be presented at the end of this paper. }, author_keywords={Lean project delivery, Early integration and cooperation, Relational contracting, Integrated form of agreement, Alliancing, Procurement rules, Tender regulations }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pennanen2010, author={Pennanen, Ari and Ballard, Glenn and Haahtela, Yrjänä }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Designing to Targets in a Target Costing Process}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={161-170}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/675}, affiliation={Adjunct Professor, Tampere University of Technology, Finland and Research Director, Haahtela Research and Project Management Group, Helsinki, ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi ; Associate Adjunct Professor and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Director, Lean Construction Institute. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor and Managing Director of Haahtela Group, Helsinki, yrjana.haahtela@haahtela.fi }, abstract={Traditional cost management determines the cost of the product based on its design and the estimated cost of realizing the design. Target costing acts upside down compared to traditional cost management: (1) The cost of the product is determined before design, (2) The cost of the product is based on the customer‘s requirements on the product‘s performance and the customer‘s willingness and ability to pay for such performance. Willingness is based on the customer‘s business plan; i.e., on what the prospective product is worth to them. The target costing process is focused in project definition (when target cost is determined) and design (when the functional targets and cost target will be achieved). This paper describes design steering, a methodology for managing design process to achieve target cost and purposed value for the customer. Design steering understands the nature of design in various stages and manages by knowledge and rapid feedback loops. Cost feedback is essential especially in the very early stages of design. Feedback can be generated by engaging multifunctional teams to support design. Rapid estimating and value monitoring can also be supported in the early stages by component level target costing produced by information modelling before design. }, author_keywords={Target costing, Design, Cost modelling, BIM, Project management }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cuperus2010, author={Cuperus, Ype and Wamelink, Hans and Resodihardjo, Glenn }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Reducing Fit-Out Time in a Netherlands Housing Project}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={326-333}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/676}, affiliation={Assistant Professor Architectural Engineering, Department Building Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Phone +31 15 278 4646, y.j.cuperus@tudelft.nl ; Professor Design and Construction Management, Department Real Estate and Housing, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Phone +31 15 278 4159, j.w.f.wamelink@tudelft.nl ; Master Candidate Design and Construction Management, Department Real Estate and Housing, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Phone +31 6 2452 2804, glennresodihardjo@casema.nl }, abstract={In the Netherlands the fit-out time of newly built row houses in lots of 50 to 100 units can be eleven weeks. On such projects a large number of subcontractors is common (40 to 50) and this adds to the complexity of the construction process. This paper describes key data of a standard fit-out procedure of a project of 82 dwellings, with an average fit out time of 35 days. Two dwellings were singled out for a pilot project with a target fit-out time of two weeks. This project in general provided for many consumer options; the two dwellings represent different levels of equipment and finishing. In a Last PlannerTM System inspired planning session the planned fit-out time was reduced to two weeks. For this pilot the subcontractors created ad hoc team combinations that worked as multi skilled teams in order to reduce the number of decision-making points. Materials were bundled per unit per day. The time planning unit used was two hours. The real fit-out processes are described as cases, with special attention to external interferences and internal non-value adding activities. The fit-out time was reduced from 35 to 11 and 19 days for the respective dwellings. Although there were many hitches in the process caused by the different way of working the pilot demonstrated that the fit-out time per dwelling could be reduced considerably. The tradesmen from different subcontractors were asked to collaborate crossing the traditional disciplinary borders, this was experienced as positive. The main contractor was positive about planning the work on two-hour time slots and has decided to do a second test with a larger number of units. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Cycle time, Multi-skilled teams, House building }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Breit2010, author={Breit, Manfred and Häubi, Fritz and Arnold, Nicolas }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Digital Simulation in Lean Project Development}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={622-630}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/677}, affiliation={Professor, Dr. Eng. and Deputy Chair, Phone +41 792046346, manfred.breit@fhnw.ch ; Professor, Phone +41 794232249, fritz.haeubi@fhnw.ch ; Researcher, Phone +41 793920954, nicolas.arnold@fhnw.ch Institute of 4D Technologies (i4Ds), School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Steinackerstrasse 5, CH 5210 Windisch. FAX +41 56 4624482 }, abstract={Skilled use of information technology such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) (Eastman et al., 2008) managed by Lean Construction principles (Koskela 1992; Koskela 2000) can have a significant positive impacts on the construction industry (e.g. Khanzode et al, 2005, 2008). In an ongoing research program “Individual parametric Façade Modules with integrated de-central building services technology” we analyzed the digital information flow possibilities of today's BIM application on residential housing projects with timber facades and derived the following questions: How can we integrate engineering, manufacturing and construction knowledge in the early design and planning phases of the project development to increase the value for the customer and reduce variability for the construction process? And how can we use the simulation capabilities of BIM methods and technology to improve overall building performance? We identified the bidding process as one of the areas with the highest potential to gain additional value for the customer and to improve upstream flow variability for fabrication and construction. This is done through improving the value stream by introducing and integrating knowledge of the downstream trades earlier than currently done in practice. We use an adapted “Functional Design and Bidding” methodology to achieve this. In order to change the information exchange from the current predominant drawing centred approach to a model-based paradigm, we developed a new module called Process oriented Product Model Interface (PPMI), which serves as an interface for integrating people, processes and information systems (Dave et al. 2008). Using BIM enhanced model checking and simulation methods enables the purchaser to compare offers and their construction alternatives in terms of architectural design quality, building performances e.g. energy consumption, usability, comfort, flexibility of use, feasibility, impact on schedule, construction and life cycle costs. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2010, author={Alves, Thaís da C. L. and Milberg, Colin and Walsh, Kenneth D. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Exploring Lean Construction Practice, Research, and Education}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={435-444}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/678}, affiliation={ Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University (SDSU), San Diego, CA, 92182-1324, USA, Phone +1 619/594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, SDSU, cmilberg@mail.sdsu.edu ; Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, SDSU, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={Lean Production has been studied for over 20 years, and for many the term is still ill-defined. Our first hypothesis suggests that there are many meanings for Lean when applied to Construction. Our second hypothesis suggests that Lean Construction started not from industry but from a mix of academics and consultants (with strong links to academia) working to translate Lean concepts to construction. We believe that both play a major role in bridging the gap between the theories related to Lean Construction and their implementation. Finally, we have encountered examples of companies and professionals who are eager to benefit from the alleged benefits of Lean Production but few are willing to spend the time and effort necessary to learn it. Our third hypothesis suggests that without a sustained effort to engage people in meaningful learning experiences Lean Construction may be viewed as a fad in the construction industry. We searched the literature and looked for cases with different approaches used to disseminate Lean Production and have found evidence that supports the hypotheses proposed. The paper aims to discuss how lean production transitioned to construction and what researchers and practitioners might do to sustain learning and promote change throughout the industry. }, author_keywords={Lean implementation, Education, Change }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elfving2010, author={Elfving, Jan A. and Ballard, Glenn and Talvitie, Ulla }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Standardizing Logistics at the Corporate Level Towards Lean Logistics in Construction}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={222-231}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/679}, affiliation={Senior Vice President, R&D and Supply Chain Management Skanska Oy, Head of Logistics in Nordic Procurement Unit. Paciuksenkatu 25, 00101 Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 40 738 6100, jan.elfving@skanska.fi ; Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-B McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 415/710-5531, FAX 510/643-8919, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Logistics Manager, Skanska Oy. Paciuksenkatu 25, 00101 Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 20 719 2438, ulla.talvitie@skanska.fi }, abstract={The hypothesis of this paper is that one of the reasons why logistics is poorly managed in the Finnish construction industry is that we try to tailor it too much on a project level and to standardize too little on a corporate level. Depending on various studies the logistics cost is between 10-30% of construction cost. There are many reports, which claim that there is significant amount of waste such as excess inventory, movement of material, and damage related to logistics. In addition, there are many success stories how logistics has been improved on a project. However, even though the opportunities are huge and good practices have been identified, the majority of construction projects in Finland manage logistics poorly. The question is why? The paper is based on empirical studies from the last five years from a single company. Around 180 projects, some more and some less actively, have been involved. With the help of three cases we present three logistics solutions and how their implementation has progressed. The first case is a customized solution for one project, where engineered-to-order supply chains are made transparent with the help of Building Information Modeling and RFID tags in order to increase delivery reliability. The second case is a ―corporate‖ level solution for managing small make-to-stock items with the help of Vendor Managed Inventory. The third case is a ―corporate‖ level solution to manage make-to-order and large make-to-stock items with the help of a terminal (logistics center) in order to increase site productivity. All three cases were successful pilot projects, but only the last two have we been able to be more widely implemented in the company. The paper discusses why and comes to the conclusion that there are at least two main obstacles that have earlier prevented or slowed down a wider implementation of good practices. One is poor production reliability and the other one is that we have been trying to customize our logistics solution too much on a project level instead of standardizing processes on a corporate level. There is plenty of literature that supports the poor production reliability argument but much less understanding of the latter argument. }, author_keywords={Logistics, Production management, Processes, Lean }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2010, author={Koskela, Lauri and Stratton, Roy and Koskenvesa, Anssi }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Last Planner and Critical Chain in Construction Management: Comparative Analysis}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={538-547}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/680}, affiliation={The University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, UK, roy.stratton@ntu.ac.uk ; Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland, anssi.koskenvesa@mittaviiva.fi }, abstract={This paper endeavours to compare the Last Planner System of production control and the Critical Chain production management method. This comparison is carried out in the context of construction management. The original prescription and the evolution of the practice are examined regarding both approaches, and the similarities and differences are noted. Based on these considerations, gaps in the two approaches are identified and the potential of a synthesis of them is explored. }, author_keywords={Production management, Last planner, Critical chain }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rwamamara2010, author={Rwamamara, Romuald and Simonsson, Peter and Ojanen, Johan }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Advantages of Industrialized Methods Used in Small Bridge Construction}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={569-579}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/681}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, Div of Architecture and Infrastructure, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Phone +46 920 492353, FAX +46 920 491913, Romuald.Rwamamara@ltu.se ; Ph.D. Student, Div of structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Phone +46 920 493140, FAX +46 920 491913, Peter.Simonsson@ltu.se ; Ph.D. Student, Div of structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Phone +46 920 492263, FAX +46 920 491913, Johan.Ojanen@ltu.se }, abstract={Evaluating to what extent industrialized production methods used during the steel reinforcement, formwork and concrete casting of small bridges are beneficial to the construction industry. The study evaluates the economical value of the construction of small bridges in terms of design and constructability from a production point of view. Moreover, the health and safety issues of the production processes are considered. The study method used is the internal documents study involved in the construction of the bridges. A comparison between data collected for previous studies on bridge construction projects and data collected from internal company documents will be performed. The study uses an economic analysis to evaluate alternative construction materials, assemblies, and bridge services with the objective to improve project planners or owners‘ decision making during the course of planning, designing and constructing a bridge. The use of bridge economic analysis to determine the most economically efficient choice among bridge design alternatives when it comes to steel reinforcement, formwork and concrete casting in regard to improved quality and working environment. The study discusses and offers recommendations for a cost effective bridge construction process which reduces waste in the production process and keeps the project schedule. }, author_keywords={Safety management, Waste reduction, Design and planning, Construction process, Quality, Economic analysis }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hofacker2010, author={Hofacker, Alexander and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={The Tonnage-Flow}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={558-568}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/682}, affiliation={Research Associate, Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Am Fasanengarten Geb.50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-160 99085916 Alexander.hofacker@kit.edu ; Professor Dr.-Ing. Fritz Gehbauer, M.S., Head of the Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Am Fasanengarten Geb.50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 6082646, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu }, abstract={In steel fabrication and erection, the production flow is measured by counting the amount of fabricated and erected tons. This leads to several questions: is this indicator sufficient to visualize the real productivity? Are there better metrics to display process performance? Thirdly, how can lean methods like pull, Kanban, ConWIP and SMED improve these processes? A study of steel fabricators in Germany and Chile revealed that the only KPI today is the global metric of [hours/ton] related to the finished products. The lack of performance metrics, high process variability and individual production justifies the first research question concerning whether there are common patterns behind all steel-fabrication processes. Further questions involve finding the right metrics and determining which lean-methods could be best applied at certain work-stations to optimize the whole production flow. Data is measured in detail considering the whole steel-fabrication process including the erection of the building on site. This paper provides an exemplary in-depth exploration of the cycle times and process variability of the work-stations conducting ―fitting-welding‖ operations. The application of PULL through Kanban and CONWIP as well as takt-time control and SMED is discussed. A three level KPI-concept is elaborated, to support pull in the whole supply chain. Finally the study provides a basis for simulating the steel fabrication and erection process as tonnage flows by continuous simulation (HECRAS) or the one-piece concept of DES-Simulation (SPS). }, author_keywords={Steel-fabrication process, Production metrics, Process variability, Standardisation, Product complexity, Continuous- and discrete event simulation }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Perera2010, author={Perera, Salinda and Davis, Steven and Marosszeky, Marton }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Head Contractor Role in Construction Management From a Value Perspective}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={83-91}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/683}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Phone +61 422 179 306, sperera@evanspeck.com ; Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Phone +61 2 9385 5052 , sdavis@unsw.edu.au ; Executive Consultant, Evans and Peck Pty Ltd. Level 6, Tower 2, 475 Victoria Ave, Chatswood, NSW, 2067, Australia, Phone +61 2 9495 0576, Email mmarosszeky@evanspeck.com }, abstract={Value in construction is gaining momentum in literature and is central to many practitioners and researchers working within the realms of Lean. Yet value has been defined in so many ways and used to mean many different things, often linked to cost, time, objectives and customers that there exists no concise and complete description of what constitutes value within a construction context. Many methodologies, tools and applications presented to date appear to have surfaced through the emerging theories of value, which in turn are adopted from other industries. However, considering many peculiarities identified in construction and that the biggest cost centre in a construction project being construction itself, it is important to explore in detail the current perceptions of value by the head contractors (HC) and subcontractors (SC). This paper focuses on the HC role in construction. It argues that while value generation and its management in general as a separate function may be relevant at a broader construction project perspective, value management in the construction phase (construction) is currently understood as intrinsic to flow and transformation (task) management. It presents a list of activities identified by HC and SC as key to efficient progression of construction and shows that value management is inherent in the construction coordination activities. These results are compared with other emerging principles of value together with relevant construction peculiarities. Further research is recommended in advancing the role of HC in overall construction organisation. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, TFV Theory of production, Value based management, Head contractor role }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ng2010, author={Ng, Kevin and Laurlund, Alan and Howell, Gregory and Lancos, George }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={An Experiment With Leading Indicators for Safety}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={253-259}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/684}, affiliation={Project Manager, XL Construction, Milpitas California. kng@xlconstruction.com ; Project Executive, XL Construction, Milpitas California. alaurlund@xlconstruction.com ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Senior Project Manager, Johnson & Johnson, glancos1@its.jnj.com }, abstract={Safety and organization of a construction site were improved with the application of safety leading indicators and a 5S assessment tool on a project managed using Lean principles. This paper is a report on a project built for a medical device company that manufactures stents and catheters. The $14,000,000 project included two high-tech ISO 8 clean rooms and associated laboratories. Safety related data collected on safety walks on a daily basis was organized for each specialty contractor and normalized for worker hours. This data helped the project focus on areas and trade partners of greatest exposure. The result on the second phase of the project showed significant improvements. The implementation of the 5-S assessment rated the site organization from zero to five for each contractor by a variety of key stakeholders. The results of the 5-S program clustered at the low end at the beginning of the project and significantly improved over time and reached almost 5 as the project approached completion. The paper will reflect on related conceptual foundations and propose follow up investigations aimed at exploring leading indicators and other assessment tools related to safety and quality of work. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pedersen2010, author={Pedersen, Kristian Birch }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Can NFC Support Virtual Lean Construction? }, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={672-682}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/685}, affiliation={M.Sc. (CivEng), Master of IT, PhD, Chief Advisor, Buildings and Design, Ramboll Denmark, Olof Palmes Alle 22, Denmark, Phone +45 9935 7562, ksb@ramboll.dk, formerly Kristian Birch Sørensen. }, abstract={Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range (0-10 cm) wireless connectivity and identification technology that evolved from a combination of passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and peer-to-peer technology. NFC is currently experiencing a major breakthrough in low-cost consumer electronic devices such as mobile phones and it has the possibility of becoming a technology that is simple and easy to introduce as a support within digitalisation of data collection in construction. Therefore, it was decided to evaluate if NFC is capable of supporting Virtual Lean Construction by testing an early prototype of a quality and project progress management application for NFC enabled mobile phones. According to the author‘s observations, interviews, questionnaires and technology experiments the future users perceive benefits of enabling the technology during planning, quality management and follow-up. Use of traditional consumer equipment such as the NFC compatible mobile phones, was found to be a crucial aspect to lower the barrier of introducing automatic object identification in construction, but it is proposed to combine this technology with other identification technologies to improve reading distance and thereby potential uses. }, author_keywords={NFC, RFID, Virtual lean construction, Ubiquitous technology }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Porwal2010, author={Porwal, Vishal and Fernández-Solís, Jose and Lavy, Sarel and Rybkowski, Zofia K. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Last Planner System Implementation Challenges}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={548-556}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/686}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, Ph: +1-979-450-3604, vishalporwal@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, Ph: +1-979-458-1058, jsolis@archmail.tamu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, Ph: +1-979-845-0632, slavy@archmail.tamu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, Ph :+1-979-845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu }, abstract={Plan unreliability is a critical problem in the construction industry. Since the industry is fragmented and every project is unique, schedule delay is a common phenomenon. Ballard and Howell proposed that shielding construction and stabilizing work flow is a solution to this problem. These two researchers, along with other lean construction scholars, developed the Last Planner™ System (LPS)5 of Production Control through a series of experiments beginning in the early 1990‘s. LPS has become a popular tool among the lean construction community to stabilize work flow and make plans more reliable. However, LPS users and mentors report numerous challenges with implementation and use of this system. This paper discusses findings from a literature survey about the challenges faced by construction professionals during the implementation and use of LPS. The aim of this research effort was to identify the challenges faced by construction professionals during the implementation and use of LPS at both organizational and project levels. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Organizational challenges, Project level challenges }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Matias2010, author={Matias, João and Cachadinha, Nuno }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Evaluating the Potential Benefits and Challenges of Lc Adoption in the Portuguese Construction Industry:a Survey Study}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={285-295}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/687}, affiliation={Graduate student, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Phone +351 968702958, joaommatias@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, UNIDEMI, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Phone +351 212948 557, ncachadinha@fct.unl.pt }, abstract={As Lean Construction (LC) steadily grows all over the world, not much is heard about this new paradigm in the Portuguese Construction sector. Because LC has been embraced in other countries for its positive, cost-effective results, it is assumed that it can also greatly contribute to the Portuguese construction sector. This paper thus intends to analyze the ways in which LC can be beneficial in the Portuguese context. This article first seeks to identify the causes of delays and material losses in the Portuguese construction sector by analyzing three main phases in the construction process: the contract phase (CP), the planning phase (PP) and the production phase (PrP). Secondly, this work intends to assess how to improve those areas of difficulties using Lean Construction solutions and how to bring out the full potential of these solutions in the Portuguese construction context. Through these findings, this work seeks to foster the acceptance and use of Lean Construction and reveal its benefits to the Portuguese construction sector. The goal is to alert planners to the importance of ―stopping the line‖ according to LC principles, thereby stopping the small problems and wastes from becoming bigger and costly in the future. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Waste, Material losses, Project control, Portugal }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rooke2010, author={Rooke, John A. and Sapountzis, Stylianos and Koskela, Lauri J. and Codinhoto, Ricardo and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Lean Knowledge Management: The Problem of Value}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={12-21}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/688}, affiliation={Resarch Fellow, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK, Phone +44 (0)161 295 6344, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk ; Resarch Fellow, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK. S.Sapountzis@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2957960, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Lecturer, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK. R.Codinhoto@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Head of School, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Lean knowledge management is defined here as: getting the right information, in the right form, to the right people at the right time. This definition highlights series of practical problems for knowledge management in the built environment which, in turn, have implications for lean theory. In the terms of TFV theory, the problems that arise from getting information to the right people at the right time are essentially flow (F) issues, but those that are concerned with defining the right information and the form in which it is to be delivered are more concerned with value (V). Here, we focus primarily on the problem of defining right information. A distinction is made between sociological 'values' and economic 'value', showing how both relate to production theory. In the course of benefits capture and realisation, both values and value are negotiated between project participants and other stakeholders. It is argued that these processes are best conceived as conversations and that this is implied in the basic formulation of V theory. The notion of objectivity and its significance for these values/value negotiations is examined. The problem of benefits realisation is considered and a set of hypotheses are generated regarding the nature of an effective benefits realization management process. }, author_keywords={Knowledge management, Value, Values, TFV, Benefits realisation }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Darrington2010, author={Darrington, Joel W. and Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={An Optimised Project Requires Optimised Incentives}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={591-600}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/689}, affiliation={Attorney, Construction Practice Group, McDonough Holland & Allen PC, 500 Capitol Mall, 18th Floor, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA, Phone +1 916/444-3900, jdarrington@mhalaw.com ; Managing Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, USA, Phone +1 208/726-9989, ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Lean projects seek to optimise the project rather than its parts and to maximize value to the customer. Traditional economic incentives can get in the way of that behaviour. To better align the behaviour of project participants with a Lean project delivery model, compensation structures at both the company-to-individual level and inter-company contract level need to better address both the economic and non-economic motives that impact project performance. Hypothesis: Social science research increasingly shows that non-economic human motives play a key role in job performance, and that they interact in complicated ways with economic incentives. We have identified certain contract incentive principles that we believe should promote non-economic motives. We believe that because Lean projects depend greatly on the non--economic motives of participants, contract incentives that foster such non-economic motives are important for success. By reviewing and extrapolating from relevant literature, this paper will explore certain key non--economic human motives and their impact on project performance, how these non--economic motives interact with economic incentives, and strategies for structuring effective incentives. The conclusion will suggest areas for further research. }, author_keywords={Intrinsic motivation; Human motivation; Contract incentives; Performance incentives. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Melo2010, author={Melo, Reymard Sávio S. de and Alves, Thais da C. L. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Investigation of the Supply Chain of Prefabricated Wooden Doors}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={192-201}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/690}, affiliation={Master‘s student, Graduate Program in Structural Engineering and Construction, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, reymardsavio@yahoo.com.br ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-1324, USA, Phone +1 619/594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={This study focused on pre-fabricated wooden doors and their supply chain, which have all of its components pre-assembled by the supplier. The literature indicates that supply chain management in construction has four roles. One concerns the transfer of activities from the site to the supply chain to take advantage of better conditions at the fabricator‘s end. This role assumes that fabricators are in a better environment to perform certain tasks and deliver better products that can be quickly installed on site, as the product is pre-assembled. This is the first working hypothesis tested in study. A second working hypothesis is that off-site prefabricated doors have short lead times for fabrication and on-site installation and present fewer problems during installation when compared to traditional doors. The two-phase research comprised a preliminary study and two in-depth case studies about pre-fabricated wooden doors. Wooden doors presented problems related to the installation and final product quality regardless of the type of project. Some advantages of prefabricated elements were lost due lack of trust between contractors and suppliers, lack of consideration of preconditions necessary for successful site installation, and lack of standardization and tolerance management resulted in suboptimal solutions during the installation phase. }, author_keywords={Supply chain, Prefabrication,Wooden doors }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lee2010, author={Lee, Hyun Woo and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Lean Design Management in an Infrastructure Design-Build Project: A Case Study}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={113-122}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/691}, affiliation={Graduate Student Researcher, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, Phone +1 510/715-0175, hyunwoo@berkeley.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/) and Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720- 1712, USA, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX +1 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory and Adjunct Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper describes a current-state practice observed for proposal development of a $500M Design-Build-Operate-and-Maintain (DBOM) infrastructure project in the public sector. The observed team‘s 4-month-long design and estimating process revealed problems inherent in their current approach. With the team being a three-party joint venture, integration and collaboration among designers and engineers was difficult and infrequent, creating waste and rework. Based on this retrospective case study, this paper presents recommendations regarding improvements potentially achievable through implementation of lean concepts. Application of lean design practices could have fostered better team collaboration by integrating the design and estimating processes, and presumably achieved a more competitive proposal. Lean concepts discussed in this paper include Choosing by Advantages (CBA), set-based design, cross functional teaming, co-location, and Target Value Design (TVD). By presenting a specific example of an infrastructure Design-Build (DB) project, this case study contributes to testing the hypothesis that lean design management can be beneficially applied to projects that do not immediately result in design or constructed facilities, but instead end with the presentation of a competitive proposal. }, author_keywords={Lean design management, Design-build (DB), Design-build-operate-and-maintain (DBOM), Choosing by advantages (CBA), Set-based design, Cross functional team, Target value design (TVD), Public sector, Infrastructure project }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cho2010, author={Cho, SeongKyun and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Building an Argument With Hypothesis Testing}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={335-344}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/692}, affiliation={ MS, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 407-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 510/725-7929, seongKyuncho@berKeley.edu ; Director, Project Production System Laboratory, http://p2sl.berKeley.edu, and Adjunct Associate Professor , Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 415/710-5531, ballard@ce.berKeley.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a research methodology for testing the hypothesis, ―The implementation of Lean Construction improves project performance‖, and for supporting a recommendation that South Korea embrace Lean Construction. To meet general quantitative research requirements, the methodology will include hypothesis testing; measurement of variables in the hypothesis, a large N sampling and a small N case selection strategy, and interpretation of the findings. The results of executing the methodology will be published in future papers. }, author_keywords={Market competitiveness, Quantitative measurement, Statistical analysis, Lean Construction, South Korea }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tezel2010, author={Tezel, Algan and Koskela, Lauri J and Tzortzopoulos-Fazenda, Patricia and Formoso, Carlos T. and Alves, Thais and Neto, Barros and Viana, Daniela and Mota, Bruno }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={PROCESS TRANSPARENCY ON CONSTRUCTION SITES: EXAMPLES FROM CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES IN BRAZIL }, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={296-302}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/693}, affiliation={PhD Student, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, b.a.tezel@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diago State University, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br ; MSc Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, danidietz@gmail.com ; MSc Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, brunopmota@yahoo.com.br }, abstract={Process transparency is the core concept in Visual Management (VM), which is one of the founding blocks of the Toyota Production System. This paper presents the preliminary results of a collaborative research conducted between Brazil and the UK, as part of a research effort focused on the application of Visual Management in construction. How process transparency is realized on construction sites is the main research question of the paper. The use of this concept and the implementation of the transparency theory were investigated through multiple case studies, carried out in nine different construction companies. The findings are explained through six theoretical transparency increasing approaches. The affecting parameters in the application of, the management’s perception of and several methods in process transparency in construction were identified. Further work, especially exploring the functions of process transparency on construction sites and reflecting the worker perception of the issue, is necessary to elaborate the process transparency concept. }, author_keywords={Process transparency, Visual Management, lean theory implementation }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Isaac2010, author={Isaac, Shabtai and Navon, Ronie }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Modeling Change Impact Flows in Construction Projects}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={22-32}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/694}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate – Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Technion City, 32000 Haifa, Israel. E-mail: shabtai@technion.ac.il ; Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. E-mail: navonro@bgu.ac.il }, abstract={In an ongoing research, a model of construction projects is being developed which can facilitate the analysis of the expected impact of proposed changes. The research examines the hypothesis that it is possible to conduct such an analysis before a change is implemented in the project, since much of the required information already exists when the change is proposed, though it currently remains largely inaccessible or difficult to obtain. A number of graph-theoretic tools and algorithms are used in the model to analyze change impacts. A graph-based Project Connectivity Model represents the information required for providing a rough indication of the possible implications of a proposed change. A clustering algorithm and a path search algorithm are used to identify project elements which are likely to be affected by the change. The propagation of a change impact in the project is modeled as a Change Impact Flow. A quantitative assessment takes into account the ability of project elements to absorb a Change Impact Flow through buffers. This assessment can be highly uncertain. Hence, a non-probabilistic info-gap model is used to represent the uncertainty. }, author_keywords={Construction management, Change management, Project modeling }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salvatierra-Garrido2010, author={Salvatierra-Garrido, Jose and Pasquire, Christine and Thorpe, Tony }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Critical Review of the Concept of Value in Lean Construction Theory}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={33-41}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/695}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, Phone +44 (0)1509 222884, J.L.Salvatierra-Garrido@lboro.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer in Commercial and Construction Management, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, Phone +44 (0)1509 222895, c.l.pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Head of Department, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, Phone +44(0)1509 223770, a.thorpe@lboro.ac.uk }, abstract={The importance and huge potential of considering Value delivery from the very early stages of building & infrastructure projects have broadly been recognized. Lean Thinking elevates Value to the customer as a fundamental principle in the manufacturing sector and the consideration of Value in this way has transferred into Lean Construction. Consequently, satisfaction of customer requirements has predominated over satisfaction of societal issues. Based on the situation described, the following hypothesis is formulated: ―The dependence of society on buildings and infrastructure elevates the needs of society within customer requirement priorities and drives the need to expand common understanding of Value from a Local to a Global context‖. This hypothesis does not ignore the importance of money and other parameters such as quality, function, etc. used to deliver Value. This paper proposes society is dependent on construction and it should predominate over particular interests, if the construction industry potential is to be fulfilled. Based on the experience achieved to date, Lean Construction can use its huge potential to move towards an expansion of the common vision of Value, going far from current production process activities. Finally, a preliminary, conceptual model of Value in a Global context is presented that demonstrates how a project can be positioned within the value parameters. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Lean thinking, Society, Value }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2010, author={Chin, Chang-Sun }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Increasing On-Time Delivery by Selecting the Appropriate Job-Sequencing Order}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={457-466}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/696}, affiliation={Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Kevinchin255@yahoo.com }, abstract={In case a promised delivery date is not provided by a product or service provider, customers usually request their expected delivery dates when they place an order. However, there is always the possibility of a difference between the time a customer wants to receive a product/service and the actual time the customer receives a product/service. In a construction project, the Request-For-Information (RFI) is a formal question or clarification that the contractor asks the architect/engineering (A/E) firms regarding details in the plans, drawings or specifications. The A/E firms usually do not provide ―Promised Due Dates‖ for each RFI. Instead, the contractor puts the expected response time on each RFI. As a result, discrepancies between when the contractors want the questions answered and the time they are received almost always occur and are sometimes large. One of reasons for this large gap can be found in the job-sequencing problem. The hypothesis of the research is that if the performance of a production system is related to job sequencing order, then selecting an appropriate sequencing order will improve the performance and increase the on-time delivery. The research discusses the different types of sequencing rules and conducts a simulation study to test the hypothesis. The result shows that on-time delivery can be increased by selecting the appropriate job sequencing order. }, author_keywords={Earliest due date, Job-sequencing, Lateness, On-time delivery, Shortest processing time. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2010, author={Chin, Chang-Sun }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={RFI Responsiveness of Paper-Based vs. Web-Based Information Processing Systems}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={631-640}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/697}, affiliation={Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Kevinchin255@yahoo.com }, abstract={Information technologies (IT) have brought many changes to the construction industry. One of the most prevalent is the use of the internet as a vehicle for communication within project teams. Firms may adopt a web-based information processing system to reduce processing time and increase RFI transparency to all project participants. The hypothesis of this research is that a web-based information processing system may increase RFI responsiveness by design teams. The research discusses three similar projects in terms of the type of building, project budget, and construction duration. One of the projects used a paper-based system, and the other two used a web-based system. The flow components were measured to analyze and compare the flow efficiencies of the selected cases. Therefore, the major objective of the research is to investigate the possible factors affecting the RFI responsiveness from the production perspective. The results show that the key factor in achieving high level responsiveness is to increase the flow reliability. The research findings and results can help project teams to diagnose problem areas in their existing systems and to design better performing systems. In particular, flow-performance measures discussed in the paper will provide those using the system with universal and unalterable common metrics for the current state of the system and will help them evaluate and compare the performance of processes. }, author_keywords={Flow reliability, Information technology, Service level, Variance-to-contractor want, Web-based project information processing. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chin2010, author={Chin, Chang-Sun }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Approximating the Process Cycle Efficiency of Non-Physical Production Systems}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={123-130}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/698}, affiliation={Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Kevinchin255@yahoo.com }, abstract={The Process Cycle Efficiency (PCE), an important Lean Production metric, is the ratio of value-added time to total time required for producers to deliver goods or services to the customers and explains how quickly systems can respond to customer demands. The larger the PCE value, the leaner the system because the system has less non-value-added time. However, calculating the PCE of a non-physical production system, such as a transaction or service (e.g., RFI review and submittal processes), is problematic because measuring the value-added time requires process owners to record their pure execution times, that is, only the time used for value creation, and people tend to be fearful of the possibility that such data will be used for individual performance evaluation. However, we can approximate the PCE using the number of jobs processed quickly versus the total number of jobs processed for a given time period. Our hypothesis is that the approximation of PCE using this process is accurate. The research uses the RFI review process to demonstrate how to approximate the PCE using statistical concepts and methods and tests the hypothesis by comparing the actual PCE with the approximated PCE of engineers‘ RFI review process. The proposed method of PCE approximation provides a good performance indicator with which to evaluate process efficiency without imposing psychological discomfort on process owners and with which to set targets for improvement. }, author_keywords={Process cycle efficiency, Request for information, Non-value added time, Value-added time. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Farag2010, author={Farag, Moataz and Gehbauer, Frtiz and Bhatla, Ankit }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={An Integration of a Buffering Assessment Model Based on Fuzzy Logic With LPS™ for Improving Highway Construction Process}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={264-273}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/699}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Germany, farag@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de, Tel: +49(0)721 608 5444. ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Germany, gehbauer@tmb.uni-karlsruhe.de ; Graduate student, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Gawahati, India, a.bhatla@iitg.ernet.in }, abstract={Highway construction projects have special attributes, owing to their usual execution in an environment characterized by varying degrees of uncertainty. This paper aims at testing the vital role of buffers design and management for increasing the reliability of scheduling as well as mitigating the influences of uncertainty on the construction project from the Lean Construction viewpoint. This research paper develops a sound and rational integration system framework of Last Planner System™, as a production control tool, and a proper buffering assessment model called FLBM, which is based on fuzzy logic system. FLBM also focuses on increasing the reliability of buffers to match the actual degree of variation by considering a set of factors contributing to variability in the execution of a project. Simulation of the model is accomplished in MATLAB using sample data to verify the model theoretically. A case study was simulated through FLBM to validate the credibility of the model practically. The results of the simulation gave a positive feedback, reflecting the actual conditions. A set of scenarios were simulated using the FLBM in order to validate the model. In a further step, the proposed model was also employed in the course of the implementation of LPS™. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Buffer design and management, Fuzzy logic, Highway. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppanen2010, author={Seppanen, Olli and Ballard, Glenn and Pesonen, Sakari }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={The Combination of Last Planner System and Location-Based Management System}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={467-476}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/700}, affiliation={ }, abstract={The Last Planner System4 (LPS) and Location-Based Management System (LBMS) both aim to achieve the lean goals of decreasing waste, increasing productivity and decreasing variability. LBMS is mostly known as a scheduling system, but includes control mechanisms. LPS is primarily a control system, but includes a scheduling component; namely, phase scheduling. How best link these two systems together to achieve better project performance? Further, can the LBMS control mechanisms be integrated with LPS? Can phase pull scheduling be integrated with LBMS? The goal of this research is to develop a process and best practices to combine the benefits of LPS and LBMS. Skanska Finland has used the two systems together. They observed that the systems support each other well. Because the planning and controlling methods in different industries can vary, a series of workshops was conducted at a hospital project on the US West Coast, and three other US companies were interviewed, to discover the factors specific to industries where activity-based scheduling systems dominate. By combining these three sources of information to the latest case study results on the stand-alone use of LBMS and LPS, the paper proposes processes to integrate LPS and LBMS in pre-bid master scheduling, pull phase scheduling, look-ahead scheduling, and weekly planning. The proposed processes need to be tested in practice. The hypotheses for future research are that after implementing the proposed process, 1) schedule conformance will improve, 2) project durations will shrink, 3) productivity will increase, and 4) cascading delay chains will show a decrease. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Location based management, Production control, Look-ahead planning, Phase schedules, Lean Construction }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chesworth2010, author={Chesworth, Brianna and London, Kerry and Gajendran, Thayaparan }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Diffusing Lean Implementation & Organisation Cultural Maturity}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={345-350}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/701}, affiliation={PhD Research Candidate, School of Architecture & the Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment,, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia, Phone +61 2 4921 5489, Fax +61 2 4921 6913, Brianna.Chesworth@newcastle.edu.au ; Professor, Associate Dean (Research), School of Architecture and Building, Faculty of Science and Technology, Deakin University, Waterfront Campus, Geelong, Vic, 3220, Australia, Phone +61 3 522 78358, kerry.london@deakin.edu.au ; Doctor, Lecturer - Bachelor of Construction Management (Building) School of Architecture & the Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment,, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia, Phone +61 2 4921 5781, Fax +61 2 4921 6913, Thayaparan.Gajedran@newcastle.edu.au }, abstract={Human capital is one of the most significant assets of any organisation. Construction industry problems associated with productivity, efficiencies and waste can be linked in some way to human behaviours. The characteristics of human behaviours in construction organisations are ultimately shaped and influenced by the values, beliefs and attitudes of individuals and groups within the organisational environment. Values, beliefs and attitudes provide the foundation of the organisational culture. The implementation of lean strategies as an alternate managerial approach to traditional managerial approaches has offered insights into the nature of human capital and organisational performance. Literature has identified that organisational culture in relation to lean implementation is categorised dichotomously, presented as either a ‗cultural‘ performance of empowerment or exploitation. The discourse in relation to lean culture is thus divided. It is proposed in this paper that lean implementation is an evolutionary process and thus organisations mature as the lean concept is diffused. A necessary part of this maturing process is culture related. A constructivist approach guides the research, proposing the organisational environment to be made up of interconnected multiple realities. This proposition is informed by Rogers‘ theory of diffusion, more specifically the relationships between time, communication and social systems within the organisational environment. A model of lean implementation is proposed which provides the investigative framework to explore how and why the behaviours and attitudes of human capital within the organisation during and after lean implementation mature the culture of the organisation. }, author_keywords={Constructivism, Cultural maturity, Diffusion theory, Human behaviours, Lean implementation }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Christiansen2010, author={Christiansen, Fredrik }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Value Adding Resource Consumption as Perceived by a Client: A Case Study}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={131-139}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/702}, affiliation={ }, abstract={Ineffective, unproductive and expensive are adjectives that increasingly have become associated with the Swedish construction industry. Measures taken to remedy the situation have been widespread and the industry has lacked a common understanding of the origin to the perceived deficiencies. Rarely have the contribution to the design of a building from consumed resources been assessed in retrospect. The scope of the conducted case study covered the brief and design phases of a Swedish construction project. The resources used were mapped through a documentary data collection and interviews with the client, a contractor and the city planning office. There were three categories (directly value adding, indirectly value adding and not value adding) to which time consumed by resources was allocated during interview. A summarised assessment over time of the consumed resources constituted a part of the result. The hypothesis that qualities that potentially could be considered valuable by the client were continuously added throughout the brief and design phases was tested and proven false. The study revealed that the client regarded only short periods of time as having been directly value adding. In turn separated by long periods of time where the client only saw small amounts of value adding time. In total the scope of the study covered 17,040 worked hours. 17 % of these were regarded as having been directly added value by the client. Out of which 78 % took place during 27 % of the time. }, author_keywords={Value, Value creation, Brief, Design, Client perspective, Resources. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rooke2010, author={Rooke, C.N. and Koskela, L.J. and Tzortzopoulos, P. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Achieving a Lean Wayfinding System in Complex Hospital Environments: Design and Through-Life Management}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={233-242}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/703}, affiliation={Postgraduate Researcher (PhD): School of the Built Environment. The University of Salford Maxwell Building ; Professor of Theory based Lean project and production management: School of the Built Environment. The University of Salford Maxwell Building ; Senior Lecturer: School of Built Environment. The university of Salford. Maxwell Building }, abstract={Complex products, such as buildings and other infrastructure, should aim to provide value to the customer over all stages of the product life-cycle. This paper considers some of the challenges associated with maximising customer value when designing, producing, implementing and maintaining a wayfinding system for complex hospital environments. The hypothesis of this paper is that the tri-partite conception of knowledge flow provides a robust evaluative framework for the problems of wayfinding in complex hospital environments. The framework supplements the concepts of information and practice, conventionally applied in knowledge management, with a conception of physical objects and environments as knowledge carrying entities which are constituted, recognised and used in the course of social practice. From a lean perspective, the problems of wayfinding must be reduced or eliminated through adopting a lean knowledge management approach. A review of knowledge management, design, wayfinding and lean literature, together with ongoing participant action research at Salford Royal hospital, are reported in this paper. To ensure that wayfinding information remains immortal throughout the long life cycles of the building, a Through Life Management (TLM) approach is suggested. Thus TLM is viewed as an important consideration in lean construction. }, author_keywords={Wayfinding, Design, Tri-partite conception of knowledge flow, Lean knowledge management, Unique adequacy }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskenvesa2010, author={Koskenvesa, Anssi and Koskela, Lauri and Tolonen, Teuvo and Sahlstedt, Satu }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Waste and Labor Productivity in Production Planning Case Finnish Construction Industry}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={477-486}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/704}, affiliation={Researcher, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland, koskenvesa@mittaviiva.fi ; Professor, The University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland, teuvo.tolonen@tut.fi ; Researcher, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland, satu.sahlstedt@mittaviiva.fi }, abstract={The main objective of this paper is to examine labor productivity and waste and their role in production planning and control in Finnish construction industry. Three hypothesis are tested: (1) the assumption that labor productivity concerning different construction work disciplines has developed very little in the last 30 years; (2) the amount of waste has stayed on a constant high level on sites in the Finnish construction industry; and (3) labor productivity does not develop because the initial information included in the production plans includes also waste as an accepted phenomenon. A trend analysis of construction labor productivity is conducted over the period 1975-2008. Labor productivity and waste are examined through data from sites and Ratu-research (Finnish Construction Production Data on work methods and work rates). The results are examined along with prior international research findings on construction labor productivity, waste and production planning processes. Although the data and sites, as well as the Ratu-research material, are Finnish, the results are internationally applicable and can be utilized and connected to modern ways of working anywhere. Evaluation and considerations made in this paper are followed by further work. }, author_keywords={Labor productivity, Waste, Production planning, Ratu-files, Work rates. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2010, author={Kim, Youngchul and Lee, Hyun Woo }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Analyzing User Costs in a Hospital: Methodological Implication of Space Syntax to Support Whole-Life Target Value Design}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={93-102}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/705}, affiliation={Ph. D. Candidate in Architecture, Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan, 2000 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2069, Phone +1 734/272-5905, FAX 734/763-2322, zeroiron@umich.edu ; Graduate Student Researcher, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, Phone +1 510/715-0175, hyunwoo@berkeley.edu }, abstract={Determining user costs in healthcare facilities is an emerging issue. Users – patients, staff, nurses and physicians – experience and move about corridors, hallways and rooms of a hospital, and the spatial configuration has a significant correlation to users’ experience in the facility. This paper investigates methodological implication of Space Syntax to Whole-life Target Value Design (TVD) by investigating user costs in the design of healthcare facilities. Investigating design alternatives using Space Syntax allows an effective user cost analysis to support Whole-life TVD. Three hypothetical hospital ward design alternatives are evaluated: deep-plan type, shallow-plan type and courtyard-plan type. Space Syntax assures valid results of spatial analysis in relation to users’ movement in the built environment. This approach also allows designers to visually compare design alternatives relating to space planning during set-based design. This spatial analysis helps reduce user costs by enhancing user productivity and reducing security dead spots – areas that lack visual supervision. Results of spatial configuration analysis are used to determine the best value design among the three alternatives with regards to the user costs. This paper also demonstrates how designers can benefit from Space Syntax as an effective visual representation tool for set-based design. }, author_keywords={Hospital, user cost, Whole-life Target Value Design, Space Syntax, set-based design }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skinnarland2010, author={Skinnarland, Sol and Yndesdal, Solveig }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Exploring the Development of Collaboration in Construction Projects: A Case Study}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={356-365}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/706}, affiliation={Researcher and DBA Candidate, Fafo, Institute for Labour and Social Research, Enterprise Development Studies Department, Borggata 2b, 0650 Oslo, Norway (www.fafo.no), Phone +4722088600, sol.skinnarland@fafo.no ; Research and Development Manager, Kruse Smith AS. Vassbotnen 1, Forus, 4068 Stavanger, Phone +4751444200, Solveig.yndesdal@kruse-smith.no }, abstract={The production process in construction projects is carried out by several specialised participants. These project participants develop relationships that influence how the production process is progressing. Scholars within the construction management literature view the adversarial relationships often experienced within this industry as a root cause of inferior productivity levels. The data used in this paper is based on case studies from two pilot construction projects in Scandinavia in which collaborative planning based in large part on Last Planner System™ was implemented. The case studies were based on 36 interviews with managers (general contractor and subcontractors) and observation in planning meetings. The hypotheses investigated in this paper are that there are functional relationships between a) the degree of familiarity and community, b) the willingness to take others‘ perspectives, and c) the degree of engagement in activities and the degree of collaboration in construction projects. Based on the implementation process we explore in this paper the process of developing collaboration on site, in such a way that it may lead to mutual benefits for all participants in the construction project. We use a set of collaboration indicators to identify the development process which led towards strengthened collaboration. We conclude that the various activities and processes related to collaborative planning contributed to the development of collaboration within these two construction projects. }, author_keywords={Collaborative planning, Last Planner System, Culture of collaboration. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cleary2010, author={Cleary, Martin and Rooke, John and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={On a Road to Promises That Work}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={366-385}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/707}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Phone +44 161 2956833, Email m.w.cleary@pgr.salford.ac.uk ; Senior Research Fellow, Phone +44 161 2954143, Email r.l.owen@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Phone +44 161 2956378, Email l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI) in the built and human environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK Fax +44 161 2954587 }, abstract={This research into the applicability of ―Promise Based Management‖ in the UK construction sector examines the business side of construction as to where and how client and customer interact. A research opportunity to attend meetings and conduct interviews with clients and contractors on a major construction project in the North West of England gave first hand access to the various issues involved and enabled the researchers to draw some conclusions as to how promises are both a key to success in a construction project and indeed an enabling factor in how things get done in construction. Our focus is ―speech act theory‖ or the ―language action perspective‖ and its analysis of the way social cohesion is produced. Meetings were attended which were concerned with the planning and implementation of a contract and interviews were conducted with members of the client, main contractor and subcontractor teams. The initial findings point towards the necessary resilience of the sector and how successful project managers deal with the contingencies that arise and even on occasion work them to the advantage of the project and, of course, the company. }, author_keywords={Ethnography, Language action perspective, Philosophy, Project management, Promise-based management. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Polesie2010, author={Polesie, Pim }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Lean Construction Philosophy and Individual Freedom}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={376-385}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/708}, affiliation={Division of Construction Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden, Phone +46(0)70-989 04 47, pim@chalmers.se }, abstract={Lean construction may increase efficiency, effectiveness and productivity in construction projects by minimising non-value adding activities to maximise the value added from each individual. To identify non-value adding activities, lean principles advocate increased controllability and transparency. This may limit the individuals feeling of freedom, creativity and willingness to suggest changes that lead to continuous improvement. Therefore, limiting individual freedom, ―unused creativity‖ may increase. The purpose of this paper is to challenge lean construction philosophy with focus on what individuals from the construction industry have identified as freedom. The theory of lean construction principles have been identified and evaluated in a literature review. The analysis of practice is based on 20 open-ended qualitative interviews with production managers from construction-related companies with focus on their perception of freedom and motivation. The study has led to a better understanding of practice and its relation to theoretical assumptions. It distinguishes between what is assumed and what is known. By minimizing waste through focus on principles that do not limit what individuals‘ perceive as freedom, acceptance of lean construction philosophy can be furthered at construction sites. }, author_keywords={Lean construction philosophy, Lean principles, People, Freedom, Culture, Waste, Change. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Azevedo2010, author={Azevedo, Mario Jose and Nunes, Fernando R. Melo and Neto, Jose de Paula Barros }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Analysis of Strategic Aspects in Lean Construction Implementation}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={386-395}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/709}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Administration Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Ceará, e-mail: azevedomario@ig.com.br. ; Dr. Professor, Administration Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Ceará, e-mail:ferrimene@secrel.com.br. ; Assistant Professor, Structural Engineering and Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, e-mail: jpbarros@ufc.br. }, abstract={This paper proposes improvements on the strategic aspects of the lean construction system implementation in contractor companies of Fortaleza/Brazil. It is an exploratory-descriptive study based on qualitative research supported by interviews and observations ―in loco‖. The hypothesis are: 1) the enterprise and production strategies have influence on the results of the application of lean construction principles on the productivity increase, cost, losses and labor force reduction; 2) the success of the lean construction system implementation depends upon the labors‘ formal education and participation in planning elaboration. Determinant factors are the high management support and the involvement of human capital with adequate formal education. Resultant contributions are competition power and productivity increase, stability in production processes, labor force requirements delays in activities execution, costs and losses reduction, better organization of working layout area, increase in the labor force and final clients satisfaction level. As a suggestion of improvement, the contractors should negotiate business deals with strategic suppliers, previously mapped by the value chain. This could leverage gains in the productive chain. It is suggested for future papers, the development of a systematic procedure capable of interfering in the alignment level between strategy and lean production. }, author_keywords={Strategy, Production, Lean Construction. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cheng2010, author={Cheng, Tao and Yang, Jun and Teizer, Jochen and Vela, Patricio A. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Automated Construction Resource Location Tracking to Support the Analysis of Lean Principles}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={643-653}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/710}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 790 Atlantic Dr. N.W., Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, USA, tcheng9@gatech.edu. ; Ph.D. Candidate, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Drive N.W., Atlanta, GA 30332-0250, USA, junyang@gatech.edu. ; Ph.D., Assistant Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 790 Atlantic Dr. N.W., Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, USA, Phone +1 404/894, FAX 404- 894-8269, teizer@gatech.edu. ; Ph.D., Assistant Professor, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Drive N.W., Atlanta, GA 30332-0250, USA, pvela@ece.gatech.edu. }, abstract={This paper presents a research framework and preliminary experimental results to automated construction resource (workforce, equipment, materials) location tracking for the purpose of advanced lean planning and rapid decision making. Based on the statement “what can be measured, can also be changed”, the research hypothesis was formulated that advanced automated remote sensing technology can measure and improve work site performance and assist decision making. The initial research scope focused on testing emerging real-time location tracking and data analysis technology (Ultra Wideband and Video) applied in capital intensive construction site settings. A literature review is presented on existing observation techniques that have been used in the analysis of lean construction operations. The research framework and technology in context to lean construction is explained next. To better understand construction operations – and in particular construction site activities related to safety and productivity – location and movements of workers, equipment, and materials were recorded in real-time. Preliminary results to field experiments demonstrate the feasibility of tracking construction resources accurately and in real-time. An outlook and applications are presented of how the collected resource trajectory information can be used in project decision making. It is envisioned, that once site resource data is collected, processed, and linked to existing schedule and work task planning, the information can play a vital role for rapid implementation of lean principles in the operational environment of construction sites. }, author_keywords={Decision Making, Productivity, Safety, Tracking, Ultra Wideband, Workforce. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Beldsten2010, author={Beldsten, Louise and Bjornfot, Anders and Sandberg, Erik }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Value-Driven vs. Market-Driven Purchasing of Kitchen Cabinets}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={202-211}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/711}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden, Phone +46 13/281547, FAX +46 13/281101, louise.bildsten@liu.se ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Mining, and Environmental Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 81, Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920/492067, anders.bjornfot@ltu.se ; Assistant Professor, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden, Phone +46 13/284492, erik.sandberg@liu.se }, abstract={In economic and management literature, the relationship between supplier and buyer can be more or less intimate. It can vary from market-driven with a constant change of suppliers to a value-driven relationship with one sole supplier. Purchasing strategies of construction companies have often been described as short-sighted, where price is the most considered aspect. Recent lean management literature promote value-driven purchasing, since it provides benefits such as just-in-time delivery, zero defects and customized products through close technical collaboration. This article hypothesises that value-driven purchasing of customized kitchen cabinets is more profitable than market-driven purchasing in industrialized housing construction. The hypothesis is examined through a case study of kitchen carpentry at one of Sweden‘s largest producers of industrialized prefabricated multi-storey housing. By comparing characteristics of market-driven vs. value-driven purchasing, this article aims to further clarify the benefits and drawbacks of these two strategies. At the case company, kitchens are ordered cabinet-by-cabinet and then installed inside the factory. The company is considering the possibility of a long-term relationship with a smaller local supplier that can deliver a new kind of innovative kitchen cabinet solution that is prefabricated. If the local supplier can meet the expectations of just-in-time delivery, zero defects and a product ―tailor-made‖ for the housing company, there is much to gain. }, author_keywords={Lean purchasing, Prefabrication, Purchasing strategies, Supply chain management }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Erikshammar2010, author={Erikshammar, Jarkko J. and Bjornfot, Anders and Gardelli, Viktor }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={The Ambiguity of Value}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={42-51}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/712}, affiliation={M.Sc., Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, and member Timber Structures Research Group, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491 860, Fax +46 920 491 935, jarkko.erikshammar@ltu.se ; Ph.D., Department of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, and manager of the TräIN project, Timber Structures Research Group, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492067, Fax +46 920 491 935, anders.bjornfot@ltu.se ; Ph.D. Student, Department of Education, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 (0)920 491550, viktor.gardelli@ltu.se }, abstract={'Value‘ is a central concept in all of the principles and methods applied in Lean Construction, but it is rather difficult to provide a precise definition of the term. The problem lies in the word value itself: its ambiguity and vagueness make theorization difficult. This paper investigates the philosophical concept of value from a Lean Construction perspective. Several elements that contribute to value are considered, including objective elements such as waste reduction, quality, price and functionality, and more subjective elements such as design. The hypothesis of this paper is that the reduction or removal of elements that detract from value, such as waste and costs, is not the only means by which value may be increased. The Sorites paradox is used to form a cohesive perspective on some different meanings of the word ‗value‘. One of the known ‗solutions‘ of the paradox, utilization theory, is then explored through a case study in off-site construction that illustrates how different actors in the construction process view value, and how utility theory can be used to provide a consensus on value that is acceptable. In practice, ‗value‘ is ambiguous because actors generally value different things and these views seldom converge during projects. Our results indicate that the actors involved strive for value individually. Analysis using utility theory allows the actors to establish a shared conceptualization of value, expressed in monetary terms. The work described in this paper aims to improve our understanding of value and of how to design products in construction to improve value for clients of industrialized housing. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Value, Product, Philosophy Sorites paradox. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brodetskaia2010, author={Brodetskaia, Irina and Sacks, Rafael and Shapira, Aviad }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Implementation of Pull Control in Finishing Works With Re-Entrant Flow}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={274-284}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/713}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. E-mail: cvirina@tx.technion.ac.il ; Assoc. Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. E-mail: cvsacks@tx.technion.ac.il ; Assoc. Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. E-mail: avishap@tx.technion.ac.il }, abstract={Construction project activities exhibit high degrees of variation, especially during finishing works, as a result of uncertainty in supply chains, variations in work quantities, client changes and lack of predictability of the production capacity of subcontracting trades. Decisions must constantly be made concerning effective utilization of available resources. Re-entrant workflow patterns, where a trade crew returns twice or more to the same space, make production control even more difficult. We present a method for pull flow control at the operational level, even where reentrant flow occurs. Pull of works is achieved through real-time prioritization of pending work-packages and daily regulation of trades’ production capacity. Application of various heuristics was evaluated and examined using discrete-event simulation of a representative construction project. Experimental results show how careful production system design, with daily evaluation and adjustments using heuristic production control rules, can improve flows that include re-entrant loops. }, author_keywords={Production system design, production control, pull, simulation, re-entrant flow. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mota2010, author={Mota, Bruno P. and Viana, Daniela D. and Isatto, Eduardo L. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Simulating the Last Planner With Systems Dynamic}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={487-496}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/714}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. brunopmota@yahoo.com.br ; Architect, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. danidietz@gmail.com ; Dr., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. isatto@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The Last Planner System is one of the most remarkable practices in lean construction and usually a starting point for lean implementation in construction companies. Different aspects of its application have been discussed along a number of articles since the first IGLC conferences. However, despite the many studies on this subject, the reasons for some recurrent patterns in the outcome data of the system and how they influence each other still remain to be explained. One of them is the cyclic nature of the PPC indicator that appears in most of the implementation examples presented in those articles. This article aims to help understanding such behaviour by developing a system dynamics model to investigate the influence of the variability, delays and project performance over the whole system. The model offers an explanation about how PPC fluctuations in the present may be explained by events in the past and, particularly, how to avoid undesirable outcomes in the future behaviour of the indicator. }, author_keywords={System dynamics, Last Planner System }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Viana2010, author={Viana, Daniela Dietz and Mota, Bruno and Formoso, Carlos T. and Echeveste, Márcia and Peixoto, Marjana and Rodrigues, Caroline L. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={A SURVEY ON THE LAST PLANNER SYSTEM: IMPACTS AND DIFFICULTIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN BRAZILIAN COMPANIES}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={497-507}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/715}, affiliation={Architect, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, danidietz@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, brunopmota@yahoo.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Dr., Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. echeveste@producao.ufrgs.br ; Statistician, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 92563151, marjanapeixoto@hotmail.com ; Undergraduate Student in Statistics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 81326713, caroline.legramanti@gmail.com }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) has been the focus of several studies in the Lean Construction community. Many papers have reported its implementation in different types of projects around the world, and more recently some quantitative studies attempting to evaluate its impact have been published. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of the LPS from a different perspective. Instead of using performance measures, this study is based on the perceptions of people involved in the implementation of the Last Planner System in construction sites. A survey was carried out with a sample of construction companies from the South of Brazil. In each company, interviews were undertaken with representatives from three managerial levels: site engineers, foremen and crew leaders. The results point out different perceptions for each of those levels. While most benefits perceived by engineers and foremen are concerned with the planning process itself, crew leaders have emphasize the indirect benefits of the system, such as reliability of material delivery and site organization. Moreover, understanding the perception of the main people involved with the implementation of LPS provides some indications of what is often misunderstood about this system, making it possible to identify improvement opportunities. }, author_keywords={Planning, Production Control, Last Planner System, Impact, Perception. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zimina2010, author={Zimina, Daria and Pasquire, Christine L. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Lean Commercial Management: Defining the Borders of the Discipline in the Construction Industry}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={601-608}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/716}, affiliation={Research Associate, Civil and Engineering Department, Loughborough University. Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK, Phone +44 1509 228791, FAX +44 1509 223891, d.zimina@lboro.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Civil and Engineering Department, Loughborough University. Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK, Phone +441509 222895, C.L.Pasquire@lboro.ac.uk }, abstract={Commercial management is defined by the Institute of Commercial Management as ―the identification and development of business opportunities and the profitable management of projects and contracts, from inception to completion.‖ It addresses companies‘ internal and external relationships and thus plays an enormously important role in construction, which in essence is an inter-organisation industry. Construction projects require the contribution of multiple actors each of them representing a separate business entity with their own goals and incentives. Commercial management is the discipline that supports communication between all these individual bits. This inevitably puts it in a position to affect company profitability and long-term business success in a fast and dramatic way. Commercial management relates both to the policy of the company, or how it intends to deliver a project, plans its relationship with other organisations; and to operations (contracting, procurement, money flow and accounting), or how this policy is put in practice. In the developing lean construction industry good intentions are rarely supported by changes in the commercial operations. The projects are completed with lean principles but worked around habitual accounting, contracts and in many cases even procurement. Reliance on these commercial operations might hamper full exploration of lean benefits. This paper addresses the following questions: what is the relation between commercial management and project delivery? Is lean commercial management a necessary part of lean construction? If lean commercial management has to be implemented, what should it be like? The hypotheses tested in this paper suggests that (1) lean construction is a viable choice of commercial strategy (2) lean commercial management is an integral part of lean construction system subordinate to the project delivery. }, author_keywords={Lean commercial management, Concept formation, Lean Construction. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dawood2010, author={Dawood, Nashwan and Chavada, Rajiv and Benghi, Claudio and Sanches, Romeu }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Interactive Visual Lean System for Resource Planning of Earthwork Operations}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={652-661}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/717}, affiliation={Professor, School of Science and Engineering, and Director of the Centre for Construction Innovation and Research, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, Phone +44 1642/342494, FAX 1642/342494, n.n.dawood@tees.ac.uk ; PhD Student, Centre for Construction Innovation and Research, School of Science and Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK, Phone +44 1642/342494, FAX 1642/342494, H8130479@tees.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, Phone +44 –191/2437368, claudio.benghi@northumbria.ac.uk ; Program Manager, Mota-Engil, Romeu.Sanches@mota-engil.pt }, abstract={Poor resource planning and low productivities in road construction projects are among the major factors that contribute to cost escalation and projects‘ overruns. Although a number of tools and methods have been developed to enhance road construction planning and in particular earthworks planning and visualisation, current practices suggest that these tools are not practical and fragmented. The aim of this paper is to develop a practical, lean and transparent knowledge driven model to reduce the complexity of earthwork operations, improve efficiency of planning processes and reduce waste at operational phase. In this context, this research presents an interactive visual lean system that integrates different earthwork modules (including resource productivity, profile visualisation, planning and scheduling activities) to achieve efficient and productive construction plans. The system integrates atomic model configuration for productivity calculation, profile visualisation for ―Mass-haul‖ and ―Time-distance‖ profile, Gantt viewer for activity planning and management. The paper introduces the theoretical aspects of planning and scheduling in linear projects, develops system framework for the proposed model, discusses the prototype and demonstrates the prototype through a real life case study. }, author_keywords={Visualisation tool, Integrated system, Earthwork operations, Object oriented environment, Lean Construction }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2010, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Bolviken, Trond }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={The Flow of Work in Construction: A Conceptual Discussion}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={52-62}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/718}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Dr Ing, Faculty of economics and social sciences, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Cellular +47 97082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Director, Business Development and Strategy, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no (Veidekke Entreprenør AS is a Norwegian subsidiary of Veidekke ASA, one of the major Scandinavian construction and real-estate-development companies) }, abstract={The purpose: To review the term ―flow‖ in production conceptually. The paper is a step towards fulfilling an ambition to find a way of measuring flow (of work) in construction in a manner that does not destroy the intuitive quality of the term, and of measuring flow as directly as possible. Research method: Theoretical and empirical exploration. Research findings: Flow is a construct widely used in different disciplines. It has a strong intuitive appeal in terms of meaning and experience, but it is not easily defined in relation to the operational level of production. The lean construction community seems to take a casual attitude to the concept of flow even though much hinges on it in this area of knowledge. In order to develop a more precise concept of flow in construction, and one that is geared towards measurability, we suggest building on Shingo‘s distinction between process and operation, and that, for example, a clear distinction be made between conditions for flow and the flow as such. Main contribution: The relevance of the paper is that it will help unpack the concept of flow as it applies to the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Production theory, Flow, Measurement }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sampaio2010, author={Sampaio, Juliana C. Schlachter and Neto, Jose de Paula Barros }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Value Generation and Its Relation With the Design Process}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={171-180}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/719}, affiliation={Architect and Master of Engineering from the Civil Engineering Post Graduation Program, Structure and Civil Constructions, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil. julianaschlachter@yahoo.com.br ; Ph.D Professor from the Civil Construction and Structure Engineering Department, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil. jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={Some incorporators/developers, in order to have a feedback of their projects, have resorted to satisfaction evaluations. However, the data collected have not been systematically used in the feedback of management processes for new designs. The literature shows the importance of incorporating these data. Thus, the designers can generate more value to the final client. This research has hypothesized the possibility of decision supporting tools - e.g. AHP, AD, TRIZ and QFD - to be used in a theoretical model which helps to process the data collected in satisfaction evaluations, aiming at the process improvement and at the value generation. The qualitative research was divided into three methodological steps: the analysis of the tools, the adaptation of these tools and the test of the model. Through a pre-test and a focus group, the preliminary versions of the model were refined and the theoretical model was proposed. }, author_keywords={Tools, Design, Feedback, Value. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leigard2010, author={Leigard, Anton and Pesonen, Sakari }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Defining the Path: A Case Study of Large Scale Implementation of Last Planner}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={396-405}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/720}, affiliation={M. Sc. Engineering, Operational Research Specialist, Skanska Xchange Center Residential, Skanska AB, Solna, Phone: +46 10 448 04 76 Email: anton.leigard@skanska.se ; M. Sc. Engineering, Project Manager, Productivity Program, Skanska Finland Oy, Phone: +358 20 719 4555 Email: sakari.pesonen@skanska.fi }, abstract={This article explores the hypothesis that over the course of time, implementation of Last Planner3 System moves through a predictable sequence of development stages. The ambition is to establish a standard framework of fundamentals to help organizations who stand on the starting block of large-scale implementation. Implementation on a wide scale is seen as different from implementation on one isolated project because resource limitations and the involvement of people who may not have fully bought in to the ideologies of LPS. The hypothesis is tested through screenings of earlier publications in IGLC, theory of innovation and empirical interviews. Interviews provide lessons learned by implementation leaders in Skanska Nordic where today over 60 projects have used LPS with more to come. The article defines characteristics of different phases and how change agents interact to spur an effective diffusion process. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Large-scale implementation, Case study, Learning curve, Culture change, Strategy }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Christensen2010, author={Christensen, Randi M. and Christensen, Thomas N. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Lean Construction Facilitates Learning on All Organisational Levels?}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={406-414}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/721}, affiliation={PhD, M.Sc. Project manager Danish Defence Estates & Infrastructure Organisation, Arsenalvej 55, DK-9800 Hjoerring, Denmark. Phone +45 9924 1444, rmc@mil.dk ; M.Sc. Project manager and client consultant, COWI Denmark, Thulebakken 34, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark, Phone +45 99 36 77 75, thnc@cowi.dk }, abstract={The construction industry is in need of interdisciplinary learning and development in order to meet customers‘ needs. However, interdisciplinary learning can be difficult to facilitate, particularly in the construction industry due to organizational structures based on separation of professions, and due to traditions for relying on tacit and practice based knowledge. To meet this challenge, Lean Construction has shown great potential in initiating and facilitating learning, and particularly interdisciplinary learning, throughout the design and construction phases. In order to be able to deliberately facilitate this interdisciplinary learning, a general understanding of why Lean Construction leads to learning is developed. For this both practice based theories as well as a case study are presented. Finally, the authors call for more research on the topic of learning at higher organizational levels, particularly with focus on the early phases. The aim is to include the entire supply chain on a construction project in increasing the value of the end product. }, author_keywords={Practice based learning, Interdisciplinary learning, Lean Construction. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thibelsky2010, author={Thibelsky, Effi and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={The Relationship Between Information Flow and Project Success in Multi-Disciplinary Civil Engineering Design}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={140-150}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/722}, affiliation={PhD, Lt.-Col., Israel Air Force, effitrib@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 840 Rabin Building, Technion Campus, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il }, abstract={Civil engineering projects are characterized by complex products developed by teams of consultants who have been selected for their individual unique skills and knowledge. One of the central difficulties in the work of a design team is to achieve smooth and continuous flow of information. Phenomena such as bottlenecks, rework, large batches and long cycle times are common. We hypothesize that these adversely impact the teamwork and reduce the quality of their work. Tools developed to visualize the flows of information in the design process and a set of computed analytical measures designed to quantify the flows were applied to a sample set of 14 civil engineering projects that were part of a major airport construction project. The measures indicate the presence or absence of bottlenecks, rework, large batches and long cycle times. The degree of success of each of the design processes of the sample projects was recorded independently through a series of interviews with the various participants and stakeholders in the projects. Comparison between the occurrences of phenomena associated with poor information flow, on the one hand, and the degree of success of the detailed design phase of the projects, on the other, revealed a high degree of correlation. }, author_keywords={Case studies, Design management, Information flow, Project management. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2010, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Work-Time Waste in Construction}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={507-517}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/723}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Dr Ing, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Working Life and Innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway. Phone +47 37 25 30 00; e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no }, abstract={Purpose: To develop a method for measuring time waste in construction. A second aim is to quantify the wasted time, as it is assumed that some of the figures in the existing literature might be exaggerated for political purposes. Research method: Theoretically informed case study and literature review. Research findings: According to the ―boss method‖ developed for this study, 5% of working time was classified as waste, whereas a more limited and detailed study identified waste as amounting to 17% of working time. However, if ―personal time‖ is taken out of the equation, the detailed study shows 7% waste. Clearly, the more subdivided the data, the greater the amount of uncovered waste. The detailed study also shows that directly value-adding work amounted to 49% of the working time, and that supportive work amounted to up to 34%. The analysis based on the primary data is compared to a Swedish and an American study, whose figures for waste as a proportion of the working time are considerably higher. The figures for directly value-adding work are also radically lower in both of these studies. Some of the differences can obviously be ascribed to the type of work involved in the studies, and the applied methods of measurement. Comparisons to another Norwegian study as well as a Finnish one showed fairly good correspondence in terms of the uncovered proportion of directly value-adding work. The main contribution of this paper: Contributes to the conceptualisation of time waste and gives empirical examples of waste. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Waste, Work-time waste }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2010, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Last Planner and Its Role as Conceptual Kanban}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={63-72}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/724}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, 434 Langford A, 3137 Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3137, USA, Phone +979/845-4354, FAX +979/862-1572, zrybkowski@tamu.edu }, abstract={Historically, the Last Planner™ System of Production Control has been coupled with the body of Lean Construction literature. However, the mechanism of the Last Planner and how it fits within accepted lean thinking has not always been apparent. This paper addresses this uncertainty. It examines simulated results from a lean simulation game and argues that the Last Planner serves the role of a conceptual kanban, among its functions—and therefore sits squarely within the domain of Lean theory. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Kanban, Airplane game, Lean Construction }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2010, author={Tillmann, Patricia A. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Analysing Benefits Realisation From a Theoretical Perspective and Its Contribution to Value Generation}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={73-82}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/725}, affiliation={PhD student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Postgraduate Programme in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (PPGEC –UFRGS). Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. e-mail: patriciatillmann@gmail.com ; 2Academic Felllow, Research Institute for the Built and Human Environment, School of the Built Environment, Maxwell Building, University of Salford, The Crescent, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT.e-mail: p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Postgraduate Programme in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (PPGEC –UFRGS). Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The benefits realisation approach emerged in the beginning of the 1990‘s, in the information systems and technology sector, focusing the management of projects on the delivery of business benefits. The approach intends to bring a greater awareness of project benefits to stakeholder, as well as the means to achieve and maximise benefits. Such approach is currently being explored in the construction sector, especially for managing healthcare projects. However, the literature on benefits realisation is mainly dedicated to the practical aspects of its implementation and little has been discussed about the theoretical foundations of this approach. Thus, the purpose of this article is to explore benefits realisation from a theoretical perspective and highlight its potential contribution for project management, specifically for further developing value generation concept in construction projects. This was pursued through a literature review on benefits realisation, to understand its principles and the search for theories that could further explain them. The paper describes concepts originated from three different scientific fields, namely production science, social science and systems thinking, which were found to be aligned with the core guidelines of benefits realisation. As a result, a theoretical discussion of the benefit realisation approach is presented, as well as its potential contribution to further developments of value generation concept. How the theory will be tested with experimental data is also indicated at the end of the paper. }, author_keywords={Benefits realisation, Project management, Value generation }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Morrey2010, author={Morrey, Nicola and Pasquire, Christine and Dainty, Andrew }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={The Impact of Path Dependencies on Lean Implementation Within a Construction Company}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={425-434}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/726}, affiliation={Nicola Morrey, Research Engineer, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, N.Morrey@lboro.ac.uk ; Dr, C, L Pasquire, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, Phone 01509 222895 C.L.Pasquire@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor, A.R.J Dainty, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, Phone 01509 228742 A.R.J.Dainty@lboro.ac.uk }, abstract={The effect path dependency has on a lean implementation is being investigated using a major UK construction company as a case study. This paper describes the nature of the issues arising from path dependency and presents the preliminary findings. Path dependency refers to the idea that events and decisions that have taken place in the past continue to influence current decisions and ways of working. Concerning the implementation of lean, path dependencies would be in existence if a company‘s ability to improve processes, learn and innovate were constrained by policies, technologies, relationships and strategies from the past. The case study Company has recently developed a number of tools (ways of working) that it is trying to standardise across the business. This is akin to the standardised work that might be seen in a lean production environment. The assumption under consideration for this project is that path dependencies exist within the case study company that are influencing and constraining its ability to implement change. Following from this, it is proposed that understanding these path dependencies will enable them to be overcome, or capitalised upon, and that such an analysis of path dependencies is a useful diagnostic tool for lean implementation. }, author_keywords={Path dependency, Lean, Standardised work, Lean implementation. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Miron2010, author={Miron, Luciana I.G. and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Value Generation in Social Housing Projects: A Case Study on the City Entrance Integrated Program in Porto Alegre, Brazil}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={181-190}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/727}, affiliation={Professor, School of Architecture and Urbanism, Department of Architecture, Researcher at Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3308 4054, e-mail: Luciana.miron@ufrgs.br ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Civil Engineering Post Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3308 4054, e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The City Entrance Integrated Program (PIEC) is a very large urban project that proposes the urban restructuring of an important area of Porto Alegre City, South of Brazil. This type of project is characterized by heavy investments and very high complexity, since it involves a large number of stakeholders and much uncertainty. They are often designated as integrated housing programs since they not only provide housing, but also infra-structure, environmental improvements, community services and development. In this type of project, understanding value from the perspective of final users is crucial for achieving project goals. The aim of this paper is to describe a way of modelling value generation by using a hierarchy of constructs in integrated housing programs. Case study was the research strategy adopted in this investigation, which was divided into two phases. Phase A had an exploratory-descriptive character aiming at understanding the context of the PIEC development process. In Phase B the study focused on the final users (dwellers) of the program. The main contribution of this article is concerned with hierarchy of values that establishes a connection between the perceived performance of project attributes by the final users and goals of the project from the point of view of different stakeholders. }, author_keywords={Value generation, requirements, perceived value, social housing projects. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kala2010, author={Kala, Tanmaya and Seppanen, Olli and Stein, Claire }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Case Study of Using an Integrated 5D System in a Large Hospital Construction Project}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={664-673}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/728}, affiliation={Project Engineer, McCarthy Building Companies, Inc., tkala@mccarthy.com ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Helsinki University of Technology and Vice President of Services, Vico Software Inc., olli.seppanen@vicosoftware.com ; Project Engineer, McCarthy Building Companies, Inc., cstein@mccarthy.com }, abstract={3D models for constructability analysis, quantity takeoff, and model-based scheduling have been typically described as point applications. An integrated 5D system, where the 3D model drives quantity takeoff (along with model-based cost planning comprises the 5th D), which is automatically tied to a location-based schedule to generate resource and cost-loaded schedules (the 4th D), is a more novel concept. Integrated 5D approaches have been used in commercial applications since 2005 but there are only few case studies in technical literature to illustrate the benefits and challenges of implementation. The goal of this paper is to present the case study of Kaiser Oakland hospital project, the largest known implementation of integrated 5D systems combined with location-based planning. We analyzed specifically the preconstruction phase of foundations. The benefits of the 5D system were studied with the following hypotheses based on the experiences gained in previous projects. First, model-based constructability based on a parallel construction model should identify more constructability issues than traditional model-based constructability processes. Second, model-based quantity takeoff should take less time than manual take-off. Third, integrated location-based scheduling should enable schedule optimization over CPM–based approaches, resulting in shorter overall duration with more continuous resource use. Two out of three hypotheses were supported in the preconstruction of foundations. First, over 200 additional constructability issues were identified using the construction model. Second, Location-based scheduling enabled the planning of continuous work for subcontractors while compressing the duration of Foundation phase by six weeks. Contrary to the hypothesis there was no time saving benefits related to quantity takeoff, although there were some qualitative benefits in terms of better communication. }, author_keywords={Location-based management, constructability, 5D model, flowline schedule }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Furtmeier2010, author={Furtmeier, Fabian A. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Explorative Application of the Multi-Domain Matrix Methodology in Lean Design}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={151-160}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/729}, affiliation={Dipl.-Ing., Graduate student, Institute of Product Development, Technical University of Munich, Germany, furtmeier@mytum.de ; Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Structural complexity management provides a new approach to manage complexity resulting from a system‘s structure. It originated in the field of product development and applies the Multiple-Domain Matrix (MDM) methodology. The MDM methodology is based on the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) and focuses on the analysis and optimization of the underlying structures of a system. Therefore, it extends the capabilities of the DSM by integrating multiple domains and enabling the deduction of indirect dependencies. Dependencies that cannot be captured directly in a DSM can be computed by means of the MDM. Because construction projects are similar to extensive product development processes, methodologies developed for product development should be applicable in lean design in AEC industry. Construction processes can be complex systems themselves. In order to avoid waste, these systems should be designed more accurate in the first place rather than improved while in operation. However, this requires process mapping tools that offer the capability to handle complex process networks. This paper explores the applicability of the MDM methodology as a process mapping tool in lean design. Therefore, the paper depicts the MDM methodology and illustrates an approach for mapping processes in lean construction by means of the MDM using the example of the design of a plumbing installation process. Objective of the MDM application is to enhance process mapping by use of deduction of dependencies. Further, conclusions for future state map generation are provided based on analysis of the process‘ underlying structure. }, author_keywords={Complexity, Design structure matrix, Multi-domain matrix, Process mapping, Value stream mapping }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bolviken2010, author={Bolviken, Trond and Gullbrekken, Bjornar and Nyseth, Kjetil }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Collaborative Design Management}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={103-112}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/730}, affiliation={Director, Business Development and Strategy, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 21055000, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no (Veidekke Entreprenør AS is a Norwegian subsidiary of Veidekke ASA, one of the major Scandinavian construction and real estate development companies). ; Design Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 21055000, bjornar.gullbrekken@veidekke.no . ; Head of Improvement Processes, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 21055000, kjetil.nyseth@veidekke.no . }, abstract={So far, Lean Construction has exerted a far greater influence on the production aspect of construction than on its design. However, Koskela and Ballard – the authors of what are to date the two most influential contributions to come from Lean Construction – both regard their respective input as no less relevant to one of these aspects than to the other. The theory hypothesis of this paper is that Lean Construction and the Last Planner SystemTM principles are equally relevant to design and production in construction. The study is based on the design process in design-build contracts, where design is partly carried out in parallel with construction, and the completion date is fixed. Literature studies of the design process indicate that the hypothesis is partly true. However, the findings of this paper indicate that the design process has certain characteristics that makes it fundamentally different from the production process. This paper argues that the design process should be defined as consisting of three phases, involving three different management strategies. The decision making process is identified as an integral part of the design process. A relationship between design and production plans, and six preconditions for the constraints analysis in design processes, are proposed. }, author_keywords={Design management in construction, Preconditions for design, Decision making. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lima2010, author={Lima, Mariana and Rolim, Larissa and Alves, Thais da C.L. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Value Stream Mapping of the Architectural Executive Design in a Governmental Organization}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={415-424}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/731}, affiliation={Architect, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, Bloco 710, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3366-9607, marimxl@yahoo.com.br ; Engineer, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Universidade Federal do Ceará, larissabisio@yahoo.com.br ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engrg and Mgmt Program, Dept of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engrg, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a study to investigate the development of the architectural executive design of low-income housing projects at Habitafor, which is part of the City of Fortaleza administrative organizations. In FY-2009 Habitafor managed a budget of approximately $100 million dollars allocated to the design and construction of new projects (~ 20,000 new homes), as well as the improvement of existing communities (~ 20,000 home improvements). The authors hypothesized that this process is plagued with inefficiencies that in turn result in long product (plans and specifications) lead times. In order to confirm this hypothesis and make the attributes of this process visible, the authors used Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to analyze the process activities. This study has found evidence that supports the working hypothesis, and proposed recommendations that, if implemented, would cut a third of the total lead time for the process. The authors believe that processes like the one presented in this paper are performed under similar circumstances in various parts of the world. Therefore, they encourage others to conduct similar studies to reveal and banish wasteful practices that consume taxpayer money but do not generate the services they need. }, author_keywords={Value stream mapping, Public sector, Architectural executive design, Housing. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemmer2010, author={Kemmer, Sergio L. and Rocha, Cecilia G. and Meneses, Lisyanne O. and Pacheco, Ana Valeria L. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Application of Lean Principles to Manage a Customisation Process}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={306-315}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/732}, affiliation={Research Assistant, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, sergiokemmer@gmail.com ; Ph.D Candidate at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, cecilia.rocha@ufrgs.br ; Architect, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, lisyanne@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Quality and Technology Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza- CE, Brazil, valeria@crolim.com.br ; Associate Professor at the Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The increasing diversity of dwellers lifestyles and requirements demand changes in the house building industry. The adoption of customisation strategies by constructions companies will increase the product value. Nonetheless, a major challenge is how to increase product variety while maintaining an efficient production process. This paper describes a set of practices developed by a medium-sized construction firm for managing customisation during the construction phase. This firm builds housing units for high-end customers who value quality as well as product flexibility. As a result, customisation is considered a strategic asset by the firm and therefore requires the introduction of several changes in the production process so that customers’ requirements could be fulfilled without compromising the efficiency of site and office operations. In order to implement this process, the firm had to change the longstanding view that design changes required by customers harm site operations to the one which recognized that carrying out those changes could in fact add value for customers from the market niche targeted by the firm and thus increase sales. The customisation practices introduced by the firm were strongly based on Lean Construction concepts and principles, such as process transparency, reducing the share of non-value-added activities, increasing output value through systematic consideration of customers’ requirements, increasing output flexibility, batch size reduction, focusing on controlling the whole process, constraint analysis, among others. This paper focuses on three house-building projects that had high levels of customisation and how the customisation process was managed. }, author_keywords={Customisation, value, business strategy, housing. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leal2010, author={Leal, Mauricio and Alarcon, Luis F. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Quantifying Impacts of Last Planner™ Implementation in Industrial Mining Projects}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={518-527}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/733}, affiliation={Graduate Researcher, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: malealf@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Over the years an increasing number of companies have implemented the Last Planner System™ (LPS) and several research efforts have provided evidence of its impact on performance in construction projects. However, very scarce evidence exists of the impacts in industrial mining projects. These projects are generally schedule driven with tight schedules, complex and diverse in construction challenges, frequent scope changes, high logistic complexity and very high economic impact. These characteristics seem to be an obstacle to a sustained implementation of the LPS in this type of projects. This paper reports on research focused on industrial mining projects, in an effort to quantify the impacts of the LPS implementation on several aspects of project performance. Over a period of two years, the authors investigated the implementation of the LPS and its impacts in several projects of a single company, comparing projects with and without implementation and assessing the impacts of implementation with statistical data obtained from the projects before and after implementation. Statistical data from three projects with LPS implementation was used to explore quantitative impacts. The research confirmed correlations, explored in previous studies, between LPS planning reliability measure, Percent of Plan Completed (PPC), with performance measures used in traditional project management practices such as Schedule Performance Index (SPI) and Cost Performance Index (CPI). All the projects with LPS implementation finished on schedule and with no accidents. These projects reached company objectives and obtained an increase in profit margins compared with company historic performance. Client satisfaction was also studied and measured showing an important increase when projects with LPS implementation were compared with projects without implementation. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Implementation, Last Planner System, Industrial mining projects. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Choo2010, author={Choo, Sangwoo and Fischer, Martin }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Real-Time Supply Chain Management Using Virtual Design and Construction and Lean}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={212-221}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/734}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environment Engineering and Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE, cife.stanford.edu), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA, Phone +1 650/723-4945, sangwoo@stanford.edu ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Director of the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE, cife.stanford.edu), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA, Phone +1 650/723-4945, fischer@stanford.edu }, abstract={Supply chain management in construction has evolved in response to various innovative tools. Field observations and focus-group interviews with supply chain members, however, indicate a need to design an integration methodology of these tools to improve communication, reliability, visibility, and automation in the construction supply chain management. Thus the authors have developed and implemented the integration methodology of Virtual Design and Construction, lean, and real-time data capturing tools. With this integration, improvement in alignment between demand and supply, reduction in distortion of demand information, and savings in time and efforts have been achieved in a field trial for the supply chain management of the doors, frames, and hardware scope of work on a construction project, translating into a change in the behaviour of the construction supply chain management: supply chain members enable real-time, web-based, two-way communication, 4D color-coded visualizations and automatic status reports of a supply chain, and model-based Last Planner™, resulting in creating instant, consistent, visual coordination and communication between field crews and offsite personnel and bringing a high level of accountability to themselves and each aspect of the supply chain management. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, Virtual design and construction, Lean, Real-time data capturing tool. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leino2010, author={Leino, Antti and Elfving, Jan and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Accident Rate Down From 57 to 9 in Five Years}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={243-252}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/735}, affiliation={Safety Manager, BU Skanska Finland, P.O.BOX 114, FI-00101 Helsinki-Finland, Phone +358 20 719 2082, antti.leino@skanska.fi ; Vice President, Research and Development, BU Skanska Finland, P.O.BOX 114, FI-00101 Helsinki-Finland, Phone +358 20 719 3168, jan.elfving@skanska.fi ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, Phone 415.710.5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper describes what has been done during 2005-2009 in order to dramatically improve company safety performance, where the accident rate has been taken down from 57 to 9 lost time accidents per million work hours. It also describes how the safety program and production management program are tightly coupled together. There is a lot of research and praxis available on construction safety programs. However, the safety community may have overlooked the importance of managing uncertainty, which is one of the cornerstones in Lean Construction. Lean aims at reducing unreliability by introducing several tools that control uncertainty. These sorts of tools need to be in place also to structure safety management at construction site. They provide a platform for right risk assessment at right time, worker involvement, organisational learning and securing that there are no safety constraints in place. Using lean production management systemises adequate task planning for high risk jobs, makes use of workers knowledge, challenges unsafe acts with a non-blame perspective and improves communication and learning from errors. Lean seems to improve safety culture. This paper begins by explaining safety programs and maturity of different safety cultures. Then it provides data and cases both from the safety and the production management program in Business Unit Skanska Finland from the last 5-years. Finally, it concludes that without quality production management it is not possible to achieve low accident rates. It is also arguable vice versa; high accident rates indicate non-quality production management. }, author_keywords={Safety, Safety culture, Accident rate, Production management, Last Planner System. }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hanna2010, author={Hanna, Awad S. and Wodalski, Michael and Whited, Gary }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Applying Lean Techniques in Delivery of Transportation Infrastructure Projects}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={609-619}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/736}, affiliation={Professor and Chair, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2320 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, hanna@engr.wisc.edu ; MS Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2256 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, wodalski@wisc.edu ; Program Manager, Construction and Materials Support Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2314 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, whited@engr.wisc.edu }, abstract={The use of Lean techniques for the delivery of large complex capital projects is quickly growing throughout the country. Lean techniques allow for project delivery in less time, at lower costs, and with improved quality. However, Lean techniques are currently not being used by State Highway Agencies (SHA). Lean project delivery can be the new way for future projects to achieve these higher quality, quicker, and more efficient projects. To attain this, the transportation industry, as a whole, needs to work closely together using non-traditional approaches to achieve the necessary improvement. To reach this goal, this project looks at the benefits of Lean techniques in the delivery of transportation projects, along with potential impediments to adoption. The transportation industry provides a unique challenge in implementing Lean techniques by being in the public sector. Due to this fact, special care is needed in identifying any impediments to implementation when going forth with Lean. Once promising techniques and impediments are properly identified, a successful management plan can be created to help SHA‘s begin their Lean journey. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Lean techniques, Transportation, Project delivery }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gerber2010, author={Gerber, David J. and Becerik-Gerber, Burcin and Kunz, Alex }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Building Information Modeling and Lean Construction: Technology, Methodology and Advances From Practice}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={683-693}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/737}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, Watt Hall 204, University of Southern California, CA 90089-0291, USA, Phone 1 617 794 7367, Fax 1 213 740 8884, dgerber@usc.edu ; Assistant Professor, Viterbi School of Engineering, Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 S. Vermont Avenue, KAP 224C, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2531, Phone: 1 213 740 4383, Fax: 1 213 744 1426, becerik@usc.edu ; Director, Gehry Technologies Inc., Europe; 17 Rue Paul Lelong, Paris 75002, France, Phone: +33 9 81 76 96 94, akunz@gt-global.com }, abstract={Building Information Modeling (BIM) is seen as an emerging approach that will help the construction industry in achieving lean construction principles by eliminating waste; cutting costs, improving team productivity and creating positive project outcomes. While BIM is a building-modeling tool, it is also seen as a process and BIM is quickly converging to demand one integrated, collaborative process involving all disciplines throughout the entire building lifecycle. By analyzing three case studies, this paper explores the relation of BIM and Lean Construction. Specifically, this paper provides insights into how BIM can facilitate lean measures through design to construction to occupancy. Some of the examples include BIM – enabled automated work package creation, resource leveling, value planning, prefabrication, and the benefits of coordination through the use of BIM methodology. It also examines BIM and Lean Construction pre-existence, and value of BIM in terms of improvement in project cost, schedule, quality and reduction of waste. }, author_keywords={BIM, Lean Construction, Design technology, Design and construction process }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dave2010, author={Dave, Bhargav and Boddy, Stefan and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Improving Information Flow Within the Production Management System With Web Services}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={445-455}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/738}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953431; B.Dave@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953204; S.C.Boddy@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953178; L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The efficiency of the production planning and control process in construction depends significantly on the reliability and timely availability of resource information. The Last Planner system for production control mandates that a construction task should not be started unless all the seven resource prerequisites are in satisfactory condition. Failure to do so results in wasteful processes. However, this information is not readily available due to the lack of systems integration that prevails within the industry. Current implementations of the last planner system mostly rely on the team leaders‘ and foreman‘s ability to gather the required information for the weekly planning meetings and also for the look-ahead planning. However, much time is wasted chasing relevant information due to the above-mentioned problems. Also, the reliability of planning could be much improved if there is a system available, which aggregates resource information from various project stakeholders in one place. In such a situation, web services could provide an ideal platform for integration as they provide a flexible way to integrate disparate systems, with choreography based on identified business processes drawn from Last Planner and implemented using BPMN/BPEL. With the improvement in connectivity as a result of better availability of high speed Internet through mobile and fixed networks, there is a better opportunity for information integration through web services. A conceptual framework based on web services is put forward which aims to improve the information flow within the industry and provide the right information at the right time to enable better planning and control within the production system. }, author_keywords={Construction process integration, ICT in construction, Construction efficiency }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdelhamid2010, author={Abdelhamid, T.S. and Jain, Samarth and Mrozowski, Tim }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Analyzing the Relationship Between Production Constraints and Construction Work Flow Reliability: An SEM Approach}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={528-537}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/739}, affiliation={Associate Professor, 214 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu ; Consultant, Enovio Consulting, USA. Email: samarth.jain@enovio.com ; Professor, 102 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: mrozowsk@msu.edu }, abstract={The lack of an explanatory understanding of factors giving rise to low/high PPC highlights the importance of investigating the relation between production constraints and PPC as implemented in the Last Planner™ System. As production is cumulative in nature, that is, underperformances and deficiencies multiply as we move downstream it is important to investigate the combined effect of constraints and underperformances on the next production performance output, and develop an association between production constraints and percent plan complete. The overall goal of this research is to understand the relation between production constraints and workflow reliability, as measured by the PPC metric, at the production level in a construction project. To approach this goal, the research focused on developing a method to investigate such a relationship. The research has concluded that production constraints are mostly subject to constructivist interpretation, i.e., they form as a result of a collection of a set of measured variables and represent a collective existence of those variables. Therefore, it is recommended that future research focus on testing the relationships with formative latent variables. It was also found that studying the impact of all factors together is more insightful than in isolation. The framework in this paper can be used by industry professionals to measure the impact of production constraints on work flow reliability. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, SEM approach, Production constraints, Workflow reliability, Last Planner System }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nerwal2010, author={Nerwal, Naveen and Abdelhamid, T.S. }, editor={Walsh, Kenneth and Alves, Thais }, title={Work Structuring of Construction Crews: Installation of Light Fixtures Case Study}, journal={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={18th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2010}, pages={316-325}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/740}, affiliation={Graduate Research Assistant, 401H Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: nerwalna@msu.edu ; Associate Professor, 214 Human Ecology, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu }, abstract={The Lean Construction Institute defines Work Structuring as the fundamental level of production system design, which means developing a project‘s process design while trying to align engineering, design, supply chain, resource allocation, and assembly efforts. It‘s thinking construction during design - design of a production system before the start of construction operations. First run studies, computer simulation, and recently BIM have all been examples of techniques used to design production systems so that waste is minimized and system throughput improved. The design of crews has received less attention, and is typically considered adequate if the available resources are provisioned. This paper posits that crew design is an integral part in designing production systems. The purpose of this paper is to present lean rules to guide work structuring of construction crews. In this study, we focus on the crew design of a construction operation that has been well documented in prior research, namely, ―Installation of Light Fixtures‖. The lean rules attempt to reach better crew design for the process of executing the construction operation. Discrete Event Simulation technique using EZStrobe program was used as an analytical tool for validating this study. The paper provides a demonstration of how to apply the rules and along with results of preliminary investigation efforts and finally concluding with propositions for future research. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Production System Design, Work Crew Design, Lean Crew Design, People, Training and Development, Labor Issues }, address={Haifa, Israel }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aapaoja2012, author={Aapaoja, Aki and Malvalehto, Jukke and Herrala, Maila and Pekuri, Aki and Haapasalo, Harri }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={The Level of Stakeholder Integration - Sunnyvale Case}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/741}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu, P.o.Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, Phone +358 40 7444 823, aki.aapaoja@oulu.fi ; Senior Consultant, Booz & Company, Helsinki, Finland, jukke.malvalehto@gmail.com ; Post-doctoral research fellow, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu, P.o.Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, +358 40 0175 142, maila.herrala@oulu.fi ; PhD student, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Univ. of Oulu, P.o.Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, Phone +358 40 7294 162, aki.pekuri@oulu.fi ; Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu, P.o.Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, Phone + 358 40 5166 603, harri.haapasalo@oulu.fi }, abstract={Insufficient project stakeholder and team management has frequently resulted in conflicts and partial failures. Stakeholder integration and integrated project delivery (IPD) provide real opportunities for organizations to achieve more than they could on their own and are a way to improve construction project productivity. The purpose of this study is to analyze what the preconditions and challenges are for successful stakeholder integration in construction projects. This paper discusses the nature and preconditions of stakeholder integration in the construction industry, while its main purpose is to take a look at the level of integration in an IPD project. Our results are derived from the analysis of both current literature and an empirical case study. According to the theoretical findings, twelve preconditions for integration were found, and the empirical case study strongly supported these findings. Despite the good results and the project’s high level of integration, the main challenges for stakeholder integration seem to be mostly related to a lack of trust and communication among stakeholders, and thus all of the stakeholders should be involved as early as possible. In addition, the nature and process of IPD is still pretty unfamiliar to many people, which increases suspicion towards it. }, author_keywords={Stakeholder, integration, collaboration, preconditions, construction }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lahouti2012, author={Lahouti, Ali and Abdelhamid, Tariq Sami }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Cue-Based Decision-Making in Construction: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/742}, affiliation={Graduate Student Research Assistant, Construction Industry Research and Education Center, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: lahoutia@msu.edu ; Associate Professor, 552 West Circle Rm 214, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu }, abstract={Workers on a construction site face many ambiguities when executing operations at the workface. While they will have received instructions through communications, whether of written (e.g., an engineering drawing; specifications; etc.) and/or oral, about what they are supposed to do once at the workface, they still are required to make a judgment on what will be done and how. This research posits that the more explicit the work instructions the less likely workers will mistakenly execute assignments. We distinguish work instructions based on whether the worker is given clear visual ‘signals’ (e.g., a solid red traffic light) as opposed to having to rely on visual ‘cues’ (e.g., a blinking red traffic light). To test this hypothesis, we investigate how the two different instruction types influence performance of a construction worker during assignment execution. An Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) approach was employed. This enabled us to experiment with different types of instructions to a worker, which in turn allowed observing patterns of behavior and responses to a signal versus a cue. An agent (worker) is introduced to two different environments: One environment directs an agent towards a predetermined destination by utilizing explicit instructions (signals); the other environment uses an agent with same knowledge level as in the first environment but only has implicit instructions to follow (cues). Preliminary modeling focused on one key measure: Performance effectiveness. Compared to the explicit instructions case, outcomes using the implicit instructions environment, i.e. following cues, resulted in a probability of only 38 percent in satisfying a required deliverable (performance effectiveness). }, author_keywords={Cue-based Decision-Making, Performance Effectiveness }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ahiakwo2012, author={Ahiakwo, Ograbe and Oloke, David and Suresh, Subashini and Khatib, Jamal }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Critical Review of the Potential for the Implementation of Lean in the Nigerian Building Industry}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/743}, affiliation={BTech, MSc, PhD Student in Built Environment, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Str. Wolverhampton WV1 1LY United Kingdom,+44(0)1902321271, ograbe.ahiakwo@wlv.ac.uk ; BEng, MSc, PhD, Snr. Consultant-Built Environment, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Str. Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom +44(0)1902322273, d.a.oloke@wlv.ac.uk ; BEng, MEng, PhD, Principal Lecturer, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Str. Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom +44(0)1902321710, s.subashini@wlv.ac.uk ; BEng, MEng, PhD, Reader in Civil Engineering Material, Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton, School of Technology, Wulfruna Street, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom, +44(0)1902518588, j.m.khatib@wlv.ac.uk }, abstract={The concept of Lean Construction has been observed to improve workflow reliability, planning and control, particularly in developed and emerging countries like USA, UK, Korea and Brazil. It has been a useful means of achieving project duration reduction and improved cost and quality performance. Predominantly, the Last Planner System, process mapping and other collaborative planning tools of lean construction were utilised in these projects and they accounted for the successes of these projects. However, within under developed and a few developing countries the situation is slightly more at variance. Using Nigeria as a case study for example, the general perception at the moment is that the building industry is mainly characterised by poor project definitions, incomplete project designs and waste generation resulting in uncompleted building projects or poorly completed ones. This paper commences with a review of how lean was applied and why it was successful in the countries identified by previous studies. It then progresses to further review what is currently obtainable in the Nigerian building industry. This then led to a process of addressing the applicability of lean tools within the Nigerian building industry. The results from the review reveal the potential for the application of lean tools within the industry. Sequel to this, the author proposes that Last Planner System of lean be implemented via action research within building industry of Nigeria. It is on the basis of this that further research is being proposed to address this concern. }, author_keywords={lean construction, Last Planner, Nigeria, workflow }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2012, author={Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Mesa, Harrison }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={A Modeling Approach to Understand Performance of Lean Project Delivery System}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/744}, affiliation={Head and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile. Phone +56 2 354 4244; lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Ph.D Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. Chile. Phone +56 2 354 4244; hmesa@uc.cl }, abstract={Many authors suggest that to overcome the problems of the construction industry such as adversarial relationships, low rates of productivity, lack of cooperation, ineffective communications, etc., it is necessary to move toward a better coordination of participants and more collaborative and integrated approaches (e.g. Lean Project Delivery (LPD)). Currently, there is not enough experience and information to understand (1) the adoption of LPD in the construction industry, and (2) the operation of LPD with respect to its organizational structure, operational system, and contractual relationships in a comprehensive manner. The purpose of this paper is to present a research initiative currently in progress that involves the development of models that can help to understand the factors that affect performance of LPD and their mechanisms to impact project results. The development of robust modeling capabilities for LPD can contribute to a better use and design of these systems. The paper provides a review of the literature on project delivery systems and explores the potential use of different modeling approaches to characterize the performance of LPD. A research methodology to develop and test the models is described for analysis and feedback from fellow researchers. }, author_keywords={Project delivery, Relational, Lean Project Delivery, Modeling }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2012, author={Alarcón, Luis F. and Zegarra, Omar }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Identifying the Bullwhip Effect of the Last-Planner Conversations During the Construction Stage}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/745}, affiliation={Head and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Candidate and Graduate Resercher at Centro de Excelencia en Gestión de Producción (GEPUC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.E-Mail: ozegarra@uc.cl }, abstract={Often the successful performance of a project is problematic. The Lean Construction community has approached this issue by emphasizing variability reduction of the production process using the Last Planner System (LPS). In this context, we suggest that the variability characterization of managerial actions along the LPS process itself is an improvement opportunity. We used the concept of conversations from Linguistic Action Perspective (LAP) and the premise that the Bullwhip Effect (BWE) exists between the LPS variables to explore the variability impact of managerial actions during the LPS process. This paper reports the characterization of BWE of LAP conversations between LPS variables and its impact on planning reliability in five projects in the construction stage. Evidence collected suggests that BWE exists between the LPS variables and its existence may be related to the degradation of planning reliability. Although additional work will be required to corroborate these initial findings, this outcome seems useful to quantify management-efforts variability during the LPS process. It is expected that further exploration of these results could help to act proactively to prevent variability generation during the LPS process, where they can be used as a systemic-feedforward variables of disturbance related to the project social-domain. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Variability, Bullwhip Effect, Lean Project Dynamics, Linguistic Action }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Amaral2012, author={Amaral, Tatiana Gondim do and Celestino, Pedro Henrique Monteiro and Fernandes, José Henrique Alves and Brito, Mário Henrique Gomes and Ferreira, Murillo Batista }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Presence of Lean Construction Principles in the Civil Construction market in the state of GOIÁS}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/746}, affiliation={Professor, Civil Engineering School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74.605-220, Phone +55(62)3209-6279, FAX +55(62)3521-1867; tatiana_amaral@hotmail.com ; Research Fellow, Civil Engineering School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74.605- 220, Phone +55(62)9972-6484; phmcelestino@gmail.com ; Research Fellow, Civil Engineering School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74.605- 220, Phone +55(62)8585-2654; josehenrique1@yahoo.com.br ; Research Fellow, Civil Engineering School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74.605- 220, Phone +55(62)8463-1662; rickbrito87@yahoo.com.br ; Research Fellow, Civil Engineering School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74.605- 220, Phone +55(62)8111-5021; murillobatista@yahoo.com.br }, abstract={The principles classified by Koskela (1992), adapted from Toyota production system to civil construction, constitute important tools to the companies acting at the construction market. This paper evaluate the presence and identity the principles in three of the main companies acting in the civil construction market in the State of Goiás, the companies were named A, B and C, and it is shown their strong and weak points in relation to the execution stage. The evaluation was done based in a questionnaire, consisting in verifying the treatment of each of the eleven principles defined by Koskela (1992), by the presence of specific actions to each of these principles, based in a scale of zero to ten. It was found that the implementation of lean practices in the civil construction in the region, represented by the companies A and B, is not well disseminated and incorporated as a management methodology, but when it happens, it is usually partial and to meet requirements of the quality management system, many times focusing in measurements to maintain safety and health at the construction site. In relation to company C, despite being active at the local market, comes from foreign markets and it is a great national area representative, it was observed greater service to the principles of Lean Construction and a greater presence of Lean Thinking in the company’s technical team. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Koskela’s Principles, Companies from the State of Goiás. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fernandes2012, author={Fernandes, Georgeo Dias and Amaral, Tatiana G. do }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Proof of Financial Viability of Designed Gypsum Through Value Stream Mapping}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/747}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, EEC, GECON, UFG ; Dr. Civil Engineer, EEC, GECON, UFG }, abstract={The use of the lean production tool, that can be the Value Stream Mapping (VSM), intend to represent the steps of the execution of traditional internal plastering and also compare it with the Value Stream Mapping (VSM) of the process of internal plastering, using designed gypsum as a method of technological change and indicated as being innovative, rational, and of better standardization. The objective is to identify in the traditional plastering process the waste and its sources, reveal improvement opportunities, and provide a plan of implementation of an innovative technological process in explaining a future view and associating concepts and practices of lean production. In order to identify the activities of the traditional internal plastering walls system, it was carried out a data collection at a construction site of a residential building in course of construction in the city of Goiânia, at the State of Goiás-Brazil, done by the construction company HSI. From this point, it was developed a Value Stream Mapping (VSM) by the services done by the construction company and it was proposed a new VSM for the same construction service, but using the new technological process that is the designed gypsum. It was aimed to verify how much the implementation of the more rational and mechanized system of internal walls plastering, in this case, the designed gypsum, together with the study and application of the principles of the lean construction, can bring as benefit in terms of cost and income in replacement of the traditional plastering method. }, author_keywords={Lean production, value stream mapping, lean thinking }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2012, author={Arroyo, Paz and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Deciding a Sustainable Alternative by Choosing by Advantages' in the AEC industry}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/748}, affiliation={Graduate Student Researcher, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, Phone +1 (510) 386-3156; parroyo@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu) and Adjunct Associate Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={When deciding what alternative is more sustainable than others (i.e., selecting materials while considering environmental-, social-, and economic outputs) in the AEC industry, stakeholders need to select a method for their decision-making process. From the literature it appears to be assumed that all multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods are equal or that the differences between them does not matter, and it is left to the user to select any one. In this study we argue that methods matter. This paper explores what characteristics make a method viable and, correspondingly, what characteristics disqualify methods. We compare and contrast value-based methods versus Choosing By Advantages (CBA). In addition, we explore what characteristics would make a method be aligned with lean thinking. We have found that methods that rank factors or values, such as value-based methods, require a high level abstraction, inducing unanchored conflicting questions. In contrast, CBA methods base judgments on anchoring questions, which are based on valuing the importance of advantages between alternatives. CBA produces fewer conflicting questions and allows stakeholders to discuss what they value in a richer context. We discuss why we think that CBA methods are superior to other methods for making sustainability decisions. In addition, we discuss why CBA is in line with lean thinking. }, author_keywords={Decision-making methods, sustainability, Lean construction, Choosing By Advantages (CBA), multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA). }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2012, author={Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Should Project Budgets Be Based on Worth or Cost?}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/749}, affiliation={Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., 214 McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1-415-710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Two opposing objectives drive construction project budgets. Budgets are driven higher by the objective of providing sufficient funds to achieve project goals in conditions of uncertainty, and driven lower by the objective of spending no more than necessary to accomplish project goals. These two risks, running out of money and leaving money on the table, are in tension and finding the balance point between them is a challenge not always met—some might say ‘infrequently met’. Projects can and do fail both ways. In this paper, it is proposed that these two objectives be pursued through two different financial elements rather than a single financial element. The objective of providing sufficient funds to achieve project goals is to be met by specifying as the project budget the most a client is willing and able to spend to achieve the goals of the project. This allowable cost is based on the worth to the client of the asset to be constructed and is the most conservative basis for budget setting consistent with project economic viability. The objective of spending no more than necessary is to be met through shared savings. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, project budgeting, project cost management, target costing, target value design, value }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Banihashemi2012, author={Banihashemi, S. Yaser and Liu, Li }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={“Lean Governance” : A Paradigm Shift in Inter-Organizational Relationships (IORs) Governance}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/750}, affiliation={PhD student, Room 360 (Blue Room), School of Civil Engineering J05, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Email: seyed.banihashemi@sydney.edu.au ; Senior Lecturer, Room 340, School of Civil Engineering J05, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Email: li.liu@sydney.edu.au }, abstract={In inter-organizational relationships (IORs) governance literature, the dominant underlying theory is transaction cost economics (TCE) which is based on minimizing the transaction costs. Recently, TCE perspective has been criticized for its limited view towards explaining the value-based decisions on establishing or continuing exchange relationships. Moreover, some scholars have argued that a single-firm view about the interpretation of IORs performance promotes more opportunistic behavior among project participants in terms of IORs and impedes the collaborative atmosphere in the project. Borrowing from the lean construction literature, this paper develops the concept of “Lean Governance” in the context of IORs governance in construction projects and argues that the underlying logic for IORs governance should be on maximizing the value of relationships for the customers. Applying value-based and customer-focused approach of lean construction as well as its assumption of construction projects as complex systems, this paper further posits that value creation for the customers through IORs is associated with applying “Lean Governance” that is a combination of formal, social, and IT/IS governance mechanisms with more emphasis on social tools. This article contributes to both lean construction and IOR governance literature by conceptualizing this new approach towards IORs governance through discussing paradigm shifts from Non-Lean Governance to the “Lean Governance”. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Inter-organizational Relationships (IORs), Lean Governance }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barreto2012, author={Barreto, Aerson Moreira and Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Learning, Structural Masonry Technology and Lean Construction a Case Study In a Small Building Site}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/751}, affiliation={Professor, Civil Engineering, UFERSA, Brazil, Phone +55 (84) 9680-9331, aersonbarreto@ufersa.edu.br ; Professor, Civil Engineering, Federal Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 (85) 32670096, heineck@pq.cnpq.br }, abstract={This paper aims to analyze the learning processes of construction workers when they interact with new knowledge in the implementation of structural masonry in a lean environment. Specifically, mortar production control was established through the use of kanbans. Moreover workers have incorporated new techniques in the execution of structural masonry operations and lean principles as transparency, group working, prototyping and proper use of simple innovative tools. Site management took and active role in introducing an open minded atmosphere for communication and discussion in connection with new concepts that were taught. Learning occurs due to a new balance of coordination actions between engineer and workers. Thus, learning became part of production. There was a greater involvement of workers enhancing their ability to build up theoretical and practical knowledge that they deemed useful for the course of their professional lifes. }, author_keywords={lean construction, learning, productivity, kanban }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bhatla2012, author={Bhatla, Ankit and Leite, Fernanda }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Integration Framework of BIM with the Last Planner System}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/752}, affiliation={M.S., Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1752, Austin, TX 78712-0276, email: abhatla@utexas.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C1752, Austin, TX 78712-0276, email: Fernanda.Leite@austin.utexas.edu }, abstract={Lean construction and BIM are two rapidly growing applied research areas in the realm of construction management. Both have justified their implementation by the significant improvements in the cost, schedule and quality of construction. Lean construction aims to remove the wastes in the construction process while BIM aims for greater collaboration among the project teams during the design and construction phases of a project. Both have been implemented independently on projects but there is lack of research showing their applications together on construction projects. Using a case of a major renovation project at the University of Texas at Austin, this paper presents the benefits of BIM implementation and further focuses on developing an integration framework of BIM with the Last Planner SystemTM of lean construction. BIM with its tools like 3D visualization, 4D simulation and MEP clash detection leads to increased collaboration among the project team and when integrated with the Last Planner SystemTM, it can help in reducing the variability inherent in the construction process. This paper presents an integration framework of BIM at three levels in the Last Planner SystemTM – at the Master Schedule level, Lookahead Schedule level and at the Weekly Work Plan level. The advantage of this integration is also discussed in this paper. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, BIM, MEP Clash Detection, 3D Visualization, 4D Simulation }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Björnfot2012, author={Björnfot, Anders and Johnsson, Helena and Simonsson, Peter }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={ 'Find-Think-Write-Publish' - Lean Thinking in Scientific Paper Writing}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/753}, affiliation={Assistant Professor., Faculty of Technology, Economy and Management, Gjøvik University College, Gjøvik, Norway, Phone +47 611 351 62, anders.bjornfot@hig.no ; Associate Professor, Div. of Structural and Construction Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492 860, helena.johnsson@ltu.se ; Assistant Professor, Div. of Structural and Construction Engineering – Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 070 2900410, peter.simonsson@ltu.se }, abstract={Construction research supports long-term development of the construction industry and the society. Thus it is important to evaluate research against existing knowledge and to constantly develop new knowledge. The main mechanism for doing so is publishing scientific papers. In Sweden, praxis has developed that a Ph.D. consists of a handful of scientific papers. The average time period for a Ph.D. is five years after which the funding situation changes drastically. Previously, the duration of Ph.D. studies at Luleå University of Technology, Sweden often exceeded the planned five years, disrupting the flow of Ph.D. examinations. To increase awareness and interest in paper writing, a method was sought to visualise and manage the writing process. This paper investigates how an Oobeya room can be implemented in construction research to support paper writing. Experiences of working with the Oobeya room in three separate research divisions prove that it is possible and fruitful to better manage knowledge in academic institutions. Even though research is creative, it can be properly managed without hampering scientific freedom. Evidence from managing scientific paper writing using the Oobeya room shows that proper management of research will actually create better research that is more publishable with shorter lead times! }, author_keywords={Big room (Oobeya), Knowledge organizations, Construction research, Higher education, Visual management }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bølviken2012, author={Bølviken, Trond }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={On the Categorization of Production: The Organization-Product Matrix}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/754}, affiliation={Director, Strategy and Improvement, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no (Veidekke Entreprenør AS is a Norwegian subsidiary of Veidekke ASA, a major Scandinavian construction and real-estate-development company) }, abstract={Lean Construction is both a theoretical and a (theory-based) practical approach to the construction industry. It is strongly inspired and influenced by Lean Production and the Toyota Production System adopted by manufacturing industries. However, in order for learning across industries, organizations or forms of production to take place, the similarities as well as the differences between the industries, organizations or forms of production involved must be considered and properly understood. A fundamental question for Lean Construction is therefore: “What Kind of Production is Construction?” This paper reviews the literature on existing ways to categorize production before presenting a new model for such categorization: the Organization-Product-Matrix. Use of the matrix is exemplified through two examples, one on strategies targeting productivity and one on work-place safety. }, author_keywords={Forms of production, production systems, production theory }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brady2012, author={Brady, Denise Ann and Tzortopoulos, Patricia and Rooke, John }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Using Design Science To Further Develop Visual Management Application in Construction}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/755}, affiliation={PhD Student, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. brady_denise@web.de ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 295 4284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Greater Manchester. Phone +44 161 295 6344; j.a.rooke@eml.cc }, abstract={This paper presents preliminary results of an ongoing PhD work, focusing on the further development of Visual Management (VM) application in Construction using prescriptive research through Design Science. The aim of the paper is to present a case study that describes how a Visual Management Method (VMM) was developed and implemented to improve transparency on a construction site and to consider how this method can make a contribution to Visual Management theory. The VMM incorporates visual tools that are applied together to plan, measure and visualise work on a daily basis. The paper concludes with a discussion on how the VMM relates to the literature on Visual Management and determines the next steps to be taken to refine the method and provide theoretical contributions. }, author_keywords={Design, visual management, lean implementation }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Burgos2012, author={Burgos, André Perroni de and Costa, Dayana Bastos }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Assessment of Kanban Use on Construction Sites}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/756}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Polytechnic School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, andreburgos@msn.com ; Assistant Professor, Polytechnic School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering and Master of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Phone: +55 71 3283-9731,dayanabcosta@ufba.br }, abstract={Due to the lack of skilled labour and the difficulties in managing material flows during the execution of site works, construction companies (mainly in the northeast of Brazil) are looking for ways to facilitate communication between management teams and workers and gain control over material consumption and flow. In this context, the Kanban System is a technique that may contribute to minimise this problem, increasing the productivity, reducing wastes as well as maintaining within the set budgets. This paper presents the assessment of the implementation of kanban systems in construction sites aiming to identify improvement opportunities for a better use of the system and also to establish a set of necessary conditions for its implementation and use. A literature review aimed at studying the Toyota Production System principles and its relationship with kanban system was performed. From the literature review a checklist was created as a method of evaluation. Three construction sites in the city of Salvador-Bahia-Brazil that use the kanban system for the supply of materials were analysed. The checklist for evaluation includes issues related to tools and concepts inherent with the kanban system, these being: a) mechanisms for loss reduction, b) mechanisms of achieving continuous improvement, c) tools to increase communication and transparency, d) just-in-time, e) production and pull streaming. The main contribution of this paper is the identification of the degree of kanban system implementation on the building site studied and its opportunities for improvement. Also, the necessary conditions and guidelines for implementation were established. }, author_keywords={Lean production, Kanban system, material supply management. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Carneiro2012, author={Carneiro, Sarah B. M. and Campos, Ivna B. and Oliveira, Deborah M. de and Neto, José P. Barros }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Lean and Green: A Relationship Matrix}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/757}, affiliation={Architect, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Federal University of Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, Bloco 710, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3366-9607, deborahmo@gmail.com ; Engineer, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, ivnabaquit@gmail.com ; Architect, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, sarah_bmc@yahoo.com.br ; Professor Ph.D Professor from the Civil Construction and Structure Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={Lean Construction is associated with the implementation and adaption of concepts and principles of the Toyota Production System in civil engineering management, its main objective is to reduce waste through process improvement, to optimize flows and increase product quality. The LEED system was created to ensure sustainability, seeking to reduce the environmental impact of construction through a rational use of existing resources. Based on these two concepts, this study aims to build a matrix of interaction between the sustainable guidelines on civil construction, considering the criteria for certification of environmental performance of buildings, and the principles of Lean Construction, to understand the complementarity between Lean and Green. This is a theoretical research, which comprises the following steps: a literature review about the principles of Lean Construction and the process of environmental certification of buildings, with emphasis on the LEED certification; and finally, the construction of an interaction matrix between Lean and Green, considering their positive direct interactions. The results of the analysis show a number of interactions between the principles of Lean and Green Construction. Among these, it stands out the search for the general elimination of waste and the addition of value to the customers, confirming the importance of this research approach. }, author_keywords={Theory, Lean Construction, LEED, Interaction matrix. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Campos2012, author={Campos, Ivna B. and Oliveira, Deborah M. de and Carneiro, Sarah B. M. and Carvalho, Ana Beatriz Luna de and Neto, José P. Barros }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Relation Between the Sustainable Maturity of Construction companies and the philosophy of lean construction}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/758}, affiliation={Engineer, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Federal University of Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, Bloco 710, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3366-9607, deborahmo@gmail.com ; Architect, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, ivnabaquit@gmail.com ; Architect, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, sarah_bmc@yahoo.com.br ; Engineer, M.Sc. Student, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, an.abc@hotmail.com ; Professor Ph.D Professor from the Civil Construction and Structure Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={In the current economic context, the influence of globalization on business requires the entrepreneur to adopt competitive posture in market. Thus, in the civil construction industry, it is known that companies seek new processes, products and tools to maximize efficiency. The Lean philosophy and the environmental management are considered strategic practices and seek to reduce waste due to the organizational efficiency. The application of these philosophies requires investments by companies, making substantial to measure it continuously. This study aims to analyze the relationship between Lean Construction (LC) concepts and sustainable construction, by the use of assessment tools that show maturity indicators of the companies involving both approaches. About the methodological procedures, this is a qualitative research with an exploratory approach. The multiple case study was used as research strategy in two construction companies located in Fortaleza, Brazil. As results, was observed that application of Lean and Green have similarities and complementarities. Therefore, the main contribution of this research is the fact that companies could achieve their process more efficient and with more quality when they implement Lean and sustainable principles simultaneously. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, Lean Construction, Construction Industry, Indicators. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Carneiro2012, author={Carneiro, Thaís M. and Lins, Deborah M. de O and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Spread of BIM : A Comparative Analysis of Scientific Production in Brazil and Abroad}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/759}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Master student, Program of postgraduate in Civil Engineering, UFC, Campus of Pici, 710 Block, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone: +55085 33669607, thaismarilane@gmail.com ; Architect and Urban Planner, Master student, Program of postgraduate in Civil Engineering, UFC, Campus of Pici, 710 Block, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone: +55085 33669607, deborahmo@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Professor, Program of postgraduate in Civil Engineering, UFC, Campus of Pici, 710 Block, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone: +55085 33669607, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={This paper is a bibliometric research that aim to compare Brazilian and international scenario in BIM technology in the last two years. The study aims to search for the best-known authors; the amount of their publications; academic authors titles that appear more frequently; identify which institutions publish more articles, both in Brazil and abroad; and detect which countries invest more in research on the subject under examination. To this end, a research was carried out in articles published in annals of events and national and international academic journals specifically in the years 2010 and 2011. The articles should contain in their titles, abstracts or keywords at least one of the 13 terms considered necessary to be selected for analysis. It was concluded that despite being incipient, studies on BIM have been evolved, showing an increasing number of academic research. In that context, Brazil had an important participation in international publications, as well as foreign universities have also contributed to publications on BIM in Brazilian events. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, BIM, bibliometric research, virtual building. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cossio2012, author={Cossio, Jorge G. and Cossio, Antonio G. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Application of Just in Time to the Fabrication and Installation of Prefabricated Concrete Facades in Buildings}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/760}, affiliation={BSc Industrial Engineering. Director of ITN de Mexico, Mexico City, Tel: 52 55 5407 8228, jcossio@itnmexico.com ; BSc Mechatronics Engineering, Project Manager of ITN de Mexico, Mexico City, Tel: 52 55 2271 0941, acossio@itnmexico.com }, abstract={This paper will demonstrate the advantages of using Lean Construction methodologies on projects, specifically Just In Time, to the entire process of fabrication, transportation, and installation of prefabricated concrete facades. The objective was to change the traditional process of mass production, with production of big lots of each different piece and the need of important areas for storage of the material waiting for installation. As Sven Bertelsen and Rafael Sacks (2006) propose on their paper presented at the IGLC 14 conference: “The construction industry must therefore be seen as an industry conducting an eternal chain of interwoven projects as any participant is involved in more than one project at the same time. The aspect distinguishing the construction industry from mass or customized production is thus not the individuality of the product per se but the fact that the huge variation in project outcomes makes it necessary for the industry to set up a new production process— and therefore a new production system for each project”. The proposed change was to fabricate very small lots of one- or two units of each different piece, send it to the construction site to be installed, checked for changes and adjustments needed, communicate those to production and implement the changes on the molds and on the production processes. This change is of particular importance because it is difficult to make sound decisions on materials management and supply chain management in regards to how much and when to order the materials on a construction project, combined with the uncertainty of it delivery (Tommelein 2006) IGLC 14, Tommelein and Li 1999). }, author_keywords={Just in Time, Lean Construction }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sharma2012, author={Sharma, Deepak K. and Cui, Qingbin }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Subsidy Allocation Mechanism for Successful Implementation of Green Contracting Strategies}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/761}, affiliation={PhD, Sustainable Infrastructure Group, University of Maryland, 0122F Engineering Lab Building, College Park, MD, USA 20742, Email: dsharma@umd.edu ; Assistant Professor, Project Management Program, Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, 1157 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, USA 20742. Phone: (301) 405-8104 Email: cui@umd.edu }, abstract={Construction industry in the U.S. is one of the top Green House Gas (GHG) emitters. It produced 1.7% of the total U.S. GHG emissions in 2002. These emissions are equivalent to 6% of total U.S. industry related GHG emissions, earning it a third rank on the list of highest emitting industries. However, these numbers represent only a part of the total construction emissions but if we add all the direct and indirect construction emissions from the supply chain of construction projects, the construction emissions would represent up to 54% of the total U.S. emissions. Hence, there is a need to lower emission levels from each and every emitter in the construction supply chain. This research work, defining and addressing the importance of Lean Carbon Supply Chain (LCaSC) for construction projects, develops a subsidy allocation mechanism using a two-stage sequential game to model the Agency’s and Contractor’s behavior. The subsidy allocation mechanism would enable successful implementation of Green Performance Contracting strategies at a minimum cost. }, author_keywords={Construction Supply Chain, Carbon Supply Chain, Game Theory, Implementation, Subsidy Design }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cupertino2012, author={Cupertino, Daniel and Vilarinho, Sammea A. and Alencar, Leonardo and Amaral, Tatiana G. do }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Application of the Principles of Lean Thinking in the Post Work Construction Department}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/762}, affiliation={Master Student from Federal University of Goiás, School of Civil Engineering, Graduate Program in Geotechnic, Civil Construction and Structures, e-mail cupertino.daniel@gmail.com ; Master Student from Federal University of Goiás, School of Civil Engineering, Graduate Program in Geotechnic, Civil Construction and Structures, e-mail sammeavilarinho@gmail.com ; Master Student from Federal University of Goiás, School of Civil Engineering, Graduate Program in Building Technology and Management, e-mail lapleo14@gmail.com ; Doctor Professor from Federal University of Goiás, School of Civil Engineer, Graduate Program in Geotechnic, Civil Construction and Structures, e-mail tatiana_amaral@hotmail.com }, abstract={The increase on the competitiveness, the search on the customer satisfaction, the search by reducing waste in civil construction were facts that helped entrepreneurs and companies to seek new ways of working, being lean construction one of the ways to get that. Studies report that the application of the Lean tools in construction was carried out in an isolated way. This type of application was pointed as a major fact limiting the extent of achievement in implementing Lean principles. The aim of this studies is to identify opportunities to implement the principles of Lean Production in the service department of a construction company in Goiás, proposing routines that try to implement the continuous improvement of its processes, eliminating waste, reducing the Lead Time, allowing it to perform the mapping processes, improving the way records of requests for technical assistance, among others. For data collection it was carried out a semi-structured interview in four construction companies. Through the analysis of the responses, some Lean tools were developed like flowchart mapping of activities, an action plan for preventive maintenance and an application form for technical assistance, focusing on helping small and medium construction building companies to structure a Post Work Construction Department ruled on the Lean principles (pull, perfection, value stream). It was concluded pointing out some difficulties in the implementation of lean principles in the department and emphasizing the Lean concepts that can be presented within the activities of the Post Work Construction Department. }, author_keywords={Lean Production. Lean Thinking. Technical Assistance. Post Work Construction. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Desai2012, author={Desai, Ankur Paresh and Abdelhamid, Tariq Sami }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Exploring Crew Behavior During Uncertain Jobsite Conditions}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/763}, affiliation={Ankur Desai, MS Construction Management, Michigan State University. Phone: 517-775-9989. Email: desaian5@msu.edu ; Dr. Tariq Abdelhamid, Associate Professor at School of Planning Design and Construction, Michigan State University. 214 Human Ecology, East Lansing Michigan 48824. Phone: 517.432.8108 Email: tariq@msu.edu }, abstract={The dynamism and the inherent interactive nature of construction projects make them highly uncertain in nature and thus prone to unexpected events. Project level planning methods in construction assume a degree of certainty that is absent on projects. Unexpected events (such as equipment breakdown, coordination miscues, discrepancy between specs and drawings, etc.) are typically addressed by having the crew wait for a foreman or superintendent to find ways to handle the issue. This is a command and control structure that depends on a centrally controlling body. The research explores the question of whether the crew should wait for instructions or address the issue on their own. The research tests the hypothesis that a self-managed and autonomous construction crew will help combat the unexpected event more effectively than waiting for a resolution by a centrally controlling body. The two approaches are contrasted and compared for their effectiveness in dealing with unexpected events. An Agent based model shows; the delay caused by the same damage was on average 40% lower for the crew making its own decisions compared to the crew that depended on the superintendent. Considering that the model takes into account the erroneous decisions made by the crew, the prima facie result shows that allowing crews to be autonomous is an effective strategy on the long run. As a result of the crews solving problems, the superintendent is also expected to have more opportunities to concentrate on improving the coordination and planning of work on site. }, author_keywords={Production Management, Uncertainty, Autonomous Crews, Self-managed Crews }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shakantu2012, author={Shakantu, Winston M. and Emuze, Fidelis A. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Assessing Reverse Logistics in South African Construction}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/764}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Construction Management, PO Box 77000 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2394 Fax: (041) 504 2345 E-mail: Winston.Shakantu@nmmu.ac.za ; Research Associate, Built Environment Research Centre, PO Box 77000 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2399 Fax: (041) 504 2345 E-mail: Fidelis.Emuze2@nmmu.ac.za }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to advance the benefits of an efficient reverse logistics system in construction. The paper argues that building material and waste removal operations could be optimized by the application of reverse logistics in a construction context. Though the larger research entails extensive use of a number of qualitative approaches, this particular paper reports on a multi case study investigation conducted in the City of Cape Town. Present knowledge of logistics in general and transportation in particular, within South African construction is relatively limited. Emphasis is more frequently placed on supply chain management (SCM) without reference to the fundamental need to understand its pre-eminent subsets, such as transportation. For instance, building materials and waste removal transport operators in construction still operate as independent businesses. As a result, these vendors do not synchronize their operations. The utilization of reverse logistics in a construction context could improve vehicle utilization and reduce vehicular movements while simultaneously improving the service being provided to customers. In other words, there appears to be a major scope for reducing wastes related to unnecessary movement, conveyance and unnecessary motion in the process. }, author_keywords={Construction, Reverse logistics, Supply Chain Management, South Africa }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shakantu2012, author={Shakantu, Winston M. and Emuze, Fidelis A. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Improving H&S by Limiting Transport Externalities in South Africa}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/765}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Construction Management, PO Box 77000 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2394 Fax: (041) 504 2345 E-mail: Winston.Shakantu@nmmu.ac.za ; Research Associate, Built Environment Research Centre, PO Box 77000 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2399 Fax: (041) 504 2345 E-mail: Fidelis.Emuze2@nmmu.ac.za }, abstract={The paper reviews construction transport externalities and their effect on construction workers and public health and safety (H&S) and the contribution of reverse logistics to the reduction of these externalities. Qualitative approach in the form of “content analysis” led to the primary data that were generated through the study. The findings suggest that H&S issues relating to construction transport externalities have largely been ignored. This represents a huge omission as the effects of transport externality are a major cause of H&S concerns, which apart from affecting construction workers, also affect the general public. It can be argued that these findings, which may lead to injuries and accidents, work against lean construction philosophy. The safeguarding of H&S and welfare of construction workers has been a central theme for most H&S research. In particular, much of the literature and guidance on construction H&S has been directed towards reducing the number of accidents on the job and job related physical ailments. }, author_keywords={Construction, Health and Safety (H&S), Construction Traffic, Transport Externalities, South Africa }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Espino2012, author={Espino, Elias and Aranda, Consuelo and Walsh, Kenneth and Hutchinson, Tara and Restrepo, Jose and Hoehler, Matthew and Bachman, Robert }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Relationship of Time Lag Buffer to Material Stockpile Buffer Levels}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/766}, affiliation={Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, 92182-1324 ; Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, 92182-1324 ; AGC-Paul S. Roel Chair in Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, 92182-1324, Phone +1(619)-594-0911, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Professor, Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0085, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093 ; Professor, Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0085, La Jolla, CA, USA 92093 ; Research Director, Hilti Corporation, Corporate Research and Technology, Feldkircherstrasse 100, Schaan, 9494, Liechtenstein ; Principal, RE Bachman Consulting Structural Engineers, Laguna Niguel, CA, USA 92677 }, abstract={This paper presents observations of buffer implementation and usage during the construction of a five-story, full-scale, reinforced concrete, earthquake test structure. Over 40 private industry partners performed a majority of the construction work inkind, each covering a different scope of work. Activity durations were often longer than expected, particularly because research interests often resulted in changes in scopes of work for partners, sometimes requiring design work. Due to the fluctuation between the initial baseline construction lookahead schedule developed early in the project, and the pace of actual construction, inventory often sat in the laydown area or in the workface area for lengthy periods of time. This was true even though a pull approach was used to coordinate activities. A simulation experiment was used to determine the impact on inventory levels of activity durations exceeding planned durations. Because material lead times were on the order of the planning horizon, orders for upcoming activities were often made without knowledge of delays in intermediate activities, resulting in additional inventory time on the site. The simulation experiment exhibited a similar behavior, and showed that excess inventory levels increase rapidly with the degree to which actual durations extend beyond planned durations. }, author_keywords={Buffers, production control, inventory control. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Etges2012, author={Etges, Bernardo M.B.S. and Saurin, Tacisio A. and Bulhões, Iamara R. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Identifying Lean Construction Categories of Practices in the IGLC Proceedings}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/767}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, bernardo.m.etges@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, saurin@ufrgs.br ; Research Fellow, iamara@producao.ufrgs.br Postgrad. Progr. in Production Engrg., Fed. Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, }, abstract={The International Group of Lean Construction (IGLC) Annual Conferences have become an important source of both theoretical developments and reports of practical applications concerned with the adaptation of lean production ideas into construction. This paper presents an analysis of the lean practices that have been discussed in IGLC conference papers. It used as a starting point an analysis and classification of 3,139 keywords from 685 papers published between 1993 and 2010. A set of practices were identified and classified in categories. More than 50% of the papers were focused on four categories: production planning and control (18.4%), product development (16.4%), logistics and supply chain management (9.7%), and human resources (9.1%). Moreover, the study pointed out that some important lean construction practices have not been emphasized in the papers, such as those related to quality control, standardization and pull production. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction practices, bibliometry, IGLC }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fiallo C2012, author={Fiallo C, Mario and Howell, Greg }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Using Production System Design and Takt Time To Improve Project Performance}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/768}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Msc. Professor at Central University of Ecuador. Lean Construction Coordinator at Ripconciv Constructora. Av. Protugal y Eloy Alfaro. Edif. Milenium Plaza Piso 5 Of. 501. +593-333-2050 x 209, Mobile +593-996-94255; mfiallo@ripconciv.com.ec, mfiallo@sitiodeobra.com ; President, Lean Construction Institue, Box 1003, Ketchum, Id 83340. +1-208/726-9989; ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={The heart of the Toyota Production System is increasing flow through waste elimination. Takt time is the tool that establishes how much work has to flow through a production system in a fixed time. Takt time is a straight link between customer and production system that sets the rhythm of a production system. The aim of this paper is to show how an Ecuadorian contractor tested the impact of production system using Takt time to improve performance on an infrastructure project. The site manager used Takt to design the production system and to communicate the system’s goals to production units (crews). The paper reports on the implementation process, key decision points and results. Lessons learned on this project have implications for the application of lean construction on projects in emerging economies. }, author_keywords={Takt time, Flow, Production System Design, Visual Management. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2012, author={Filho, Antonio N. de Miranda and Heineck, Luiz F. M. and Costa, Jorge Moreira da }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Revisiting the Concept of Flexibility}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/769}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Ph.D., CEO, Construtora Santo Amaro Ltda., Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Senior Professor, Production Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. freitas8@terra.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, jmfcosta@fe.up.pt }, abstract={Research studies indicate the existence of three generic ways for dealing with variation: control, flexibility and buffering. These are the ways of assuring organizational robustness to support the proactive and reactive management of events that occur during the project life cycle. Traditionally, project management practices have strongly relied on the combined use of control and buffers. However, the growing recognition of problems associated with organizational complexity has been changing paradigms and pushing structural changes towards the development of flexible competences. This paper critically discusses the concept of flexibility, regarding its definitions applied to construction projects. The first objective is to provide a better understanding of the concept by looking at its inter-relationship with control and buffering. The three concepts are explained as different but complementary ways of handling variations. The second objective is to show that, in any context, the emergence of a flexible competence is the result of many internal adjustments in the content of production strategy. The idea is to present flexibility as a multi dimensional concept that requires a core discipline and various enablers. In doing so, the authors hope to provide further understanding of the inner workings of production system robustness and to highlight the important role of lean practices. }, author_keywords={Flexibility, buffering, organizational robustness, production system design. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rocha2012, author={Rocha, Cecilia G. da and Formoso, Carlos T. and Tzortzopoulos-Fazenda, Patricia and Koskela, Lauri and Tezel, Algan }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Design Science Research in Lean Construction: Process and Outcomes}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/770}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 3rd floor, 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., Centro, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, cecilia.rocha@ufrgs.br ; Professor, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 3rd floor, 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., Centro, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, 4th Floor, The Crescent, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, 4th Floor, The Crescent, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Alumnus, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, 4th Floor, The Crescent, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, algantezel@gmail.com }, abstract={Design science (or constructive) research is a mode of producing scientific knowledge. It differs from explanatory research whose goal is to describe, understand and eventually predict phenomena of a particular field. Alternatively, the goal of design science research is to develop scientifically grounded solutions that are able to solve real-world problems. In this way, it establishes an appropriate link between theory and practice, strengthening the relevance of academic research. This paper discusses the design science research approach and illustrates through the analysis of two Ph.D investigations how it can be adopted in lean construction. In this paper, the outcomes and the research process adopted in these investigations are presented. At the end, some conclusions concerning the outcomes achieved and the activities involved in conducting design science in lean construction are discussed. }, author_keywords={Theory, design science, constructive research. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Freitas2012, author={Freitas, Ana Augusta F. de and Heineck, Luiz Fernando M }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Technological Capability: Evidence From Building Companies in a Lean Learning Environment}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/771}, affiliation={Professor, Civil Engineering, Estate Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 (85) 31019940, freitas8@terra.com.brProfessor, Civil Engineering, Estate Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 (85) 31019940, freitas8@terra.com.br ; Professor, Civil Engineering, Federal Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 (85) 32670096, heineck@pq.cnpq.br }, abstract={The main purpose of this paper is to understand technological capabilities accumulation associated with lean activities observed in a group of 11 building companies participating in a collaboration schema established among firms with focus on learning - a learning network. These companies have been mastering new managerial concepts as a group for the last 12 years, mainly devoted to learn about and implement lean construction in Fortaleza, a three million population city in the northeast of Brazil. A field survey was conducted in order to identify technological trajectories. Further specific analysis was developed focusing on production management function evolution and lean concepts contribution to knowledge accumulation in this area are highlighted. Results indicate that (1) technological accumulation varies in mode and speed among apparently very similar companies and (2) learning networks might be taken as an appropriate locus for knowledge accumulation provided that building companies decide to take an active role on them. In a word, just to participate in a learning environment does not add to the organization capabilities to improve its production management function. This research work extends theoretical understanding about the impact of learning networks on innovative and productive capability of building companies in developing countries, especially in connection to lean production. }, author_keywords={Technological capability, learning, alliancing, lean environment, production planning, collaboration }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gharaie2012, author={Gharaie, Ehsan and Blismas, Nick and Wakefield, Ron }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Little’s Law for the U.S House Building Industry}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/772}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Phone +61 3 99251735, email: Ehsan.gharaie@rmit.edu.au ; Associate Professor, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Phone +61 3 99255056, email: nick.blismas@rmit.edu.au ; Professor, Head of school, School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Phone +61 3 99253448, email: ron.wakefield@rmit.edu.au }, abstract={Although the housebuilding industry is a significant player in the housing supply pipeline, housing experts have paid little attention to this player and have focused more on the other players such as policy makers, financiers, and land developers. Research has tended to focus on house builders and individual housebuilding operations as the constructs of the whole house building industry. However, analysis of the dynamics of the whole industry as a single system has remained unexplored. This research investigates these dynamics in the US housebuilding industry and explores the applicability of Little’s law at the national level. The focus of the study is on single unit dwellings and the time span of the study is forty years between 1971 and 2010. Single unit dwellings made up seventy six percent of all dwellings completed in 2010. The analysis commences with the adaptation of the law for the house building industry. The industry’s parameters such as number of house starts, completion time, and number of houses under construction are used as the proxies for arrival rate, cycle time, and work in process. A time factor is added, and the average house completion time is predicted using the law. The predictions are compared with the actual data using error metrics and visual comparisons. The result shows that Little’s law can predict the dynamics of the industry with 5 percent error. Thus, it is applicable in the house building industry and can be used for the analysis of the industry’s dynamics. This research demonstrates that the US house building industry operates similar to a production line, and therefore offers industry practitioners and industry analysts powerful techniques for better understanding housing supply. }, author_keywords={Little’s law, work flow, work in process, production planning, US housebuilding industry }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Graham2012, author={Graham, Gary and Evans, Roseann B. and Çelik, Bilge Gokhan and Gould, Frederick E. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Can We Teach Lean Construction Methods in Schools of Architecture? }, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/773}, affiliation={FAIA, Associate Professor of Architecture, Roger Williams University, School of Architecture, Art and Historic Preservation, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol RI 02809, USA, Phone (401) 254-3495, ggraham@rwu.edu ; AIA, LEED-AP, Professor of Architecture, Roger Williams University, School of Architecture, Art and Historic Preservation, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol RI 02809, USA, Phone (401) 254-3603, revans@rwu.edu ; PhD, LEED-AP, Assistant Professor, Roger Williams University, School of Engineering, Computing and Construction Management, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol RI 02809, USA, Phone (401) 254-3648, bgcelik@rwu.edu ; PE, CPC, Professor, Construction Management Program Coordinator, Roger Williams University RWU, School of Engineering, Computing and Construction Management, One Old Ferry Road, Bristol RI 02809, USA, Phone (401) 254-3725, fgould@rwu.edu }, abstract={Traditionally, schools of architecture are not great laboratories to explore the collaborative processes and teamwork that are essential to integrated design and delivery practices as exemplified by Lean Construction. The pre-eminence of the “hero-architect” in the design studio is in direct conflict with methods that can reduce risk and improve the efficiency of the design and construction delivery process. Risk? Efficiency? Delivery Process? … not to mention Cost Control, Schedule and Constructability, are foreign concepts to the predominant design studio culture. Integrated practices and integrated project delivery are clearly "hot" topics in the design and construction industry today. They are a response to pressures from building owners and developers for more efficient and predictable processes for designing and constructing buildings, and to the increasing availability of advanced digital technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM). Can an institutionally enshrined resistance to this new approach to design and delivery in the Academy be overcome? Should it? These are the questions that institutions that teach design and construction practices are wrestling with all over the country. This paper addresses an approach that allows interdisciplinary teams to apply the basic elements of Integrated Practice and Lean Construction to a real world case study that is designed using a common Building Information Model. }, author_keywords={architecture, integrated project delivery, lean construction, collaboration, construction management, action learning, target cost }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Guevara2012, author={Guevara, Jose and Prieto, Javier and Muentes, Carlos }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Implementing a Performance Improvement Strategy for Reinforced Masonry Building Construction}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/774}, affiliation={Instructor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este 19A40, Bogotá, Colombia, Phone +57 1 3324313, jaguevaram@gmail.com ; Research Fellow, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este 19A40, Bogotá, Colombia, Phone +57 1 3324313, japrieto@uniandes.edu. ; M.Sc. Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este 19A40, Bogotá, Colombia, Phone +57 1 3324313, carmuentes@hotmail.com }, abstract={Twenty years after the first annual conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, it is evident that Lean Construction (LC) concepts have been implemented in many projects at both operational and organisational levels. Several papers have analysed how to improve traditional management techniques through reducing wasteful practices and increasing collaboration among participants. However, there are still firms in which LC ideas have not been implemented. This paper presents the results of a study focused on formulating a proposal for a construction company in order to improve the performance of on-site activities in social housing projects. The aim is to develop a performance improvement strategy so that variability can be reduced in reinforced masonry tasks. The research involves processes related with masonry walls and concrete slabs construction. The project under analysis consists of 23 six-story buildings with 552 apartments in total. Data collection methods include survey-questionnaires, face-toface interviews, direct observations, and time-lapse recordings. The paper is divided in three parts. First, the procedures are characterised in terms of the Transformation Flow Value (TFV) theory. Subsequently, on-site operational improvements are suggested. These are directed towards increasing compliance with seismic, quality, and health-and-safety regulations. Thirdly, a discrete-event simulation model is designed in order to show the benefits of reducing variability within building processes. Conclusions offer guidelines to implement basic LC concepts and recommendations for applying LC tools. }, author_keywords={Productivity improvement, reinforced masonry, discrete-event simulation }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gupta2012, author={Gupta, Agrim and Gonzalez, Vicente and Miller, Garry }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Understanding the Relationship Between Productivity and Buffers in Construction: A Simulation-Based Case}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/775}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. E-Mail: agrim@iitk.ac.in ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; Professional Teaching Fellow, Department of Civil aand Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: g.miller@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={Buffer-driven production strategies represent an effective mechanism to shield the production system performance from the ill-effects of variability. In construction, these production strategies have been an emerging issue among lean construction researchers and practitioners alike. However, there is still room to better understand the relationship between performance and buffers in construction, in order to develop suitable buffer management approaches in projects. In this exploratory research, the relationship between productivity and buffer levels in repetitive projects is investigated by using Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) modelling. Also, a specific kind of inventory buffer is studied: work-in-process (WIP). A number of simulation scenarios with varying production parameters such as production amount, production rate, variability levels and initial WIP buffer size were tested. Results show that even though WIP buffer may not contribute to improving productivity rates, but they provide very good protection to productivity levels in case of variability conditions in projects. This effect makes WIP buffer suitable for use in large scale repetitive projects where a small disruption in production can lead to heavy losses. Also mathematical relationships between productivity and WIP buffer were analyzed, finding some good nonlinear relationships able to explain to a certain extent the impact of the WIP buffers sizes on productivity. }, author_keywords={Buffer, Discrete-Event Simulation, Productivity, Repetitive Projects, Variability, Work-In-Process. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamdi2012, author={Hamdi, Olfa and Leite, Fernanda }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={BIM and Lean Interactions from the BIM Capability Maturity Model Perspective: A Case Study}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/776}, affiliation={MS Student, Construction Engineering and Project Management Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department, olfa.hamdi@utexas.edu, Phone: (512) 669-8436 ; PhD, Assistant Professor, The University of Texas at Austin, Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department, 1 University Station C1752 Austin, TX 78712-0276, Office phone: (512) 471-5957, Office location: ECJ 5.302, Fernanda.Leite@austin.utexas.edu, http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/leite/ }, abstract={Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Lean Thinking have been used separately as key approaches to overall construction projects’ improvement. Their combination, given several scenarios, presents opportunities for improvement as well as challenges in implementation. However, the exploration of eventual interactions and relationships between BIM as a process and Lean Construction principles is recent in research. The objective of this paper is to identify BIM and Lean relationship aspects with a focus on the construction phase and from the perspective of the general contractor (GC). This paper is based on a case study where BIM is already heavily used by the GC and where the integration of Lean practices is recent. We explore areas of improvement and Lean contributions to BIM from two perspectives. First, from Sacks et al.’s (2010) Interaction Matrix perspective, we identify some existing interactions. Second, based on the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) of the National Building Information Modeling Standard (NBIMS), we measure the level of the project’s BIM maturity and highlight areas of improvement for Lean. The main contribution of the paper is concerned with the exploration of the BIM maturity levels that are enhanced by Lean implementation. }, author_keywords={Interaction between Lean and BIM, Capability Maturity Model, lean construction, case study }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamzeh2012, author={Hamzeh, Farook R. and Abi Morshed, Farah and Jalwan, Hala and Saab, Issa }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Is Improvisation Compatible with Lookahead Planning? An Exploratory Study}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/777}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 406E Bechtel, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb ; Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, fha23@aub.edu.lb ; Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, hsj03@aub.edu.lb ; Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, ems11@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Short-term or lookahead planning is critical to the success of construction operations since detailed construction planning is more realistic and objective when performed closer to executing a construction activity. Lookahead planning requires more than simple interpretation of the project schedule, it involves breaking down activities into the level of operations, identifying constraints, assigning responsibilities, and making assignments ready by removing constraints. However, task execution sometimes proceeds without full removal of constraints due to uncertainty, lack of planning, lack of information, or pressure for fast action. In these circumstances, construction specialists revert to some sort of improvisation utilizing available material, information, space etc., and other resources to execute these tasks. The purpose of this paper is to present early results from a study that aims at assessing the performance level of lookahead planning in construction and evaluating how much, where, and when improvisation is utilized. Results from three exploratory case studies are used to identify the performance level of Lookahead planning, and the circumstances for reverting to improvisation. The results will help assess the threshold for planning efforts required before reaching diminishing returns versus the threshold for effective improvisation required to cater for breakdowns in planning efforts and uncertainty. Early results show many gaps in lookahead planning practices and sporadic cases of improvisation. }, author_keywords={Production Planning, Improvisation, Making-do, and Lookahead Planning. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Herrala2012, author={Herrala, Maila E. and Pekuri, Aki and Aapaoja, Aki }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={How Do You Understand Lean?}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/778}, affiliation={Post-doctoral research fellow, Maila.Herrala@oulu.fi ; Ph.D. student, Aki.Pekuri@oulu.fi ; Ph.D. student, Aki.Aapaoja@oulu.fi }, abstract={The critical starting point for lean thinking is value. All process improvement actions should focus on eliminating steps in the value stream that do not create value and make the value-creating steps flow smoothly toward the customer. This research reviews how Californian construction industry professionals understand lean and how these views correlate with the basic principles of lean. Research results are based on semi-structured interviews conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area (California, U.S.), where lean management practices have been applied in dozens of large and small construction projects. According to the interview data, there are three prevailing understandings of lean—eliminating waste, improving efficiency and implementing tools. This shows a limited understanding of lean as a value creation process that may hinder system-wide performance improvements and jeopardize the sustainability of lean transformation. By focusing more on providing customer value, companies could differentiate themselves, gain competitive advantage and increase profits. }, author_keywords={benefit realization, culture, implementation, lean construction, mind-set, transformation, value }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hickethier2012, author={Hickethier, Gernot and Tommelein, Iris D. and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Reducing Rework in Design by Comparing Structural Complexity using a multi domain matrix}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/779}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-44124, gernot.hickethier@kit.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-42646, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu }, abstract={Complexity in design causes iteration which can be value-adding or wasteful. Wasteful iteration, called rework, may stem from inefficient information flow in design. This paper focuses on the structural complexity of information flow, and on the identification of root causes of the resulting rework. We propose that one can identify root causes for rework in the design phase of a project by (1) making actual information flow transparent and by (2) comparing actual information flow to planned information flow. After identifying misalignments between actual- and planned information flow, one can find their root causes, and then address those causes in order to reduce rework in design. We use a Multi Domain Matrix to deduce actual (‘As is’) and planned (‘Should’) information flow and then apply the Delta-Design Structure Matrix to compare the structures of the ‘Should-’ with the ‘As is’ perspective. The proposed hypotheses, “Comparing structural complexity between the ‘Should-’ and the ‘As is’ perspective helps to identify misalignments” and “Reduction of misalignments between actualand planned information flow reduces rework in design” were tested during the detailed design phase of a project. The Multi Domain Matrix and Design Structure Matrix were successfully applied: comparison of structural complexity aided in making actual information flow transparent and in reducing rework. }, author_keywords={Structural Complexity, Design Structure Matrix (DSM), Multi Domain Matrix (MDM), Lean Design, Building Information Modeling (BIM), Virtual Design and Construction (VDC). }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Higgins, Jr.2012, author={Higgins, Jr., David and Fryer, Shannon and Stratton, Rob and Simpson, Dave and Reginato, Justin }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Using the Forward Thinking Index to Reduce Delays Related to Request for Information Process}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/780}, affiliation={Division Manager, Swinerton/HMH Builders, 15 Business Park Way, Sacramento, 95828, USA, +1 916-383-4825, dhigginsjr@swinerton.com ; Scheduler, Swinerton/HMH Builders, 15 Business Park Way, Sacramento, 95828, USA, +1 916-383- 4825, sfryer@hmh.com ; Superintendent, Swinerton/HMH Builders, 15 Business Park Way, Sacramento, 95828, USA, +1 916-383-4825, rstratton@hmh.com ; Lean Construction Facilitator, Swinerton/HMH Builders, 15 Business Park Way, Sacramento, 95828, USA, +1 916-383-4825, dsimpson@hmh.com ; Assistant Professor, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, California State University Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA, 95819-6029, USA, Phone +1 916/278-6592, reginato@ecs.csus.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a solution to help eliminate waste and mitigate risk through the compilation and monitoring of project indicators that contribute to costly and timely rework. The Forward Thinking Index™ (FTI) concept promotes team communication while leveraging the team’s ability to become proactive, rather than reactive. FTI measures project team members’ practices with regards to submitting requests for information (RFIs). Late submission of RFIs often leads to project delays and the corresponding potential for cost overruns. Introducing a measure like FTI helps the project leadership mitigate potential issues related to RFI submission and builds team awareness around the importance of timely RFI submission. The FTI tool can be implemented to accumulate and store historical data to identify trends and monitor results for use during current and future projects. Continued and consistent use of FTI creates a culture shift that encourages proactive planning which helps the timely identification of potential issues and benefits all stakeholders. FTI requires minimal management; however the data collected provides numerous project and business benefits. Used in conjunction with Percentage of Promises Completed (PPC), it provides a powerful tool to encourage a proactive project environment. }, author_keywords={Culture change, request for information, look ahead, collaboration, forward thinking, work flow, continuous improvement/kaizen }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2012, author={Howell, Gregory }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Uncertainty and Contingency: Implications for Managing Projects}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/781}, affiliation={President, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, +1-208/726-9989; ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Uncertainty about what to build and how, is reduced as projects move from concept to completion through conceptual planning, design, and construction. Owners, designers, contractors and suppliers include additional time and money in their estimates to absorb uncertainty. Likewise, owners may include addition space or capacities in their program to cope with changes, and architects and engineers make provisions for the unexpected and unknown in their designs. These contingencies2, established to absorb uncertainty, may be reduced as the project matures, as what and how become clearer and more stable. The Last Planner® System (LPS) reduces uncertainty by improving the predictability of workflow on a project, in effect reducing the uncertainty caused by the way work is managed. Collaborative design and management practices reduce conflicts, missing information and change the structure of work to improve constructability. A relationship between uncertainty in projects and the provision of contingencies such as time, money, additional capacity to resist forces or other forms of ‘insurance’ for reasonably expected if unknowns so seems reasonable and normal. Data on the extent of uncertainty faced on projects was collected in 1990 in research conducted for the Construction Industry Institute and again at the end of 2011 using the same instrument. This data is reviewed and discussed. Implications for the application of contingencies are discussed and the question is asked: Is contingency waste to be eliminated or value to be protected? The paper closes with a proposal for a larger research initiative. }, author_keywords={Uncertainty, Planning, Risk, Project Management, Last Planner® System (LPS) }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Adamu2012, author={Adamu, Ismail and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Applying Last Planner in the Nigerian Construction Industry}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/782}, affiliation={Ph.D. Research in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Project Manager Yobe State Construction, Nigeria, i-adam@live.com ; President, Lean Construction Institue, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. +1-208/726-9989; ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={The Nigerian construction industry has yet to adapt Lean Construction modern to eliminate or minimize waste and improve value. This makes shelter unaffordable to low-income citizens. This paper reports on and evaluates the effectiveness of implementing the Last Planner® System (LPS) in Nigeria by comparing it with the traditional method on construction of 300 housing units by the Yobe State Government of Nigeria in Damaturu. The effectiveness of LPS was measured in terms of time to complete 50 houses AND performance criteria. LPS proved superior even though most of the party’s involve were not familiar with it. Wider interest in applying LPS and Lean Construction in Yobe State has developed in the top management staff of the Ministry of Housing. It was concluded that effective training and implementation in the application of Lean Construction techniques will reduce waste and non-value-adding steps from planning and design through construction. This will increase value and reduce the exorbitant cost and time to deliver structures. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Last Planner System, Traditional method, increasing value, reducing material and time waste, Planning Production, Improvement. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2012, author={Howell, Gregory and Liu, Min }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={The Oops Game: How Much Planning Is Enough?}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/783}, affiliation={President, Lean Construction Institue, Box 1003, Ketchum, Id 83340. +1-208/726-9989; ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908. PH (919) 513-7920; E-mail: min_liu@ncsu.edu }, abstract={The future is unknown and unknowable. In the face of this reality, planning tries to assure an outcome certain. The “Oops Simulation” (Oops) models the dilemma experienced by every planner: “Should I spend more (time, money, resources) to improve my plan or go forward with what I have and more likely suffer an “Oops”? This problem is the sort Civil Engineers face when trying to decide how many soil samples to collect to assure the foundation design will be sufficient and most economical. This sort of problem is faced at every level in project planning: “How much effort is it worth to assure weekly work plan is 100% planning reliable? At what level of precision – week, day, hour, minute?” It is unlikely that anyone on the project could answer such a question because there are so many possible immediate and longer-term interactions with unknown consequences. This simple 9-card simulation can be used in research and teaching to study the cost and benefits of planning under uncertainty both in “economic” and human decision making terms. At the extreme, there are two strategies in Oops Game: 1) No planning, the “Guts Ball” approach where the cost of planning is lowest and risk of an “Oops” is highest; and 2) Risk averse where the investment is made in planning until there is no risk of an “Oops.” In a third and more realistic approach, “Judgment” the decision to plan rests on an analysis the risks and likely outcomes in the situation at hand. The paper explains the simulation and its application in the classroom and as a platform for research into planning effectiveness, decision-making, and complexity. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, planning, risk, project management, productivity, reliability. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jylhä2012, author={Jylhä, Tuuli and Junnila, Seppo }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Using the Kano Model to Identify Customer Value}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/784}, affiliation={Researcher, Real Estate Business, Aalto University School of Engineering, PO Box 15800 FI- 00076 Aalto, Finland, Phone +358 50 594 6727, tuuli.luoma@aalto.fi ; Professor, Real Estate Business, Aalto University School of Engineering, PO Box 15800 FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, Phone +358 50 511 5816, seppo.junnila@aalto.fi }, abstract={Purpose: In lean management, productivity is increased by doing the right things and minimising the unnecessary ones. To achieve this, the ‘right things’ need to be identified. Customer value provides us with a mindset about how to gain a deeper understanding of what should be delivered. In this paper, a method called the Kano model is used to define customer value. The aim is to define how customers perceive the value and, thus, to assist in identifying the right things. The customers are the nursing companies and their nursing staff in Finland and special focus is given to the value potentials that building information modelling (BIM) as well as improved environmental performance might offer to the customers. Method: An in-depth understanding of customer value as it relates to nursing homes was studied by conducting 20 structured customer interviews that contained a Kano model-based questionnaire and open-ended oral questions. Findings: The data shows that details really matter for the customer: design errors and construction flaws were seen to impact vitally on the daily nursing activities. The value that could be delivered through BIM to prevent design errors was perceived as being highly attractive. However, in addition to the traditional value attributes, such as error-free design and better communication, the customers found that if BIM could be utilized to improve the actual nursing processes, and not just to match the facilities with the requirements of the current processes, richer customer value could be delivered. Traditional construction process flow improvements, such as a faster construction process, are no longer enough for creating richer customer value. Implications: The new understanding of customers’ perceptions of BIM reduces some of the doubts and uncertainties regarding the utility of BIM. The results clearly indicate that through BIM, construction companies would have an opportunity to improve their value delivery for the customers. }, author_keywords={value, BIM, Kano model, nursing homes }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kala2012, author={Kala, Tanmaya and Mouflard, Christopher and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Production Control Using Location-Based Management System on a Hospital Construction Project}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/785}, affiliation={Assistant Project Manager, McCarthy Building Companies ; Project Engineer, Vico Software, Inc. chris.mouflard@vicosoftware.com ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Vice President of Services, Vico Software Inc., olli.seppanen@vicosoftware.com }, abstract={Critical Path Method (CPM) scheduling is currently the dominant scheduling system in use in construction. Location Based Management System (LBMS) is increasingly being used as an alternative in the US, particularly in hospital construction. The goal of this paper is to provide a critical evaluation of one such LBMS implementation by comparing it to a CPM implementation run in parallel. Three hypotheses drove this research. First, LBMS requires more person-hours than CPM to manage the schedule. Second, LBMS provides real-time information to make educated decisions about production control. Third, the subcontractors’ start dates are controlled better than their production rates. Both systems are currently being used on a 1 million GSF OSHPD hospital in Northern California. Standard task lists were used to compare the different scheduling time requirements. CPM and LBMS reports were then compared to analyze the different deliverables. Finally, LBMS production data was reviewed against CPM actuals and planned start dates to evaluate the most effective method of subcontractor scope management. The results indicate that more time is required to update the CPM compared to the LBMS schedule on the standard task list. However, CPM supports many legacy processes such as change management. Production rates were controlled better than start dates in this project, contrary to our hypothesis. }, author_keywords={Location-Based Management Systems, CPM, flowline, Production Control }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2012, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Further Work on Measuring Workflow in Construction Site Production}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/786}, affiliation={Dr.Ing., Associate Professor, Faculty of economics and social sciences, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 37 25 30 00, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no }, abstract={This paper focuses on the operationalisation of workflow. It builds on and expands work conducted in relation to a research project on this topic. The OEE (Overall Equipment Efficiency) concept from the manufacturing industry is discussed and applied to the context of building production. From this discussion, ideas are derived for how to measure the workflow. A premise for the discussion was to include smoothness and quality as well as throughput in the operationalisation of workflow, and to give priority to continuous improvement. The solution suggested as a preliminary conclusion in this paper is based on a workplace survey related to downtime losses, speed losses and defect losses. The intention was to identify time losses in the production according to its different causes, such as the seven flows, “making-do” and rework. The conclusion of the discussion is that unlike the focus of the underlying research project, our operationalisation of workflow should not be based on productivity or throughput; rather, it should focus on work intensity. Work intensity is assumed to be approximately constant, but even with constant work intensity, things are not necessarily done as they should be done, and the tasks are not necessarily sound. The potential for improvement therefore lies in implementing the clarifications built into the Last Planner System. Data from the workplace survey provides the basis both for calculating workflow, and for discussing improvement work at the construction site with reference to concrete examples. The present study contributes towards creating a better understanding of the nature of workflow, and of how it can be measured. }, author_keywords={Construction, workflow, OEE, quality, intensity, throughput, productivity, earned-value method }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Keiser2012, author={Keiser, Janette A. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Leadership and Cultural Change: Necessary Components of a Lean Transformation}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/787}, affiliation={Owner, J. Keiser & Associates and the Lean Leadership Project. 17515 Virginia Point Rd NE, Poulsbo, WA, 98370, USA, Phone +1 (206) 714-8955, jan@keisergroup.com }, abstract={Some of the presenters at the Lean Construction Institute’s 2010 and 2011 Lean Congresses reported that organizations on Lean Construction journeys must undergo a cultural change as an essential element of their transformation (Giuzio 2010, Lichtig 2010, Angelo 2010, Izuierdo 2010, Montero 2010). Some also identified effective leadership as an important element of successful cultural change (Giuzio 2011, Lichtig 2011, Angelo 2011, Reiser 2011, Laski 2011, McCready 2011, Lindsey 2011). Some companies have detoured from Lean because they didn't know how to make the cultural change necessary to create company-wide transformation (Beaudoline 2011, Heger 2011, Knapp 2011, Fauchier 2011, Osterling 2011, Robinson 2011, Holzemer 2011, Moore 2011). What is “cultural change” and "effective leadership" in the context of a Lean Construction transformation? This paper describes the preliminary results of research relating to the cultural change of construction companies on Lean journeys. It addresses leadership’s role in making a cultural change to Lean. The paper is based on presentations by Lean practitioners, interviews with CEOs, project managers, superintendents and others who have been on Lean Construction journeys as well as a literature search of organizational development models that could help construction leaders create the cultural change necessary to sustain Lean. The paper identifies a model, borrowed from research related to high performance teams, which could help support a Lean transformation. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, leadership, organizational change, collaboration, commitment, perspective, trust. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemmer2012, author={Kemmer, Sergio and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Developing a Lean Model for Production Management of Refurbishment Projects}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/788}, affiliation={Research Assistant, School of the Built Environment, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, Phone +44 01612955136, The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, S.Kemmer@salford.ac.uk; sergiokemmer@gmail.com ; Professor in Theory Based Lean Project and Production Management, School of the Built Environment, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, Phone +44 01612956378, The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, L.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Refurbishment is a subject that has received great attention within the current research agenda in the UK given that it has a crucial role to meet sustainable targets. The degree of complexity and uncertainties in refurbishment projects is higher than in new build projects. A literature review reveals that the management of refurbishment works has not been addressed properly in prior research. Studies on practices applied to the management of this complex environment are scarce and have not been based on appropriate theory. This scenario offers an interesting opportunity to apply lean principles in order to deal with its complex characteristics. However, while lean theory has been well tested in new construction projects, in the refurbishment sector the same level of practical application has not been undertaken or reported. It is argued that production management of refurbishment projects needs an appropriate approach, specifically tailored and in line with lean tenets, to be able to cope with the complexity and uncertainty inherent to those projects, hence increasing the efficiency of the production system, e.g., lead time compression and disruption minimization. The research is done through an extensive literature review, which seeks to identify the methods adopted by refurbishment sector to deal with the production management as well as suggest lean practices for further testing and validation. }, author_keywords={Refurbishment, lean construction, complexity, management, sustainability. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kerosuo2012, author={Kerosuo, Hannele and Mäki, Tarja and Codinhoto, Ricardo and Koskela, Lauri and Miettinen, Reijo }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={In Time at Last - Adaption of Last Planner Tools for the Design Phase of a Building Project}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/789}, affiliation={Docent, PhD, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9 (Siltavuorenpenger 3A), 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 50 415 6629, hannele.kerosuo@helsinki.fi ; Project Manager, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning, University of Helsinki, , Finland, Phone +358 40 755 2319, tarja.maki@helsinki.fi ; Lecturer in Construction Management, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI), University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT UK. Phone +44 161 295 4284, r.codinhoto@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI), University of Salford, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT UK. Phone +44 161 295 7960, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk, ; Professor of Adult Education, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning, University of Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 50 415 6634, reijo.miettinen@helsinki.f }, abstract={This study focuses on identifying how implementing the Last Planner System (LPS) tools can mitigate collaboration-related problems in design. The theoretical approach of the study is based on the cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) and the data collection involved the observation of collaboration between designers in traditional design meetings and LPS meetings. How does the implementation of the Last Planner (LP) tools change the collaboration of designers? How does the temporal orientation change during LPS meetings? The implementation of the LP tools brought about positive results in our case organization. The changes in collaboration involved transitions from formal to emerging agenda, from the use of rule-based tools to the use of new tools, from reactive to proactive temporal orientation, and towards better completion of the design tasks in the design meetings. Communication between different design disciplines increased during the LPS meetings. Especially, the main designer was able to take an active role in the LPS meetings with the help of new tools. During the process, the concerns to interdependency between design disciplines increased. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Building Information Modeling, collaboration, implementation process, cultural-historical activity theory, construction design, design management. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Oguz2012, author={Oguz, Celep and Kim, Yong-Woo and Hutchison, John and Han, Seungheon }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Implementing Lean Six Sigma: A Case Study in Concrete Panel Production}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/790}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Bechtel Corporation, M.S. Candidate in Construction Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. oguzcelep@yahoo.com ; Associate Professor, P.D.Koon Endowed Professor of Construction Management, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, Phone +1 206/616-1916, yongkim@uw.edu ; Engineer, Bechtel Corporation, Saudi Arabia. ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, shh6018@yonsei.ac.kr }, abstract={Lean Six Sigma method is recognized widely and has been implemented predominately in manufacturing rather than in the construction industry. To illustrate the point, this paper draws attention to the adoption of Lean Six Sigma in the construction industry with a case study. The combination of Lean tools and Six Sigma methodology is used on projects to improve the process by eliminating the variations and creating workflow in a process. Despite its relatively new introduction to the construction industry, it has been popularized by several organizations and adopted as the primary improvement process. The hypothesis of this experimental study was that the Six Sigma technique can be applied to the construction-based production system along with lean construction techniques. To test the hypothesis, we applied Lean Six Sigma methods on concretepanel production system in a multi-housing complex project. The paper shows how the production rate of concrete panel was improved and stabilized along with the use of Lean Six Sigma tools. Also the case study uses the variation of panel production as a critical total quality (CTQ) to measure the performance indicator of Six Sigma system. }, author_keywords={Lean Six Sigma, Case Study, Critical Total Quality (CTQ) }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kirchbach2012, author={Kirchbach, Kim and Bregenhorn, Tobias and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Digital Allocation of Production Factors in Earth Work Construction}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/791}, affiliation={Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 60848223, Kim.Kirchbach@kit.edu ; Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 60848922. Tobias.Bregenhorn@kit.edu ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 60842646, Fritz.Gehbauer@kit.edu }, abstract={Currently, the development of information technologies for construction processes in earth work is focused on sensor systems, machine control, and building information modeling (BIM). These systems have been developed independently and it seems beneficial to link and combine the information available in these single systems to enable a global optimization of the production processes. An integrated system collects and stores data from sensor-equipped construction machines to connect them with information from the planning phase, thereby leading to a higher level of transparency. This transparency can be used to identify bottlenecks and unproductive working times such as waiting periods. The system can provide assistance for the construction manager to detect reasons for these kinds of distractions. Hereby a continuous improvement process is induced. This paper will introduce the described system above and show the benefits of the merged use of current developments in information technologies. Moreover, it represents the ongoing development of a system prototype. }, author_keywords={continuous improvement, visual management, earth work, resource allocation, virtual reality, information transparency, control center }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2012, author={Ko, Chien-Ho }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Arranging Precast Production Schedules Using Demand Variability}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/792}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, phone: +886-8-7703202, fax: +886-8-7740122, e-mail: ko@mail.npust.edu.tw; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute- Taiwan; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute-Asia }, abstract={Demand variability is the biggest headache for fabricators. The objective of this research is to develop an improvement plan that continuously enhances production control systems for precast fabrication. A Lead Time Estimation Model (LTEM) is established to reduce the impact of demand variability. Two principles are proposed to adjust the production schedule according to the estimated lead times. In the LTEM process, previous jobs awarded from specific customers are analyzed for customer behavior. Potential fabrication lead time is established for specific customers for forthcoming projects. The adjustment principles i.e. 1) start fabrication later relative to the required delivery dates and 2) shift production milestones backward to the end of the production process, are built based on reducing the impact of demand variability. These principles are applied to produce a robust production schedule that reduces the impact of demand variability. The effectiveness of the developed improvement plan, LTEM, and the adjustment principles are validated using a real precast fabricator. }, author_keywords={Demand variability, lead times, production planning, precast fabrication. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2012, author={Ko, Chien-Ho }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Reducing Material Management Costs Through Lateral Transshipment}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/793}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, phone: +886-8-7703202, fax: +886-8-7740122, e-mail: ko@mail.npust.edu.tw; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute- Taiwan; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute-Asia }, abstract={Materials required for precast fabrication are dissimilar to those cast at construction sites. Fabricators who lack materials must wait until specific suppliers deliver the required materials. Transshipping material from lateral suppliers may be beneficial for reducing waiting time and material management cost. The objective of this study is to reduce total material management costs in the supply chain system through the most advantageous transshipment strategies. A material supply chain framework that enables fabricators to implement lateral transshipment is first proposed. Transshipment strategies are then formulated into a mathematical model. The most advantageous transshipment strategies are analyzed using computer simulation. Diverse order lead times, demands, transportation costs, and shortage costs are simulated to approximate operational conditions encountered in supply chain systems. Through various experiments, the most advantageous strategy for precast fabrication industry could be found. In addition, rules are developed based on simulation results to enhance transshipment decision making. }, author_keywords={Precast fabrication, supply chain management, material transhipment, computer simulation. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2012, author={Koskela, Lauri and Sacks, Rafael and Rooke, John }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={A Brief History of the Concept of Waste in Production}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/794}, affiliation={Professor, School of the Built Environment, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, , The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 (0)1612956378, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@techunix.technion.ac.il ; Research Fellow, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK, Phone +44 (0)161 295 6344, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Purpose: The concept of waste has been used in relation to production since the beginning of the 20th century. As it is well-known, it is a foundational notion for the Toyota Production System and its derivatives, like lean production. However, waste is not a prevalent concept in the mainstream literature on economics, operations management, construction management or management. The reasons for this apparent aversion to the concept of waste are not well-understood. In view of this, we present an overview on the historical development and diffusion of the concept of waste. It is anticipated that such a long-term view would contribute to the current discussion of the place of this concept in the theory and practice of production. Method: The historical method is followed. Findings: The history of the concept of waste can naturally be divided into a number of periods: nascence up to the end of the 18th century, emergence of the classical notion in the 19th century, flourishing during scientific management, decline starting in the second quarter of the 20th century, and re-emergence in last quarter of that century. From these, especially the emergence of the classical notion of waste as well as its decline have been poorly understood. It is also an important insight that across the different periods, waste has been understood in two dimensions: instrumentally and intrinsically (morally). Implications: Through an historical account, the relevance and texture of the concept of waste can be better appreciated. The focus can be directed to critically assessing the justification of the arguments that led to the decline of waste. All in all, the need for the revival of waste as a basic concept in managerial discourse is illuminated. }, author_keywords={waste, production, economics, management. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskenvesa2012, author={Koskenvesa, Anssi and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Ten Years of Last Planner in Finland - Where Are We?}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/795}, affiliation={Researcher, Faculty of the Built Environment, Tampere University of Technology; PL 600, 33101 Tampere, Finland. Phone +358 40 581 4263; anssi.koskenvesa@mittaviiva.fi ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2957960; l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The objective of this paper is to evaluate and summarize the diffusion of Last Planner in Finland in the past ten years. As Last Planner is a method to manage in a “lean manner”, its implementation in to use has required and requires a somewhat painful change to the fashion of “command and control” management. The efficient and successful use of Last Planner requires understanding of the lean concept. The implementation is examined through analyzing pilot projects, education offerings and company policies from 2003 to 2011. The different mechanisms of spreading the idea and implementing the method are illustrated by mini cases. The research questions are: How has this “dance of change” of implementing Last Planner proceeded in Finland? What can be learnt? Where are we now? Are we at the tipping point? Companies have explored the use of LPS mostly in pilot projects. Some have adopted parts of it, some everything and quite a few nothing. The use of LPS spreads in companies both vertically and horizontally. The basic idea from training and education creates new innovations of use at sites. People who have realized the gains take the method from an organization to another as they change company. The findings from this evaluation of history show that Last Planner as a method can be adopted, but unless there is a understanding about the potential of Lean Construction as a production management model, the use of it seems to be a constant struggle. Our conclusions will contribute to the understanding of through which mechanisms spreading an innovation occur and how the practical implementation is realized in a lean construction context. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, site management, lean construction, production planning, implementation. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskenvesa2012, author={Koskenvesa, Anssi and Sahlstedt, Satu }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={What is Seen as the Best Practice of Site Management?}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/796}, affiliation={Researcher, Faculty of the Built Environment, Tampere University of Technology, PL 600, 33101 Tampere, Finland. Phone +358 40 581 4263, anssi.koskenvesa@mittaviiva.fi ; Researcher, Mittaviiva Oy, Lars Sonckin kaari 10, 02600 Espoo, Finland, +358 9 2516 8800,. satu.sahlstedt@mittaviiva.fi }, abstract={The effect of management on site performance and productivity is presented by a number of researchers (Chormokos & McKee 1981, Arditi 1985, Banik 1999, Salminen 2005). Site managers play one of the key roles in the overall project success (Djerbani 1996, Styhre & Josephson 2006). As superior managers are said to be almost twice as productive as their underperforming colleagues (Schmidt & Hunter 1998), the way we manage and lead our sites makes a big difference. The objective of this paper is to evaluate what kind of site management is considered to be “good”, what do construction companies in Finland see as the best practice and how does this “best” differ from others. To achieve the objective both a literature review and a set of interviews were conducted. Eleven top foremen were chosen by their employers mainly due to their ability to achieve the targets concerning time, schedule and quality. These top site managers shared their “best practice” views on managing factors affecting work site and construction productivity in a series of interviews in spring 2011. Based on these interviews, the main factors affecting productivity on the sites are scheduling and the temporal management of the work site. The quality of design, the scheduling of the design process and the quality of resources were also viewed as strong factors affecting the opportunities of advance planning and site performance. }, author_keywords={Site management, best practice, continuous improvement, respect for people, scheduling }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kulkarni2012, author={Kulkarni, Aditi and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Smith, James }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Cost Comparison of Collaborative and IPD-Like Project Delivery Methods Versus Competetive Non-collaborative Project Delivery Methods}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/797}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Phone +1 (979) 571-5846, aditi_kulkarni@tamu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Fellow, Center for Health Systems and Design, 434 Langford A, 3137, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Phone +1 (979) 845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu ; PhD Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Phone +1 (801) 885-0422, jameskun7@gmail.com }, abstract={PURPOSE: Collaborative project delivery methods are believed to contribute to faster completion times, lower overall project costs and higher quality. Contracts are expected to influence the degree of collaboration on a given project since they allow or restrict certain lines of communication in the decision-making process. Various delivery systems rank differently on the spectrum of collaboration. The purpose of this study is to test if collaborative project delivery methods impart value. Ideally the most extreme forms of project delivery methods, that is, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and Design-Bid-Build (DBB), should be compared to test the effects of collaboration on benefits to the owner. Due to difficulty in obtaining data on IPD and similarly scaled DBB projects, for this study, their close cousins, CM-at-Risk (CMR) and Competitive Sealed Proposal (CSP) were compared. METHODOLOGY: The study compared cost performance and reducible change orders of 17 CMR and 13 CSP projects by the same owner. FINDINGS: The overall cost performance is more reliable for CMR than for CSP projects. The cost of reducible change orders for all three categories (errors, omissions and design modifications) are lower for CMR than for CSP projects IMPLICATIONS: This study is expected to help boost confidence in the benefits of collaborative project delivery methods. It is also likely that the results will encourage acceptance of IPD for public projects. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, Project Delivery, CM-at-Risk (CMR; CMAR), Competitive Sealed Proposal (CSP), Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Design-Bid-Build (DBB), Cost Comparison }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Larsson2012, author={Larsson, Johan and Simonsson, Peter }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Decreasing Complexity of the On-Site Construction Process Using Prefabrication: A Case Study}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/798}, affiliation={Ph.D. student, Div of Structural Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden Phone +46 76 1096065, FAX +46 920 491913, Johan.P.Larsson@ltu.se ; Senior Researcher, Swedish Transport Administration, Phone +46 70 2900410, Peter.Simonsson@trafikverket.se }, abstract={Implementing prefabrication is by many seen as means to improve construction in terms of managing uncertainties and productivity. However, regarding Swedish civil engineering works this has not been adequately documented to date. This case study uses Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to document the construction of a semiprefabricated superstructure. The intention of the project is to investigate if the bridge construction process becomes less complex to manage and control when using prefabrication instead of traditional on-site construction. By relocating parts of traditional on-site construction to a factory, the time spent on site performing traditional work tasks such as constructing formwork, mounting and fixing of rebar and casting concrete, could be decreased. Nevertheless, mapping the process revealed shortcomings such as problems placing the prefabricated beams onto the on-site constructed plate structures and also that clear communication between actors tend to increase in importance when choosing prefabrication as construction method. Results from the VSM show that the semi-prefabricated superstructure, future state, became less complex compared to current state construction and also 75% quicker to construct on-site. By redesigning the bridge to eliminate some of the infant “diseases”, prefabrication will become more common in the future of small bridge construction in Sweden. }, author_keywords={Prefabrication, Value Stream mapping (VSM), Complexity, Bridge Construction. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leino2012, author={Leino, Antti and Helfenstein, Sacha }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Use of Five Whys in Preventing Construction Incident Recurrence}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/799}, affiliation={Manager for Safety Development, Business Unit Skanska Finland, P.O.BOX 114, FI-00101 Helsinki- Finland, Phone +358 40 866 8551, antti.leino@skanska.fi ; Research Coordinator, Agora Center, P.O.Box 35, FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä , +41 78 787 8564, sacha.helfenstein@gmail.com }, abstract={In 2005 and 2009 Skanska Finland recognized an opportunity to improve its incident prevention through incidence reporting and the use of the Five Whys technique in accident investigation. A two-phase safety programme approach was adopted resulting in augmented safety awareness and engagement, as well as a more appropriate and actionable representation of underlying incident causes through organizational learning. The paper promotes the linking of new concepts to the lean construction discourse, and serves as interesting case about the move towards a zero waste culture for a large organization. }, author_keywords={Safety improvement, Incident, Last Planner, Five whys, Resilience, Lean Construction }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lima2012, author={Lima, Mariana M. X. and Maia, Sara C. and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Design Inadequacies Analysis in Low Income Housing Service Areas}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/800}, affiliation={M.Sc. Civil Engineering, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Federal University of Ceara; PhD Student, Department of Architecture and Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas – Campinas, SP, Brazil, lima.mmxavier@gmail.com ; Architect, Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, sara_cm88@hotmail.com ; Full Professor, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3366-9607, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={Satisfaction surveys for housing units in Brazil have shown low levels regarding the service areas inside the units (kitchen and laundry spaces). In many cases, the poor quality of built environment is a consequence of overlooking user’s value-based requirements. This paper presents the results of a research conducted with an objective to identify and comprehend service spaces design inadequacies. We used qualitative methods of data collecting and analyzing, such as interviews, observations, physical and photographic surveys. The results presented can be used as inputs to the funding agencies’ evaluation on housing projects, as building standards for regulatory agencies, and as new standards for the development of housing products; which will contribute to improve technical, functional and spatial quality of such buildings. }, author_keywords={Housing, Requirements Management, Value-Adding, Architecture, Service Areas. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lindhard2012, author={Lindhard, Søren and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Improving the Making Ready Process - Exploring the Preconditions To Work Tasks in Construction}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/801}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark, Phone +45 21848004, lindhard@m-tech.aau.dk ; Professor, School of Engineering, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark, Phone +45 41893216, swa@iha.dk }, abstract={Scheduling in construction is complex. Before an activity can be conducted, a number of preconditions first have to be fulfilled. In Last Planner System this removal of constraints is referred to as the making ready process. To ensure that this process is running, the preconditions need to be known. Therefore, in an attempt to bring these preconditions into light three construction projects have been followed. Here reasons for non-completed activities have been collected. In total 5014 activities have been registered whereof 1279 was not completed according to schedule. Afterwards the non-completed activities were sorted into nine main categories. The six of the categories are basically corresponding to the ones presented by Koskela (1999), while the last three are an expansion of Koskela’s external condition category. The preconditions are as follows: 1) Construction design and management. 2) Components and materials are present. 3) Workers are present. 4) Equipment and machinery are present. 5) Sufficient space for conduction. 6) Previous activities must be completed. 7) Climate conditions must be in order. 8) Safe working conditions in relation to national “Health and Safety at Work Act” have to be present, 9) Known working conditions. Often a problem during excavations or refurbishment assignments where existing conditions first has to be examined. One of the major and underlying reasons to non-completed task is insufficient and even bad scheduling. Often non-sound and out of sequence activities are selected to the Weekly Work Plans. When conducting the schedule it is important to notice as described in Lindhard and Wandahl (2011) that the soundness of an activity can vary over time. By focusing on all nine preconditions a more robust schedule can be achieved. A more robust schedule induces an increased percent planned completed level and moreover and increased productivity. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Preconditions, Constraints, Last Planner System, Making Ready, }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lindhard2012, author={Lindhard, Søren and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={The Robust Schedule - A Link to Improved Workflow}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/802}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark, Phone +45 21848004, lindhard@m-tech.aau.dk ; Professor, School of Engineering, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark, Phone +45 41893216, swa@iha.dk }, abstract={In today’s construction, there is a paramount focus on time, and on the scheduling and control of time. Everything is organized with respect to time. The construction project has to be completed within a fixed and often tight deadline. Otherwise a daily penalty often has to be paid. This pins down the contractors, and forces them to rigorously adhere to the initial schedule. If delayed the work-pace or manpower has to be increased to observe the schedule. In an attempt to improve productivity, three independent site-mangers have been interviewed about time-scheduling. Their experiences and opinions have been analyzed and weaknesses in existing time scheduling have been found. The findings showed a negative side effect of keeping the schedule too tight as it becomes inflexible and cannot absorb variability in production. Flexibility is necessary because of the contractors’ interacting and dependent activities. Variability delays the process and results in conflicts between the trades. Moreover, a tight schedule does to a greater degree allow conflicts to be transmitted from one contractor to another. This increases the number of hot spots between contractors and produces more conflicts. The result is a chaotic, complex and uncontrolled construction site. Furthermore, strict time limits entail the workflow to be optimized under sub-optimal conditions. Even though productivity overall seems to be increasing, productivity per man-hour is decreasing resulting in increased cost. To increase productivity and decrease cost a more robust schedule is needed. The solution seems obvious, more time has to be released and more robustness has to be put into the schedule. The downside is that a postponed completion data often results in other costs for the client. Therefore, the deadline set has to be realistic. By introducing flexibility into the deadline negotiations can help achieve win/win situations bringing productivity and value creation up. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Robustness, Work flow, Interview }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lostuvali2012, author={Lostuvali, Baris and Alves, Thais da C. L. and Modrich, Ralf-Uwe }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Lean Product Development at Cathedral Hill Hospital Project}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/803}, affiliation={Senior Project Manager, Cathedral Hill Hospital Project, HerreroBoldt, San Francisco, CA, BLostuvali@herrero.com ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-1324, USA, Phone +1 619/594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Senior Project Manager, Cathedral Hill Hospital Project, HerreroBoldt, San Francisco, CA, rmodrich@herrero.com }, abstract={The Cathedral Hill Hospital (CHH) project is a 1.2 million square feet urban replacement hospital in San Francisco, California. It is not just designed to be a stateof- the-art hospital but also to break new grounds in multiple areas of design, construction, and operations. Since the beginning of project validation in 2007, the Integrated Project Delivery Team has been applying and testing Lean ideas, concepts, tools and processes to develop this very complex project. The paper’s nurturing proposition is that CHH has implemented most principles related to the Lean product development system at Toyota, as described by Morgan and Liker, and that these principles are the foundation for the evolving operational system that supports its processes on a daily basis. The paper attempts to compare and contrast initiatives set forth at CHH with the 13 principles proposed by Morgan and Liker regarding the Toyota Product Development System. Additionally, the paper aims to explore the opportunities and limitations of experimenting and implementing Lean Product Development ideas and practices into design and engineering of the CHH project. }, author_keywords={Product development, information flow, Integrated Form of Agreement, learning, leadership }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mäki2012, author={Mäki, Tarja and Koskenvesa, Anssi }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={An Examination of Safety Meetings on Construction Sites}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/804}, affiliation={Project Manager, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9 (Siltavuorenpenger 3A), 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 40 755 2319, tarja.maki@helsinki.fi ; Researcher, Faculty of the Built Environment, Tampere University of Technology; Finland. Phone +358 40 581 4263; anssi.koskenvesa@mittaviiva.fi }, abstract={Communication occurs in the way people understand what others are saying. On a construction site, meetings of various types are the arena where the participants should share their understandings on safety issues and topics. A considerable portion of work time in a project at hand is spent in meetings. Meetings should promote work safety on a construction site, but do they? What is gained in the meetings? Are people truly participating or is a meeting just a “must” or a “play with a mutual manuscript”. The objective of this paper is to elaborate findings from project safety meetings in Finnish construction sites. The research questions are: What issues are discussed in the course of safety meetings? How do the participants share their knowledge in the meetings? What issues or methods inspire the participants to discuss in the meetings? What could Lean Construction have to offer to the way we manage safety? This paper begins by an introduction and a literature review to management culture and particularly to managing work safety. Then it provides data and analysis from observations of site meetings and interviews of workers and foremen. The central occasions to promote work safety are various types of safety meetings at a construction site. Still, in this research the interviewees are rather critical to the effectiveness of the meetings and they emphasize the daily control of work safety. The safety meetings, in general, seem to be highly main-contractor –led. The subcontractor’s workers have a very passive role in the meetings and interactive conversation emerges only in some meetings . The question remains: do we reach our safety goals through these kinds of meetings, or are these meetings a waste of time? }, author_keywords={Project meeting, safety, construction site, participation, talk, collaboration, lean construction }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mariz2012, author={Mariz, Renato Nunes and Picchi, Flávio Augusto and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Melo, Reymard Savio Sampaio de }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={A Review of the Standardized Work Application in Construction}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/805}, affiliation={Ms.C. Candidate, renatonunesmariz@ hotmail.com School of Civil Engineering of University of Campinas (FEC- UNICAMP) and GTE (Construction Management and Technology Research Group) ; Professor, Civil Engineering, fpicchi@lean.org.br (FEC- UNICAMP) and GTE ; Director of the Lean Institute Brasil (LIB) ; Prof. Dr., Civil Engineering, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br Campinas (FEC- UNICAMP) and GTE ; Ph.D. Student, reymardsavio@gmail.com (FEC- UNICAMP) and GTE }, abstract={The utilization of standardized work in manufacturing has achieved many benefits, thus motivating researchers to apply them in the construction environment. The aim of this research is to identify gaps that involve standardized work applications inserted in the construction environment. We adopted a literature review approach focusing on studies in construction sector that addressed standardized work applications. Subsequently, comparative tables of these publications were prepared and analyzed. Finally, opportunities to apply the standardized work elements, documents and tools in future works were identified. The article points out that there is a shortage in publications that address the application of these elements and tools in construction. From the construction flow analysis, we observed that almost all papers were applying job site flow. Standardized work elements analysis pointed out that the three elements (takt time, sequence and work in process) should be applied in the same process. The analysis of standardized work tools and documents showed that some documents have not been utilized in construction, they are: production capacity sheet, Standardized Work Chart and verification process sheet. We also realized a lack of a method to implement the standardized work in construction. This paper contributes to standardized work expansion in construction environment by utilizing its elements, documents and tools. }, author_keywords={Standardized work, Lean thinking, Construction. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Melo2012, author={Melo, Reymard Savio Sampaio de and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Interorganizational Cost Management and its Implications for Target Costing in Construction}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/806}, affiliation={PhD Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Architecture and Buildings, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), reymardsavio@yahoo.com.br ; Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Architecture and Buildings, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein, 951, PO Box 6021, Campinas/SP, CEP 13083-852, Brazil, Phone: +55 19 3788-2082, FAX + 55 19 3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br }, abstract={Target Costing is closely associated with Interorganizational Cost Management, but it does not actively involve the supplier in the buyer’s cost management program. While there is a large body of literature in the supply chain and logistics area that deals with how to involve suppliers, build trust, and get them to participate as partners, very little is focused on how to integrate this concepts in a TC approach. Based on a literature review, this study contributes to the TC research by providing theoretical insights. It discusses some implications of Interorganizational Cost Management practices for construction supply chains and presents questions to guide future research in this area. }, author_keywords={Interorganizational cost management, constructions supply chain relationship, target costing. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Memarian2012, author={Memarian, Babak and Mitropoulos, Panagiotis }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Production Practices for High Reliability in Concrete Construction}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/807}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Del E Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, 651 E University Dr, USE bldg., Tempe, AZ 85287, Babak.Memarian@asu.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, pmitropoulos@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={This study examined the production control practices that a high-reliability supervisor used to accelerate the schedule and minimize waste during the construction of a 10- story cast-in-place concrete building. A “high-reliability” supervisor is one who has consistently exceptional performance in both productivity and safety. From a lean construction perspective, this case study is concerned with the production control practices that achieved an accelerated schedule, while minimizing waste and maintaining high levels of safety. The authors collected extensive data from the project including interviews with the supervisor and the work crew, and regular work observations over a period of eight weeks. The paper describes the project and project demands, the activities and work sequence. The findings highlight that in order to meet the aggressive milestones, the supervisor used several production control strategies that created a highly reliable work process. These strategies included: specializing in “product lines” (horizontal and vertical concrete elements), reducing product variety (the number of different concrete mix designs), standardizing the work process, emphasizing manpower reliability and predictability (e.g., minimizing absenteeism), reducing task complexity and time pressures (by simplifying and decoupling tasks), preventing errors, exploiting limited resources (in this case the crane), etc. As a result, the case findings identify specific production control practices that minimizing waste and reduce cycle time. }, author_keywords={Production system design, production planning, time compression, safety, high-reliability supervisor. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mitropoulos2012, author={Mitropoulos, Panagiotis “Takis” }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Production Control and safety Management as Project Safety Determinants}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/808}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Civil, Department of Construction and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA. Email:pmitropoulos@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={This paper proposes that the likelihood of accidents on a construction project is determined by two primary factors: (1) the safety management system; and (2) the production control system. The safety management system includes all the policies, programs and efforts to control the hazards and the workers’ safety-related behaviors. The production control system includes all the processes, decisions and criteria that produce the work assignments for the workers. An effective production control system produces high quality work assignments for the crews. An ineffective production control creates high-risk situations, such as unexpected conditions, high workload and production pressures, frustration, rushing, fatigue, and conflicts between production and safety. These situations increase the likelihood of violations, errors and accidents. The paper proposes a 2 x 2 matrix for classifying projects based on the production control system and the safety management system. The framework provides a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that drive construction safety. Traditional safety strategies focus on strengthening the safety system. The paper argues that safety can be improved significantly by improving the quality of the production system. }, author_keywords={Production control; Task demands; Safety management; Project safety; Safety performance. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mojtahedi2012, author={Mojtahedi, S. Mohammad H. and Oo, Bee Lan }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Possibility of Applying Lean in Post-Disaster Reconstruction- An Evaluation Study}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/809}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia, mohammad.mojtahedi@sydney.edu.au ; Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia, bee.oo@sydney.edu.au }, abstract={Natural disaster management and the need to develop a resilient built environment for disaster-stricken community has always been the outstanding concern in many countries. Post-disaster reconstruction phase plays crucial role in recovery stage to cope with the impacts of natural disasters in reactive manner. The traditional views of post-disaster reconstruction activities have not been efficient and effective enough to develop shelters and permanent buildings on time, on budget and with acceptable quality. Furthermore, post-disaster reconstruction has often resulted in poor-quality built environment, waste of materials, delayed construction, and low-performed recovery. Therefore, contemporary tools and techniques should be applied by stakeholders in post-disasters reconstruction phase. Lean construction philosophy and introducing the individual elements of the lean philosophy probably seems to improve the post-disaster reconstruction. This paper evaluates the possibility of applying elements of lean thinking and lean construction in post-disaster reconstruction phase. For this purpose, this study scrutinizes pertinent lean construction studies to borrow the benefits of quick mobilization, pull scheduling, Just-in-Time, and Six Sigma approaches in order to apply them in post-disaster reconstruction phase. Finally, we propose to integrate some feasible lean construction approaches with post-disaster reconstruction in order to eliminate waste, improve the quality of built environment, smooth the work flow and enhance the performance of post-disaster reconstruction phase in recovery stage of natural disaster management. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, post-disaster reconstruction, disaster management }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Morrey2012, author={Morrey, Nicola and Pasquire, Christine and Dainty, Andrew and Thomson, Derek }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Path Dependency to Path Creation: Enabling Strategic Lean Implementation}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/810}, affiliation={Research Engineer, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, N.Morrey@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Christine.Pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, Phone 01509 228742 A.R.J.Dainty@lboro.ac.uk ; Doctor, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, Phone 01509 222895 D.S.Thomson@lboro.ac.uk }, abstract={The ability to change is a necessary capability for a business, irrespective of whether those changes are driven by external forces such as market conditions or client demands, or are instigated by the business itself. However, path dependencies exist within businesses that entrench ways of working which can influence their ability to respond to change. Path dependency refers to the idea that events and decisions that have taken place in the past continue to influence current decisions and ways of working. This paper proposes that path dependencies inhibit lean change and that only when they are identified and understood can they be overcome, enabling new paths to be created and organisational lean strategies to be implemented effectively in practice. Building on Morrey et al (2010), the paper describes action research carried out in a case study company which evidences that path dependencies have inhibited the implementation of their lean strategy. These path dependencies are identified therefore as either enablers or barriers to lean change. It therefore follows that lean strategies cannot be implemented effectively unless these path dependencies are understood and accounted for, and that taking account of path dependencies needs to be foregrounded in the lean debate. Had these path dependencies been understood at the time of the implementing the lean strategies, rather than retrospectively in order to understand why they had not played out in practice as planned, the lean strategies could have accounted for these entrenched ways of working and been more effective. Further to this, the paper suggests that it is only when path dependencies are understood that path dependencies can be overcome/capitalised upon, or new paths can be created. Proposals to overcome and capitalise upon the path dependencies uncovered in the case study company are discussed, with acknowledgement that these new paths could become the path dependencies of the future! }, author_keywords={Standardisation, process improvement, path dependency, change management, lean, strategy, implementation barriers, root cause analysis }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Naney2012, author={Naney, Dawn and Goser, Clay and Azambuja, Marcelo }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Accelerating the Adoption of Lean Thinking in the Construction Industry}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/811}, affiliation={CEO, Symphony LLC, Saint Louis, MO, 63129, USA, Phone +1 314/691-7109, dawnnaney@symphonystl.com ; President, Symphony LLC, Saint Louis, MO, 63129, USA, Phone +1 314/691-7109, claygoser@sbcglobal.net ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Construction, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA, Phone +1 618/650-3845, mazambu@siue.edu }, abstract={If the construction industry seeks to increase the adoption of process improvement means, methods and technologies, organizations must concentrate on understanding the nature of the change and influence the team participant’s ability to identify, accept, and implement innovative ideas and technologies. This paper introduces the Gartner’s Hype Cycle model as applied to change adoption of Lean Thinking in construction. Gartner’s Hype Cycle is a graphic representation of the maturity, adoption, and social application of specific technologies. By examining Gartner’s five phases of adoption, one can identify interesting similarities to the construction industry’s acceptance of lean practices, organizational process change, and the ability to inform strategies to increase the speed of adoption. Our findings suggest that organizations can decrease time spent in the “Trough of Disillusionment” and accelerate the successful adoption of new process strategies such as Lean Thinking and Integrated Project Delivery and new technologies such as Building Information Modeling and collaborative tools through focused alignment and engagement. Recommended studies on team alignment and engagement and the impact on project process and outcome success measures will be suggested as venues to further research in this arena. }, author_keywords={Lean Thinking, Transformation, Tipping Point, Gartner’s Hype Cycle }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Napolitano2012, author={Napolitano, Paulo de Tarso Soubhie and Cerveró-Romero, Fernando }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Meta-Organization: the Future for the Lean Organization}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/812}, affiliation={Director of Learning for Herrero Contractors Inc. 2100 Oakdale Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94124, USA, Phone +1 (415) 8247675 pnapolitano@herrero.com ; Lecturer at School of Building Engineering, Department of Architectural Constructions, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Phone +34 636548839, fercerro@csa.upv.es }, abstract={Lean companies’ growing difficulty to detect their customers’ needs and values are rendered even more complex by their constantly changing economic, social, political, technology and cultural contexts. In no few cases, the companies’ adaptability and reacting strategies are much lower than expected to cope with such circumstances. The implementation of meta-organizational strategies within lean companies aims at improving their core working systems by means of integrating a number of firms within an individual one. As a company made up of a myriad of different companies, meta-organizational tactics enable an accurate discernment and identification of inner and external issues so as to provide a holistic vision of the context and a more qualified response to occasional problems. This paper is based upon a case study resulting from three years’ work conducted at a lean construction company based in the US. The work carried out by the company exemplifies the transition from a classic lean firm to one incorporating 41 different companies as a token of the meta-organizational system. In this sense, we will attend to the Meta-Organization Engine concept®; the inner structure of metaorganization companies; the use of lean philosophy for the generation of metaorganization systems; the communications Matrix developed; and the benefits of such implementation. We will conclude by stating that meta-organization systems have provided a better contextual knowledge of the environment. Furthermore we will show how this new interdependence between companies has entailed the increase of their business opportunities. The company studied will help us understand how it has become the core of meta-organization by sharing its innovation through the implementation of lean strategies. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, value. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nerwal2012, author={Nerwal, Naveen and Abdelhamid, T.S. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Construction Crew Design Guidelines: a Lean Approach}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/813}, affiliation={Graduate Research Assistant, 552 West Circle Rm 401H, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: nerwalna@msu.edu ; Associate Professor, 552 West Circle Rm 214, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu }, abstract={Construction work is executed by a variety of specialty trades, using group of workers commonly known as crews. Performance of these crews is very crucial to the work being executed and consequently for the overall project performance. Yet decisions regarding how to design a crew (makeup and how work itself will flow) and improve their performance are addressed in an ad hoc fashion, if at all. Also, despite the clear significance of crew design, only a modest scholarly interest in this area has been seen in the last two decades. Developing lean-based guidelines for crew design will allow us to answer questions such as: Can we choreographically design construction work crews, and how? The aim of this research is to address this question by developing lean-based crew design guidelines for construction operations by conducting an extensive literature review focused on “work design/team design” that have well developed theoretical and empirical foundations in Lean Production, Lean Construction, Socio-Technical System theory, and Organizational Psychology. These theories provide important soft and hard factors which affect crew interactions. Synthesizing these existing production theories into a new unified model to develop a set of lean-based crew design guidelines is expected to lead to better overall performance of crews achieving lean construction ideals of minimizing waste and maximizing value for construction operations and projects at large. }, author_keywords={Work structuring, production system design, lean construction, training }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nesensohn2012, author={Nesensohn, Claus and Demir, S. Tugra and Bryde, David J. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Developing a “True North” Best Practice Lean Company with Navigational Compass}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/814}, affiliation={Researcher, Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies [BEST]–Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2ET, UK, Phone +44 151 23 14 149, C.Nesensohn@2012.ljmu.ac.uk ; Researcher, Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies [BEST]–Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2ET, United Kingdom ; Reader in Project Management, Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies [BEST]– Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom }, abstract={One challenge facing many organisations is how to become Lean. There are two aspects to this. First, what does a real Lean organisation look like? Second, how do you get there? This paper seeks to provide answers to these two questions. It presents an exemplar best practice Lean organisation for construction project management which has been developed through a benchmarking process involving 5 organisations. Using the Reading Model, a validated benchmarking process for construction, Lean methods, philosophy, strengths and weaknesses are analysed. Then a route map is outlined which can act as a compass to guide organisations wishing to undertake Lean as defined in the Reading Model. It is highlighted that the implementation of Lean in construction project management often requires both a change in organisational culture and structure. It is also stressed that the effective implementation of Lean requires a rigorous analysis of the organisation’s capability in relation to becoming Leaner. }, author_keywords={Benchmarking, Collaboration, Continuous Improvement/Kaizen, Germany, Lean Construction, Project Management, True North. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ng2012, author={Ng, Kevin and Laurlund, Alan and Howell, Gregory and Lancos, George }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Lean Safety: Using Leading Indicators of Safety Incidents to Improve Construction Safety}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/815}, affiliation={Project Manager, XL Construction, Milpitas California. kng@xlconstruction.com ; Vice President, XL Construction, Milpitas California. alaurlund@xlconstruction.com ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Senior Project Manager, Johnson & Johnson, glancos1@its.jnj.com }, abstract={Safety and organization of a construction site were improved with the application of safety leading indicators and a 5-S assessment tool on a project managed using Lean principles. Safety related data collected on safety walks on a daily basis was organized for each specialty contractor and normalized for worker hours. The implementation of the 5-S assessment rated the site organization from zero to five for each contractor by a variety of key stakeholders. The observation of safety leading indicators provided a measure of safety risk on the construction site and a measure and mechanism for continuous learning. As a result, safety continually over the life of the project. Early results of the 5-S program clustered at the low end of the scale at the beginning of the project and significantly improved over time and reached almost 5 as the project approached completion. The paper will reflect on related conceptual foundations and propose follow up investigations aimed at exploring leading indicators and other assessment tools related to safety and quality of work. The paper will also explore challenges faced by a general contractor in the on going efforts to implement the leading indicators principles on a company-wide basis. }, author_keywords={Safety, Leading Indicators, Lean Construction, Visual Management, 5-S. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Novak2012, author={Novak, Vera M. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Value Paradigm: Revealing Synergy Between Lean and Sustainability}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/816}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Design and Architecture, Department of Building Construction, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 410 Bishop-Favrao Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0156, USA, phone +1(801) 201-1388, vnovak@vt.edu }, abstract={The current construction environment is characterized by risk aversion, and the delivery of value is constrained by the tension between time, cost and quality. Similarly, the approach to sustainability in the built environment remains largely focused on waste reduction and minimization of the carbon footprint. Yet the challenges of global environmental issues call for a paradigm shift from this reductionist, ‘scarcity’ approach to one of sustainable prosperity through resource renewal and value generation. The industry has recognized the need for a more integrated approach, not just to fix the process, but to transform it to deliver value beyond the tangible building product. Lean construction stands out as the approach which can facilitate a net enhancement of sustainability value through fully integrated design and delivery processes. The author explores the synergy between lean construction and sustainability, as expressed through the construct of value. Data from exemplary lean projects are gathered through survey and interviews of both prime contractor and owners, offering a two point perspective for enhanced data quality and reliability. The findings suggest a strong correlation between the cohesiveness of lean thinking and the level of collaboration on the delivery of sustainability values. }, author_keywords={Value, lean thinking, construction process, green building, sustainability, integration. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Oliveira2012, author={Oliveira, Thiago Rosendo de and Costa, Dayana Bastos and Thomas, Natasha Ilse Rothbucher }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Transparency in Construction Sites}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/817}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Polytechnic School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, thiagorosendo@hotmail.com ; PhD, Assistant Professor, Polytechnic School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Master of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Phone: +55 71 3283-9731,dayanabcosta@ufba.br ; MSc, Researcher Fellow, Polytechnic School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, nashatasha@hotmail.com }, abstract={Lean construction involves a set of concepts and principles that aim to increase the efficiency of the construction production process. Transparency is one of these processes, which can be defined as the ability of a production process to communicate with people. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the use of transparency practices on construction sites and identify a set of transparency practices that help reduce construction site deficiencies related to organisation, productivity, and production planning and control. This paper uses the exploratory research method based on five case studies in the city of Salvador-Bahia-Brazil and another case study in the city of Fortaleza in Ceará, Brazil, using document analysis techniques, interviews and direct observation for data collection. The main findings show a low level of transparency practices implemented within the construction sites visited. This indicates a great potential for improvement through using such practices, particularly when compared to the higher level of implementation of such practices found in the case study in Fortaleza. It was also observed that the transparency practices tend to contribute directly or indirectly towards the three expected improvement areas: improved construction site organisation, increased productivity levels and a more efficient production planning and control (PCP). }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, transparency, production planning and control, organization and productivity }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Oskouie2012, author={Oskouie, Pedram and Gerber, David J. and Alves, Thais and Becerik-Gerber, Burcin }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Extending the Interaction of Building Information modeling and lean construction}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/818}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engrg., University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA, Phone +1 (213) 572-9373, oskouie@usc.edu ; Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, WAH 316, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA, Phone +1 (617) 794- 7367, dgerber@usc.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Phone +1 (619) 594- 8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAP 224C, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA, Phone +1 (213)- 740- 4383, becerik@usc.edu }, abstract={BIM intrinsically provides many features and methodologies to eliminate waste, promote a streamlined flow of work and the delivery of value to internal and external customers. This study builds on an existing interaction matrix of lean principles and BIM functionalities and explores new interactions between these two. The study also aims to expand the existing matrix by discerning new and uncovered BIM functionalities and lean construction principles. In an attempt to pinpoint new interactions, researchers have identified academic and industry based projects, which have integrated BIM methodologies and have employed lean concepts. The research then integrated these new projects to the interaction matrix to further understand how BIM contributes lean construction and how coupling BIM and Lean Construction may affect projects in terms of time, cost and value. The nurturing proposition of this research is that BIM functionalities are still largely unexplored, especially those related to the operation and maintenance stages of a facility. Their link to the Lean Construction theory may actually help promote an informed use of BIM for the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Owner industry and to promote more effective transformation, flow and value generation throughout the life cycle of construction projects.` }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Building Information Modeling, BIM and Lean Interaction Matrix }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Parrish2012, author={Parrish, Kristen }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Lean and Green Construction: Lessons Learned from Design and Construction of a Modular LEED Gold Building}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/819}, affiliation={Scientific Engineering Associate, Building Technologies and Urban Systems Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720-3111, kdparrish@lbl.gov, 510-486-5002 }, abstract={This paper presents the collaboration efforts of a design-build project team that designed and constructed a modular LEED® Gold office building in Long Beach, California. A fixed budget, and requirements for modular construction, LEED® Gold, and design-build project delivery required the project team be innovative to meet the imposed constraints. The team was formed to design and build this project, which presented challenges for work structuring and building shared understanding. Despite challenges, the owner hopes this building will serve as a model for “lean and green” design and construction of municipal buildings in Southern California. The design-build team, led by the architect and the modular construction contractor, proposed various design concepts that fulfilled the modular and LEED® Gold requirements but were infeasible from a cost perspective. Leveraging technical assistance provided through a partnership with the United States Department of Energy (U.S. DOE), the team was able to refine their original concepts to more economically meet the energy efficiency requirements. Further, a partnership with the local utility provider, Southern California Edison (SCE), provided additional funding for low-energy building features. These partnerships proved instrumental for achieving green goals while meeting modular requirements. This paper describes the team’s efforts to design a modular building that is energy efficient and meets a stringent cost requirement. It discusses how the requirements for modularity and LEED® Gold defined the design, construction, and operations processes. This paper documents the team’s successes in achieving lean and green practices as well as challenges they faced in the design-build environment. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, manufacturing, customisation, flexible, work structuring, sustainability }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2012, author={Pasquire, Christine }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={The 8th Flow – Common Understanding }, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/820}, affiliation={Professor, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, UK. +44(0)1158482095 christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={Projects are a form of engineered-to-order (ETO) production which require that the definition of Value becomes part of the production process. Project production requires the inclusion of the product design, the design process, and the production process to be integrated in order to fully benefit from waste reduction and process improvement. In construction, project production is more challenging because of the temporal, transient, and fragmented nature of the project team and the supporting supply chain. This requires a form of ‘interoperability’ between the supply chain organisations, the particular teams involved, the commissioning clients and other stakeholders. It is proposed that this ‘interoperability’ is a form of common understanding and that this understanding needs to be defined, developed, and nurtured across the project execution as a flow in the same way that other flows are managed. Building on the seven flow model proposal reported by Koskela and Howell (1999), this paper proposes a common understanding as an eighth flow and suggests how it might be managed. The paper classifies the concept of common understanding as a soft flow and shows that although it is a fresh insight it actually has roots in lean production. The identity of common understanding as the eighth flow arises from a number of funded research projects in which the difficulties of lean construction implementation were investigated. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, flow, common understanding. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pekuri2012, author={Pekuri, Aki and Herrala, Maila and Aapaoja, Aki and Haapasalo, Harri }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Applying Lean in Construction - Cornerstones for Implementation}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/821}, affiliation={Ph.D. student, aki.pekuri@oulu.fi. ; Post-doctoral research fellow, maila.herrala@oulu.fi. ; Ph.D. student, aki.aapaoja@oulu.fi ; Professor, harri.haapasalo@oulu.fi }, abstract={The majority of lean transformations fail to meet their initial expectations and end up as disappointments. Excessive focus on specific tools and failure to understand the philosophy or to motivate people in continuous improvement are often blamed for this. This research explores the cornerstones for successful lean implementation in the construction business. Research results based on 39 semi-structured interviews conducted in Finland and California suggest that managers should pay attention to the following aspects: building trust, motivation, ensuring skills and competence, developing and selecting the right people, and providing leadership. In general, lean should be embraced as a comprehensive management philosophy which requires a long-term viewpoint in order to achieve competitive advantage. In construction, it is important to pay attention to the way people are recruited, emphasize their social skills, and develop them through training. Building trust and constructing project teams based on participants’ suitability and competence will help to move the industry forward, but managers should also learn to take advantage of crises, when organizations are at their most receptive. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, transformation, culture, change, implementation. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Phelps2012, author={Phelps, Andreas F. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Behavioral Factors Influencing Lean Information Flow in Complex Projects}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/822}, affiliation={Integrated Projects Executive, Balfour Beatty Construction, 507 Cole Street, San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA, Phone +01 415 652 4505, aphelps@balfourbeattyus.com }, abstract={As construction projects become increasingly complex, the success of these projects depends increasingly on effective information flow. Based on a three-year ethnographic study of the project team responsible for two capital healthcare projects, this paper presents a model of the interrelation of trust, commitment, learning, and understanding within project teams and how these constructs are vital to effective information flow. This model was developed through analysis of project team behaviors, behavioral trends, and triggers that prompted changes in behavioral trends. The model has implications regarding the competencies required of managers on complex projects, tools and processes that improve information flow, and the importance of information flow planning. }, author_keywords={Information flow, trust, learning, commitment, knowledge management. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Porwal2012, author={Porwal, Vishal and Dave, Bhargav and Fernandez-Solis, Jose and Koskela, Lauri J. and Mehta, H. S. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={State of Production Plan Reliability – A Case Study From India}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/823}, affiliation={Principal at InteloBuild Project Solutions (www.intelobuild.com), 505, Capt. C. S. Naidu Arcade, 10/2 Old Palasia, Indore, Madhya Pradesh-452002, India, Phone-(+91) (997) 730-8235, vporwal@intelobuild.com ; Research Fellow at Salford Centre for Research and Innovation, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone-(+44) (161) 295-3431, b.dave@salford.ac.uk ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, 3137 TAMU, Langford A 430, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3137, USA, Phone- (+1) (979) 458-1058, jsolis@arch.tamu.edu ; Professor of Theory Based Lean Project and Production Management, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK, Phone- (+44) (161) 295-6378, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Advisor to Prestige Institute of Engineering, No.74-C, Sector D, Vijay Nagar, Indore, Madhya Pradesh - 452010, India, Phone- (+91) (982) 703 9058, hsmehta17@gmail.com }, abstract={In the quest to assess the state of production plan reliability on a mid-sized residential project in India, a case study is conducted with production planning inspired by Last Planner® System of production control (LPS). The residential construction sector in India is expected to grow at more than 26% per annum till 2014. However, India does not compare favorably with other countries in the efficient execution of projects and the government has pointed out the need to enhance productivity to meet the increasing rate of economic growth with the best use of labor and resources. Variability and uncertainty in construction project production is identified as an area of improvement. In order to investigate the current state of production plan reliability on mid-sized residential construction projects, a case study is conducted on a 17-story residential project in Mumbai, India. The results indicate that initially, production plans prepared by the project team were highly unreliable with a high degree of variability, but they improved toward the end of the project. Production plan reliability measured as Percentage Plan Complete, also known as Percent Promises Complete, (PPC) varied from 25% to 100% over a period of 24 weeks. The major reasons for production plan failure were bad weather, labor unavailability, material unavailability, untimely drawings and decisions, city regulations, government compliance and unplanned holidays. A feedback loop was put in place and project participants were interviewed at the end of the project. They reported improvement in production plan reliability and indirect cost and quality benefits. This case study provides a hint to the state of production plan reliability in Indian residential construction projects. However, additional and cross sectional research on a variety of residential projects is needed to statistically validate the findings and understand the current state of production plan reliability in India. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System of Production Control (LPS), Residential Construction, Production Workflow Reliability. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rashid2012, author={Rashid, Mehdi and Heravi, Gholamreza }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={A Lean Management Approach for Power Plant Construction Projects: Wastes Identification and Assessment}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/824}, affiliation={CEM Graduate Student, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: mmehdirashid@ut.ac.ir ; Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: heravi@ut.ac.ir }, abstract={This research addresses wastes in construction and erection processes in power plant projects. The main paper objectives are identification and assessment of the wastes, mainly in power plant projects. Accordingly, seven main groups of wastes are introduced and subdivided to 42 common wastes, and based on an opinion survey the most important and common wastes in power plant construction projects are identified and assessed. Moreover, importance of wastes in common and valuable compounded work packages and activities in construction and erection processes are investigated. Finally, some recommendations for reducing critical wastes in valuable work package are presented. The findings of this research could be used in power plant projects or any other construction projects for identification, assessment, and reduction of the wastes in construction processes. }, author_keywords={Value, Waste, Lean management, Lean construction, Power plant project, Waste in construction processes, Last planner system }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Reginato2012, author={Reginato, Justin and Alves, Thais da C. L. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Management of Preconstruction Using Lean: An Exploratory Study of the Bidding Process}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/825}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Construction Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, California State University Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA, 95819-6029, USA, Phone +1 916/278-6592, reginato@ecs.csus.edu ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-1324, USA, Phone +1 619/594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={The study of office-related activities and their management in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry has been overlooked in the construction management literature. With that in mind, the authors of the present paper call attention to the need to manage information and shield projects from variation starting from the initial stages when service providers are chosen in projects where competitive bidding is used. The nurturing proposition of this paper is that regardless of the project delivery method being used, Lean Construction concepts can be used to shield projects against risk and unintended variation brought to projects due to the nature of the competitive bidding process. The paper presents a series of practical examples of how preconstruction office activities and documents are often handled in the AEC and discusses these examples vis-à-vis Lean Construction concepts and practices aiming to promote continuous flow. This exploratory study illustrates how the use of lean techniques in the bidding phase might facilitate the screening of subcontractors in hard bid environments, and contribute to reducing project risk and uncertainty, regardless of the delivery method. The paper concludes with practical recommendations regarding the management of bidding activities and topics that merit further investigation. }, author_keywords={Preconstruction, office activities, bid process, making ready process, pull planning }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rich2012, author={Rich, John }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Öppen - Lean Thinking, Prefabrication, Assembly and Open Building Thinking - All Applied to Commercial Buildings}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/826}, affiliation={John Rich RIBA +44(0)20 7544 8532 John.Rich@oppen.co.uk Öppen Ltd, Regent’s Place, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BT, UK. www.oppen.co.uk }, abstract={Describes the origin of the Öppen system buildings, how the system has developed and future possibilities. The system combines: lean thinking, all the way from briefing, through design, to construction; prefabrication and assembly of large components; and open building thinking for future adaptability. The first built example was a university research laboratory where the use of the system reduced the construction cost by 40% below the budget. The constructed building, now in use for five years, has proved fully adaptable. The second example to be built has recently been tendered. Against an identical building with traditional construction, the Öppen system building was cheaper and 50% quicker to construct. Most commercial buildings are from the ‘design one, build one’ mould, whereas many aspects of Öppen system buildings will be common from one building to the next, thereby enabling continuous improvement. Derivatives of the Öppen system are being developed for other types of building, such as schools and laboratories. The Öppen system does not aim to be suitable for all building typologies. It is aimed squarely at the mid-market: buildings that will be used for many years, for clients who need good value, robustness and adaptability. }, author_keywords={collaboration/collaborative; lean construction; standardisation; customisation; open building; adaptable; Öppen. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rocha2012, author={Rocha, Cecilia Gravina da and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Santos, Aguinaldo dos }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={An Overview of the Customisation Strategies Developed by Four Organisations of the House-Building Sector}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/827}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 3rd floor, 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., Centro, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, cecilia.rocha@ufrgs.br ; Professor, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 3rd floor, 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., Centro, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Professor, Nucleo de Design e Sustentabilidade, Federal University of Paraná (UFPr), Rua general Pedro Carneiro, 460, 7th floor, room 717, 80060-150, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, Phone +55 41 3360 3313, asantos@ufpr.br }, abstract={Mass customisation (MC) refers to the provision of customised products while striving to maintain the efficiencies of mass-production. Such concept has emerged in the manufacturing sector but can also be deployed by the construction industry to add more value to products. This paper analysis the customisation strategies developed by four organisations of the house-building sector using a conceptual framework. Such organisations have differences in terms of the scale of the product provided, the amount of years they have been operating, and the stage in the product development process that they are at. Two organisations are located in Brazil and the other two are located in the UK. This paper aims to explore how customisation strategies based on the MC approach can be pursued under different organisational contexts. An underlying proposition of this paper is that MC can add value to housing products and that it can be adapted and tailored to be used in different organisational contexts. The case studies with the four organisations aim to illustrate that. Such studies also provide an initial step in exploring how MC can be tailored to particular organisational contexts within the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Customisation, housing, decision making, strategies, design. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Senior2012, author={Senior, Bolivar A. and Rodríguez, Tulio A. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Analyzing Barriers to Construction Productivity Improvement in the Dominican Republic}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/828}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, Colorado State University. 102 Guggenheim Hall, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1584, USA. Phone +1 (970) 491-7337. Bolivar.senior@colostate.edu. ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Phone +1 809-866-1530. tulio@intec.edu.do. }, abstract={The present study examined the perceived importance, easiness to overcome and criticality of 29 barriers to productivity improvement in the Dominican Republic. It surveyed 134 construction professionals with 5 or more years of experience, who provided their assessment in the dimensions of importance and easiness to overcome on a Likert scale from 1 to 5. Barriers were grouped into environment driven, topmanagement driven and field-management driven. Two secondary questions explored attitudes towards education in productivity improvement. Respondents gave high average grades of 4.01 to 4.69 to all questions in the dimension of Importance. Average responses for Easiness to overcome were lower, had a broader range, from 2.31 to 3.74 and showed a more nuanced deliberation of possibilities. The criticality of some barriers seems difficult to justify using Lean Construction principles, and need further examination. Barriers with high criticality tended to be driven by field management, and those with low criticality tended to be driven by top management. Results point to an overall perceived need for improvement which is not followed by optimism for achieving it. The present study is the first of its kind in the Dominican Republic. Its results provide a roadmap for educational and managerial action in the immediate future. It can also serve as a foundation for similar studies in other developing countries. }, author_keywords={Productivity improvement, benefits realization Dominican Republic, survey. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rooke2012, author={Rooke, John and Koskela, Lauri and Howell, Greg and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Developing Production Theory: What Issues Need To Be Taken Into Consideration?}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/829}, affiliation={Research Fellow, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK, Phone +44 (0)161 295 6344, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, 4th Floor, Maxwell Building, , The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK, Phone +44 (0)1612956378, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340, Phone +1 208/726-9989, ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Professor, HaCIRIC, Head of School, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK, Phone +44 (0)161 295 3855, m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The aim of this paper is to establish key issues that a theory of production should address, to conceptualize these issues and to sketch an account of their interaction. Aristotle's analyses of knowledge and causality are used, in conjunction with Wittgenstein's concept of language games, to integrate the insights of transformationflow- value (TFV) theory and the language action perspective (LAP) within a framework derived from Liker (2004). Building on Liker, we identify four language games that are necessary for production: 1. drawing on scientific knowledge to determine the best physical arrangements for the achievement of a pre-given value; 2. two value discourses which determine (a) the target value for (1) and (b) the human relations which will enable the achievement of (1) - Liker's ‘long term philosophy’ and ‘developing people and organization’, plus the Language Action Perspective; 3. a discourse of learning and knowledge with the aim of continual improvement. Four of the key concepts used in these games are identified (flow; work, knowledge and commitment) and related to the functions of management. Finally, an overall theoretical framework is proposed. }, author_keywords={Production Theory; Lean Theory; Lean Construction; Value; TFV Theory; Language Action Perspective }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rosenbaum2012, author={Rosenbaum, Sergio and Toledo, Mauricio and Gonzalez, Vicente }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Green-Lean Approach for Assessing Environmental and Production Waste in Construction}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/830}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Chile. E-Mail: srosenba@ing.uchile.cl ; PhD(c), Instructor Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Chile. E-Mail: mjtoledo@ing.uchile.cl ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={Sustainability research in construction has been focused on the design and operation stages of projects. However, the production stage has received not much attention. Current sustainable construction approaches exhibit a disconnect between environmental and production waste management in projects. To overcome these limitations, an approach based on green building and lean production principles is proposed in this paper. Thus, a lean tool named Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is adapted to simultaneously assess environmental and production waste over the production stage of construction projects. This paper reports the application of the proposed “green-lean” approach in the construction of a hospital as a case study, analyzing the structural concrete work stage. The main findings showed the ability of the approach to find out the sources of environmental/productive waste, quantify them, and suggest reduction strategies. This also demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed “green-lean” approach for improving the sustainable performance of projects. }, author_keywords={Green Building, Lean Production, Sustainability, Value Stream Mapping, Waste. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Russell2012, author={Russell, Marion M. and Howell, Greg and Hsiang, Simon M. and Liu, Min }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Causes of Time Buffer in Construction Project Task Durations}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/831}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908. PH (757) 218-3425; E-mail: mmrusse2@ncsu.edu ; President,Lean Construction Institute. PH(208)726-9989; E-mail: ghowell@leanconstruction.org ; Derr Professor, Industrial Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, PH (806) 742-3543; E-Mail: simon.hsiang@ttu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908. PH (919) 513-7920; E-mail: min_liu@ncsu.edu, Corresponding author }, abstract={Due to the inherent nature of the construction industry, all construction projects have some amount and type of uncertainty. Personnel involved with the project compensate for the uncertainty by adding buffers. This research is focused on “time buffers” added to construction task durations. We define “time buffer” as time added to task durations to compensate for uncertainty and protect against variation. Although previous research acknowledges this addition of time buffer, the root causes of buffer have not been thoroughly researched. The research objectives include determining which factors are the most prevalent and severe causes of buffer and determining opinion differences amongst various groups. A survey was developed and then completed by 180 construction personnel across the United States. The top twelve most frequent and severe causes of buffer in task durations were identified. The factors were analysed in how they are viewed differently by foremen, superintendents, and project managers; trade to trade; general contractors to subcontractors; level of experience; and companies regularly using the Last Planner System® and those who do not. The findings will help construction managers understand what drives the need for buffer in construction schedules and focus efforts on strategically addressing critical areas of concern or uncertainty. }, author_keywords={Buffer, uncertainty, time, variation }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2012, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Munankami, Manish and Smith, James and Kulkarni, Aditi }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Survey Instrument to Facilitate Continuous Improvement of Lean Teaching Materials: A First Run Study }, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/832}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Fellow, Center for Health Systems and Design, 434 Langford A, 3137, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Phone +1 (979) 845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu ; Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA ; PhD Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX ; Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX }, abstract={Training workshops are a popular means to transfer knowledge of lean construction principles to industry stakeholders. Although numerous workshops are being offered by various members of the lean construction community, the amount of understanding that has been successfully transferred to participants during a workshop is not always measured or known, making it difficult to assess success. The purpose of this research is to develop and test an assessment instrument to indicate the level of understanding that was transferred during a three-day lean construction workshop. Drawing on published and unpublished case studies, we developed lean construction teaching materials for a three-day workshop and tested them on a healthcare facility owner and its most frequently engaged architects, engineers, general contractors and trade partners. To test the effectiveness of the teaching materials, we developed an anonymous, paired, pre-and post-workshop assessment survey instrument. Participants were asked to (a) rate their level of confidence in their understanding of lean construction principles, and (b) provide specific examples of potential application of the named principles. Participants rated their confidence levels in understanding of specific lean principles higher after the workshop than before (all comparisons of means were statistically significant to p<=0.05). Also, participants described twice as many potential construction applications of lean principles after the workshop than before, implying an increased level of understanding which translated into actionable items. Results from this research suggest that the lean workshop format delivered was relatively effective in transferring basic knowledge and application of lean principles. However, there is also clear need to continually improve our workshop teaching materials. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pikas2012, author={Pikas, Ergo and Sacks, Rafael and Priven, Vitaliy }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Go or No-Go Decisions at the Construction Workface: Uncertainty, Perceptions of Readiness, Making Ready and Making-Do}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/833}, affiliation={Virtual Construction Laboratory, National Building Research Institute, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8292245, epikas@tx.technion.ac.il; cvsacks@technion.ac.il; vitaliyp@tx.technion.ac.il ; Virtual Construction Laboratory, National Building Research Institute, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8292245, epikas@tx.technion.ac.il; cvsacks@technion.ac.il; vitaliyp@tx.technion.ac.il ; Virtual Construction Laboratory, National Building Research Institute, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8292245, epikas@tx.technion.ac.il; cvsacks@technion.ac.il; vitaliyp@tx.technion.ac.il }, abstract={Construction work is performed at the end of a chain of decisions made by the individuals involved in planning the work at increasingly detailed levels of resolution. At each step planners make decisions based on their perception of the state of readiness, or maturity, of the work, but there is always, by definition, some residual uncertainty. Therefore, fine-grained planning decisions are often required even after commitments are made in weekly work planning using the Last Planner ® System. These decisions can result in abandoning (or stopping) the planned work or improvisation or ‘making-do’. However, the motivations and context of these decisions are not well understood. Empirical data collected over eleven weeks at a large residential construction project enabled synthesis of a taxonomy of scenarios and proposal of a candidate flow chart of the decision-making process at the operational level. In doing so, we define questions for future research concerning the impact of uncertainty on decision-making in this context. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, make-ready, making-do, decision making, individual behavior and motivation, task maturity, uncertainty }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salvatierra-Garrido2012, author={Salvatierra-Garrido, Jose and Pasquire, Christine and Miron, Luciana }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Exploring Value Concept Through the IGLC Community: Nineteen Years of Experience}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/834}, affiliation={PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Works, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile, Phone +56 (2)7182838, jose.salvatierra@usach.cl ; PhD, Professor of Lean Project Management, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK, Phone +44 (0)115 941 8418, Christine.Pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; PhD, Professor, School of Architecture and Urbanism, Department of Architecture, Researcher at Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, FAX:+ 55 51 3308 4054, Luciana.miron@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The concept of value has been widely cited within Lean Construction (LC), and important discussions have been taking place during the conferences of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC). This paper aims at exploring the concept through the nineteen years of proceedings of the IGLC community (1993 to 2011). In order to select the sample, the concept of value is firstly identified from titles, abstracts and key words of all papers presented in previous conferences. Then, information is summarised to mainly underline value conceptualisation from different authors and contribution to the LC experience. A review of the published work leads to conclude that (1) this concept has been broadly influenced by the production view of construction (value generation view from the TFV model of Koskela, 2000); (2) value is still regarded as an ambiguous concept because different interpretations contribute to its understanding, and more subjective aspects are deemed as an important part of this concept; (3) most efforts have been mainly endeavoured to deliver value at project level, where waste reduction and planning & control of construction site activities have been key activities linked to value; and (4) numerous efforts have been mainly endeavoured to fulfil particular customer’s requirements. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Lean Thinking, Theory, Value Concept. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Samudio2012, author={Samudio, Mike and Alves, Thais da C. L. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Look-Ahead Planning: Reducing Variation to Work Flow on Projects Laden with Change}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/835}, affiliation={Project Manager, Mike_Samudio@rsconst.com, Rudolph and Sletten ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-1324, USA, Phone +1 619/594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={Project delivery methods have tremendous influence over the amount of design changes and revisions realized during the course of construction. Studies have found that early collaboration with cross-functional teams during design can eliminate considerable waste during construction through impeccable coordination of the construction documents. However, the traditional design-bid-build approach has notoriously produced the opposite of that, that is, projects that result in numerous document revisions creating significant schedule delays and substantial variation to work flow. To counter the negative ramifications that this approach has during construction, the Last Planner System™ (LPS™) can provide a systematic methodology to improve reliability in an environment inundated with variation. The main hypothesis of this paper is that the use of the LPS™ can bring benefits to the planning process in design-bid-build projects and ultimately to its production trades. In order to deliver in 22 months an exceedingly unique 280,000 SF cast-in-place laboratory replacement project, which employed the traditional design-bid-build approach, the LPS™ was used. The LPS™ provided a structure to assist the team in improving planning on a project that had double the amount of revised drawings than the original bid set. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System™, lookahead planning, design-bid-build, laboratory facility, federal project }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sands2012, author={Sands, Mark and Abdelhamid, Tariq Sami }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Whole-Building Measurement and Computing Science BIM for Lean Programming and Performance}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/836}, affiliation={President, Performance Building Institute, Rockford, MI 49341. Email: mark.sands@performancebuilding.org ; Associate Professor, 552 West Circle Rm 214, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tariq@msu.edu }, abstract={The construction industry is poised to enter into an era of high performance and production by merging Lean Construction practices with comprehensive wholebuilding and systems measurement. W. Edwards Deming urged, “Train people to measure things and they will keep pushing their own standards to beat themselves.” To even have standards there must be a basis by which they are measured against. Comprehensive measurement systems must be instituted in order for the Lean Construction vision to be fully realized. To achieve this, sophisticated computing science applications are called for. This paper presents a vision for whole-building measurement integration into the different phases of Lean Project Delivery. A program-based BIM (Building Information Modeling) 3 system is developed to provide such a measurement application. This program-based BIM provides for the early planning and programing stages, what the geometric-based BIM systems provide for design. More than that, it provides total life-cycle cost simulation. With the adoption of standards from which to measure against, the construction industry will experience a re-training of the mind, as Deming proved in other industries. This re-training begins with top-down whole-building measurement in combination with bottom-up component and sub-system measurement. The computing science and modeling technology now exists and soon ready for market. The next need is data: both for baseline (business as usual) actual whole-building results, as well as benchmark (improvement) cause and effect claims. }, author_keywords={Whole-Building Measurement, Performance Measurement, Lean Programming, Benchmarking, Performance Baselines, Program-based BIM }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2012, author={Santos, Débora de G. and Grosskopf, Joana and Souza, Andreza Menezes and Neto, Antônio T. dos Santos and Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Utilization of Extra Planning Activities by Construction Companies in Sergipe, Brazil}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/837}, affiliation={Dr., Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil, Phone +55 79 2105 6700, FAX +55 79 2105 6684; deboragois@ufs.br ; Civil Engineering, Master’s Student, Post-Graduation in Civil Engineering Program, Federal University of Sergipe, SE, Brazil. Phone +55 79 2105 6700; joanagross@hotmail.com ; Civil Engineering, Master’s Student, Post-Graduation in Civil Engineering Program, Federal University of Sergipe, SE, Brazil. Phone +55 79 2105 6700; andreza_sma@yahoo.com.br ; Undergraduate Student, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Sergipe, SE, Brazil. Phone +55 79 2105 6700; eu_teles@hotmail.com ; PhD., Professor, Production Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3267 0096; heineck@pesquisador.cnpq.br }, abstract={The peculiar characteristics of civil construction associated with obstacles to the production process result in constraints that cause downtime for workers, often filled by non value-adding activities. This research work is directed to construction companies that are already using extra planning activities, informally, to remove these constraints. We wanted to identify the tacit knowledge level of construction managers working in Sergipe, Brazil, relative to extra planning activities. We applied a structured checklist for the following knowledge areas: Learning, Work Safety, Constructability, Lean Construction, Reengineering, Theory of Constraints, Quality and Productivity, and Planning and Production Control. Major findings of this research are related to those knowledge areas most applied by the respondents: Work Safety (92.31%), Reengineering (83.59%) and Lean Construction (77.62%). We could identify that the least widespread knowledge area was Theory of Constraints (67.31%). The authors are of the opinion that the informal implementation of these activities demonstrates the lack of dissemination of knowledge among managers. With this in mind, in future research, we will focus on facilitating the implementation of activities in these areas, and particularly in the area of Theory of Constraints, seeking to formalize it. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, continuous improvement, extra planning activities, constraints analysis, process, production, value }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sarhan2012, author={Sarhan, Saad and Fox, Andrew }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Trends and Challenges to the Development of a Lean Culture Among Uk Construction Organisations}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/838}, affiliation={Postgraduate Civil Engineer, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom, Tel: +447961757059, sarhan_com@hotmail.com ; Lecturer in Civil Engineering, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Tel: +441752586120, andrew.fox@plymouth.ac.uk }, abstract={Lean construction efforts could prove to be highly rewarding for the UK construction industry, but there is a lack of experiential research to demonstrate how lean thinking principles are diffused and enacted by organizations to successfully attain the promised rewards. Building upon established conceptual frameworks, this study sought to identify how lean concepts are being enacted and reveal trends in the development of a lean culture among UK construction organisations. A theoretical framework, incorporating soft and hard aspects of lean was adopted for the research and formed the basis for a questionnaire survey. The study targeted practitioners in the UK construction industry and the data obtained was clustered into six classifications to allow trends and contrasting views to be determined. Results revealed that although there seems to be positive trends in the development of a lean culture amongst UK construction organisations, but there is still a significant lack of understanding of how to successfully apply lean thinking principles to specific construction processes and activities. Analysis of the results also identified a number of structural and cultural barriers that are hindering progress towards the successful implementation of LC in the UK. The paper concludes with proposals to overcome barriers to the successful adoption of lean thinking and provides recommendations for future research. }, author_keywords={Lean thinking, Culture, Collaboration, Barriers, Strategy for success }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2012, author={Schöttle, Annett and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Incentive Systems to Support Collaboration in Construction Projects}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/839}, affiliation={Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-45259, Annett.Schoettle@kit.edu. ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-42646, Fritz.Gehbauer@kit.edu. }, abstract={In Germany construction projects are based on traditional contracts with competitive bidding, which do not support collaboration. The behavior of non-cooperation results in a mass of claims and problems by the final inspection up to legal proceedings. Furthermore, the complex and dynamic environment as well as the asymmetric information between the participants of a construction project lead to uncertainty, which often ends in conflicts between contractor and client. To fight against the uncertainty a collaborative project environment based on an incentive system has to be built in order to share information and knowledge. The theory of incentive systems mostly concentrates on material incentives particularly on financial incentives, while the intrinsic motivation of the participants has a very high impact of the project success. By reviewing the literature it can be hypothesized that the implementation of an incentive system consisting of monetary and non-monetary incentives will increase the total project performance. Therefore, this paper will focus on managing an incentive system to support the collaboration in a construction project in order to realize the optimal delivery of the project. In the end of the paper suggestions for further research are given. }, author_keywords={collaboration, incentive system, culture, trust }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Senior2012, author={Senior, Bolivar A. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={An Analysis of Decision-Making Theories Applied to Lean Construction}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/840}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, Colorado State University. 102 Guggenheim Hall, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1584, USA. Phone +1 (970) 491-7337. Bolivar.senior@colostate.edu. }, abstract={A critical review of decision making theory aspects of relevance to Lean Construction is presented in this study. It hypothesizes that decision making processes have substantial implications to the development and implementation of Lean Construction. Specifically, this study has the objective of identifying the natural human tendencies concerning decision making that can distort rational outcomes of relevance to Lean construction and the Lean Construction features that could be impacted by these biases. It is concluded that Lean Construction can be described as an enriched option, with more salient features relative to traditional management approaches. Enriched options lead to stronger reactions of adoption and rejection depending on the framing used for their discussion. Lean Construction techniques such as phasing scheduling in the Last Planner System™ can be impacted by the brainstormed number and order of ideas. The human tendency to defer decisions when many similar options are available could lead to a delay in the perceived last responsible moment to make a decision under such conditions. An alternative can be rejected when it contains features perceived as not adding value to current needs, even if the features do not carry any cost. This could point to the need for a gradual introduction of the possibilities offered by Lean Construction at the initial stages of an individual implementation. The role of psychology in the creation, management and even manipulation of value in a Lean Construction context needs further consideration. The findings of this study are interpretations and extrapolations from areas other than construction management and Lean Construction. They need to be validated by further research. }, author_keywords={Theory, Lean Construction, Decision Making, Language / linguistic action }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2012, author={Seppänen, Olli }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={A Production Control Game for Teaching of Location-Based Management System's Controlling Methods}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/841}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Vice President of Services, Vico Software Inc., olli.seppanen@vicosoftware.com }, abstract={Typical issues seen in the production data of projects which have implemented Location-Based Management System (LBMS) include subcontractors not finishing locations, working in random location sequences, working with smaller or large crew sizes than planned, and starting earlier than planned. LBMS control methods include delaying start dates until enough work is available and controlling production rates to prevent interference. These methods have been difficult to teach because any theoretical material is easily forgotten when actual production starts. The research described in this paper tries to solve the teaching problem. A production control game was defined using a simple, repetitive building. Each subcontractor had a predetermined behavior modeled by variables including preferred crew size, how fast the subcontractor is able to adjust the crew size, and production rates for different crew sizes. The players of the game planned a schedule and implemented control actions when they wanted to influence subcontractors’ behavior. Each group of players utilized the same subcontractors, so the effect of their decisions could be directly compared to other players in the same group. For comparison purposes, a purely heuristical game based on textbook LBMS method and textbook CPM method was also played with each group. Game results show that total duration and total cost have a large variance depending on the control actions taken during the project. Purely theoretical LBMS outperformed all players in all groups. Purely theoretical CPM focusing on the critical path finished last or second to last both in terms of durations and total cost. All the players felt that they understood the impact of their decisions better after finishing the game and comparing the results with others in the same group. }, author_keywords={Location-Based Management System, production planning, production control, variability, buffer, production system design }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sharma2012, author={Sharma, Deepak K. and Cui, Qingbin }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Subsidy Allocation Mechanism for Successful Implementation of Green Contracting Strategies}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/842}, affiliation={PhD, Sustainable Infrastructure Group, University of Maryland, 0122F Engineering Lab Building, College Park, MD, USA 20742, Email: dsharma@umd.edu ; Assistant Professor, Project Management Program, Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, 1157 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, USA 20742. Phone: (301) 405-8104 Email: cui@umd.edu }, abstract={Construction industry in the U.S. is one of the top Green House Gas (GHG) emitters. It produced 1.7% of the total U.S. GHG emissions in 2002. These emissions are equivalent to 6% of total U.S. industry related GHG emissions, earning it a third rank on the list of highest emitting industries. However, these numbers represent only a part of the total construction emissions but if we add all the direct and indirect construction emissions from the supply chain of construction projects, the construction emissions would represent up to 54% of the total U.S. emissions. Hence, there is a need to lower emission levels from each and every emitter in the construction supply chain. This research work, defining and addressing the importance of Lean Carbon Supply Chain (LCaSC) for construction projects, develops a subsidy allocation mechanism using a two-stage sequential game to model the Agency’s and Contractor’s behavior. The subsidy allocation mechanism would enable successful implementation of Green Performance Contracting strategies at a minimum cost. }, author_keywords={Construction Supply Chain, Carbon Supply Chain, Game Theory, Implementation, Subsidy Design }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skinnarland2012, author={Skinnarland, Sol }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Norwegian Project Managers and Foremen’s Experiences of Collaborative Planning}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/843}, affiliation={Researcher, Fafo, Institute for Labour and Social Research, P.O. Box 2947 Tøyen, 0608 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 22088600, sol.skinnarland@fafo.no }, abstract={Many reports within in the Lean Construction literature have described positive effects of implementing the Last Planner system (LPS), such as increased reliability in planning, improved workflow reliability, and reduced time and waste. LPS has also affected human aspects as work has become more satisfying and challenging, and participants have become more enthusiastic in progression planning meetings. Reports show an increased use of each other's expertise, increased respect and collaboration both between trades and within hierarchical structures. Further positive effects are reportedly improved information sharing and communication, and improvements concerning tidying and cleaning which in turn increases efficiency. This paper reports from a research project based on implementing LPS in a Norwegian construction company. The Last Planner system was first implemented in 2008, in two pilot projects, and was subsequently implemented in a number of construction projects within the company. The aim of the study was to review the experiences of project managers and foremen, with the implementation LPS. Group interviews were conducted with 34 informants around questions concerning information and support, elements of LPS employed, effects and outcomes, challenges and drivers for future use of LPS. The findings noted above are largely supported in this paper. However, this paper offers a systematic review of recent practices and experiences within the context of a construction company in Norway. The informants were challenged to reflect upon the reasons for achieving effects and outcomes. These reflections shed light upon processes taking place. }, author_keywords={Effects and outcomes, Lean construction, Last Planner system, Collaborative Planning. }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skinnarland2012, author={Skinnarland, Sol and Yndesdal, Solveig }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={The Last Planner System as a Driver for Knowledge Creation}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/844}, affiliation={Researcher, Fafo, Institute for Labour and Social Research, P.O. Box 2947 Tøyen, 0608 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 22088600, sol.skinnarland@fafo.no ; Research and Development Manager, Kruse Smith, Vassbotnen 1, 4313 Sandnes, Norway, Phone +47 51444200, solveig.yndesdal@kruse-smith.no }, abstract={Successful companies consistently create new knowledge, skills and competences. In this paper a knowledge building process is viewed in light of the expertise needed in carrying out construction projects successfully. The way knowledge building is processed will have a direct impact on how the building project is brought forward. The question raised in this paper is how the Last Planner system (LPS) may contribute to the process of building knowledge on the project level. This paper suggests the following hypothesis: The Last Planner system is capable of contributing to the process of creating knowledge in construction projects. The structure, arenas and conditions for collaboration provided by LPS offer a potential to create new knowledge, skills and competences. One such example is the meeting structure, which suggests that a multi-trade collaborative work practice is adopted. The paper discusses these interactions from a knowledge building process perspective, and point to necessary premises to create new knowledge. The theory is tested empirically through the examination of transcripts of interview data concerning LPS implementation in a search of evidence of such processes taking place, and the extraction of understanding of how such processes develop. Learning occurs when new routines, processes, procedures or behaviour patterns are established in the construction project. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, dynamic knowledge building, organisational learning, single and double loop learning, tacit and explicit learning }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Smith2012, author={Smith, James P. and Rybkowski, Zofia }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Literature Review on Trust and Current Construction Industry Trends}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/845}, affiliation={Primary Contact: Ph.D. Student, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A., james.smith@tamu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A. }, abstract={There is a growing body of evidence supporting the theory that project performance can be assisted by increased levels of trust. Trust in construction has received some academic attention but warrants more. This research provides additional rationale and foundational support for the advancement of knowledge regarding trust in construction. Specifically, we emphasize the role of chosen project delivery method and its impact on trust levels. We conducted an extensive literature review on trust and pertinent concepts were collected for application to the construction industry. Extant literature indicates a high level of relevance and applicability of trust research to construction issues. It seems probable that the chosen project delivery method plays a major role in the resultant levels of trust between project participants. Recent evolutions in project delivery methods and support systems, such as Integrated Project Delivery and Lean Construction are argued by their supporters to be more effective at maintaining high levels of trust than traditional methods. Results from this research suggest that academicians and industry practitioners alike who value trust should consider the ramifications of their current practices on the subject. Further research is required to determine if IPD, relational contracting, and lean construction are capable of systemically supporting higher levels of trust than traditional methods. }, author_keywords={Trust, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), project delivery, construction industry trends, relational contracting }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Souza2012, author={Souza, Diego Vinicius Souza de and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={On Improvement in Construction Supply Chain Management}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/846}, affiliation={PhD Student, College of Science & Technology, School of the Built Environment, The Crescent – Maxwell Building, 4th floor – Room 412, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, Phone +44 (0) 161 295 4748, d.v.souzadesouza@edu.salford.ac.uk ; Professor, College of Science & Technology, School of the Built Environment, The Crescent – Maxwell Building, 4th floor – Room 412, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, Phone +44 (0) 161 295 6378, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The aim of this paper is to provide a discussion on improvement in construction supply chain management. The study is based on a literature review regarding the evolution of supply chain management theory within the construction environment and a review of the current findings of supply chain management in industrial engineering. The paper presents five managerial practices to be studied and implemented in construction supply chain management. Such managerial practices are traditionally adopted by manufacturing companies and they reflect best practices for improvement in a multi-organizational environment. Even though this paper has a theoretical approach, it also aims to bring a contribution to practitioners by providing directions for improving construction supply chain management. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, Theory, Lean construction, Strategic planning, Flexibility }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2012, author={Tillmann, Patricia and Ballard, Glenn and Tzortzopolous, Patricia and Formoso, Carlos }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={How Integrated Governance Contributes to Value Generation – Insights From an IPD Case Study}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/847}, affiliation={PhD Candidate at Civil Eng. Dpt. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Osvaldo Aranha, 99, Porto Alegre, Brazil. patriciatillmann@gmail.com ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Eng. Dept, Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), 214 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment (BUHU). Maxwell Building - 5th floor (500c), University of Salford, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT. p.tzortzopoulos@saldford.ac.uk ; Professor, Civil Engineering Dept. UFRGS. Brazil. formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Past research has found many drawbacks in the conventional approaches to managing projects. Among the criticisms is the traditional understanding of value generation primarily focused on product creation, while the industry struggles to meet the expectations of different groups of stakeholders about the benefits that these projects are supposed to generate. In the pursuit of projects as means to achieve agreed goals and the fulfilment of a purpose, alternative approaches have been suggested. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is structured to deliver greater value from projects by aligning stakeholder expectations through integrated governance. This allows the major players to develop a much higher level of common understanding of the project, its purpose, and work towards value generation collaboratively. A case study was carried out in an IPD project to understand how integrated governance affects value generation. The findings suggest that IPD enables an environment in which value can be co-created, as it shifts the customer versus supplier relationship into a customer plus supplier relationship. Customer expectations and supplier assumptions are challenged in a dynamic and collaborative environment. While this can represent great improvement in generating value from construction projects, the increased managerial challenges of such interactions should also be noted. To establish and maintain focus in such environments is more challenging and this paper suggests that more research should be carried out on the role of techniques and tools in supporting people to focus on what is important. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery, Project Governance, Value Generation }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2012, author={Tillmann, Patricia and Tzortzopolous, Patricia and Sapountzis, Stelios and Formoso, Carlos and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={A Case Study on Benefits Realisation and Its Contributions for Achieving Project Outcomes}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/848}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil Engineering Department. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Osvaldo Aranha, 99. Porto Alegre, Brazil. patriciatillmann@gmail.com ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment.University of Salford, 4th floor Maxwell Building, Salford, M5 4WT. p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow and project co-ordinator for the Health and Care Infrastructure Research and Innovation Centre (HaCIRIC). Maxwell Building - 4th floor (412), Univ. of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT. s.sapountzis@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil. formoso@ufrgs.br ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, m.kagioglou@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Value generation has been an increasing concern in the project management literature. It has been argued that the main challenge for generating value is no longer the design of a physical facility or asset, but the capability of understanding the project holistically and going beyond the physical facility to generate benefits that are aligned with strategic intent. Thus it has been suggested that projects should be understood as means of achieving agreed goals rather the simply delivery of outputs. Thus, this paper presents a case study that was carried out to analyse the contributions of the BeReal model on achieving agreed outcomes and goals. The BeReal model was developed by the University of Salford and was being implemented in a healthcare redevelopment programme in the UK. It was observed that the BeReal model was beneficial for the case study project in many ways: enabling a holistic understanding of value, enabling a dialogue about stakeholders’ expected outcomes; and providing means for accountability. Expected contributions of the model were not observed in its full extent. Two main reasons were identified, the adoption on a later stage of development and the team’s focus on complying with OGC procedures. While adopting the model from the earlier stages might be beneficial, the rigid structures commonly imposed to governmental projects might be a hinder to learning and continuous improvement. }, author_keywords={Benefits Realisation, Value Generation, Project Planning and Evaluation }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tiwari2012, author={Tiwari, Saurabh and Sarathy, Partha }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Pull Planning as a Mechanism to Deliver Constructible Design}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/849}, affiliation={BIM Manager, DPR Construction. 1450 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, CA 94063, saurabht@dpr.com ; Project Engineer, DPR Construction. 1450 Veterans Blvd, Redwood City, CA 94063, parthas@dpr.com }, abstract={The team at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Expansion project adopted the pull planning process as a mechanism for collaboration between the design team and the construction team to prepare a constructible set of design drawings that would curb any post-permit design changes due to cost, constructability or coordination issues. Pull planning helped the team come up with a process that was comprehensive, transparent, flexible and collaborative and eliminated overproduction. This process was a new way of planning for the team members. A process that was initially perceived as “stating the obvious” soon turned out to be a process that helped discover misinterpretations of scopes of work between the team members. It became a tool to define who is supposed to do what, and when, and a tool to track commitments, and to ensure all prerequisites are identified. The plan-do-check-act cycle of pull planning demanded continuous involvement of team members which was resource intensive. The team was gradually able to attain a balance between the necessary level of detail in the pull plan and the collaboration time required. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, Pull, Commitment, Visual Management, Transparency, Over- Production, Flexibility }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2012, author={Tommelein, Iris D. and Gholami, Sepide }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Root Causes of Clashes in Building Information Models}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/850}, affiliation={Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Research Volunteer, Project Production Systems Laboratory, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, gholami.sepide@gmail.com }, abstract={Building Information Models (BIM) support designers and builders in creating and coordinating system designs and planning work. In practice—out of necessity—this includes checking that systems do not clash, but what constitutes a clash? How do clashes come about? Do clashes relate to design-, buildability-, or building- performance qualities? How does a clash detection process fit (or not) in lean project delivery? In this paper we describe our findings from research into clashes. Our sample is biased in that a number of the people we spoke with have been working in Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) teams, with commercial terms spelled out in an Integrated Form Of Agreement (IFOA). Many are co-located on their project site—at least some part of each week—so that they can work together closely as their thoughts on design and construction unfold. It is common practice for these teams to share their BIMs, each discipline-specific model having been developed by a specialist design- or contracting firm, and integrate them in a big-room setting. Nevertheless, this integration process invariably appears to include the identification and resolution of clashes. When viewing these BIM development practices from a ‘lean’ perspective, we found that many are far from lean. Accordingly, we present opportunities for process improvement when using of BIM in pursuit of lean ideals. }, author_keywords={Building Information Model (BIM), BIM pathology, clash detection, root-cause analysis, design management, tolerances, constructability, contingency, waste }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2012, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Alves, Thais da C. L. and Mitropoulos, Panagiotis (Takis) }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Different Perspectives on Teaching Lean Construction}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/851}, affiliation={Research Affiliate, Lean Construction Institute, Brookline, MA, 02445, Phone +1 510/593-4884, dr.tsao@leanconstruction.org ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc CEM Program, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engrg., SDSU, San Diego, CA, 92182, Phone +1 619/594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Professor, J.R. Filanc CEM Program, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engrg., SDSU, San Diego, CA, 92182, Phone +1 619/594-0137, pmitropoulos@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={There has been limited documentation in the literature on the structure of Lean Construction (LC) teaching. This may be due to the existence of multiple theoretical interpretations of LC and how its concepts may be adapted and applied in different project life cycle phases by using various tools, systems, and processes. To contribute to the discussion on teaching LC, this paper describes three distinct perspectives based on the authors’ experiences teaching in universities in the U.S. and Brazil. Specifically, we discuss how our teaching approaches involve readings, lectures, discussions, simulation exercises, team projects and assignments, field trips, and guest speakers to mix theory with action. This paper seeks to (1) document experiences and lessons learned from multiple LC course offerings and (2) promote the exchange of ideas between those teaching LC. Leveraging our unique teaching approaches and lessons learned, we develop basic recommendations for teaching an introductory course on LC in universities. While this paper’s primary audience will be those who teach university students, we hope those who teach practitioners will also benefit from the proposed instruction structure, participate in the conversation on teaching LC, and offer new ideas for providing “proof of concept” to students. }, author_keywords={University Teaching, Syllabus Design, Instruction Structure, Lessons Learned }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2012, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Beikmann, Bernita }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Tsao&Beikmann 2012 12 Meeting Facilitation Techniques to Improve Healthcare Design Development.pdf}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/852}, affiliation={Research Affiliate, Lean Construction Institute, Brookline, MA, 02445, Phone +1 510/593-4884, dr.tsao@leanconstruction.org ; Associate Principal / Senior Vice President, HKS Inc., 1919 McKinney, Dallas, TX, 75201, Phone +1 214/969-5599, bbeikmann@hksinc.com }, abstract={Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) project development is complex when the work of many design and construction specialists is tightly coupled. Since it is inefficient for these specialists to be individually responsible for obtaining the input they need from others, project team leaders often rely on coordination meetings to facilitate the exchange of requests and information between specialists. Such coordination meetings are critical to lean projects because they provide a framework for clarifying and prioritizing stakeholder values, design and construction objectives, and constraints to design and construction work. To help the AEC industry improve its management of coordination meetings, we describe 12 meeting facilitation techniques used to improve coordination of design development on a current hospital project. These techniques enable project team leaders to view and manage coordination meetings as production systems and thus learn how to better manage the decision making process required for design development. We want this paper to inspire others to share their facilitation techniques and begin investigating their effectiveness to improve efforts in “coordinating the coordination meetings.” }, author_keywords={Meeting Facilitation, Coordination Meetings, Healthcare Design Management, Lean Leadership, Big Room, Oobeya }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{España2012, author={España, Fernando and Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Hauser, Mark }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Driving Continuous Improvement by Developing and Leveraging Lean Key Performance Indicators}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/853}, affiliation={ President, CornerCube Inc (www.cornercubeinc.com), 89 Oakmont Avenue, Piedmont, CA 94610, Phone +1 510/813-2038, fespana@cornercubeinc.com ; Research Affiliate, Lean Construction Institute, Brookline, MA, 02445, Phone +1 510/593-4884, dr.tsao@leanconstruction.org ; Vice-President, CornerCube Inc (www.cornercubeinc.com), 89 Oakmont Avenue, Piedmont, CA 94610, Phone +1 925/588-9799, mhauser@cornercubeinc.com }, abstract={Lean advocates defining value from the perspective of the customer, striving for perfection, continuous improvement, and reducing waste. However, unlike formal lean programs in the manufacturing sector, the Architecture-Engineering- Construction (AEC) industry often uses the Last Planner System ® (LPS) and forms ad hoc project teams to manage their lean programs. To advance to the next stage of improving project performance, we propose that the AEC industry begin adopting an available set of lean metrics and analytics that are more effective in evaluating system performance. These metrics and analytics can help project teams aggregate and filter project and enterprise information. They can then determine lean key performance indicators that reveal new opportunities for continuous improvement of the production system. Ensuring that a holistic objective as well as a good governance structure is in place is important to leverage the metrics and analytics as enablers for global optimization. Otherwise, misuse may lead to measurement drift and local optimization from misguided attempts to improve one metric in isolation. By aligning lean metrics and analytics to delivery, stakeholder management, and risk mitigation strategies, owners of capital programs and their service providers can attain better project outcomes and accelerate continuous improvement objectives. }, author_keywords={KPIs, measurement drift, lean governance, system performance, metrics, analytics }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Xu2012, author={Xu, Lei and Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Use of Design Drivers, Process Mapping, & Dsm to Improve Integration Within an Introductory Bim Course}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/854}, affiliation={Former Graduate Research & Teaching Assistant, Univ. of Cincinnati, CEE Dept., Phoenixville, PA, 19460, Phone +1 513/305-7168, xulei25@gmail.com ; Research Affiliate, Lean Construction Institute, Brookline, MA, 02445, Phone +1 510/593-4884, dr.tsao@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={The Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) industry recognizes Building Information Modeling (BIM) as an efficient means to develop and disseminate design information. However, if a project requires (1) tight coupling between systems and components because doing so generates value for the project and (2) interdependent engineering disciplines to work in parallel due to schedule requirements, the team may face difficulties when they re-integrate any work completed independently back into the main model. To address this problem, we propose combining the use of design drivers, process mapping, and Design Structure Matrices (DSM) to improve a project’s ability to de-couple building components, enable concurrency in component development, and achieve seamless BIM integration within a parametric BIM environment. Specifically, these tools combined may help projects reveal and then reduce the number of design interdependencies between building components. We developed and tested the proposed methodology using a civil engineering course that introduced undergraduate and graduate students to parametric BIM. We taught this course once a year for three years, and we refined the proposed methodology during the third year. Although the methodology is rudimentary and requires further study, we hope this paper will inspire other researchers to test this methodology within learning labs in academia and practice. }, author_keywords={Parametric BIM, BIM Integration, Design Handoffs, Teaching BIM }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2012, author={Valente, Caroline P. and Novaes, Marcos de V. and Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. do A. and Neto, José de Paula B. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Lean Monitoring and Evaluation in a Construction Site: A Proposal of Lean Audits}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/855}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Lean & Green Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, caroline@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, President, COOPERCON (Civil Construction Cooperative of the State of Ceará), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, presidencia@coopercon.com.br ; Civil Enginner, Technical Director, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Professor, Dr., Dean of Technological Center of UFC (Federal University of Ceará), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={The positive situation currently experienced by building industry, towards to an industrialization and rationalization, is the result of various new technologies of production and management emerged in the 90s, in order to enhance the competitiveness of firms, increase the flexibility in the final products and improve the quality of these. One of these philosophies, specifically the one is against waste and seeks to add value to the product by understanding needs of the final customer, is known as lean construction. In accord to this, the objective of this study is to propose, through a case study in C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda. (Brazilian building company), guidelines for internal evaluations at the construction site about the level of application, implementation and consolidation of this philosophy in a company that already has embedded in its organizational culture. The methodology for the development of this proposal includes: characterization of the company which will be evaluated in this case study; formulation of the lean tool checklist according to lean practice of the company; and the definition of the application parameters, such as frequency and evaluation criteria. For this case study, the lean audits were applied monthly, from June 2011 to October 2011. These, in fact, point out to reach the goals set, once: all audits have attended more than 80% of the lean checklist requirements, and performance and areas for improvement in the lean aspect are reported on the Lean Diagnosis generated from the Lean Checklist, besides the fact that the audits and their Lean Diagnoses impact positively the process of making strategic and tactical decisions in the construction site. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean audits, performance measurement, construction site, quality }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vasconcelos2012, author={Vasconcelos, Iuri A. and Soares, Marcella F. and Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Adoption of Lean Construction in the Final Stages of a Construction Process, Why Does It Not Happen?}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/856}, affiliation={Master’s Degree Student, Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department, 710 Pici University Campus, Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, BR 60455-760, Phone 011-55-88-33669607, iuriav.ufc@gmail.com ; Master’s Degree Student, Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Department, 713 Pici University Campus, Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, BR 60451-970, Phone 011-55-88-33669624, marcellafs@gmail.com ; Ph.D. Professor, Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department, 710 Pici University Campus, Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, BR 60455-760, Phone 011-55-88-33669607, freitas8@terra.com.br }, abstract={Lean construction principles emphasize indistinctively streamlining construction processes, being them part of the initial stages of construction or as suggested by Just- in-Time (JIT) concentrated nearer to customers taking possession of the new building. Every new project offers an opportunity to start afresh with better management techniques and it might be taken that this earlier period, free from time pressures to hand over the building, is more receptive for the application of lean concepts, as compared to latter stages. As a hypothesis, it is believed that cash flow could be jeopardized and the strategic decision to leave greater proportion of work for the end of construction might decrease the effect of ongoing lean management techniques or require greater efforts in connection to them. This research work investigates the application of lean construction principles on a 16,800sqm construction site in Fortaleza, Brazilian northeast, investigating performance outcomes as related to management lean grading according to a questionnaire developed by Hofacker (2008). It concludes that work disruptions, rework and making ready activities near to the end of the construction period accumulates and lean grading decreases when it is possibly most needed to deliver customers the required quality. }, author_keywords={Final Stages of Construction, Lean Construction, Interaction }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vasconcelos2012, author={Vasconcelos, Iuri A. de and Soares, Marcella F. and Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Characterizing Final Stages of Construction Work}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/857}, affiliation={Master’s Degree Student, Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department, 710 Pici University Campus, Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, BR 60455-760, Phone 011-55-88-33669607, iuriav.ufc@gmail.com ; Master’s Degree Student, Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Department, 713 Pici University Campus, Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, BR 60451-970, Phone 011-55-88-33669624, marcellafs@gmail.com ; Ph.D. Professor, Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department, 710 Pici University Campus, Univ. of Ceará, Brazil, BR 60455-760, Phone 011-55-88-33669607, freitas8@terra.com.br }, abstract={Modern management philosophies as lean construction emphasize continuous flow for processes and operations throughout contract duration. However, many sites are still plagued with discontinuity, erratic flows and overlapping of activities, what occurs in increasing stances as construction activities came to an end and project is overhand to the client. This research work purports to define such concepts and illustrate them in a case study taking as an example a 16,800sqm building development in Fortaleza. A host of methodological avenues are pursued, including photography documentation, line of balance representation, cost evaluation and clients’ questionnaires in connection to the disrupted activities. The hypotheses of this study are related to finding the problematic issues intrinsic to the final stages of construction work. It was found that despite their potential impact to trouble management activities on site, costs associated with their correction were small. Notwithstanding their major outcome was to deliver a fragile and unsatisfactory building as it is signaled by client claims when the project was finally commissioned. Lessons are related to suggest greater efforts in evaluating indirect costs of disrupted activities and the reasons why clients are able to associate them with low quality work and increased maintenance costs. }, author_keywords={Final Stages of Construction, Erratic Flow, Overlapping and Discontinuity }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Viana2012, author={Viana, Daniela Dietz and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Waste in Construction: a Systematic Literature Review on Empirical Studies}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/858}, affiliation={Architect, Doctorate Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. danidietz@gmail.com ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Dr Ing, Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Working Life and Innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Cellular +47 97082582, email: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no }, abstract={Waste is one of the key concepts in the Lean Production philosophy. The elimination of waste has been largely used as driver for improvement in the manufacturing industry. By contrast, it has not been strongly emphasised in the construction management books and mainstream journals. This paper presents a review on papers that have systematically investigated the occurrence of waste in the construction industry, including concepts adopted, metrics, and type of feedback provided. This study is part of a wider research initiative that aims to conceptualize waste in production management theory. In order to ensure that the most relevant studies have been considered, a systematic literature review on that topic has been carried out. This kind of review makes explicit the criteria used to select publications, which enables an assessment of the search undertaken, as well as makes it possible to replicate or extend it. The main sources were the IGLC conference papers, the Lean Construction Journal and a set of mainstream construction management journal. This study intends to make a contribution towards the understanding of the nature of waste, particularly in the construction industry, and how the construction management community have approached this theme so far. }, author_keywords={Lean Production; Waste; Systematic Literature Review }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vieira2012, author={Vieira, Lígia Cardoso and De Souza, Lahuana Oliveira and Amaral, Marques Tatiana }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Application of the Rapid Lean Construction-Quality Rating Model to Engineering Companies}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/859}, affiliation={ }, abstract={The philosophy of Lean Construction, widely circulated in construction sites as a means towards greater product and process flexibility without major technological outlays, has caught the imagination of managers, as the construction market is becoming increasingly heated up. It is imperative that engineering firms wishing to implement the Lean Construction philosophy get an update on its current state, so that they can set achievable goals and objectives with the help of this philosophy. This study proposes the application of the Rapid Lean Construction-Quality Rating Model (LCR) by means of a questionnaire to two companies in the State of Goiás. As a result, the performance level of these companies in relation to the use of Lean Construction was obtained, to check how it was understood and how its principles were applied. After this step, the results were evaluated and suggestions were made to the companies to help them implement Lean Thinking. The model used was effective, because it was possible to obtain results in terms of the implementation of lean thinking in the two companies analyzed. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction. Performance level. Rating model }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Whelton2012, author={Whelton, Michael G. and Riley, David R. and Carlsen, Ben }, editor={Tommelein, Iris D. and Pasquire, Chrisitne L. }, title={Cost Performance of Energy Efficiency Measures in Residential Retrofit Projects}, journal={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={20th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/860}, affiliation={Research Associate, Center for Sustainability, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Engineering Unit A, University Park PA 16802, Office: 814-867-4484, Fax: 814-863-4789, mwhelton@engr.psu.edu ; Associate Professor, Center for Sustainability, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Engineering Unit A, University Park PA 16802, Office: 814-867-4484, Fax: 814-863-4789, DRiley@engr.psu.edu ; Energy Corps Member, Center for Sustainability, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Engineering Unit A, University Park PA 16802, Office: 814-867-4484, Fax: 814-863-4789, antidespotic@gmail.com }, abstract={To date, few experiments have attempted to apply lean principles within the residential energy retrofit sector. This research focuses on factors that influence the setting of target costs in residential energy retrofit assessments. A case-study-based cost-performance model is presented. The model is centered on savings/investment ratios and describes the variability of upgrade costs and their relationships with community size; house characteristics; site constraints; project site complexity; labor and materials: and the production operations design of installation procedures. The cost model for the community studied indicates that savings/investment ratios increase and per-unit costs decrease as the number of housing units to be retrofitted increases. The project is estimated to achieve approximately 50% per-unit cost savings from the initial baseline of a single home estimate. Significant labour cost savings are achieved by completing more attics in one day and/or by increasing the production rate of the installation crews. Per-unit overhead costs are cut significantly as the scope of the project expands. Based on this cost performance model, the study proposes a set of target cost planning principles to support energy efficiency retrofit decisions by facility managers of centrally-managed housing communities. }, author_keywords={Energy efficiency measures, cost modeling, home energy assessments, target cost planning, residential energy retrofits }, address={San Diego, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abraham2013, author={Abraham, Kelcie and Lepech, Michael and Haymaker, John }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Selection and Application of Choosing by Advantages on a Corporate Campus Project}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={349-358}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/861}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA, Phone +1 (650) 721-2616, kelcie@stanford.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, mlepech@stanford.edu ; Assistant Professor, Architecture and Building Construction, Georgia Institute of Technology, John.Haymaker@coa.gatech.edu }, abstract={Architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) teams need more efficient and effective decision-making methods, particularly in the pre-construction phase when decisions have the most significant impact on building performance. This paper discusses the selection and application of decision-making methods for the preconstruction phase of a lean corporate campus project. Findings are based on the project team’s review of several value-based decision methods and final selection of the Choosing By Advantages (CBA) approach. CBA was implemented first using group preferences, then with simple additive weighting of individual preferences. In general, decision makers found that CBA enabled multi-disciplinary stakeholder participation and added value to decision-making for simple decision problems. However, decision makers also believed that CBA was inefficient and ineffective for more complex decision problems and did not adequately clarify decision rationale. Switching to individual preferences improved efficacy, efficiency, and value of information derived from the decision-making process, but clarity of rationale remained an issue due to the inherent complexity of decision problems and inconsistencies in factor selection between decisions. These observations suggest the need for future research concerning the design and implementation of appropriate tools for pre-construction decision-making on lean projects. }, author_keywords={Choosing by advantages, decision making, pre-construction }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Achell2013, author={Achell, Juan Felipe Pons and Bonet, Marc Bach }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={A Preliminary Proposal for a Waste-Based Management Approach to Improve Performance in Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={115-124}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/862}, affiliation={Associate Professor and PhD. candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Campus del Riu Sec. E-12080 Castellón de la Plana, Spain +34 658030502, ponsj@uji.es ; Civil Engineer and Lean Consultant. Tarragona, Spain: +34 659966984; marc@ileanconsulting.com }, abstract={The 20th IGLC Conference held in San Diego revealed that waste is a key concept of lean production philosophy which has not been stressed enough in construction management. However, the concept of waste has been widely addressed in the last 20 IGLC Conferences, and studies so far have been mainly focused on identifying and classifying different types of waste and its consequences, although only a few of them refer to quantifying, controlling and removing waste. Therefore, the concept of “waste-based management” and a preliminary approach for its implementation will be introduced to fill some of these gaps. Regarding this fact, we will emphasize the importance of identifying the driving forces of waste and its root causes in early stages of the project; and then, quantifying and controlling waste in order to take quick decisions across the organization. We will also introduce the concept of “waste direct cost” during the execution phase, expressed in monetary terms, as a key indicator to control the cost of waste. }, author_keywords={Waste, Management, Process, Transparency, Continuous improvement, Lean construction, Gemba. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ahiakwo2013, author={Ahiakwo, Ograbe and Oloke, David and Suresh, Subashini and Khatib, Jamal }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={A Case Study of Last Planner System Implementation in Nigeria}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={699-707}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/863}, affiliation={BTech, MSc, PhD Student in Built Environment, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Str. Wolverhampton WV1 1LY United Kingdom,+44(0)1902321271, ograbe.ahiakwo@wlv.ac.uk ; BEng, MSc, PhD, Snr. Consultant-Built Environment, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Str. Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom +44(0)1902322273, d.a.oloke@wlv.ac.uk ; BEng, MEng, PhD, Principal Lecturer, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Str. Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom +44(0)1902321710, s.subashini@wlv.ac.uk ; BEng, MEng, PhD, Professor in Civil Engineering Material, Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton, School of Technology, Wulfruna Street, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom, +44(0)1902518588, j.m.khatib@wlv.ac.uk }, abstract={The work described in this paper presents preliminary results of an ongoing Research project. It focuses on the implementation of Lean Construction (LC) technique to improve construction management practice in Nigeria. To achieve this, design science research strategy was undertaken with different data collection methods. These methods included direct observations, interviews, questionnaires and documentary analysis. The research was carried out in a University construction site, where four prototype hostel buildings were being constructed simultaneously by four different contractors. LC technique via the Last Planner SystemsTM (LPS) was adopted by one of the contractors in the construction of one of the hostel building. The results reveal that the LC project made significant improvements in terms of; the timely completion of the project, 30% cost savings as against the others and an average Percentage Plan Completed (PPC) of 80%. These improvements were facilitated by the way the site was planned, managed and controlled using LPS. Last Planner System (LPS) is the most developed LC tool used in improving work plans and control of projects. The paper concludes by discussing possible barriers hindering the full potential of LPS. These barriers include; lack of commitment to change and innovation, and starting off the implementation half way into start of the project. The critical success factors are also discussed and further research is being proposed. }, author_keywords={Design Science, Last Planner System (LPS), Lean Construction (LC), management, planning }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2013, author={Alarcón, Daniela M. and Alarcón, Isabel M. and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Social Network Analysis a Diagnostic Tool for Information Flow in the AEC Industry}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={947-956}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/864}, affiliation={Project Consultant, Centre of Excellence in Production Management, GEPUC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7050, dalarcon@gepuc.cl ; I+D Manager, Centre of Excellence in Production Management, GEPUC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7050 – 7039, ialarcon@gepuc.cl ; Director and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={In the Arquitecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry, the ability to integrate and manage information is critical for organizational performance. Information networks are key for value generation, collaboration and continuous improvement, thus the great interest that they present for companies with a lean thinking approach. It is essential for companies to recognize and understand these relationships in order to exploit them and be able to manage them as any other process in order to improve transparency, flow and seek perfection. Unfortunately, they often remain invisible, unidentified. The hypothesis of this study is that a Social Network Analysis can be utilized as an effective diagnosis tool in order to make explicit an otherwise hidden flow of valuable information. The study begins with a literature review to support the analysis and understand the metrics, and the creation of a methodology for its use and application. It continues with a pilot implementation program in a mining company, enabling to test the methodology and to conclude with recommendations and possibilities of use of this tool. Future studies should continue to develop this tool in order to provide recommendations, detect possible behavioural patterns and explore other applications in the project network. }, author_keywords={Flow, collaboration, improvement, social network analysis, diagnostic tool, information flow, knowledge management }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon2013, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Mandujano, María G. and Mourgues, Claudio }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Analysis of the Implementation of VDC from a Lean Perspective: Literature Review}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={781-790}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/865}, affiliation={Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 360, Correo 22, Santiago de Chile, Phone (56 2) 2354-4201, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Ph.D. Student of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 360, Correo 22, Santiago de Chile, Phone (56 2) 2354-4200, mmandujanor@uc.cl ; Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 360, Correo 22, Santiago de Chile, Phone (56 2) 2354-4245, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={VDC (Virtual Design and Construction) models are seen as an important tool in the AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) industry. The VDC methods allow stakeholders to integrate and transmit information throughout the project life cycle, in order to meet customer requirements. Furthermore, VDC is seen as a new approach that will help the AEC industry in achieving Lean principles by eliminating waste, reducing costs, improving productivity and creating positive results within the projects. The Lean philosophy can be used as a conceptual framework for the implementation of VDC, because the impacts of VDC can be associated directly with Lean Principles. Despite the importance of VDC, its implementation is based on anecdotes and beliefs from past projects making it difficult for the industry professionals to formalize implementation lines (factors and metrics) and apply them throughout the project. This research aims to analyze the current implementation of VDC from a Lean perspective. Our analysis includes studies – in the form of surveys, interviews, case studies, literature reviews and implementation guides– that have been conducted in order to assess the implementation and impact of VDC in the AEC industry. The results highlight the importance of the VDC implementation (benefits and obstacles), the lack of tools to identify strategies for successful implementation and the connection between VDC and the lean philosophy. }, author_keywords={Collaboration/collaborative, lean construction, BIM, VDC, integration, production, integration, implementation strategies. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2013, author={Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Mesa, Harrison and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Characterization of Lean Project Delivery}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={247-255}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/866}, affiliation={Head and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile. Phone +56 2 354 4244; lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Ph.D Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.Chile. Phone +56 2 354 4244; hmesa@uc.cl ; President, Lean Construction Institue, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. +1-208/726-9989; ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Clear definition of any new philosophy, tool or method applied in the management of projects is required for successful implementation. Distinguishing the traditional practice based on the Critical Path Method from new practices inspired on Lean Project Delivery is important to explain, understand and support its growing acceptance. Lean Construction developed from tools and techniques applied in the construction phase to a philosophy resting on firm conceptual foundations applied throughout the project life cycle. New terms, "Lean Project Management", "Lean Project Delivery" and "Integrated Project Delivery", have emerged but there is no specific accepted definition or clear distinction between these terms and other project delivery methods. Whatever delivery method is chosen, all projects have Commercial Terms, Organizations, and an "Operating System" and are shaped by the culture and technology. Based on literature review, this paper aims to clarify these terms and provide a structure for understanding how Lean Project Delivery is distinguished from "Traditional Practice" beginning with the underlying strategy for optimal performance, and by a focus on three domains: commercial terms, organization and operating system. The paper proposes that Traditional Practice provides a welldeveloped and coherent approach that differs from Lean Project Delivery, a not yet completely coherent approach. }, author_keywords={Lean Project Delivery, Lean Project Management, Project Delivery. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2013, author={Alves, Thaís da C. L. and Walsh, Kenneth D. and Neuman, Yoshua and Needy, Kim LaScola and Almaian, Rufaidah }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Supplier Quality Surveillance Practices in Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={833-842}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/867}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Professor and Chair J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Graduate student, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, neumanyosh@gmail.com ; Department Head and 21st Century Professor, Dept. of Industrial Eng., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, kneedy@uark.edu ; Ph.D. student, Dept. of Industrial Eng., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, ralmaian@email.uark.edu }, abstract={Construction processes require the marshalling of resources to install components of the intended structure into the desired location based on design documents, with all the necessary structural and service connections. Construction management activities are often conceived as the facilitation of having the right labor and equipment in the proper location with the correct components, at the proper time, to allow safe and cost effective progress of the work. To avoid rework associated with the installation of project components that turn out to be deficient, general contractors deploy a number of efforts to assure the quality of components procured for the project. This paper will provide a summary of Supplier Quality Surveillance (SQS) practices in common use in major construction companies, primarily in Engineer-Procure-Construct (EPC) delivery projects in the process chemical industry. At present, SQS practices are rooted in an inspection culture, with a series of largely adversarial interventions conducted most commonly either at the supplier’s manufacturing or fabrication facility, or at the construction site itself. The SQS practice will be analyzed from a lean perspective to suggest potential alternative processes to assure supplied components can be installed into the project in an acceptable condition to provide expected client value. }, author_keywords={Supplier quality surveillance, Engineering-Procure-Construct (EPC), value stream, manufacturing, supply chain management, lean construction.. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2013, author={Arroyo, Paz and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Using 'Choosing by Advantages' to Select Tile From a Global Sustainable Perspective}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={309-318}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/868}, affiliation={Graduate Student Researcher, Engrg. and Project. Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 386-3156; parroyo@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Decisions in the architecture, engineering and construction industry need to be supported by decision-making methods. Choosing By Advantages (CBA) offers methods that support the creation of transparency and collaborative environments in which to make decisions. This paper provides an example of how CBA can be of support when choosing materials, in this case ceiling tiles, in a commercial-building interior-design project considering global supply-chain issues. The results show that CBA is helpful in integrating multiple stakeholders’ perspectives, in identifying relevant sustainability factors based on the decision context, in making transparent trade-offs between advantages of the alternatives, in providing documentation for the decision rationale, and in separating “value” and cost. Materials that are judged to be more sustainable than others in one geographic location, may be judged less sustainable than others elsewhere. }, author_keywords={Decision-making, Choosing By Advantages, CBA, Sustainability, Design Management, Supply Chain Management. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aslesen2013, author={Aslesen, Sigmund and Sandberg, Eunike and Stake, Steinar and Bølviken, Trond }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Integrating Safety Analyses in Production Planning and Control - a Proposal}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={843-852}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/869}, affiliation={Development Manager, Veidekke Entreprenor, Department of Strategy & Improvement, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no ; Ph.D candidate, Veidekke Entreprenor, Department of Strategy & Improvement, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: eunike.sandberg@veidekke.no. ; Health & Safety Manager, Veidekke Entreprenor, Department of Strategy & Improvement, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: steinar.stake@veidekke.no ; Director, Veidekke Entreprenor, Department of Strategy & Improvement, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: trond.bolviken@veidekke.no. }, abstract={This paper proposes a model to integrate safety analyses as part of performing production planning and control in construction projects. The model takes a system view of accidents, implying that hazardous situations occur due to characteristics of the construction production system. In the model, a joint effort is described to prevent accidents in which safety risk analyses are carried out as part of dealing with short term operative and longer term strategic production planning. In the case company, which is one of the major Scandinavian construction and real estate development companies, Last Planner has successfully been applied to handle the work flow on the construction site. At the same time, the company has put forward an objective to remove four out of five injuries by the end of 2015, including all subcontractors and hired workers. To fulfill this objective, knowledge and insights are needed on a number of levels to develop and implement adequate interventions. In this paper, we look at safety performance at the sharp end. Statistics are used on injuries collected from all construction projects in the company, to gain clear insight into the types of injuries occurring on the construction site, the factors affecting the likelihood of injuries and the frequency of injuries among different groups of workers. To diminish the effects of hazardous situations and reduce the emergence of injuries on the construction site, a model is proposed to integrate safety analyses with systematic planning of production progress. }, author_keywords={Safety and quality, production planning and control }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Azambuja2013, author={Azambuja, Marcelo and Schnitzer, Thomas and Sahin, Meral and Lee, Felix }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Enabling Lean Supply with a Cloud Computing Platform - An Exploratory Case Study}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={205-214}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/870}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA, mazambu@siue.edu ; Estimator, Rock Hill Mechanical Corporation, Saint Louis, MO, 63122 USA, tschnitzer@rhmcorp.com ; Masters Student, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA, msahin@siue.edu ; Professor, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA, hflee@siue.edu }, abstract={Traditional supply practices usually generate waste such as lack of materials and/or accumulation of large inventories on construction job sites. Lean supply systems require the integration of suppliers in the production process as a means to minimize waste. Such integration allows better synchronization of supply and demand and pulling of materials to the job site. Supply chain visibility and real time information are a must in this environment. Manufacturing and retailing have widely used information technology (IT) solutions, such as enterprise resource planning systems, for managing their supply chains. In the construction industry, only a few large construction firms can afford to deploy sophisticated IT tools. The majority of firms are small to medium-sized companies that do not have the resources and/or the manpower to use and maintain proprietary supply chain management solutions. This research explored freely available Google cloud computing tools, focusing on the Google Fusion Table (GFT) as a cloud-based platform to enable real time information on the supply process and site demand. This paper describes the development and testing of the platform that was used by a mechanical contractor to implement a pull fabrication, delivery, and installation system for pipe spools. The results suggest that the proposed platform provides the basic functionalities for developing a costeffective tool for small and medium-sized construction firms to manage supply chain data and implement lean supply systems. }, author_keywords={Lean Supply, Cloud Computing, Pull, Pipe Spools. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Baldauf2013, author={Baldauf, Juliana P. and Miron, Luciana I. G. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Using BIM for Modeling Client Requirements for Low-Income Housing}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={801-810}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/871}, affiliation={Architect, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. julipbaldauf@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, School of Architecture, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3308 4054, e-mail: Luciana.miron@ufrgs.br ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3308 4054, e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Client requirements management aims to improve value generation of construction projects through a systematic process of capturing requirements, processing this information, and making them explicit to the product development team, as well as controlling whether these are properly balanced. This is particular important when resources are limited, such as in low-income housing projects. This process involves a large amount of qualitative information, and need to consider the diversity of requirements that usually exist among different stakeholders. This paper aims to propose a method to model client requirements in social housing projects with the support of Building Information Modeling (BIM). This method was devised to support both the decision-making processes during early design stages, and also the evaluation of projects that have already been delivered. This article is focused on some of the activities involved in the process to model requirements: exploring different ways of modeling client requirements, and identifying and structuring client requirements. One of the main contributions of this article is concerned with the identification and structuring of generic requirements that can serve as a basis for developing new low-income housing. }, author_keywords={Client requirements management, low-income house-building projects, product development, modeling client requirements, BIM, value generation. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2013, author={Ballard, Glenn and Pennanen, Ari }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Conceptual Estimating and Target Costing}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={217-226}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/872}, affiliation={Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Adjunct Professor (Tampere University of Technology). Partner of Haahtela Project Management Group, Finland. ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi www.haahtela.fi }, abstract={In an earlier paper, the first author argued that project budgets should be set based on the worth to the client of the asset to be designed and constructed, adjusted as needed for capital availability. However, cost estimates also play a role in the process of feasibility assessment and budgeting. When the client’s allowable cost, what they are willing and able to pay is less than what the asset is expected to cost, the project’s feasibility must be assured. The first step is to estimate the gap between allowable cost and expected cost. The accuracy of conceptual estimates, estimates made from programmatic data, prior to design, are generally assumed to be around +/- 30%. Yet target costs are set prior to design. How can achievable target costs be set when cost estimates are so inexact? This paper reports on research currently underway to document conceptual estimating processes that are substantially more accurate than +/-30% and explains the role played by conceptual estimating in the process of determining a project budget. It is proposed that estimate accuracy is in some degree a misleading conceptualization, encumbered as it is by the implicit assumption that the estimator does not act to cause the estimate to be achieved. }, author_keywords={Cost management, conceptual estimate, lean project delivery, project definition, target cost, target value design. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barbosa2013, author={Barbosa, George and Andrade, Fabíola and Biotto, Clarissa and Mota, Bruno }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Heijunka System to Level Telescopic Forklift Activities Using Tablets in Construction Site}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={821-830}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/873}, affiliation={Civil engineer trainee. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85 32886600, george.barbosa@colmeia.com.br ; Civil engineer. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85 99848252, fabiola@colmeia.com.br ; Architect. SIPPRO Management of Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85 99484558, clarissa@pauta.eng.br ; Civil engineer. SIPPRO Management of Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85 99458582, bruno@pauta.eng.br }, abstract={The use of new information and communication technologies (ICT) can bring benefits to the management of construction sites, such as material savings, productivity growth and the enhancement in the speed of information transmission. To manage the supply of more than 62 blocks of 14 apartments each, spread over an area of 55 hectares, a team of engineers from a construction company in Fortaleza (Brazil) developed a system to schedule and track the progress of activities of forklifts on site in order to avoid idleness of these machines and workers waiting for materials. Thus, this paper describes a computerized system for distribution and leveling (heijunka) of forklift work, using tablets to inform operators about supply and cleanup activities to be performed at the jobsite. The work was developed in five steps: team training in lean construction concepts, recognition of real problems, system development as a problems solution, solution testing and identification of improvements and consolidation of results. Results were reductions of idle machines, work stoppage due to the lack of material and distance travelled. This computerized system has also improved the organization of construction site and the productivity of workers. }, author_keywords={Tablet, heijunka, ICT. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barbosa2013, author={Barbosa, George and Andrade, Fabíola and Biotto, Clarissa and Mota, Bruno }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Implementing Lean Construction Effectively in a Year in a Construction Project}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1017-1026}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/874}, affiliation={Civil Engineer Trainee. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 32886600, george.barbosa@colmeia.com.br ; Civil engineer. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99848252, fabiola@colmeia.com.br ; Architect. SIPPRO Management of Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99484558, clarissa@pauta.eng.br ; Civil engineer. SIPPRO Management of Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99458582, bruno@pauta.eng.br }, abstract={It is not easy to change the culture of a company to adopt a different philosophy of production, like Lean Construction. However, through great wish of directors and engineers and the need to manage a large project in the urban area of Fortaleza, Brazil, a plan to implement Lean Construction was developed and implemented. The project includes the construction of 1534 apartments, distributed in 99 blocks, 82 houses, swimming pools and golf fields, totalling an area of 55 hectares, within a planned duration for 10 years. The main goal of this paper is to present, step by step, all the process of implementation of different lean construction concepts, tools and techniques, and to discuss the benefits achieved in only one year. The construction company had no previous knowledge about lean concepts, and followed specialized consulting and regular classes on the topic during one year. During the study, the engineers started the implementation with the production system design and further the production planning and control using the Last Planner System. It was also developed a project management system in Delphi language which encloses plans for long, medium and short terms, information about availability of crews and control of productivity, safety, quality and customization of the apartments. The system contains real-time information of production control, by the use of tablets to check the services at construction site. The project achieved a more stable workflow and better matching of labor force and other resources, increased plan reliability, decreased the number of emergency requests for resources and work-in-progress. All supervisors became more involved with scheduling tasks in the operational level and all teams more committed to follow the plan. Currently, the project is running on time and on budget, and the company’s director has decided to implement Lean Construction in other projects of the company. }, author_keywords={Implementation, Lean Construction, PSD, Last Planner System, ICT. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Beccali2013, author={Beccali, Marco and Cellura, Maurizio and Guarino, Francesco and Mistretta, Marina and Longo, Sonia }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Eco-Desgin of Solar Driven Systems: A Performance Comparison Between the Italian and the Brazilian Context}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={915-924}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/875}, affiliation={Associate Professor, DEIM Department of energy, information engineering and mathematical models. University of Palermo. Viale delle Scienze Building 9, Palermo, Italy, marco.beccali@unipa.it, Phone +39 09123861911 ; Full Professor, DEIM Department of energy, information engineering and mathematical models. University of Palermo. Viale delle Scienze Building 9, Palermo, Italy, maurizio.cellura@unipa.it , Phone +39 09123861931 ; Ph.D. candidate, DEIM Department of energy, information engineering and mathematical models. University of Palermo. Viale delle Scienze Building 9, Palermo, Italy, francesco.guarino@unipa.it , Phone +39 09123861977 ; Assistant Professor, Dipartimento Patrimonio Architettura Urbanistica (P.A.U.) University of Palermo. University of Reggio Calabria, via Salita Melissari, Reggio Calabria, Italy marina.mistretta@unirc.it, Phone +39 0965385210 ; Ph.D., DEIM Department of energy, information engineering and mathematical models. University of Palermo. Viale delle Scienze Building 9, Palermo, Italy, sonialongo@dream.unipa.it , Phone +39 09123861977 }, abstract={The paper shows a comparative analysis of the performances of two typologies of solar assisted cooling systems for building applications. In particular, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is applied to assess the energy and environmental impacts of solar-assisted, heat-driven chillers and conventional compression chillers driven by grid-connected and stand-alone photovoltaic configurations. LCA is applied in compliance with the international standards of ISO 14040. System boundaries are defined following a “cradle to grave” approach, taking into account all the life-cycle phases including the raw materials supply, the production of the components of the plant, the operation and maintenance, and the end-of-life. The operation step of the assessed systems is simulated with TRNSYS models. Two reference buildings are modeled for two different sites, Palermo (Italy) and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), according to local practices and regulations. The building models are normalized to have the same peak cooling demand (12 kW). The results show that the assessed energy and environmental performances of the grid-connected systems are usually better than the others for both climates, while the manufacturing process of storages in the stand-alone configurations does not allow these solutions to be competitive yet. Furthermore, the impact of the high average national electricity conversion efficiency in Brazil on the results is analyzed and discussed. }, author_keywords={Choosing by advantages, Energy production system design, Environment, Life Cycle Assessment, solar cooling. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Belayutham2013, author={Belayutham, Sheila and González, Vicente }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Integrating Lean into Stormwater Runoff Management: A Theoretical Exploration}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={875-884}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/876}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Phone +64022 163 1362 sbel594@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Phone +64 9 373 7599 ext 84106 v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={The integration of lean production and environmental initiatives are gaining the attention from construction researches looking into areas to improve by assimilating the best of both concepts. Current construction research has proven the effectiveness of lean in reducing both production and environmental waste. However, environmental waste produced by polluted water from construction sites has not received much attention as there is a lack of management tools to deal with this issue. Conventional runoff management focuses more on mitigating the already existing runoff than preventing it from occurring. This research aims to explore the means for preventing and reducing the quantity of site runoff by utilising lean management principles and tools. This research will first identify the links between lean and site runoff by demonstrating the theoretical relationship between both elements. Then, lean management and Low Impact Development (LID) concepts will be explored to cope with both production and environmental waste. Finally, an integrated framework to better manage runoff using lean management principles will be presented. In practice, this framework provides a clearer picture to contractors and government agencies on the preventive measures that could be applied for runoff management. }, author_keywords={Production Waste, Site runoff, Environmental Waste, Low Impact Development, Flow, Lean Production, Construction Management. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bettler2013, author={Bettler, Rebecca and Lightner, Brian }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Applied Leadership Model for Lean Construction: A New Conversation}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={967-976}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/877}, affiliation={National Director of Lean Construction, JE Dunn Construction Company 800 Mount Vernon Highway NE, Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30328, USA, Phone +1(267) 221-5279, Rebecca.Bettler@JEDunn.com ; Process Improvement Manager, J.P. Cullen & Sons, Inc. 330 East Delavan Drive, Janesville, WI 53546, USA, Phone +1(608) 751-1335, Brian.Lightner@JPCullen.com }, abstract={Successful implementation of Lean Construction, on any scale requires effective application of leadership behavior. Many resources about leadership exist, yet there is high variation in the application of leadership, therefore removing much of the opportunity to capture lessons learned and improve the process. The Lean Construction Community (LCC) lacks a concrete and comprehensive model for leadership application that will create a shared understanding among practitioners for a more focused and valuable conversation. This paper offers a starting point for producing a new conversation about leadership in the LCC, supported by the research of some well-known experts. The authors offer a few assessments of the current condition of inconsistencies of leadership application and the opportunities that a model could be useful in resolving. A basic model is introduced that the LCC can use as a starting point for this new conversation to apply leadership methods and capture lessons learned so that systematic continuous improvement of effective leadership application may take place. Leadership is a big topic with many pieces that will require further research and development to finalize a model for applied leadership. The value to practitioners will be as much about the conversation and the iterative loops of learning as it will be about the final model. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Leadership, Applied Leadership }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Biton2013, author={Biton, Nelson and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Journey of Lean Construction Theory Review and Reinterpretation}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={125-132}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/878}, affiliation={Nelson Biton, Project Manager, Searlbridge Joint Venture, at Unki Mine, an Anglo American company, Zimbabwe. nelson.biton@gmail.com ; Lean Construction Institute, United States of America, Ghowell@Leanconstruction.org }, abstract={The theory supporting Lean Construction has been developing since the early 1990s. The result is a set of conceptual foundations, fundamental principles, basic practices and a more or less common vocabulary. These developments challenge the foundations, principles and practices of traditional project management. The lack of a coherent underlying theory of traditional project management in three areas has led to the current problems in the construction industry. Lean Construction is an innovation that was provoked by the inability of traditional practice to solve a set of common and repeating problems on projects. Lean Construction has evolved and developed from Koskela’s seminal work. He proposed a coherent theory that applied concepts and practices from Toyota Production System. This paper traces the journey of Lean Construction theory from its inception by drawing on the work of leading thinkers such as Koskela, Ballard, and Bertelsen and then looks forward to the emerging field of complexity theory and its relationship to projects. The aim here is to explain key developments in theory of Lean Construction and where it is headed. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction theory, complex systems, project management, and Cynefin framework. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Björnfot2013, author={Björnfot, Anders and Bakken, Eskild Narum }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Quality Function Deployment (OFD) with a Human Touch}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={379-388}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/879}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Technology, Economy and Management, Gjøvik University College, Norway, anders.bjornfot@hig.no ; Senior lecturer & architect, Department of Technology, Economy and Management, Gjøvik University College, Norway, eskild.bakken@hig.no }, abstract={In the terminology and conceptual approach to human perception of life, there seems to be a gap between the social sciences and the world of engineering. While environmental psychology refers to human experience or needs, the engineer is speaking about technical requirements in a different language. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) can help bridge this gap between customer requirements and technical design alternatives. QFD is a rational tool well suited for the traditional mind-set of engineers, but the structure of the method is also able to contain a holistic approach to human well-being. The hypothesis proposed in this paper is that QFD, as utilized today, fails to adequately consider human well-being. Well-being is used to “measure” life energy; physical, mental, emotional and physical. From literature studied it becomes clear that the failure of QFD in construction is due to a failure to adequately consider human well-being. It is evident that the end user is inadequately defined. Also, QFD applications in construction have an excessive focus on physical/functional solutions pushed by engineers. There is little evidence that the user’s feelings (emotional, mental and spiritual) have any impact on proposed design solutions. }, author_keywords={Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Interior environment, Kansei Engineering. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Borgen2013, author={Borgen, Eirik and Vaagen, Hajnalka }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Multi Item Picking Methodology in Warehouses}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={165-174}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/880}, affiliation={Senior Scientist, SINTEF Technology and Society, Department of Applied Economics and Operations Research, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway, S.P.Andersens vei 5, Phone +47 47 90 38 39, eirik.borgen@sintef.no ; Research Scientist, SINTEF Technology and Society, Department of Applied Economics and Operations Research, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway, S.P.Andersens vei 5, Phone +47 97 00 01 39, hajnalka.vaagen@sintef.no }, abstract={Order picking is the retrieval of items from warehouses to satisfy in-house orders. Recent research shows that order picking counts for more than half of the warehouse operational costs. In this study a storage assignment clustering methodology and computer implementation is developed to reduce the walking required for an order picking operation. The proposed methodology does not consider routing policy, and does not alter the material handling and storage equipment. The basic principle behind the proposed method is known: items frequently ordered together are clustered in the warehouse. The difference from earlier solutions is in that it avoids full enumeration of the occurrences; a potentially time consuming task. The methodology proposed is based on the transitivity property of implication, allowing for quick computerized processing. The implementation part is potentially the most crucial aspect, as the number of possible clustering combinations is high for construction production systems with thousands of items in the warehouse. Computerised implementation of the population-based enumeration of the occurrences of possible order-combinations is resource-demanding according to computer processing time. Given the waste elimination through reduced order retrieval time, the method is a potentially valuable tool in a company's 'lean toolbox'. The method is primarily suitable for large construction production systems (for example vessel construction) with variable picking orders, and multiple warehouse distribution systems. That said, the method is equally useful for single-warehouse systems. The developed demonstrator is expected to be implemented and tested at a leading Norwegian offshore shipbuilder. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, inventory control, variability, flexible, time compression, storage assignment, order picking. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brady2013, author={Brady, Denise Ann and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Rooke, John }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Development of an Evaluation Framework Based on Design Science}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={579-588}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/881}, affiliation={PhD Student, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. brady_denise@web.de ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 295 4284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Greater Manchester. Phone +44 161 295 6344; j.a.rooke@eml.cc }, abstract={This paper is part of an on going research work focusing on the development and evaluation of a visual management method, known as LCM4, using design science research. LCM is a visual management method, developed initially by the researcher in 2007 in practice to address a practical problem faced on a construction site. This practical problem was a lack of transparency in daily operations onsite, which led to difficulties in communication, decision-making and general progress in daily work (Brady, et al 2012). LCM also addresses a theoretical problem which is the lack of broader, holistic solutions when implementing Lean and Visual Management (Picchi, 2004, Tezel, 2011). By applying various visual tools together in a unique way, a structure is provided to visually plan and manage the construction process, bringing clarity, aiding communication and collaboration, decision-making and simplifying information. LCM’s main aims are to improve transparency in the overall construction process, implement a visualised flow and a pull system in the daily planning of work onsite and to provide a mechanism for regular quality checks and continuous improvement. Part of the evaluation will be to compare LCM to other planning and control systems such as Last Planner in order to clarify the similarities and differences and also its contribution to knowledge. The overall aim of the paper is to describe and present the development of a suitable framework which is used to evaluate this method within the context of Design Science. Findings from an analysis on the method are presented which specifies its outcomes according to this methodology. Evaluation criteria that make up the framework are identified based on the Design Science literature and the aims of the LCM method itself and are applied in a focused way to the constructs, models, methods and instantiations of LCM. }, author_keywords={Design Science, Visual Management, Production planning, Control. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Caixeta2013, author={Caixeta, Michele C. B. Ferrari and Bross, João Carlos and Fabricio, Márcio M. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Value Generation Through User Involvement in Healthcare Design}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={299-308}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/882}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Institute of Architecture and Urbanism, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, São Carlos-SP, CEP: 13.566-590, Brazil. +55 16 3373 9279, michele@sc.usp.br ; Architect, General Director of the Bross Architecture and Consulting, Rua Arizona, 1.426 9º andar Brooklin, São Paulo – Brazil. +55 11 5505 1555, jcbross@bross.com.br ; Professor, Institute of Architecture and Urbanism, University of São Paulo. marcio@sc.usp.br ; Senior Lecturer, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, Room 500c Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK. + +44 161 2954284, p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper reports on the initial outcomes of a postgraduate research about user involvement in healthcare design. The purpose is to highlight the importance of involving healthcare professionals in the design of healthcare buildings, to ensure efficiency in the delivery of care services and to meet user requirements. It is believed that participatory approaches can help to increase value generation for users. A case study is used to describe the user involvement in the early stages of the refurbishment process of a Hospital in Brazil. Data was collected through six interviews, documental analysis, archival record analysis and direct observations. Results suggest that user requirements are better considered in design through participatory approaches. Furthermore, the necessary time to perform healthcare services can be reduced due to more appropriate building reconfiguration. Findings also emphasize the importance of effective management, both by the design team and by users’ representatives, to minimize conflicting requirements and to avoid delays in the design process. }, author_keywords={User involvement, value, design process, healthcare buildings. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Casten2013, author={Casten, Michal H. and Plattenberger, Jason and Barley, Jeffrey M. and Grier, Charles }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Construction Kata Adapting Toyota Kata to a Lean Consruction Project Production System}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={63-72}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/883}, affiliation={Founder, Construction Concepts, Greensboro, NC 27410, USA, Phone 336-282-6850, mcasten@constructionconcepts.org ; Principle, Construction Concepts, Charlotte, NC 28202, USA, Phone 704-965-0148, jasonp@constructionconcepts.org ; Vice President-Construction Operations, UCI, Wichita, KS 67214, USA, Phone 316-265-9506, jbarley@ucict.com ; President, UCI, Wichita, KS 67214, USA, Phone 316-265-9506, cgrier@ucict.com }, abstract={This paper reports on the efforts and experimentation by a team of consultants and client contractor leaders as they have worked to adapt, adopt and deploy the concepts and tenets of Toyota Kata into a lean construction project production system. The experiment has produced new learning and revealed the need for much more experimentation and research in the use of the kata within the construction environment. The paper will introduce and describe a construction project production vision equally challenging as that of Toyota’s. This production vision provides the long-term direction and impetus for continuous improvement and adaptiveness. The “conditions of production” within a manufacturing setting and a construction project will be compared and a third kata, the conformance kata, will be introduced and described. The combination of the conformance kata and adaptations of the Toyota Kata improvement kata and coaching kata provides lean construction adopters a consistent routine for striving, on a daily basis and in the service of their project production vision, to achieve conformance to required conditions, assembly process improvement and leadership development, all the while simultaneously growing a supportive culture of continuous improvement, adaptiveness and compounding learning. We call this package of kata, the Construction Kata. For the sake of brevity the paper will limit its focus to the use of the conformance kata and the initial target conditions of the production environment at the project workface. Learning to date and the opportunities for expanded use and research regarding all three of the kata within Construction Kata will be presented. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, continuous improvement, adaptiveness, Toyota Kata, Construction Kata, Daily Crew Production Flow }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cerveró-Romero2013, author={Cerveró-Romero, Fernando and Napolitano, Paulo and Reyes, Edgar and Teran, Luis }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Last Planner System and Lean Approach Process Experiences From Implementation in Mexico}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={709-718}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/884}, affiliation={Lecturer at School of Building Engineering Department of Architectural Construction, Polythechnic University of Valencia, Phone +34 636548839, fercerro@csa.upv.es ; Director of Learning for Herrero Contractors Inc. 2100 Oakdale Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94124, USA, Phone +1 (415) 8247675 pnapolitano@herrero.com ; Lean Construction coordinator at Marhnos, Lafayette No. 40, Col. Nueva Anzures,México, D.F., C.P. 11590, ereyes@marhnos.com.mx ; Quality and Safety director at at Marhnos, Lafayette No. 40, Col. Nueva Anzures,México, D.F., C.P. 11590, lteran@marhnos.com.mx }, abstract={This paper addresses seven pilot projects in the implementation of Last Planner System® (LPS) in Mexico initiated by one general contractor. The work concerns reflections during nine months in the construction process. Firstly, applying action research, preliminary data is presented from Lean Approach Process® (LAP) and LPS implementation. All the data has been gathered through various methods including surveys, interviews and observation. Secondly, benefits of the LPS implementation in terms of improving production planning and control process are presented. However, barriers and difficulties exist that prevent the implementation of the system. Finally, proposals are identified for further improvements in the implementation of LPS in Mexican culture. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Lean Approach, Production Planning and control, culture, Mexico }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cisterna2013, author={Cisterna, Diego and Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Alarcón, Isabel }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Use of a Risk Matrix as Selector of Activity Priority Execution Based on Project History}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={639-648}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/885}, affiliation={Research Assistant, GEPUC, Engineering Student, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad de Chile, E-Mail: dicister@ing.uchile.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22,Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Investigation and Development Manager, GEPUC (www.gepuc.cl), Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: ialarcon@gepuc.cl }, abstract={This paper proposes a set of algorithms that use Last Planner System® (LPS) metrics, obtained from a software that manage LPS data, and some heuristics to build a Risk Matrix which organizes activities in order of importance. The calculations made by these algorithms are fed by historical project information. The activity importance is determined by the level of impact. This level is defined combining criticality and probability levels that are calculated through the analysis of selected variables: numbers of links between activities, assignment of resources, constraint release history, reasons for noncompletion, percent plan complete (PPC), etc. Identification and prioritization of activities which have a high impact on a project is a useful way to reduce variability, preventing the triggering of chains of delays. Along with this, the mere fact of establishing the most significant activities in front of all participants of planning meetings, generate a psychological effect on all those responsible for tasks, which should align efforts accordingly. This tool is consistent with the LPS philosophy; it takes the team members behavioral history and includes it in the algorithm, producing a warning that indicates that an activity must be followed closely, without assigning responsibility to any team member. }, author_keywords={Risk assessment matrix, Last Planner System, variability, Lean Construction, constraint analysis. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Clemente2013, author={Clemente, José and Cachadinha, Nuno }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={BIM-Lean Synergies in the Management on MEP Works in Public Facilities of Intensive Use - a Case Study}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={751-759}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/886}, affiliation={MSc., Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal E-mail: jmdclemente@gmail.com ; Asst. Professor, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal presently at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology E-mail: nmpc@fct.unl.pt }, abstract={AEC industry has been known for budget overruns and delays for a long time. One important reason for weak performances is the difficulty to visualize the production flow, and the deficient information transmission between the different stakeholders involved in a construction project. The use of 3D models plays a significant role in facilitating the implementation of Lean principles, as it significantly improves the process visualization and supports the planning and coordination activities. This study portrays the utilization of VSM on a train station renovation project and proposes the use of a combined approach of BIM tools and Lean techniques for the coordination of MEP works.. BIM-Lean synergies were identified and set the foundation for the proposal of a team coordination approach combining BIM tools and Lean techniques. Besides an important reduction of non-added value activities and durations, the implementation of this approach achieved the alignment of interests of all stakeholders towards a common objective of meeting the overall project schedule. The findings show how a combined BIM-Lean approach improved workflow in MEP maintenance projects, and opens perspectives towards the generalization of the proposed approach into a practical Lean-BIM based production management method. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, building information modeling, production, planning, control, MEP }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Costa2013, author={Costa, Humberto M. and Silva, Marcelo Victor V. and Mourão, Alexandre and Valente, Caroline P. and Laércio, Francisco }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Redesigning Administrative Procedures Using Value Stream Mapping a Case Study}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1049-1056}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/887}, affiliation={Administrator, Administrative & Financial Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, humberto@crolim.com.br ; Information Technology, Coordinator Information Technology, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, marcelovictor@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Director, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Lean & Green Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, caroline@crolim.com.br ; Accountant, Administrative & Financial Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, laercio@crolim.com.br }, abstract={The lean philosophy aims to minimize waste, especially in the production process, reducing activities that do not add value to the final product, increasing quality, reducing time and costs. This philosophy has been applied outside the construction site, such as administrative sectors of companies, known as Lean Office. This philosophy tries to adapt to offices the Lean Production principles: reduce waste in activities that do not add value from a customer point of view. This paper presents an application of the lean concepts to offices in the buying and suppliers’ payment processes, which involves both the construction site and financial department of a construction company in the city of Fortaleza (Brazil). The choice of studying the flow of payments process was due to the identification of flaws such as: lack of standardization, failure to meet deadlines and excessive rework, which resulted in waste of resources. The method includes: literature review on the lean office concepts, mapping activities of the process chosen to be studied, interviews with employees involved in the process, defining individual activities and designing the current value stream. From that, a future value stream map was suggested and applied, which resulted in elimination of waste, improving quality and meeting deadlines, generating a 25% reduction on process cycle time. The Lean Office implementation has improved productivity considerably, added value to tasks and eliminated waste. }, author_keywords={Lean office, value stream map, waste, lean construction. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dave2013, author={Dave, Bhargav and Boddy, Stefan and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Lean and BIM on a Infrastructure Project}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={741-750}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/888}, affiliation={Project Specialist, Civil and Structural Engineering Dept, Aalto University; Finland. Phone +358 50 4364717; bhargav.dave@aalto.fi ; Programmer, Manchester, UK. Stefan_boddy@yahoo.co.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953178; L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={It has been realised through research and practice that lean construction and Building Information Modelling (BIM) have significant synergies, and can bring benefits if implemented together. VisiLean has been developed as research software, which provides integration between the lean workflow and the BIM model, enabling simultaneous visualisation of the product and process model. VisiLean supports the Last Planner™ workflow, and is aimed to be used by the construction teams on projects. The main purpose of the research is to partially evaluate the findings from a brief pilot project, where VisiLean was implemented on an infrastructure project. Through this paper the authors wish to highlight the challenges and opportunities that were identified during the pilot implementation. Specific challenges were encountered pertaining to the level of detail, and the parametric nature (or the lack thereof) of the existing Building Information Model of the project. Also, issues were identified regarding the synchronisation of the lean workflow with the BIM model. Overall however, the project team perceived the integration of Lean and BIM through VisiLean positively. As the implementation of lean and BIM is relatively new to infrastructure projects, the findings are of importance to potential lean and BIM implementers in the infrastructure field. However, on a broad level the findings are of interest to those in the construction industry wishing to implement Lean and BIM on projects. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, BIM, Lean and BIM, Product and Process Visualisation, Infrastructure. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dias2013, author={Dias, Christine Miranda and Serra, Sheyla Mara Baptista }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Observing Customization of Multilayered Buildings With Focus on Lean Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={439-448}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/889}, affiliation={Graduate in Civil Engineer, Jr. Researcher, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, 13.565-905, São Carlos - Brazil, Phone +55 (16) 8162-8031, christinemdias@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, D.Sc, Associate Professor of Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, 13.565-905, São Carlos - Brazil, Phone +55 (16) 3351-8202, sheylabs@ufscar.br }, abstract={Although the adoption of customization can be a significant differential, it is not easily achieved without a strict management. The customization process of the housing product emerges as an important factor that can add value to the product by considering the requirements of consumers, and this is one of the principles covered by the Lean Construction. This study aims at identifying the offer of customized multilayered buildings in three cities of São Paulo (São Carlos, Mogi das Cruzes e São Paulo) and verifying the interference in the management of the construction site through the application of the Lean principles. Therefore, the methodology chosen was the case study, whose strategy was to apply a questionnaire to six construction companies. The final analysis shows that the companies have found a way of introducing the flexibility in their businesses by planning distinct layouts and different possibilities of alteration. However, only four of them allow the client to modify the internal appearance of the residences. Besides that, even with the restrict knowledge of the Lean concepts in the construction industry, it was observed that all the companies apply the basic tools of this philosophy, albeit in a superficial manner, and have reached significant improvements in the development of their work, enabling them to include the customization in their processes. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, customization, value, production planning, product development. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Drevland2013, author={Drevland, Frode and Svalestuen, Fredrik }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Towards a Framework for Understanding and Describing the Production Value Delivered from Construction Projects}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={103-113}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/890}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. Phone +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no ; Resarcher, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. Phone +47 986 73 172, fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no }, abstract={For the physical construction of buildings delivering maximum value basically boils down to delivering what has been designed with no waste. An imperfect understanding of what actually constitutes value for the customer is therefore of no great consequence. The same cannot be said for the design process, where the specific value that is to be delivered is defined. It is therefore important that people involved in the design of building have proper grasp of what value is, both specifically on the project that they are working on and in general. Within LC workshop approaches are often employed to determine what constitutes value for the client. This can be useful on specific projects, but is not helpful for developing an intuitive understanding of value in general. Neither are the current definitions of value employed by the community. It has been our experience that they are too abstract to be sufficiently accessible for students and practitioners. In this paper we present a draft of a framework for understanding and describing the value of the end product of the construction process, the finished building, centred on the customer’s business model and processes. }, author_keywords={Value, product value, business model, business processes }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Drysdale2013, author={Drysdale, Derek }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Introducing Lean Improvement into the UK Highways Agency Supply Chain}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1067-1074}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/891}, affiliation={Highways Agency UK. derek.drysdale@highways.gsi.gov.uk }, abstract={The U.K. Highways Agency’s Lean deployment strategy was introduced in 2009 with the establishment of an in-house Lean division. This paper describes the way in which the Highways Agency has engaged with its supply chain, helping to build capability so that suppliers can undertake Lean projects and champion them within their own organisations. This is followed by a discussion of the methods used to assess the supply chain’s progress in Lean, measure benefits and transfer knowledge gained from individual Lean projects so that those benefits can be multiplied across the highways sector. Four projects are then discussed, both within the supply chain and within the Agency, which show a range of Lean methods being used to support delivery of major projects and maintenance works. }, author_keywords={U.K. Highways Agency, lean construction, lean deployment strategy, supply chain, collaborative planning, visual management }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elfving2013, author={Elfving, Jan A. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={In Search of Lean Suppliers Reporting on First Steps in Supplier Development}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={135-143}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/892}, affiliation={Ph.D, Head of Nordic Procurement Unit at Skanska. Paciuksenkatu 25, 00101 Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 40 738 6100, jan.elfving@skanska.fi ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 214 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 415/710-5531, FAX 510/643-8919, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper reports some early findings related to supplier development: the result of prequalification, performance evaluation and supplier development from 5 pilot regions in 3 countries. It is a follow-up to an IGLC paper presented in 2011. Supplier development can be seen as a third option when make or buy options do not lead to desired results. It seems to be a little used option in the construction industry. This paper reveals that, at least in the pilot regions, supplier development needs to start from very basic things such as helping to fulfil legal and company requirements, and setting standards for measuring quality and delivery reliability. Over half of the supplier base does not fulfil the basic requirements. When suppliers do measure quality and delivery, measurements often do not capture issues important to their customers, the projects. The findings have resulted in re-defining supplier segments, presented in this paper along with next steps in supplier development. }, author_keywords={Lean, supplier, supply chain management, preferred supplier program. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Eljazzar2013, author={Eljazzar, Mahmoud S. and Beydoun, Abdullah A. and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Optimizing Workflow for Shelter Rehabilitation Projects in Refugee Camps}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={491-501}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/893}, affiliation={Masters Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon,,mse24@aub.edu.lb ; Civil Engineering Graduate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon,aab32@aub.edu.lb ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of }, abstract={Optimizing workflow is a goal for lean construction implementation. Applying lean thinking on projects managed by the United Nations’ (UN) agencies is challenging due to limited resources, harsh living conditions and political turmoil. This paper will study the construction workflow for the “Camp and Shelter Rehabilitation” project sponsored by the United Nations Relief Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the near east (UNRWA), and funded by the European Union. The project aims to rehabilitate 736 shelters in refugee camps located in Lebanon using a new approach called “Self-help.” In this approach the families are involved directly of their shelters’ rehabilitation under the continuous supervision of UNRWA engineers. Rehabilitation work proceeds under a harsh working environment and extreme constraints such as: short time interval (8-14 weeks), limited budget, limited space, unstable security and poor safety. This paper will focus on a section of the project involving 30 shelters, study the causes of disruption in workflow and recommend possible methods to improve project performance. Using process modeling and simulation analysis, different scenarios were examined to optimize construction workflow taking into account the various constraints. The ultimate goal is to increase the value delivered to the beneficiaries of the project. }, author_keywords={Construction Workflow, Self-Help, Refugee Camps, UNRWA projects. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2013, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Smallwood, John }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Lean Supply Chain Decisions Implications for Construction in a Developing Economy}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={195-204}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/894}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3661 Fax: (051) 507 3254 E-mail: femuze@cut.ac.za ; Professor, Department of Construction Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2790 Fax: (041) 504 2345 E-mail: John.Smallwood@nmmu.ac.za }, abstract={Construction in developing economies is now a vital sector that contributes more than a marginal growth to the economic emancipations of countries in sub-Sahara Africa, South America and Asia. The upswing in construction activities tends to increase the number of actors that must make decisions, which determine project outcomes. Thus, astute decisions are critically important for project success. This paper addresses how lean supply chain decisions engender project value in the sector. Qualitative approach in the form of “structured literature review” led to the primary data that were generated. Using lean ‘general management’ and ‘construction management’ as the subject area, supply chain decisions were examined in the literature. The increased number of stakeholders, especially at the operational phase of project execution necessitates the negotiation of improved collaborative working within the supply chain. The interfaces between suppliers, subcontractors and contractors imply that supply chain decisions affect the finished product. These interfaces may either accelerate or decrease the rate of production on sites. The enhancement of how supply chain decisions are made and the ‘quality’ of such decisions could drive out / reduce wasteful activities, and then ensure that the finished product achieve expected ends. This discourse contributes to management related initiatives that are already on-going in the industry, especially as it affects developing economics. }, author_keywords={Developing economies, Lean construction, Performance, Supply chain management }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2013, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Smallwood, John }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Integration of Health and Safety (H&S), Lean and Sustainability in Construction: A Literature Review}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={853-862}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/895}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3648 Fax: (051) 507 3254 E-mail: femuze@cut.ac.za ; Professor, Department of Construction Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2790 Fax: (041) 504 2345 E-mail: John.Smallwood@nmmu.ac.za }, abstract={In most cases, the motivation for health and safety (H&S) has been legislation instead of enhanced business and project performance. The emphasis on legislation may be attributable to a lack of appreciation of the dynamics and synergy that exist between H&S and other project performance criteria and the role of H&S in reducing waste while realising sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between H&S, lean construction and sustainability. The effort is a precursor to the development of a research agenda to guide theoretically based future research that would inform managerial decisions in the domain. An extensive literature review was conducted to examine research and practice with respect to the concurrent use of H&S, lean and sustainability initiatives in construction. Corroboratory views related to the three strategic options were deduced from an in-depth review of the literature. Findings suggest that optimum H&S contributes to enhanced cost, environment, quality, and time performance, and overall reduction of waste and the realisation of sustainability in its broadest sense. Preliminary concluding remarks include: that H&S could be the catalyst for overall project performance in terms of lean construction and sustainability; and H&S should be promoted on the basis of its role in overall project performance, as opposed to the need to comply with legislation. }, author_keywords={Health and Safety, Lean Construction, Sustainability, Waste. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Etges2013, author={Etges, Bernardo M. B. S. and Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Bulhões, Iamara R. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={A Protocol for Assessing the Use of Lean Construction Practices}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={93-101}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/896}, affiliation={M.Sc. Postgraduate Program in Production Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre – RS, Brazil, bernardo.m.etges@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre – RS, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br ; Research Fellow, Postgraduate Program in Production Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre – RS, Brazil, iamara@producao.ufrgs.br }, abstract={The use of Lean Construction (LC) practices has gradually spread in the construction industry. Accordingly, mechanisms are necessary to evaluate their use so as to facilitate identifying strengths and weaknesses in the LC implementation process. This paper presents a protocol for assessing the use of LC practices, which has distinctive characteristics, such as: (a) assigning weighting factors to each practice, according to their degree of importance as attributed by the perceptions of seven experts; (b) establishing explicit conceptual links between each practice and lean principles, (c) selecting practices to be included in the protocol based on a systematic review of the LC literature; and (d) the use of multiple sources of evidence to carry out the assessment, which increases the credibility of the results. The protocol comprises 103 LC practices, distributed over 15 categories. This paper reports the application of the protocol in a residential building project, which allowed identifying its strengths and weaknesses. }, author_keywords={lean construction; lean production; audit; protocol }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Evinger2013, author={Evinger, Jake and Mouflard, Christopher and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Productivity Effects of Starting as Early as Possible in Hospital Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={689-698}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/897}, affiliation={Senior Project Manager, Trimble VDC Services, jake_evinger@trimble.com ; Project Engineer, Trimble VDC Services, chris_mouflard@trimble.com ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Director of VDC Services, Trimble Navigation Limited, olli_seppanen@trimble.com }, abstract={Critical Path Method (CPM) is the standard scheduling methodology for building construction in the US. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of management strategies focusing on early starts (ASAP strategy) on the production and productivity rates of “critical path” tasks in a construction schedule. In this study, two healthcare projects were followed over the course of construction to document the effects of field management decisions on production. On project one, a CPM schedule and ASAP strategy was used exclusively to manage subcontractor resources. On project two, both CPM/ASAP and Location Based Management System (LBMS) strategies were used in parallel, on similar location groups, enabling direct comparison. Actual activity start dates, finish dates, demobilizations and remobilizations, productivity and production rates, and manpower were recorded weekly for analysis. On project one, the actual dates and rates are compared against the CPM plan to determine how reliably the tasks could be completed using the ASAP “work in place” management strategy. Results show that certain deviations from the CPM plan, such as starting early, relocating resources before completing a location, and deploying resources to multiple locations at a time cause unpredictable dates of completion and frequent changes to the “critical path”. On project two, actual productivity and production rates for selected tasks are compared between the CPM/ASAP and LBMS location groups. Results show that deploying resources to a location as soon as it is available can have a negative effect on the productivity and overall production rates of critical tasks }, author_keywords={Continuous, CPM, flow, LBMS, process, production, variability. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fauchier2013, author={Fauchier, Dan and Alves, Thaís da C. L. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Last Planner® System Is the Gateway to Lean Behaviors}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={559-568}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/898}, affiliation={Vice President, The ReAlignment Group, Ltd., San Diego, CA USA, dan@projectrealign.com ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={Participation in LPS teaches-by-doing such foundational behaviors as collaboration, transparency, long-term and short-term planning, making work ready, making clear commitments, reliable promising, accountability and metrics – all in a clear, living example of the colorful, visual workplace. LPS teaches teams the entire process of Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) and PDCA becomes woven into trust-building, because using LPS (Planning) builds trust due to the making and keeping of reliable promises across siloed companies and through behaving (Doing) in predictable, transparent and monitored (Checked) ways and learning (Acting/Adjusting) together. Three main sets of behaviors related to or promoted by the LPS were identified: building social networks, addressing multiple needs in a dynamic environment, and treating construction projects as production systems. As a contribution, examples from construction projects implementing LPS are presented and linked to behaviors that emerge from LPS implementation. Examples illustrating the three behaviors reveal different instances in which these behaviors materialized and might have served as “a-ha!” moments for the teams involved. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, lean behaviors, action learning, collaboration, reliable promises }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fireman2013, author={Fireman, Marcus C. T. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Integrating Production and Quality Control: Monitoring Making-Do and Unfinished Work }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={515-525}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/899}, affiliation={Engineer, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 8216-9070, marcus.fireman@medabil.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The lack of integration between production control and quality management has been pointed out as a common problem in the construction sector. This paper discusses the impact of this problem in the generation of waste that are typical in this sector, such as making-do, rework and uncompleted work. Based on that discussion, this paper proposes an integrated production and quality control method, which is focused on the elimination three waste categories: making-do, unfinished work, and work-in- progress. The method is divided in three modules: (a) identification and measurement of making-do events, (b) identification of informal packages, and (c) integrated production and quality control. The main contributions of this study are concerned with the understanding waste in construction, and the relationship between different types of waste. }, author_keywords={Performance measurement; waste; making-do; rework; unfinished work; production control }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Flores2013, author={Flores, George and Ollero, Carlos }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Productivity Improvement Applying Production Management in Projects With Repetitive Activities}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1039-1048}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/900}, affiliation={Implementer in the Project Control Management Department at "Las Bambas" Project, Civil Engineer. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, GyM, Mobile: (511) 991244004, gfloresc@gym.com.pe ; Project Control Chief at "CH Cerro del Águila-Sector Presa" Project, Sanitary Engineer. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, GyM, Mobile: (511) 993112634, collero@gym.com.pe }, abstract={This paper discusses a part of a socially complex project consisting in performing 315,000 times the same activity in 17 districts located at the southern part of the City of Lima, Peru. The project consisted in changing the water service measurement system of the houses in those districts, where there was a lack of skilled labor, most of the workers were plumbers, and the geographical conditions of each district and social issues around the work area represented a major challenge for carrying out the project. In this context, we decided to apply the Lean Construction philosophy as a strategy to meet those challenges. This paper presents some of the results obtained after implementing some Lean principles. }, author_keywords={Productivity, lean construction, last planner system, flow, action learning, production management, services }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Forbes2013, author={Forbes, Lincoln H. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Does Lean Construction Render Commissioning Obsolete? A Preliminary Study and Dialogue. }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={935-944}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/901}, affiliation={lhforbes@gmail.com }, abstract={Commissioning is a quality assurance practice that has been used in the ship-building industry for decades because of the high risk of life lost, should systems or equipment fail (Agustsson and Jensen 2012). Building Commissioning (Cx) evolved from the ship-building industry and ensures that a facility and its technical systems meet the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR). As is done with ships, commissioning begins in the predesign phase, and continues through design, construction, occupancy and use. (California Commissioning Collaborative 2006). Buildings that have been subjected to Cx experience less waste in life cycle performance such as reduced energy and operational costs. They experience fewer RFIs, change orders, and a greater likelihood of timely, on-budget completion. (Heinz and Casault 2004, Mills, 2009). Projects executed by the lean construction method have been shown to exhibit superior quality characteristics such as fewer RFIs, change orders, and rework (Ballard G. and Yong-Woo, K. 2007). The purpose of this paper is to begin a dialogue that compares the merits of lean construction (LC) and Cx procedures. A number of questions explore i) whether Cx adds value to a project, or if its cost represents waste; and ii) whether Cx should be considered obsolete in lean projects. Preliminary findings suggest that Cx is not well understood by the industry, and is underutilized despite its potential for performance optimization. Research questions need to be investigated further with sample sizes adequate for testing hypotheses that may yield statistically valid results. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, commissioning, sustainability, LEED, ROI, life cycle cost. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frandson2013, author={Frandson, Adam and Berghede, Klas and Tommelein, Iris D }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Takt Time Planning for Construction of Exterior Cladding}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={527-536}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/902}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (661) 644-2978, afrandson@berkeley.edu ; Production Manager, The Boldt Company, Western Operations, 2150 River Plaza Drive, Suite 255, Sacramento, CA 95833 ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper presents the concept and steps taken, as well as a case study on production scheduling, to implement the use of Takt time. It starts with an overview of traditional construction scheduling and contrasts that with the use of production scheduling using Takt time. It then presents a process for Takt time scheduling and illustrates its application by means of a case study. Takt time was used to drive installation of the exterior cladding system on a healthcare facility in Sacramento, California. Thanks to the use of a production schedule with a four-day Takt, the traditional construction schedule of 11 months for partial completion of the exteriors was reduced to 5.5 months. This case study illustrates the successful development and application of Takt time, challenges, benefits, and lessons learned. }, author_keywords={Takt time, production planning, scheduling, exterior cladding. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fuemana2013, author={Fuemana, Jonson and Puolitaival, Taija }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Last Planner System – a Step Towards Improving the Productivity of New Zealand Construction }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={679-688}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/903}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student in Construction Management, Department of Construction, Faculty of Technology and Built Environment, Unitec Institute of Technology, Private Bag 92025, Victoria St West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, jonsonfuemana@me.com ; Lecturer, Department of Construction, Faculty of Technology and Built Environment, Unitec Institute of Technology, Private Bag 92025, Victoria St West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, Phone +64 9 815 4321 Ext 8510, tpuolitaival@unitec.ac.nz }, abstract={Productivity of New Zealand’s construction sector is declining compared with other countries and with most other sectors of the New Zealand economy. In response, the New Zealand government has set a target to lift construction sector productivity by 20% from the year 2010 to 2020. Development and use of new tools is seen as part of the solution, as is the adoption of international construction best practice. Lean Construction approaches are among those considered international best practice; construction industry experience with Lean is widely used and reported around the world in North America, Europe and Asia, but adoption has been very limited in New Zealand to date. The basis of the research was the low level of implementation of Lean methods, more accurately Last Planner System (LPS) in New Zealand commercial construction. The focus of the research was on the perceived benefits and challenges of LPS and the factors which hinder its implementation in New Zealand companies. While the findings indicate that benefits and challenges are generally perceived to be the same as those reported internationally, procurement methods have been raised as a key issue when considering the obstacles to implementation in the New Zealand context. }, author_keywords={Planning, Production Control, Last Planner System, Productivity, Impact, Perceptions. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fullalove2013, author={Fullalove, Lúcia H. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Examples of Lean Techniques and Methodology Applied to Uk Road Schemes}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1057-1066}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/904}, affiliation={1 MSc Corrosion Engineering, BSc Chemical Engineering, Lean Practitioner - Highways Agency – Piccadilly Gate, Store Street. Manchester. M1 2WD. United Kingdom. Tel. +44 161 930 4459 }, abstract={The Highways Agency (HA) is an executive Agency of the UK Department for Transport (DfT). The UK government has been instrumental in encouraging the UK public sector to find ways to improve efficiency and has launched a Continuous Improvement (CI) initiative across all government departments. The HA has successfully applied Lean Techniques as a driver to delivering CI. This paper aims at demonstrating how the HA is improving efficiency of road constructions projects and internal procedures using Lean methodology. The examples given will illustrate some of the techniques used at different stages of the UK road schemes programme and the benefit/s realised from their applications. Through these work examples readers will have an indication on how benefits were achieved, which account for a Return On Investment (ROI) greater than 20:1 and over £80 Million of efficiency savings to date. }, author_keywords={IGLC21, lean construction, Lean in UK road constructions and maintenance, Continuous Improvement in UK public sector. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Golzarpoor2013, author={Golzarpoor, Hamed and González, Vicente }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={A Green-Lean Simulation Model for Assessing Environmental and Production Waste in Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={885-894}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/905}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: hgol431@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={Lean production principles are well known with documented savings and productivity enhancements through the elimination of waste in construction. Several researchers claim that lean can promote sustainability in production systems. More precisely, sustainable or “green” practices seem to be a natural extension of the lean philosophy at an operational level. Green construction also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. Different studies show how the lean and green approaches share many of the same best practices to reduce wastes. From the standpoint of waste minimization – a common concept of both lean construction and green construction – this paper explores the relationship between lean and green, highlighting opportunities to enhance environmental and production performance by implementing green-lean practices in construction. Thus, an integrated green-lean simulation model of a construction project as a case study is proposed. Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) is used as the modeling strategy in this research, given its powerful capabilities to quantitatively analyze complex construction operations. Environmental and production variables are simultaneously assessed in the same simulation model, and the environmental impacts from the implementation of green-lean practices are discussed. Preliminary results demonstrated not only better resource utilization and improved time cost performance, but also energy savings and decrease of greenhouse gas emissions in the project }, author_keywords={Environment, Green Construction, Lean Construction, Waste, Discrete-Event Simulation. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Grosskopf2013, author={Grosskopf, Joana and Menezes, Andreza Souza and Santos, Débora Gois }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Proposal of Activities That Facilitate Work in Order to Avoid Workflow Interruptions Caused by Making-Do}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={719-728}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/906}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Master Student, Post-Graduation in Civil Engineering Program, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil. Phone +55 79 2105-6704, joanagross@hotmail.com ; Professor, Federal Institute of Sergipe (IFS), Civil Engineer, Master Student, Post-Graduation in Civil Engineering Program, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil. Phone +55 79 2105-6704, andreza_sma@yahoo.com ; Professor, Post-Graduation in Civil Engineering Program, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil. Phone +55 79 2105-6704, deboragois@yahoo.com.br }, abstract={Production planning and control play an important role in the stabilization of the workflow. However, in several Brazilian companies the production management staff does not get properly involved in the careful analysis of the tasks that need to be planned. This may cause discontinuities in production. One way of avoiding this problem is the implementation of activities that facilitate the work, i.e. those that prevent or minimize stoppages or interruptions throughout the production process. The aim of this paper was to propose activities that facilitate work in order to avoid workflow interruptions caused by making-do waste. This investigation was based on a case study on the planning and control process of a refurbishment project in the passenger terminal of an international airport. The main sources of evidence were: analysis of documents, analysis of project data, direct observations, and development of process maps. One of the main results was the categorization of the activities that facilitate work in terms of reduction of waste. The main categories identified were: Space Conflict, Work preparation, Sequencing, Access and Design }, author_keywords={Process, waste, workflow, interruption, activities that facilitate the work, constraint analysis, lean construction. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamzeh2013, author={Hamzeh, Farook R. and Aridi, Omar Z. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Modeling the Last Planner System Metrics: A Case Study of an Aec Company }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={599-608}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/907}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb ; Civil Engineering Graduate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, oza05@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) helps increase the reliability of weekly work planning by properly connecting the master or phase schedule to the weekly work plan through lookahead planning. Two key measures for the success of the lookahead planning are the tasks anticipated (TA) and the tasks made ready (TMR); the first measures the percentage of anticipated activities on the look-ahead plan a couple of weeks before execution and the second measures the performance of lookahead planning in identifying and eliminating constraints to make activities ready for implementation. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between TA, TMR, and PPC by analyzing LPS data collected over two years from several branches of an AEC company in the United States. The results show that company’s team was extremely agile in removing constraints which translates into a high PPC despite the uncertain nature of design explained by the low TA. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System (LPS), Lookahead Planning, Percent Planned Complete (PPC),Tasks Anticipated (TA), Tasks Made Ready (TMR), Weekly Work Plan (WWP) }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Harris2013, author={Harris, Britan and Alves, Thais da C. L. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={4D Building Information Modeling and Field Operations: An Exploratory Study}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={811-820}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/908}, affiliation={Project Engineer, Balfour Beatty Construction and Graduate Student, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, bharris83@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={The value generating aspects of BIM technology on the virtual design and coordination sectors of construction have been well documented. However, a more thorough understanding of BIM’s ability to assist in the sequencing and implementation of field operations is required in order to fully comprehend BIM’s effect on overall project productivity. For this paper, a case study of a 500,000 ft2 OSHPD hospital project in Southern California was performed in order to observe, identify, and analyze both the field operational activities which could potentially benefit from 4D BIM integration and the factors that could aid and/or deter successful 4D application in the field. Project data was aggregated over a three month period using a combination of observational studies and open ended interview questions. In order to analyze the data for interactions between field operational activities and 4D BIM applications, a relationship matrix was created. The resulting analysis confirmed that by adding transparency to production sequencing, visualizing trade and equipment movement, and understanding constraints in terms of the site and schedule, the use of 4D BIM could serve as a method through which increased value in field operational activities could be achieved. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling, 4D, planning, field operations }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Al Hattab2013, author={Al Hattab, Malak and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Information Flow Comparison Between Traditional and Bim-Based Projects in the Design Phase}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={761-770}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/909}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Mobile +961 70 931272, mja28@aub.edu.lb ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Phone +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Project success is intimately coupled with collaborative interaction among the stakeholders and integration of information from everyone throughout the project life cycle. Building information modeling (BIM) helps translate the owner’s value preposition into a successful project by enabling continuous information flow and delivering a high value product. On traditional 2D CAD projects, the information flow between the players and project stages is jumbled. However, on BIM based projects, the interaction is more flexible and overlapped where information is aggregated and shared transparently between the different users (owners, architects, structural and MEP engineers, consultants, contractors, and subcontractors). The purpose of this paper is to understand how BIM can improve project information flow. This is accomplished by modeling interactions among participants across the conceptual and schematic design stages as opposed to the traditional process of having information silos with sub-optimal communication between various project players. In this respect, two process models are created for traditional and BIM information flow. After that, a comparison between the two models is carried out to assess the potential design process improvements resulting from the use of BIM. The research contributes towards highlighting where failure in communication occurs and the hurdles preventing stream-lined workflow. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling (BIM), Information Flow, Conceptual Design, Schematic Design, Process Model. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haymaker2013, author={Haymaker, John and Chau, Duen Horng and Xie, Bo }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Inference-Assisted Choosing by Advantages}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={339-348}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/910}, affiliation={School of Architecture and Building Construction, College of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; email: haymaker@gatech.edu ; School of Computational Science and Engineering, College of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; email: polo@gatech.edu ; School of Interactive Computing, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; email: boxie@gatech.edu }, abstract={Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Phone +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, author_keywords={Choosing By Advantages, Set-based Design, Time Compression, Decision Models, Data Mining, Inference, Belief Propogation, Case-Based Reasoning. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hickethier2013, author={Hickethier, Gernot and Tommelein, Iris D. and Lostuvali, Baris }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Social Network Analysis of Information Flow in an IPD-Project}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={319-328}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/911}, affiliation={Research Fellow and Doctoral Candidate, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 608- 44124, gernot.hickethier@kit.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Senior Project Manager, Cathedral Hill Hospital Project, HerreroBoldt, San Francisco, CA, BLostuvali@herrero.com }, abstract={Lean Construction recommends concurrent development of product and process by bringing Last Planners into the design phase. While this approach offers opportunities to reduce downstream waste and improve value generation, it increases coordination complexity during design due to the increased number of participants in the design team. In large projects, this increased number of participants can demand a multi- team structure with roles and mechanisms to coordinate the work between teams. In a case study we document the coordination mechanisms of a design organization on a large-scale construction project, being delivered under an Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) type contract, the Integrated Form of Agreement (IFOA). We conduct a Social Network Analysis (SNA) of information flow between people on the project, who work in a big-room environment. Analysis of this IPD-based social network with indices of degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and clustering, yields the following results: (1) the Chief Engineer and leaders of cross-functional teams play key roles in the coordination between teams, (2) people take on coordination jobs, even if it is not part of their formal role, and (3) IPD projects foster cross-functional collaboration. We conclude the paper with managerial recommendations for the efficient and effective coordination of IPD-based design project organizations and ideas for future research }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Integrated Form of Agreement (IFOA), Design Management, Information Flow, Social Network Analysis, Organizational Structuring }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Holloway2013, author={Holloway, Skyler and Parrish, Kristen }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Contractor’s Self-Perceived Role in Sustainable Construction: Survey Results }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={905-914}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/912}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, skylerh@stanford.edu ; Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu; +1-480-727-6363 }, abstract={With the advent of sustainable building ordinances in the United States and internationally, contractors are required to deliver sustainable projects but have historically not been considered partners in developing the sustainability goals and objectives for projects. Additionally, as alternative project delivery methods gain popularity, contractors have an opportunity and—in an increasing number of cases— a requirement, to take a larger role in sustainability efforts beyond the design phase. Understanding the contractor’s self-perceived role in this industry is imperative to informing their future role in the sustainable construction industry. This paper presents data and analysis of a survey of general contractors (GCs) in the Phoenix, Arizona market who are experienced with lean and now implement sustainable construction to differentiate themselves from their competitors. The survey asked GCs for their opinions and viewpoints regarding sustainable construction; respondents provided feedback about corporate profitability, growth forecast, and the perceived efficiency of the U.S Green Building Council’s LEED rating system. The survey also queried contractors about implications of sustainable construction on their existing lean processes, including current and future work breakdown structures for sustainable project delivery as well as their underlying motives for involvement in these projects. Academics from Arizona State University worked with local industry to develop the survey in 2012 and the survey was deployed in 2013. The authors sent the survey to 76 GCs and received responses from 21, representing a 27.6% response rate. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, sustainability, LEED, green construction }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2013, author={Howell, Gregory A }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Uncertainty, Organizational Structure & Collaboration: Questions for Research}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={23-31}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/913}, affiliation={Lean Construction Institute, 2300 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 400 arlington, Va 22200, USA. Phone + 1-208/726-9989. Ghowell@Leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Lean Construction (LC) has changed the way construction projects are designed and constructed. The fundamental principles of LC, basic practices and common vocabulary, while well established continue to evolve. New developments call for new theories to describe and explain what works and why. This paper explores the difference between "Traditional CPM based Management" (TM) and LC in three domains: "operating system" from an activity based to flow based, "commercial terms" from transactional to relational contracts, and "organization" (authorities and communication protocols) from command and control to distributed and collaborative. These advances raise new questions and directions for research and create opportunities for new practices. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Theory, Contract, Uncertainty, Organization, Collaboration, IPD. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jensen2013, author={Jensen, Patrik and Larsson, Johan and Simonsson, Peter and Olofsson, Thomas }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Improving Buildabuility With Platforms and Configurators }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={771-780}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/914}, affiliation={1 PhD student, Division of Structural and Construction Engineering, Luleå university of technology, Sweden, Phone +46 (010) 452-2440, patrik.jensen@tyrens.se ; PhD student, Division of Structural and Construction Engineering, Luleå university of technology, Sweden, Phone +1 (0920) 492-263, johan.larsson@ltu.se ; Tech. Dr, Division of Structural and Construction Engineering, Luleå university of technology, Sweden, Phone +1 (070) 290-0410, peter.simonsson@trafikverket.se ; Professor, Division of Structural and Construction Engineering, Luleå university of technology, Sweden, Phone +1 (0920) 493-662, thomas.olofsson@ltu.se }, abstract={The different stages in construction projects are often separated with little interaction between the different trades. Many researchers proclaim that this separation between design and production limits the buildability of construction design. Thus there is a need for providing knowledge of rules and constraints imposed from production into the design of construction products. A way of integrating production knowledge into design is by implementing platforms in construction products. This study will however investigate if and how configurators could function as carriers of both product and process (production) knowledge within platform thinking. Previous work developing configurators has mainly focused on the efficiency of the design phase and is usually not linked to production improvements and simplifications. By defining a platform for a certain bridge variant within its market segment, the technical solutions can be designed to be flexible while ensuring good buildability in the construction phase. The developed configurator is built in SolidWorks and parametrically coupled using Tacton Studio. The first version generates geometrical drawings, whereas validation of the generated drawings from the configurator compared with the previous designed drawings from a single case study shows that parametric modelling configurators can be used for increasing buildability and efficiency at site. }, author_keywords={Buildability, Customization, Standardization, Integration, Platform, Configurator. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2013, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Improving Buildabuility With Platforms and Configurators }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={659-668}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/915}, affiliation={Professor, Dr.Ing., Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 97082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no }, abstract={Our focus in this paper is the design of LPS-inspired planning processes in engineering in a case taken from the mechanical offshore oil and gas construction industry. An integrated project engineering delivery system based on design and engineering theory is presented in the paper. Our conceived operationalization is based on a combination of traditional rationalistic models and iterative and inclusive approaches like the ones found in the Last Planner System. The developed model is being tested out in a company setting in an ongoing study, and what are presented here are our preliminary findings. We have uncovered a need for considerable changes, above all to the phase plan and lookahead plan, both of which need radical rethinking to be applied in engineering. Limiting the phase planning timeframe to a few weeks, focussing on detailed milestones based on different levels of maturity in the engineering knowledge that emerges is suggested. A significant finding is that within engineering, it often seems necessary to rely on “making do” as a way of working; hence, the criteria for declaring activities sound must be adjusted accordingly. This paper is a contribution towards better knowledge about challenges associated with implementing LPS-inspired planning processes within mechanical engineering in the offshore construction industry. }, author_keywords={Engineering, Offshore construction, Mechanical industry, LPS, Quality Control }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2013, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Measuring Waste and Workflow in Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={33-42}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/916}, affiliation={Professor, Dr.Ing., Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 97082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no }, abstract={Applied to continuous improvement work in a construction site setting, a way to operationalize workflow measurement in the construction industry is proposed in this paper. Our conceptualisation uses the metaphor of a river. This river flows with a certain smoothness, intensity and quality (more or less turbulently). The water represents the man-hours available to the employer – which are divided between productive work (direct work, indirect work, planning and HSE work); and waste (e.g. rework, waiting and other forms of downtime). We distinguish between observable and hidden waste. Hidden waste is tied to the potential improvement of methods used in transformation work and indirect work. Our conceptualisation draws on the OEE (Original Equipment Efficiency) concept from manufacturing. For practical reasons, work intensity is assumed constant. Thus the work pressure is even, but the tasks are not necessarily productive. Observable waste, except rework, relates to the smoothness of the river; rework relates to its quality. Flow was measured through observations and self-reporting. All workmen involved in a construction project over time, e.g. for one week, fill in a form estimating their time use, including the daily time loss and its causes. The principle is to detect “making-do” and other sources of waste or downtime. Suspecting that a time ratio cannot produce enthusiasm whereas time reduction can, low values for wasted time are to be interpreted as good flow. Sufficient data validity depends on staff training and motivation. A period of measurement culminates in a joint meeting with the workmen. This is where continuous improvement comes in. Results are discussed, efficiency improvement measures identified, and action plans prepared. Later, e.g. another two months into the project period, new measurements are made, and the figures are followed up with reflections about further improvements. }, author_keywords={Workflow, waste, measurement, continuous improvement }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kerem2013, author={Kerem, Cheni and Barak, Ronen and Sacks, Rafael and Priven, Vitaliy }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Learning to See – Managers Working in the Gemba as Part of the Tidhar Way Training Program }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={957-966}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/917}, affiliation={Lean Israel, Partner ; Tidhar, Knowledge Manager and Lean leader ; Technion, Associate Professor ; Technion, PHD Candidate }, abstract={Implementing lean management systems is based on implementing lean tools and fundamental cultural change. Most organizations manage to apply several lean tools on the technical level but find it hard to make the leap towards true lean transformation. Tidhar, a leading Israeli construction company, was no different. Its journey started with implementing VSM, A3 and parts of the LPS™, but in order to make a significant change a concentrated management training program was necessary. 'Tidhar Lean Boot Camp' is a basic six day lean training program and its purpose is to transform traditional managers into lean managers by breaking existing paradigms, understanding wastes, seeing them first hand in the Gemba and learning to use standard lean management tools to eliminate them. This article reports on the learning achieved during two days of a recent boot camp session that were devoted to first-hand work in the Gemba, where ten experienced managers from different levels and departments undertook trade work in the field. The results were overwhelming as each manager came back with at least two or three fundamental wastes that could not be noticed in any way other than by living this experience. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kirchbach2013, author={Kirchbach, Kim and Steuer, Dominik and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Introduction of a Digital Earthwork Construction Site}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={791-800}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/918}, affiliation={Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 60848223, kim.kirchbach@kit.edu ; Graduate Student. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, dominik.steuer@student.kit.edu ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 60842646, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu }, abstract={The concept of the “digital factory” has already been successfully implemented in the automotive and manufacturing industry. An adaption, following lean principles, to the construction site seems promising. Combining sensors, information technology, and approaches of Building information modeling (BIM) allows a cross-linking of construction machines and therefore offers a higher level of information transparency. This enables construction machines a faster way of discovering changes through the dynamics of the construction process (change of soil class, weather conditions, etc.). Higher transparency and reduced waste can lead not only to a higher utilization of one construction machine but also to a higher efficiency of the whole process chain by the related lean management methods. The collected information can also be used for a new and dynamic type of allocation of the construction machines based on a flexible Kanban system. An improved constructive cooperation and coordination (e.g. reduced waiting or unproductive times) ensures that potentials will be exploited and a value maximization achieved. This paper will show a theoretical model, based on expert interviews and stochastic simulations. It provides an estimation of the implementation cost and running expenses in comparison with the mentioned potential for optimization }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, IT in Lean, standardization, visual management, Last Planner System }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2013, author={Koskela, Lauri and Bølviken, Trond and Rooke, John }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Which Are the Wastes of Construction?}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={3-12}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/919}, affiliation={Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Crescent, Salford, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk. ; Director, Strategy and Improvement, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Crescent, Salford, jalfro@eml.cc }, abstract={In the Toyota Production System, the seven wastes presented by Ohno have provided understanding on the foundations of production management and guidance for action for more than half a century. This list has been widely used also when the Toyota Production System and its derivatives, like lean production, have been adapted and diffused into other industries, such as construction. However, the seven wastes originate from a mass production context and do not cover, for example, the design stage of a productive endeavour, as it is commonly found in construction. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of waste in construction as well as to explore the potential of creating a list of wastes particularly for this type of production. Such a list would be instrumental in creating awareness on the major waste types occurring in construction, as well as mobilizing action towards stemming, reducing and eliminating them. The discussion is structured by analyzing the sufficiency of the classical seven wastes from a construction viewpoint and by exploring alternative wastes in cases where the classical list is not found adequate. It is anticipated that this preparatory discussion will propel the next stage of research towards producing a list of wastes specifically for construction }, author_keywords={Waste, seven wastes, construction management. design management. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kpamma2013, author={Kpamma, E. Zoya and Adjei-Kumi, Theophilus }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Construction Permits and Flow of Projects Within the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={257-266}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/920}, affiliation={Lecturer, Building Technology Department, Sunyani Polytechnic, P.O. Box 206, Sunyani, Ghana, Phone + (233) 244787599, evanskpamma@yahoo.co.uk ; Lecturer, Building Technology Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Phone + (233) 244536995, tadjeikumi@yahoo.com }, abstract={One of the quality control measures in the construction industry in Ghana is the statutory requirement for the acquisition of permits before the commencement of construction work. The acquisition of these permits, among others, ensures quality of building construction products and less impact on the environment. The process of obtaining these permits has however been observed to be associated with steps that affect the flow of pre-construction activities leading to delays, and possibly cost overruns and decreased value of building construction products. The paper examines the processes involved in obtaining building construction permits and how that impacts flow of activities at the pre-construction stage. The study focused on the Sunyani Municipality, an emerging urban area in Ghana. Permit issuing authorities like the Municipal Assembly, the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Fire Service were contacted for data on permit acquisition processes and requirements. Developers and consultants who have been involved in obtaining permits from these authorities were also interviewed. The study points to the acquisition of permits as one of the obstacles in ensuring continuous workflow in the building construction project delivery process, mainly due to lack of integration of process steps as well as delays in processing and issuing the permits }, author_keywords={Construction permit, flow, lean construction, value, integration, waste, Ghana }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ladhad2013, author={Ladhad, Akash and Parrish, Kristen }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Role of Lean Practices for Zero Net Energy Retrofits}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={895-904}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/921}, affiliation={ Graduate Student, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Akash.Ladhad@asu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu; +1-480-727-6363 }, abstract={Many in the construction industry view lean practices as a means for reducing cost and schedule while maintaining or improving quality. We argue lean practices can also be used to promote energy savings throughout a building’s lifecycle. This paper presents a case study of an existing building retrofit in Phoenix, Arizona. The project owner, a general contractor, self-performed much of the building construction and worked to ensure the project team aligned around the project’s zero net energy goal. All building systems, excepting the walls and roof, were re-designed and re- constructed. After retrofit, the building has achieved net-zero energy consumption; that is, the building produces as much energy as it consumes on an annual basis. In this paper, we discuss the role of lean principles and construction practices in making this zero-net-energy retrofit project successful. Specifically, we discuss the effect of shared understanding, work breakdown structure, and early integration of the design and construction teams on energy performance. We highlight the role of these practices in design and construction activities. This case study illustrates the effectiveness of lean practices for achieving energy performance goals and proves feasibility of new work structures on retrofit projects. Based on this case study, we make recommendations for application of lean practices on future zero-net-energy retrofit projects }, author_keywords={Lean construction, work structure, retrofitting, deep energy savings, integration, process, collaboration. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leite2013, author={Leite, Kelma Pinheiro and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Value Stream in Housing Design }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={419-428}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/922}, affiliation={Architect and Urban Planner, Master student at the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. Tel.: +55 85- 99696902, kelmapinheiro@yahoo.com.br ; Civil Engineer, PhD in Business Administration from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Titular Teacher of the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={The introduction of lean thinking in construction, and the achieved benefits, is prompting companies to adopt Lean Design. This research aims proposes improvements to the flow of information in the design of housing enterprises according to the Lean Thinking principles (LT). The companies’ lack of knowledge about its own design processes hinders the identification of activities that do not add value, and it brings about the question “how to minimize the waste generated in the construction companies’ design process?” This research uses the lean tool Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to represent and analyze information throughout the elaboration of vertical multi-familiar housing projects. The method adopted to achieve the goal, includes a case study in a construction company that uses lean principles and is implementing Lean Design, and data analysis. The results highlight the current and future/ideal VSMs, with suggestions for improvements in the analyzed process. }, author_keywords={Architecture, Value Stream Mapping. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lima2013, author={Lima, Mariana M. X. and Rusche, Regina C. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Proposition of an Architectural Design Process Model Based on a Constructivist Decision Support Approach }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={399-407}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/923}, affiliation={PhD. Candidate in Architecture, Technology and Cities, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas – SP, Brazil, lima.mmxavier@gmail.com ; Professor, Department of Architecture and Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas – SP, Brazil, regina@fec.unicamp.b }, abstract={This paper presents a model of an architectural design process for multi-performances which incorporates a constructivist approach of multi-criteria decision support. This approach seeks to reconcile the value system of decision makers, as it believes that they do not have the same goals. Thus, the aim is to reach a space of consensus among decision makers (in the case of the design, among experts/designers). This space of consensus must aggregate multiple views of reality arising from each participant. We started from the hypothesis that the incorporation of such an approach helps to reconcile conflicting goals of the project and, therefore, for collaboration among experts since the early stages of design. The proposed model is result of a research based on a Design Science Research approach. This methodological approach suggests the proposition of an artifact to solve a practical problem. In this case, the practical problem is the compatibility of multiple performance dimensions in the project. The proposed artifact is the model of an architectural design process for multi-performances. The application and testing of the model occurred through a didactic experiment. It is expected, through this research, a model of design process that systematizes the participation of experts and promotes collaboration in order to reach compatible goals of different dimensions of performance in a design solution. }, author_keywords={Lean design, decision support, design science research, design process model. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Linnik2013, author={Linnik, Meeli and Berghede, Klas and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={An Experiment in Takt Time Planning Applied to Non-Repetitive Work}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={609-618}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/924}, affiliation={Production Engineer, The Boldt Company, Sutter Medical Center Sacramento Project, 2710 Capitol Avenue, CA 95816-6005, USA, Phone +1 415/710-2824 ; Production Manager, The Boldt Company, Western Operations, 2150 River Plaza Drive, Suite 255, Sacramento, CA 95833 ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 214 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 415/710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Takt time planning has been used in construction, but was limited to highly repetitive projects such as highways, pipelines, high-rise buildings, and single family homes. This paper reports on an experiment in takt time planning applied to non-repetitive work, at the Sutter Health Women’s and Children’s Hospital in Sacramento, CA. Takt time planning is based on location breakdown structures with the objective to make work flow continuously. Expected benefits include reduction in project duration and associated costs, increased transparency and predictability of work flow, increased ability to define and deliver work packages of information and materials when needed, and improved design of operations. All of these benefits were confirmed in the experiment. This paper describes experiments in takt time planning, evaluates the findings, and recommends further improvements in the takt time planning process for future experiments. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, reliability, takt time planning, time compression, work flow. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mariz2013, author={Mariz, Renato Nunes and Picchi, Flávio Augusto }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Application of Standardized Work in Franki Piles Concrete Work }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={461-470}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/925}, affiliation={Ms.C, renatonunesmariz@ hotmail.com Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), Department of Architecture and Building (DAC), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design (FEC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil. ; Professor, LAGERCON/DAC/FEC/UNICAMP, fpicchi@lean.org.br ; Executive Director, Lean Institute Brasil (LIB }, abstract={The application of standardized work in manufacturing has resulted in many benefits, thus motivating researchers to apply it in the construction environment. The paper describes an application of standardized work in the task of Franki Piles concrete work. An exploratory case study was carried out in a residential construction project in Brazil. A method for standardized work application used in manufacturing and described in literature was taken as a basis and partially applied. The conclusions are that main steps of the method and as well as the procedures for data collecting, analysis and documentation of standardized work were successfully adapted to the construction environment studied. These were useful for characterizing wastes and discussing forms for eliminating it systematically, indicating potential gains in productivity of 45% for machines, and 70% for labour in an ideal implementation. }, author_keywords={Standardized work, Lean thinking, Construction. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Martins2013, author={Martins, João and Cachadinha, Nuno }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={An Exploratory Study of Lean Construction in Portugal Owners and Designers' Perspectives}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={997-1006}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/926}, affiliation={FCT-UNL. jrmm9@msn.com ; Asst. Professor, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal presently at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. E-mail: nmpc@.fct.unl.pt }, abstract={As Lean Construction steadily grows all over the world, not much is heard about this new paradigm in Portugal, and the Portuguese construction industry still seems unaware of its potentials. This study aims at characterizing and analyzing the main causes for waste that could be tackled with Lean Construction solutions and techniques in the Portuguese construction sector. It is assumed that lean construction can greatly contribute to the Portuguese construction sector by the positive cost- benefit results. An analysis is made on how lean construction can be beneficial in the Portuguese context, from the perspectives of owners and designers. The study is an exploratory qualitative research that is observational in nature. Overall, 8 private owners, 10 public owners and 13 design firms participated in this study. The results obtained are in line with similar studies and indicate that the origin of most waste in Portuguese projects has its roots in the design phase due to owners’ actions. This work seeks to demonstrate the key role that owners have in the adoptions of lean construction methods and principles, which can be implemented to mitigate the main problems found. }, author_keywords={Owner, Designer, Lean Construction, Waste, Portugal. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{McConaughy2013, author={McConaughy, Tammy and Shirkey, Daniel }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Subcontractor Collaboration and Breakdowns in Production: The Effects of Varied Lps Implementation }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={649-658}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/927}, affiliation={Construction Division Coordination and Certified Lean Six Sigma Black Belt, Alpha Mechanical. Inc. 4885 Greencraig Ln, San Diego, CA 92123; 858-279-1300 ; Technology COE Leader |West Region, Balfour Beatty Construction, 10620 Treena Street #300, San Diego CA 92131; 858-635-7400 }, abstract={The benefits of Last Planner System® (LPS) implementation on a whole project are well established in literature and research about Lean Construction. Throughout the construction industry LPS has been adapted to meet owner needs; industry requirements and individualized to Construction Management specialties. However, the impacts of varying LPS structures, interpretations or deviations implemented by the Owner/ General Contractor/Construction Manager have shown diverse effects on the upstream and downstream flow of construction operations and production specifically relating to subcontractors trades. This variation has led to decreased schedule reliability and ineffective constraint analysis. There are behavioral aspects and sub trade levels of engagement to consider during the implementation of LPS. The authors through surveys, interviews, and direct observations analyzed the specialty trades perceptions of Owner/ General Contractor/ Construction Manager adapted implementation of LPS. Research analysis identifies how variations in LPS implementation lead to failures and losses in productivity, which reduce buy-in of the subcontractor trades. Potential tools, processes and behaviors to mitigate these variations are suggested and analyzed. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Pull, Lean Construction, Work Flow, Collaboration, Promise, Trust. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Melo2013, author={Melo, Reymard Savio Sampaio de and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Collaboration to Extend Target Costing to Non-Multi-Party Contracted Projects: Evidence From Literature}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={237-246}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/928}, affiliation={PhD Student, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil reymardsavio@gmail.com ; Professor, Architecture and Construction Dept., Director of the Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, 951 Albert Einstein Ave, P.O. Box 6021, Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil, Phone: +55 19 3788-2082, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), 214 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Target Costing (TC) has been used in the manufacturing industry as a means of managing product profitability during the product development process. Efforts to adapt the TC manufacturing approach to the construction industry resulted in a management approach called Target Value Design (TVD). So far TVD research and practice are linked and limited to collaborative forms of project delivery based on multi-party contracting such as Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). Prior studies and anecdotal evidence suggest that early collaboration among key project stakeholders plays a significant role throughout the TVD process. As a result, TVD application in less collaborative project delivery arrangements (e.g., design-bidbuild or design-build) remains a challenge. As yet, TVD literature lacks a wide overview of theoretical and empirical evidence relating early collaboration through other means than multi-party contracts. This paper attempts to address this gap in the TVD literature by conducting a systematic mapping study to shed some light on future TVD research. Following an evidence-based approach, we seek to answer the following research question: Which research topics have been covered for promoting collaboration among key project stakeholders (owner, architect, engineers, contractor and subcontractors) when their incentives are not aligned through multi-party contracts? The selected papers are classified with respect to the common research subjects. Out of our sample of 47 papers, the most common categories of research subjects are: project partnering, incentive systems and public-private partnership. These three categories can be considered as evidence clusters and the remaining categories (cooperative procurement, social network analysis, trust and project alliancing) can be considered as scarce evidence. We discuss these categories and suggest future research directions to overcome the potential barriers of TVD application in construction. }, author_keywords={Collaboration; Target Costing; Target Value Design; Construction industry. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2013, author={Filho, Antonio N. de Miranda }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={A Look at the Underlying Causes of Successful Production Systems}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={73-82}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/929}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Ph.D., CEO, Construtora Santo Amaro Ltda., Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br }, abstract={Despite advances in project management methodologies, system design in project production is still a developing topic. It is a common, challengeful issue for firms in different industries because proper strategy-structure alignment is crucial to business performance. The challenge comes from the fact that a myriad of factors can affect the workings of a production system, many of which are unobvious to outsiders. Consequently, the contents of production strategies are often described superficially, neglecting some of the underlying causes of successful production systems. In contrast, this paper argues that best-in-class production systems can only be well understood if their tangible and intangible attributes are captured alongside with contextual factors. This paper aims to show that true best practices and production competences arise from a number of coherent strategic choices that help shape the production system. In addition, it points to the importance of perceiving the implicit leadership assumptions and theoretical foundations because of their role in creating coherence between design and operation decisions. Finally, a theoretical hierarchy of these tangible and intangible attributes is proposed. This extended view on the content of production strategy becomes primordial to understanding the challenge of designing well adjusted lean production systems for construction projects. }, author_keywords={Production strategy, production system design, best practice. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Modegh2013, author={Modegh, Shima Ghavami }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={An Evaluation of Waste in Steel Pipe Rack Installation}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={729-738}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/930}, affiliation={Tenders and Contracts Specialist, Kayson Company, Tehran, Iran, Phone +98 935 1010518, shima.ghavami@gmail.com }, abstract={The new emerging philosophy of lean construction has been increasingly advocated because of the significant outcomes of its application in different projects. Its waste minimization focus is declared to be beneficial in addressing the inherent challenges of construction, i.e. quality failures, low productivity, and cost and schedule overruns. This research aims to identify the common waste factors and unearth the most significant contributors to waste in steel pipe rack installation process. Data collection was through 6 interviews, followed by a questionnaire survey of 43 professionals involved in pipe rack projects. The findings revealed that waiting for equipment and prefabricated steel elements, repair works and inspection time could be considered as the main waste factors. Moreover, poor planning, weak communication, financial problems, lack of coordination-based workflow, poor contractor practices and poor job site management are recognized to be the most prominent root causes of waste generation. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Waste, Waste Causes, Steel Pipe Rack, Petroleum Industry. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Moghadam2013, author={Moghadam, Mana and Al-Hussein, Mohamed }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Resource Optimization for Modular Construction Through Value Stream Map Improvement}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={503-512}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/931}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2W2, Canada, Phone +1 (780) 492-6293, mansoore@ualberta.ca ; Professor, NSERC Industrial Research Chair in the Industrialization of Building Construction, Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2W2, Canada, Phone +1 (780) 492-0599, malhussein@ualberta.ca }, abstract={Implementation of Lean manufacturing begins with the development of value stream maps, which depict process flow in the production line. However, the application of value stream mapping (VSM) in modular manufacturing has various shortcomings, due to the variety of products and the level of customization demanded. One of the challenges is assessing the production rate variations in modular manufacturing activities and resource movements within work stations along the production line. VSM also falls short of verifying prior to implementation that the proposed state will meet the efficiency demands for a variety of products. This research presents a model of resource optimization to develop the VSM, considering variety as an inevitable element in modular construction, and also evaluates the value stream prior to implementation. The methodology provides an efficient method to formulate a set of rules to quantify productivity rate, probabilistic duration, and resource requirements for fabrication of wall components. A simulation model is also generated in order to evaluate the proposed VSM. Current- and future-state maps of the factory production line are compared to prove the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The proposed methodology is validated by a case study – a residential modular factory located in Edmonton, AB, Canada. }, author_keywords={Modular Building, Lean, Production Line, Value Stream Mapping, Product Variation, Resource Optimization, Simulation }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mohamad2013, author={Mohamad, Ahlam and Hickethier, Gernot and Hovestadt, Volkmar and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Use of Modularization in Design as a Strategy to Reduce Component Variety One-Off Projects}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={289-298}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/932}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-44124, ahlam.mohamad@kit.edu ; Research Fellow and Ph.D. Candidate, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-44124, gernot.hickethier@kit.edu ; Dr. Engineer, digitales bauen GmbH, Augartenstraße 1, 76137 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49- 721 5684 787-4, volkmar.hovestadt@digitales-bauen.de ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49- 721608-42646, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu }, abstract={Standardization of work as an essential principle of lean management aims to improve the production process in construction. This paper describes a design strategy which aims to reduce the variety of building components, where this variety affects productivity negatively. The design strategy is based on modularization and standardization. We first review the roots of modularization and standardization, and distinguish the two concepts from each other. Then, we describe the design strategy, which is based on structuring of a building model and defining “modules”. The modeling strategy is implemented in two interrelated steps: (1) modularization, and (2) standardization. (1) The process of modularization defines 'chunks' in the building’s model and the interfaces between them. (2) The process of standardization aligns the structure of the modules to reduce the variety of components. Creation of these standardized modules during design improves application of standardized work and pre-fabrication. We present the described design strategy in two case studies: The first case study presents an example of implementing the design methodology, and the second case study describes the results of the design methodology in reducing the variety of the components. We conclude that modularization improves the potential for standardization in one-off projects, but it should be applied (1) early in design and (2) in an integrated team to identify customer value trade-offs. }, author_keywords={Product variety, Modular design, Modular construction, Standardization, One-off projects }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mostafa2013, author={Mostafa, Sherif and Dumrak, Jantanee }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Leagile Supply Chain for Australian Industrialized House Building}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={175-184}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/933}, affiliation={School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, 5001 SA, Australia ; School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, 5001 SA, Australia }, abstract={The 2012 Australian National Housing Supply Council (NHSC) reported a constantly growing demand for new houses in many capital cities around Australia. Since then, the supply of housing has not responded commensurately to the growing demand. The residential sector challenges this issue by developing and effectively using new materials, processes, and practices to strengthen their competitive advantage against other construction sectors. This paper gives an overview of the Australian housing supply and demand. House builders have been adopting the idea of producing house modules and elements in factories. Therefore, the house building has been changed from traditional to prefabricated supply chain. Managing the prefabricated houses supply chain is playing an important role in the housing supply. A leagile supply chain is introduced to manage the prefabricated supply chain. It employs material and information decoupling points. Four strategies are introduced to balance the trade-offs between the housing supply and demand. Applying any strategy is guided by the factors affecting the housing supply and demand. The three main factors are the house completion time, cost of finished house, and customer preferences. In this paper, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is introduced as a facilitator to the supply chain strategies selection in the Australian housing industry. The AHP model takes the three factors into account for differentiating between the four supply chain strategies. The model was implemented with the aid of the commercial software package known as Expert Choice©. The results from the AHP model show the benefits of each strategy with respect to the factors tested. }, author_keywords={Housing Australia, Supply chain management, Leagile, Decoupling point, AHP. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mryyian2013, author={Mryyian, Mohammad and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Identifying Source of Design Error in the Design of Residential Buildings}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={449-458}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/934}, affiliation={PhD student, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +962787845933; m.mryyian@edu.salford.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2954284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={There is scarce literature discussing errors as a source of waste in design. Also, there is poor understanding on what constitutes waste in the context of design development. This paper aim is to identify the main perceived causes of errors and waste in the design phase of residential buildings. The paper reports on part of an on-going PhD research, which aims to develop a framework to support designers to identify sources of errors and reduce waste through different design phases. In order to obtain an initial understanding of the designers’ perception of waste and gauge their knowledge of design errors, interviews were conducted in Jordan, with senior design engineers from the private sector, lead design engineers from the Jordan Engineers Association, and the assistant to the manager of Public Works. Results demonstrate perceptions that the main causes of errors and waste are related to (a) client changes; (b) design drawing and detail issues; and (c) problems with following regulations and building codes. }, author_keywords={Building Design, Design error, Waste, Non-value adding. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Oliva2013, author={Oliva, Carolina Asensio and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={An Investigation Into Collaborative Practices in Social Housing Projects as a Precondition for Target Value Design Adoption}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={429-437}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/935}, affiliation={Masters´ Degree Student, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON). Department of Architecture and Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. ; Professor, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), Department of Architecture and Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil., adgranja@fec.unicamp.br. }, abstract={Social housing deficit in Brazil is roughly 5.6 million homes. Furthermore, the highly fragmented product development process and the existence of budget constraints and adversarial relationships between stakeholders in this context often represents obstacles to high quality product delivery to end users. Cost cutting requirements often mean quality sufferings and material substandardization, when otherwise they should be seen as a trigger for creativity and innovation along the design process. As collaborative environments are important drivers for target value design applications, we aim to investigate the level of collaboration observed in the design process management on social housing projects of the Brazilian Government program "My House, My Life" (MHML). What common sense suggests is that conventional, noncollaborative design environments are common features of MHML projects, thus it is necessary to investigate how more collaborative approaches such as Target Value Design (TVD) need to be adapted for the use in such contexts. The research formulates the hypothesis that in MHML there is no full awareness of the application of IPD (Integrated Project Delivery) or IFoA (Integrated for of agreement) for achieving collaboration, but some of its features seem indeed to be used, though unconsciously. A case study has been carried out for providing evidences. This is an ongoing research effort that seeks to find potential application of TVD approach to MHML in Brazil. }, author_keywords={Target cost; target value design; design process management. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Páez2013, author={Páez, Holmes and Vargas, Hernando and Ramírez, Laura }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Lean Construction Philosophy Difussion the Colombian Case}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1007-1015}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/936}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, School of Management, Universidad de los Andes, Calle 21 No. 1-20 Piso 9 Bogotá, Colombia, Phone (57-1) 3394949, hpaez@uniandes.edu.co ; Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este No. 19A-40, Phone (57-1) 3324312, Edificio Mario Laserna, Piso 6, Bogotá, Colombia, hvargas@uniandes.edu.co. ; Postgraduate Student, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este No. 19A-40, Phone (57-1) 3324312, Edificio Mario Laserna, Piso 6, Bogotá, Colombia, l.ramirez69@uniandes.edu.co }, abstract={Institutional analysis of organizations have developed a rich framework and empirical insights about how new practices become established via diffusion. Nevertheless, lean construction literature has paid scant attention to organizational practices dissemination and it is important to improve the understanding of how lean construction philosophy diffusion effectively occurs. Drawing on institutional and lean construction literature and interviews with leading construction companies’ directors, this study seeks to understand the case of lean construction dissemination over the Colombian construction housing sector. As a result, the study provides an analysis of the relevance and effectiveness of lean construction diffusion strategies, thus helping construction sector leaders to review and improve current approaches. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, practices, institutions, diffusion, and developing country. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Parrish2013, author={Parrish, Kristen and Whelton, Michael }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Lean Operations an Energy Management Perspective}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={865-874}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/937}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu; +1-480-727-6363 ; Research Associate, Energy Efficient Buildings Hub (EEB Hub), Pennsylvania State University, mwhelton@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={The plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle underpins many lean principles and offers a paradigm for continuous improvement of design, construction, and operations processes. For the operations phase, the PDCA cycle has traditionally been used to improve operations and maintenance (O&M) processes. As part of these O&M process improvements, facility managers are beginning to implement PDCA as a framework for managing building energy consumption. This exploratory paper discusses the application of PDCA and other lean principles--including transparency, alignment around a common goal, and cross-functional teaming--to energy management. It begins with a discussion of how energy management fits in to the Lean Project Delivery System. It then presents the international standard for energy management, ISO 50001, which is underpinned by PDCA. The authors illustrate the effectiveness of the PDCA cycle for energy management through examples from the literature and their own experience, citing how the PDCA could be implemented in various building types in different markets to achieve energy savings goals. The aim of this paper is to begin a discussion within the IGLC community about how energy management fits into lean operations; the authors explore data required to effectively implement PDCA for energy management and discuss work structuring issues related to energy management. Finally, the paper presents best practices for integrating energy management and PDCA into existing O&M processes. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, Energy Management, Lean Operations }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2013, author={Pasquire, Christine and Court, Peter }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={An Exploration of Knowledge and Understanding the Eighth Flow}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={43-52}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/938}, affiliation={Professor of Lean Project Management, School of Architecture Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU UK, Christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Dr Peter F Court, Senior Project Services Manager at Laing O'Rourke Australia Construction PTY email: p.court1@btinternet.com }, abstract={The argument for understanding Lean construction as a socio-technical field is growing and the need to better consider the role of human beings within construction systems is becoming the dominant factor in project success. Many current attributes of lean already focus on people and on human engagement approaches but the field of lean construction addresses project environments that are often complex and highly variable. The authors argue that the successful delivery of these projects relies on the creation of a common understanding of the project objectives within the diverse value systems of project participants and wider society. Additionally, many of the new ways of working that lean thinking brings already support the creation of a common understanding and could be harnessed to better effect. Based on a literature review and supported by case study examples the authors explore the nature of knowledge and understanding and position them within an eight flow model for construction production. The findings indicate a need to reconsider the development of a common understand for each project due to the tacit nature of experiential knowledge held within the project team and the specificity and complexity of the project environment. As a result effort is required to generate and maintain a common understanding throughout the project duration. The continued attention and action required to maintain this common understanding elevates it to a flow of equal status to those identified in Koskela’s flow production model thus increasing the number of flows to eight. A significant lean construction case study is revisited and examined to identify interventions undertaken to achieve this generation and management of common understanding thus demonstrating that this development already exists, albeit intuitively, as an element of “lean thinking”. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, flow, complexity, systems, understanding, value, theory, knowledge. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pereira2013, author={Pereira, Pedro and Cachadinha, Nuno and Zegarra, Omar and Alarcón, Luis }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Bullwhip Effect in Production Control a Comparison Between Traditional Methods and LPS}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={619-628}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/939}, affiliation={MSc., Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal. E-mail: pgp15770@campus.fct.unl.pt ; Asst. Professor, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal presently at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. E-mail: nmpc@.fct.unl.pt ; Candidate and Graduate Researcher at Centro de Excelencia en Gestión de Producción (GEPUC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. E-mail:ozegarra@uc.cl ; Head and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidade Católica de Chile. E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Last Planner System (LPS) has produced good results in reducing production time of construction projects, increasing productivity and mitigating the variability that is inherent to construction management. However, the Percent Plan Complete (PPC) rates usually obtained are still far from the ideal value of 100%. This study evaluates the hypothesis that the Bullwhip Effect (BWE) – the cumulative distortion of variability - exists in traditional control methods, which don’t have explicit and systematized mechanisms for variability reduction in production control, but also in LPS. To verify this hypothesis a method was formulated to extend the scope of the detection and quantification of the BWE in projects using LPS to traditional production control system (TPCS) methods. It was concluded that the BWE exists in both production control systems – Traditional and LPS’s – and that the BWE is not necessarily bigger in the traditional -system, even though the variability associated is much higher. The use of a BWE index is proposed as a tool for monitoring and controlling variability of production control in construction projects, as well as the utilization of this index as a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) that provides the stakeholders with a deeper control of the variability in both production systems. }, author_keywords={Bullwhip Effect, Production Control, Last Planner System, Variability, Planning Management }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Priven2013, author={Priven, Vitaliy and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Social Network Development in Last Planner System Implementations}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={537-548}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/940}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Virtual Construction Laboratory, National Building Research Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8292245, vitaliyp@technion.ac.il ; Assoc. Prof., Head Dept. of Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il }, abstract={Observations on construction sites have shown that even when the Last Planner System™ (LPS) is implemented only partially, it can still achieve positive results. We hypothesize that part of the explanation for this is that the weekly work meetings engender a social network among the subcontractors, with concomitant improvement in communication, reliability and trust, and in this way enhances coordination and results in better workflow. In the first step of research designed to test this idea, eight construction projects were monitored over time, using social network analysis (SNA), to explore the relationships between the extent of LPS implementations and the strength of the social networks that developed. Positive correlation was found between the two. Weekly work planning meetings appear to be the main catalyst for strengthening the social networks. Communication between construction crews from different ethnic groups was found to be strongly dependent on the LPS implementations. The next steps will seek to isolate the relationship between the strength of the social networks and the resultant work flows, both in the presence of and without LPS, to better explain the social mechanism of the LPS. }, author_keywords={Last planner system, work flow, communication, collaboration, reliability, trust. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{El.Reifi2013, author={El.Reifi, M. H. and Emmitt, S. and Ruikar, K. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Developing a Conceptual Lean Briefing Process Model for Lean Design Management}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={329-338}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/941}, affiliation={Research Student, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 1509 223981, M.H.El-Reifi@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 1509 222815, S.Emmitt@lboro.ac.uk ; Senior lecturer, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 1509 223774, k.d.ruikar@lboro.ac.uk }, abstract={Although the concept of lean design management in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) is still evolving and open to debate, it has helped to emphasise the importance of value and waste to the design team. An essential element of lean design management is briefing. Briefing is the process by which clients express and articulate their desires, and from which the design team develop their design. From a design management perspective briefing is a crucial stage in which values are explored and value expressed; and a process that could be better managed to help eliminate uncertainty and waste in the design and construction phases. A comprehensive literature review found that, aspects of process waste relating to ineffective briefing appear to have been neglected to date, which stimulated the idea of rethinking the briefing process to address waste at its origin. The research exposed limitations with current approaches to briefing and identified the potential for change. Applying lean thinking to the briefing process, with emphasis on value and flow, appears to provide an alternative approach to the traditional methods. A conceptual lean briefing process model is introduced by the authors, using lean management principles to achieve best value from the briefing process. This work reports the outcome of the first phase of the on-going research that aims to investigate and analyse the application of lean management principles in the briefing process for lean design management implementation; and to explore its validity within Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) projects’ by looking at the theory and the application of lean design management. It is hoped that, this study followed by the outcome of the on-going research will contribute to the theoretical understanding and practical implementation of lean design management in AEC. }, author_keywords={Briefing; information flow; lean design management; design process waste; value stream }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rocha2013, author={Rocha, Cecília Gravina da and Kemmer, Sergio Luiz }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Managing the Information Flow in Customised Apartment Building Projects}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={279-288}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/942}, affiliation={Civil Engineering Department (DECIV), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 3rd floor, 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., Centro, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, cecilia.rocha@ufrgs.br ; PhD Candidate, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, CNPq Scholar – Brazil, S.Kemmer@edu.salford.ac.uk. }, abstract={The adoption of customisation strategies increases the degree of clients’ involvement in apartments building development and production and also the amount of information that needs to be managed. In such strategies, clients’ specific requirements need to be translated into design and construction instructions. Failure in efficiently and effectively processing this information can result in apartments that do not fulfil clients’ requirements and/or drawbacks in the construction process such as delays or reworks. As a result, having an appropriate information flow among companies, clients, and suppliers is an important success factor for a customisation strategy. This paper presents the evolution of the information flow in four apartment building projects developed by a Brazilian construction company. This research follows a previous study on the same topic (i.e. customisation in house-building) published in 2010 at the IGLC conference. While that paper sought to describe a set of practices applied by this company for managing customisation and its connections with lean concepts and principles, this one aims to show how those practices have evolved through time. Thus, based on the analysis of these practices, this paper aims to provide guidance on how to manage the information flow in customisation strategies. }, author_keywords={Customisation, production, information flow, apartment building project. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rosas2013, author={Rosas, Eduardo }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Integrating the Design Structure Matrix and the Last Planner System Into Building Design}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={389-398}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/943}, affiliation={MSc., Chief Operations Officer, PRO Constructora e Inmobiliaria, Civil Engineer, Lima, Peru, Phone +(511) 971065787, erosas@proinmobiliaria.pe }, abstract={This paper proposes to reduce uncertainty in design management through the combined application of the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) and the Last Planner System™ (LPS) methodologies. DSM offers a powerful visualisation tool that facilitates the management of design iteration in order to achieve an optimal sequence of tasks. It will be claimed that DSM is particularly oriented towards Lean Construction, in the sense that, it creates value through dependency identification where assumptions are minimised. It facilitates the analysis of design information and decision-making process based on the real customer demands. However, the use of DSM does not extend to the application of the designed sequence in practice. In other words, controlling the implementation of the optimal design sequence is a keymissing piece in what DSM can offer. For this reason, this paper proposes the use of LPS, a Lean control methodology that forces the realisation of plans, to be integrated with DSM. The integrated application on both tools can improve the reliability of plans, enforce the optimal sequence and facilitate corrective action by the work team. }, author_keywords={Design, Integration, Design Structure Matrix, Last Planner System™. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2013, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Forbes, Lincoln H. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={On the Back of a Cocktail Napkin an Exploration on Graphic Definitions of Lean Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={83-92}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/944}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, zrybkowski@tamu.edu, 979-845-4354, corresponding author ; Associate Professor, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, tariq@msu.edu ; Adjunct Professor, Department of Construction Management, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, lhforbes@gmail.com }, abstract={Quick descriptive sketches made on the backs of cocktail napkins are a tradition in the architectural profession and are representative of the visionary conversations that take place between business associates in relaxed venues where fresh ideas are sometimes first hatched. In this paper, we propose the use of this technique to better convey and capture the principles of the growing and evolving discipline of Lean Construction. Whether they occur in academic classrooms or professional worksites, exploratory conversations about Lean Construction also suggest there may be a need for an easy-to-understand, easy-to-represent graphic definition (“cocktail napkin sketch”) that can quickly communicate key components of lean thinking to those wishing to understand and potentially implement lean. This paper shares an exploratory analysis of the results that emerged from cocktail napkin exercises administered three times from Feb 2011 to April 2012: at an IGLC mid-year meeting in New York, NY; at an LCI workshop in Houston, TX; and at an LCI-Academic Forum in Boulder, CO. Finally, the authors propose a graphic definition of Lean Construction, distilled from submissions made during these events that might serve as a potential starting point for future discussion and refinement. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, cocktail napkin exercise, simulation, lean definition, graphic representation }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2013, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Rooke, John and Koskela, Lauri and Kemmer, Sérgio }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Guidelines for the Management of Complex Socio Technical Systems}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={13-22}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/945}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; PhD student, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, S.Kemmer@salford.ac.uk (scholarship granted by CNPq, Brazil) }, abstract={While lean construction supports the management of complexity, a set of guidelines has not yet been articulated and explicitly linked to complex systems theory. In this study, six guidelines for managing complex socio-technical systems (CSS), proposed by the authors of this paper in an earlier work, are adopted as a basis. The guidelines are: (a) design slack; (b) encourage diversity of perspectives when making decisions; (c) anticipate and monitor the impact of small changes; (d) monitor the gap between guideline and practice; (e) give visibility to processes and outcomes; and (f) create an environment that supports resilience. The applicability of the guidelines to construction is illustrated by an exploratory study of a refurbishment project. Also, as the use of the guidelines only makes sense in a CSS, the investigated project is described according to a set of characteristics of complexity. }, author_keywords={Complex systems, socio-technical systems, refurbishment. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2013, author={Schöttle, Annett and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Incentive Structure in Public Design-Bid-Build Tendering and Its Effects on Projects}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={227-236}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/946}, affiliation={Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-45259, Annett.Schoettle@kit.edu. ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-42646, Fritz.Gehbauer@kit.edu. }, abstract={Organizational theory argues that the more dynamic and uncertain the environment, the stricter are regulations and organizational structures. Germany’s public sector is restricted by tendering regulations resulting in a strict design-bid-build tendering. These legal regulations, as well as contractual penalties, create an incentive structure which often leads to uncooperative behavior of the project partners. This paper identifies the negative incentives of strict design-bid-build tendering and explains their effects on projects. Data was collected from one public authority, and data shows that contractors are selected based on lowest bid. Thus, we argue that this tendering procedure leads to speculative behavior of the contractors, which results in unrealistic cost estimation and an intensified focus on claim management to compensate for below-cost bids. Furthermore, the design-bid-build tendering procedure strictly separates planning and execution phases, resulting in communication barriers between architects and construction companies. With regard to the non-collaborative up to hostile behavior three current public mega projects in Germany will be reviewed in brief, and of these the project Elbphilharmonie Hamburg will be discussed in more depth based on the tendering procedure and the contractual situation. We conclude that due to increasing uncertainty and complexity in projects, as well as the way of interaction between the project parties, that the current tendering procedure and the form of contracts impede collaboration. Therefore, incentives are needed which foster the collaboration in public projects. }, author_keywords={Contract, collaboration, incentives, tendering, relational, transactional. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2013, author={Seppänen, Olli and Evinger, Jake and Mouflard, Christopher }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Comparison of LBMS Schedule Forecasts to Actual Progress}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={569-578}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/947}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Director of VDC Services, Trimble Navigation Limited, olli_seppanen@trimble.com ; Senior Project Manager, Trimble VDC Services, jake_evinger@trimble.com ; Project Engineer, Trimble VDC Services, chris_mouflard@trimble.com }, abstract={Location-based Management System (LBMS) uses actual progress, resource, and productivity data to calculate schedule forecasts. The forecasting method has been developed by using empirical results from real construction projects and these forecasts are intended to be used as early warnings to highlight production problems and interference before they occur. It is expected that control actions are taken in response to adverse forecasts to prevent the forecasted problems from happening on site. The updated forecasting system based on earlier research has been used in several projects and now there is enough data to evaluate how well the forecasts reflect reality. In this research, forecasts from two hospital construction projects were evaluated for accuracy. Tasks were selected for analysis based on their manhour count, availability of accurate resource data and full completion of the operation. Forecasts were reviewed at four dates during performance of each task. The forecast on each date was compared to actual progress on these four dates. Results show that certain deviations such as working out of sequence, not finishing locations or working in several locations at the same time severely impact the forecasting ability of LBMS and make the project schedules unpredictable. Forecasting is accurate in the short term if there are no special circumstances and the work proceeds continuously. }, author_keywords={Location-Based Management Systems, CPM, flowline, Production Control. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Siren2013, author={Siren, Kari and Pennanen, Ari }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Eletrical Systems Procurment by Means of Target Costing}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={145-154}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/948}, affiliation={Kari Siren. Managing Director , Electrical Technology Ltd Kari Siren (Sähkötekniikka Oy Kari Siren), Finland ; Adjunct Professor (Tampere University of Technology). Partner of Haahtela Project Management Group, Finland. ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi. www.haahtela.fi }, abstract={Electrical systems are typically procured through detailed drawings and specifications. In the case of an intense project timetable, the procurement process lacks time to commit the potential suppliers to the project and to compile precise and detailed design and bidding documents. This paper introduces methodology for preparing the tendering documents directly from the performance criteria set for electrical systems before the electrical design commences. In Finland, target costing methodology in construction is based on a constructive Building Information Model (BIM) prior design. Component-level target costing uses performance criteria set for the spaces (such as 400 lux lighting) as initial information. The result with a BIM design is a priced bill of quantities that indicates the target cost for the future design process. In this paper, it has been used as a tendering document before the start of design. For the most part, HVACE systems are composed of a producing element, a linking element, and a functional element. For instance, the elements in lighting are the switchboards, cables, and luminaires, and those in cooling are cooling units, pipes, and cooling beams. These elements can be modelled through building-informationmodelling- based prior design. In the case studies of this paper, the electrical systems suppliers were selected before the electrical design. The suppliers have given positive feedback because of the ease of tendering, opportunity to participate in the design, and possibility to schedule the work on their sites earlier. Managing the changing quantities in the contracts has been possible because of the unit pricing for costs. The target costing process and design steering during the design have ensured successful cost management. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, open building, building flexibility, procurement, cost modelling, target costing, electrical systems. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Smith2013, author={Smith, James P. and Rybkowski, Zofia K. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Maroon-White Game a Simulation of Trust and Long-Term Gains and Losses}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={987-996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/949}, affiliation={Primary Contact: Ph.D. Student, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A., james.smith@tamu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A. }, abstract={This paper explains how to play and facilitate the Maroon-White Game—a modified version of the Red-Black Game—which, like its predecessor, uses point maximization to motivate team performance. The Red-Black Game was designed to demonstrate to players the advantages of systems thinking, as opposed to suboptimization, during a live playing of the game. Although effective in illustrating the greater mathematic gains incurred from systems thinking to a community-at-large, the simulation might be criticized in that obtaining a larger group gain appears to require individual diminishment—a practice that may not be as easily embraced in capitalistic societies or in societies that cherish individualism over collectivism. The Maroon-White Game is based on rules from the Red-Black Game, and is designed to help participants recognize two main concepts relating to suboptimization: (1) our natural tendency, generally speaking, to sub-optimize in a competitive group setting; and (2) the effects of sub-optimization on relational sustainability and long-term gains and losses. Examining results from multiple playings of the Maroon-White Game illustrates the impact of trust—both earned and broken—on total point-based gains and losses returned not only to the community-atlarge, but also to individuals, over time. }, author_keywords={Trust, collaboration, commitment, integrated form of agreement, game theory, problem-based learning, simulation. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Souza2013, author={Souza, Diego Vinicius Souza de and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Practices for Designing and Improving Construction Supply Chain Management}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={155-164}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/950}, affiliation={PhD Student, College of Science & Technology, School of the Built Environment, The Crescent – Maxwell Building, 4th floor – Room 412, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, Phone +44 (0) 161 295 4748, d.v.souzadesouza@edu.salford.ac.uk ; Professor, College of Science & Technology, School of the Built Environment, The Crescent – Maxwell Building, 4th floor – Room 412, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, Phone +44 (0) 161 295 6378, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper aims at proposing a set of practices for designing and improving construction supply chain management. Such practices were developed based on broad literature review and on interviews conducted in late 2012 and early 2013. Construction companies face difficulties in coordinating supply chain management towards value generation. Results indicate that construction companies building unique projects require a specific approach for managing their supply chains. Outcomes also show that the proposition of contextualized practices facilitates supply chain management in such complex environment, and enables enhanced project delivery. Even though this is a theoretical study, the paper’s findings are useful to both practitioners and academic researchers. }, author_keywords={Construction, Supply chain management, Practices, Design, Improvement. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Steinhaeusser2013, author={Steinhaeusser, Tobias and Elezi, Fatos and Tommelein, Iris D. and Lindemann, Udo }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Management Cybernetics as a Theoretical Basis for Lean Thinking}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={53-62}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/951}, affiliation={UC Berkeley. tobias.steinhaeusser@gmail.com ; M.Sc., Institute for Product Development, Technical University of Munich. fatos.elezi@pe.mw.tum.de ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Institute for Product Development, Technical University of Munich. lindemann@pe.mw.tum.de }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to explore to what extent lean thinking embraces the notions of Stafford Beer’s management cybernetics. According to Beer, any successful organization responds to the laws of management cybernetics. As there are numerous successful enterprises that use lean thinking as a philosophy, this quest seems promising and may offer the opportunity to sharpen understanding of lean practices and possibly identify new concepts that can be incorporated into lean thinking. For this purpose, we first describe the differences of origins and language used in both theories. Then, we discuss the ideas of management cybernetics, with focus on the governing rules this approach to management puts forth. Based on this, a selection of lean thinking rules are described from a management cybernetics perspective. We conclude that management cybernetics can serve as a theoretical background for lean thinking and offers an additional perspective for lean applications. }, author_keywords={Theory; lean management; management cybernetics; systems theory; Viable System Model }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Suttie2013, author={Suttie, Jennifer B.A. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Impacts and Effects of Integrated Project Delivery on Participating Organisations With a Focus on Organisational Culture}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={267-276}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/952}, affiliation={Buro Happold Inc, 228 Grant Avenue, 4TH Floor, San Francisco, CA 94108, USA, Phone +1 (415) 778 2797, jeni.suttie@burohappold.com }, abstract={This research focuses on a causal link between the involvement in Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and changes in organisational culture within the participating organisations. It investigates the impacts and effects of IPD on these organisations and examines if these in turn can influence the organisational culture. The study examines organisations from the standpoint of during and after involvement in IPD projects. Primary data for the research was collected through interviews with selected professionals from architectural, engineering and contractor organisations who had previously had experience on or were currently involved in, an IPD construction project. This data was examined together with secondary data collected from selected IPD case studies. This research concludes that the involvement in IPD has the potential to lead to cultural change within the participating organisations. This includes influencing participating employee behaviour and attitudes, company processes and working practices. The main factors found to have the greatest impact on the participating organisations were; the lean tools and techniques used on the projects and the increase in understanding and knowledge of other professional disciplines gained in the process through the participation in a co-located multi-discipline team. The recommendations following on from these conclusions include the use of continuous improvement, an investment in education and training within organisations in order to improve understanding of other disciplines and the possible internal adoption of lean tools and techniques. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, Integrated Project Delivery, Organisational Culture, Organisational Change, Implementation. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tezel2013, author={Tezel, Algan and Koskela, Lauri J. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Visual Management in Industrial Construction a Case Study}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={471-480}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/953}, affiliation={PhD, Planning Engineer, algantezel@gmail.com ; Professor, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Visual Management (VM) is a distinctive communication strategy that is frequently observed at lean work settings to varying degrees. It relies on the effectiveness of visual communication and catchy visual systems to create visual communication for different managerial purposes. VM in construction has generally been discussed within a building construction context to date. This paper investigates the VM realisation means (visual tools) and attributes in the construction process of a very large industrial facility, which mainly involves mechanical and electrical construction works. A VM research on the construction site of an industrial facility will help address a gap in the field and extend the understanding of the VM applications in a different construction context other than the building construction/renovation. The research question of how VM is realized in the industrial construction context was investigated through the case study research method. One of the biggest subcontractors of a very large gas-processing facility was studied in terms of their VM approach and applications. Interviews, site observation and photographic documentation are the main data collection methods. New VM application opportunities in pipe spool fabrication and crane management were identified. Some industrial construction specific visual systems, VM application attributes for industrial constructions, managerial insights and future application directions were also captured and presented. }, author_keywords={Process transparency, Visual Management, Industrial construction. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thorstensen2013, author={Thorstensen, Rein Terje and Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Skaar, John and Jensen, Sigmund }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Last Planner System Innovation Efforts on Requirements for Digital Management System}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={669-678}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/954}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Dept for Engineering Science, University of Agder, Jon Lilletunsvei 9, 4879 Grimstad, NORWAY, Phone +47 37 23 30 00, rein.t.thorstensen@uia.no ; Professor, Dept for Working life and Innovation, University of Agder, Jon Lilletunsvei 9, 4879 Grimstad, NORWAY, Phone +47 37 23 30 00, bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Lean Construction Manager at Skanska Norway, Skanska, Rigedalen 15,4626 Kristiansand, NORWAY, Phone +47 45 86 91 78, john.skaar@skanska.no ; Supply chain manager at Skanska Norway, Skanska, Rigedalen 15,4626 Kristiansand, NORWAY, Phone + 47 98 21 02 76, sigmund.jensen@skanska.no }, abstract={The plans and on-going efforts of a major Scandinavian construction company to digitalise their LPS-inspired planning processes have provided the focus in this paper. A management system designed to reduce uncertainty by ensuring that soundness criterions are met, is proposed and discussed. The proposal involves predefining “process trains” and introducing tollgates and a traffic light system to visualize the soundness status. Our conclusion is that such a system is possible and desirable provided that the user threshold is low and that the system is low-maintenance. The latter is achieved by as far as possible making it an automatic part of other, already existing processes. If successful, the system could also provide additional support for decision-making in relation to principals and engineering issues. }, author_keywords={Last planner system (LPS), digitalising, tollgates for sound activities, visualising }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2013, author={Tillmann, Patricia and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Contributions of Existing Practices to Pursuing Value in Construction Projects}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={359-368}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/955}, affiliation={Post-doc, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 407 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, USA. patriciatillmann@berkeley.edu ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, Maxwell Building, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, M5 4WT. p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Osvaldo Aranha, 99. Porto Alegre, Brazil. formoso@ufrgs.br ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 214 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This research was motivated by the identification of a practical problem with theoretical relevance. Empirical observation of a large infrastructure programme pointed out managerial difficulties to achieve the expected outcomes of that construction project. The observed problem is related to the challenge of collectively defining and pursuing a project’s value proposition throughout its entire implementation. In order to better understand the nature of this problem and search for potential solutions, this research focused on evaluating the contributions of existing practices to solve the problem in hand. For that, a design science research methodology was adopted and with emphasis on the evaluative aspect of such method. Two existing practices were evaluated: the BeReal model, being developed and tested in healthcare infrastructure projects in the UK; and the Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS), being developed and tested in different construction projects in the US. While the BeReal model was specifically designed to support project teams to collectively define and pursue outcomes throughout project implementation, the LPDS brings critical elements for establishing the desired conditions that allow teams to collectively pursue value. The findings of this research indicate that it is necessary to combine the different underlying rationale of the analysed approaches to improve value generation in the construction industry: engagement of key players in a value definition and value pursuit effort; the establishment of favorable conditions for them to work together and the formulation and specification of goals, which are aligned with business strategy and reviewed and refined by key players. }, author_keywords={Value Generation, Project Management, Value Management, Evaluation Research. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2013, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Azambuja, Marcelo and Hamzeh, Farook R. and Menches, Cindy and Rybkowski, Zofia K. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Teaching Lean Construction Perspectives on Theory and Practice}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={977-986}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/956}, affiliation={Owner, Navilean, Brookline, MA, 02445, USA, Phone +1 510/593-4884, research@navilean.com ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Construction, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA, Phone +1 618/650-3845, mazambu@siue.edu ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 406E Bechtel, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil, Arch. and Env. Eng., Illinois Inst. of Tech., Chicago, IL, 60616-3793, USA, Phone +1 312/567-3630, cmenches@iit.edu ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, USA, Phone +1 (979) 845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu }, abstract={This paper builds on the IGLC paper, “Different Perspectives on Teaching Lean Construction,” presented last year by Tsao et al. that documented teaching approaches from three different Lean Construction (LC) university course offerings. It aggregated the approaches taken by the course offerings, the Lean Construction Institute (LCI), and the Associated General Contractors of America to develop recommendations for learning modules, outcomes, and strategies for an introductory LC university course. This paper provides four additional distinct perspectives to continue the conversation about teaching LC in a university setting. It illustrates the authors’ differences in teaching approaches, experiences, and lessons learned from course offerings in the United States and Lebanon. The paper offers additional ideas for providing “proof of concept” to students and further illustrates how teaching LC effectively requires a combination of readings, lectures, discussions, simulation exercises, field trips, and guest speakers to mix theory with action. The paper then aggregates seven teaching perspectives in a single table to provide an overview of different approaches for teaching an introductory university-level course on LC. }, author_keywords={University Teaching, Syllabus Design, Instruction Structure, Action Learning, Lessons Learned, Proof of Concept }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2013, author={Valente, Caroline P. and Montenegro, Germano A. and Brito, Felipe L. and Biotto, Clarissa N. and Mota, Bruno P. and Schramm, Fábio K. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Benefits of Batch Size Reduction: A Case Study in a Residential Project}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1029-1038}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/957}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Lean & Green Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, caroline@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Project Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, germano@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Project Supervisor, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, felipe@crolim.com.br ; Architect, Sistema de Planejamento e Produção - SIPPRO, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, clerwice@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Sistema de Planejamento e Produção - SIPPRO, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, bruno@pauta.eng.br ; Architect, Associate Professor, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas-RS, Brazil, fabioks@ufpel.edu.br }, abstract={The line of balance (LOB) is a tool used for long-term planning of projects, especially because it highlights visually, several information such as work place, sequence of activities, number of teams and work in progress (WIP). Because the LOB makes transparent workflows for project managers, this tool can be used to simulate different alternatives and discuss plans and installment strategies. This research presents a continuous improvement of a previous study in the same issue (using line of balance on simulation of execution strategy) published in 2008 at the IGLC Conference. This article aims to indicate through a case study at a Brazilian construction company, improvements that can be expanded to project’s management through reduction of batch sizes and balance of workflow. The methodology for developing this paper includes: literature review regarding the concepts of just-intime and line of balance, in order to identify which variables should be modified during the simulation of different scenarios; characterization of the company and the project to be studied; simulation of two scenarios with changes in the variables chosen; analysis of the simulated scenarios; choose the scenario that was leaner and met the needs of project managers, and, finally, identification of improvements from this new scenario. The results of this study reinforce the benefits suggested by the reduction of batch size, like reduction of amount of teams, increased repeatability, increased learning effect and greater control of project managers on site logistics. In fact, it was also identified a better adherence to production batch, reducing by 12% the project’s total term. Moreover, it’s possible to mention the difficulty of subcontractors to adapt to pace of the new LOB. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, line of balance, batch size reduction. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2013, author={Valente, Caroline P. and Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. A. and Neto, José de Paula B. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Lean and green how both philosophies can interact on strategic, tactical and operational levels of a company}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={925-934}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/958}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Lean & Green Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, caroline@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Director, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Professor, Dr., Dean of Technological Center of UFC (Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={The Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) industry has a large impact on society, from environmental, economic, and social perspectives. Thus, concerns about sustainability are urgent. This term is evolving, and it is observed that its future on industry is correlated with other production philosophies. Some authors point to lean thinking as the first step towards a sustainable future. This paper aims to indicate, through a case study, how Lean and Green can complement and help each other in strategic, tactical and operational objectives of a company. The methodology for developing this paper includes: literature review about Lean and Green philosophies and their interaction in this industrial sector; characterization of the company (which has a nationally and internationally environmental pre-certified building), through semi-structured interviews with top managers and project managers, in order to understand strategic, tactical and operational levels; and, finally, the identification of interaction or points of complementarity of the two philosophies in these spheres. The main result of this work is the understanding that, within the strategic area, which has consistent lean management philosophy, sustainable construction is considered a way of adding value to customer. This enables lean and green philosophies to permeate tactical and operational levels as well. Moreover, it is also identified some practical approaches on how Lean and Green interact at construction sites, which some authors consider more difficult due to conceptual differences between these two philosophies. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, green building, sustainability, environment, LEED. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Viana2013, author={Viana, Daniela Dietz and Bulhões, Iamara Rossi and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Guidelines for integrated planning and control of engineer-to-order prefabrication systems}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={549-558}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/959}, affiliation={Ph.D Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, danidietz@gmail.com ; Ph.D., Researcher at LOPP/UFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Praça Argentina nº 9, 2º andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: +55 51 33084007, ibulhoes@yahoo.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The industrialization of construction processes is an important strategy for improving quality and productivity in construction. However, the adoption of industrialized technologies does not necessarily have a high impact in the overall performance of the production system. In fact, most papers on the implementation of Lean concepts and principles in prefabricated building systems have focused on a particular stage of the construction process, such as design, prefabrication or assembly. This paper is concerned with planning and controlling engineer-to-order (ETO) prefabricated systems, in which a single company is responsible for designing, and prefabricating components, and assembling them on site. This paper reports the preliminary results of an ongoing research project that aims to understand how the assembly process at the construction site can pull the prefabrication of components in a context with high variability. It is based on a study carried out at a steel fabricator company in which an integrated planning and control model has been developed, involving design, prefabrication and site assembly. This paper presents a set of guidelines for devising planning and control systems in such an environment. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, prefabrication, pull production, engineer-to-order }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vivan2013, author={Vivan, André Luiz and Paliari, José Carlos }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Proposal of a set-based concurrent model for the construction industry}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={409-418}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/960}, affiliation={Master’s in Civil Construction, Postgraduate Program in Structures and Civil Construction at the Federal University of São Carlos – PPGECiv-UFSCar, andre.vivan@ufscar.br ; Prof. Dr., Federal University of São Carlos – UFSCar, Department of Civil Engineering – DECiv, jpaliari@ufscar.br }, abstract={Concurrent Engineering (CE) is commonly employed in high-tech industries. CE can generally be applied by means of point-based and set-based strategies. However, although several related studies have been published, these strategies still lack systematic structuring for the operationalization of CE in the Civil Construction Industry (CCI). The purpose of this study, therefore, was to develop a set-based operational model based on the Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS), since this system is designed for practices in CE environments. This is a theoretical work developed from the rationale that the use of set-based concurrent models can more adequately model the use of LPDS-based CE. The main contribution of this paper is the proposal of a concurrent model for managing the development of the design process in the CCI. This work is considered important for the sector because it expands the theoretical bases of the areas of construction management and economics by proposing an operational model that contributes to a better understanding and use of Lean philosophy in the design process in the CCI. }, author_keywords={Concurrent engineering, flow, collaboration, set-based strategy. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wehbe2013, author={Wehbe, Farah A. and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Failure mode and effect analysis as a tool for risk management in construction planning}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={481-490}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/961}, affiliation={Masters Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, faw01@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 406E Bechtel, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Construction projects are known for having an inherent risk affecting both schedule and cost considerably. High levels of uncertainty and risk are typical for the construction industry and are significantly manifested as project size and complexity increase. Risk management practices are underutilized in the construction industry. This paper focuses on the use of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) within the Last Planner System (LPS) as a tool for risk management at the lookahead planning level which connects master and phase scheduling to production planning. FMEA has been widely used in the manufacturing industry to study potential failures along with their impacts and suggest remedial measures. However, its use in construction remains very limited especially at the planning level. The purpose of this paper is to study the integration of FMEA into construction planning for projects using the Last Planner System and its impact on workflow and project performance. The paper introduces a planning process model with integrated risk management employing FMEA at the lookahead planning level and combining aspects of first-run studies. The model involves: risk identification, risk assessment and analysis, risk monitoring, and contingency planning. The study contributes to the overall understanding of construction planning by laying-out a framework for identifying risks, mitigating those risks, and allocating contingencies. }, author_keywords={Risk management, FMEA, lookahead planning, LPS, workflow. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wesz2013, author={Wesz, Josana G. B. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Tzotzopoulos, Patrícia }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Design process planning and control last planner system adaptation}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={369-378}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/962}, affiliation={M.Sc. Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, jowesz@yahoo.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2954284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Many companies are seeking to improve their design process through the application of lean principles. However, to implement lean concepts effectively, companies must first achieve basic design process stability by controlling variability and increasing reliability, which the Last Planner System (LPS) helps to accomplish. This study aims to better understand the application of the LPS in design and to propose an adaptation for the design of prefabricated steel construction systems for fast projects, through a case study carried out in a steel fabricator company. This research work was divided into three main stages. First, LPS was applied with two design teams, and an adaptation of the LPS for the specific context of the company was proposed. Second, the refined LPS was implemented in four additional design teams. Finally, an evaluation of the implementation process, based on a set of design planning and control practices was conducted, and a design planning and control model was proposed. The main impacts of the implementation were an increase in process transparency, stronger commitment in the delivery of packages, and collaborative decision-making. The paper also discusses some of the difficulties in terms of implementing medium-term planning, due to the complexity of the process. }, author_keywords={Design process, planning and control, Last Planner System }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wirahadikusumah2013, author={Wirahadikusumah, Reini D. and Sulistyaningsih, Dewi }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The role of owners in the supply chains of highway construction projects: An overview of indonesian cases}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={185-194}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/963}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Insitut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, INDONESIA, wirahadi@si.itb.ac.id ; Graduate Student, Master’s Program, Civil Engineering Department, Insitut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, INDONESIA. }, abstract={The availability and condition of Indonesia’s road infrastructure is far from adequate to sustain the national economic development. One option to improve the state of road services is to seek funding from the private sector. Owners play a central role in construction including in the integration of supply chains. Unlike in public projects, a private company as the owner of a toll road project has more flexibility and strategic role in better managing its construction supply chains. To obtain a portrait on road construction supply chain management practices by these private owners, a multiple case study was performed on three companies constructing toll roads in Java Island between 2009-2010. The exploratory study involved interviews with project managers to identify the traditional practices and innovative ways in managing their construction supply chains. The study focused on investigating several aspects supporting the successful project management with reinforced role of the owner. Findings showed that there were distinctive practices of managing the construction supply chains among the three cases. The distinguishing factors were the company culture, the expertise and progressive characteristics of managers and supporting staffs. Reinforced role of an owner could be effective in improving the project performance when the top management recognizes the potential value and implement strong leadership. }, author_keywords={Private owner, supply chains, management, road, construction, infrastructure. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zegarra2013, author={Zegarra, Omar and Alarcón, Luis Fernando }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Propagation and distrotions of variability into the production control system: Bullwhip of conversations of the last planner}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={589-598}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/964}, affiliation={PhD Candidate and Graduate Researcher at Centro de Excelencia en Gestión de Producción (GEPUC) at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. E-mail:ozegarra@uc.cl, (56 2) 354-4244 ; PhD, Head Professor, Dep. of Construction Management Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, (56 2) 354-4201, (56 2) 354 4244. }, abstract={During a construction project, the production control system allows the creation of conditions to manage operations. The Last Planner System is a production control system whose use has been related to superior project performance. We suggest that there is an opportunity to improve the Last Planner System application in the patterns of conversation variability along its subprocesses from a Language Action Perspective. These patterns are called Bullwhip Effect of Conversations, because they resemble the concept of propagation of variability in the supply chain. We update previous research about Instability of Conversations, adding new data, evaluations and interpretations. This paper is based on five mining and road construction projects. Our research analyses variability propagation and distortion of conversations along the Last Planner System subprocesses, and their relationship with the Percentage Plan Complete Index. The findings suggest that the Bullwhip Effect of Conversations exists. It impacts the production control reliability. Also we conclude that it represents the coordination variation throughout the production control subprocesses. This concept seems useful to improve management processes; further research is still required. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Language Action Perspective, Variability, Bullwhip Effect }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zegarra2013, author={Zegarra, Omar and Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Pereira, Pedro and Cachadinha, Nuno }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Weekly tracking of stability of the flow of conversations into the subprocesses of last planner system}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={629-638}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/965}, affiliation={PhD Candidate and Graduate Researcher at Centro de Excelencia en Gestión de Producción (GEPUC) at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. E-mail:ozegarra@uc.cl, (56 2) 354-4244 ; PhD, Head Professor, Dep. of Construction Management Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, (56 2) 354-4201, (56 2) 354 4244. ; Graduate Researcher, Dep. de Eng. Civil, Dept of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 351 212 948 557 E-mail: pgp15770@campus.fct.unl.pt ; PhD, Asst Professor, Civil Engineering Dept, Dept of Science and Technology Fac. de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa,E-mail: 351 212 948 557, ncachadinha@fct.unl.pt }, abstract={The reliability of a Production Control System impacts productivity; research suggests that Last Planner System - reliability could be improved with a variability analysis and control of its subprocesses. The variability ratio of those subprocesses, known as the Bullwhip Effect of Conversations, helps to quantify the conversation flow between the Last Planner System subprocesses. We assessed if the first stages of the Bullwhip Effect of Conversations evaluation methodology could be used as a weekly tool, to measure the proper application of Production Control System - subprocesses. This paper reports the analysis of conversations trends, statistical controls and the impact of the Production Control System subprocesses using two case studies: one carried out in South America which used the Last Planner System, and one in Europe which used the Traditional Production Control System. We found production control subprocesses which were under statistical control, and that impact one another as well as the PPC. With this methodology, it is possible to evaluate the stability of the coordination flows into each Production Control System - subprocesses. Both cases were stable, predictable and free of external causes of variation. We consider that this method could be valuable for tracking and tuning the application of Last Planner System subprocesses. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Production Planning, Control, Variability, Language Action Perspective. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ghosh2014, author={Ghosh, Somik and Bhattacharjee, Suchismita and Pishdad-Bozorgi, Pardis and Ganapathy, Ram }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Case Study to Examine Environmental Benefits of Lean Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={133-144}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/966}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, College of Architecture, 830 Van Vleet Oval, 294 GH, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA. Phone +1 (405) 325-3670, sghosh@ou.edu ; Assistant Professor, College of Architecture, 830 Van Vleet Oval, 284 GH, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA. Phone +1 (405) 325-4528, suchi@ou.edu ; Assistant Professor, College of Architecture, 280 Ferst Drive, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. Phone +1 (404) 894-7100, pardis.pishdad@gatech.edu ; Senior BIM Engineer, DPR Construction, 224 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA. Phone +1(602) 808-0500, ramg@dpr.com }, abstract={The process of construction significantly contributes to the total energy use, greenhouse gas emission, and waste generation. Utilizing lean helps in reducing construction wastes at source minimizing resource depletion and preventing pollution. The goal of this study was to investigate the contribution of lean construction to reduce waste at source and provide environmental benefits. A case study of a healthcare facility in Arizona was conducted that utilized BIM during the preconstruction and the construction phases. Pull planning, commitment tracking, and IPD were also utilized in the project. Procurement and installation of drywall was selected as the unit of analysis for the case study. The predictor variable of interest was the waste reduction due to utilization of lean tools, and the response variable was the environmental benefit through waste reduction at source. The environmental benefit of waste reduction was estimated by the resultant reduction in CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gas emission. For estimation of greenhouse gas emission, a “cradle-tosite” approach was considered that included the manufacturing of drywall and transportation to site. The findings show that significant amount of materials and labour hours were saved in the case study project that could be linked to the utilization of lean tools. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, BIM, pull planning, waste reduction, greenhouse gas emission }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2014, author={Seppänen, Olli }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Comparison of Takt Time and LBMS Planning Methods}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={727-738}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/967}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Director of VDC Services, Trimble NavigationLimited, olli_seppanen@trimble.com }, abstract={Takt time and LBMS are getting increased attention from practitioners of LeanConstruction. The takt time approach focusses on designing work locations withsimilar quantities and plans on the same duration for each task without any buffers.To achieve level resource utilization takt time projects require substantial workbacklog tasks or locations to absorb periods of low production demand. The LBMSapproach plans on using consistent resources through all the locations. Buffers areadded to absorb the risk of deviations and durations are allowed to vary based onquantity of work. This results in significantly longer schedules but decreases the needfor workable backlog areas and the risk of demobilizations.To compare these two methods, three schedules planned with LBMS methodologywere reformed into takt time schedules by forcing each task to have the same durationin each location. This was achieved by changing the crew size in each location toachieve a duration shorter than or equal to the takt time. The resulting schedules werecompared in terms of total project duration, total project manhours and the risk ofduration and manhours evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation.The results indicate that takt time achieves substantially shorter schedules but themanhours required in work backlog areas are much higher than in LBMS approach.In projects where quantities are similar between locations, takt time performs well ifthe resources are not demobilized when they run out of work. If the resourcesdemobilize, the risk of return delays makes takt time a risky strategy. }, author_keywords={LBMS, takt time, variability, buffers }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Priven2014, author={Priven, Vitaliy and Sacks, Rafael and Seppänen, Olli and Savosnick, Jonathan }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Lean Workflow Index for Construction Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={715-726}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/968}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Virtual Construction Laboratory, National Building Research Institute, Technion– Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8292245, vitaliyp@technion.ac.il ; Assoc. Prof., Head Dept. of Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Technion –Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Director of VDC Services, Trimble Navigation Limited, olli_seppanen@trimble.com ; Research Assistant, Virtual Construction Laboratory, National Building Research Institute,Technion – Israel Institute }, abstract={Traditional monitoring methods for construction project control based on the earnedvalue method provide measures of cash flow and schedule compliance. However, they do not tell managers anything about the quality (stability, continuity) of the workflow, and the results are not timely enough for effective control. In order to improve workflows where lean production control is applied, direct measures of workflow are needed. Kalsaas and others have proposed measures of daily or weekly workflow for specific tasks, but their measures cannot be used for real-time project control and they were not tested or calibrated over complete project life-spans. The Lean Workflow Index (LWI) that we propose directly reflects the smoothness and continuity of workflow lines in flowline charts. In the first stage we define a set of possible tracking parameters and propose the lean workflow index formula as a combination of them. A survey of lean experts was conducted in which they graded workflow quality for as-built flowline records for 12 projects. The results of the survey were then used to calibrate parameter coefficient values in the LWI formula by using a goal seeking algorithm. The resulting formula was used to compute the LWI for three high-rise residential projects. The major advantage of the proposed lean workflow index is that it monitors project workflows in real-time so that construction teams can be continuously aware of and improve their performance in the areas that are measured. }, author_keywords={Workflow, lean construction, flowline, production control }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cabrera2014, author={Cabrera, Brahian Román and Li, Guillermo Juárez }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Lean-TRIZ Approach for Improving the Perfomance of Construction Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={883-884}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/969}, affiliation={Bachelor of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, National University ofEngineering. E-Mail: broman@cosapi.com.pe ; Civil Engineer, Innovation Coordinator, Department of Construction Management, COSAPI Peru. E-Mail: gjuarez@cosapi.com.pe }, abstract={Process improvement and waste reduction are important in optimizing the performance of projects, to achieve these goals Continuous Improvement and Quality Management are methodologies which have been used successfully in construction. However, both are now no longer sufficient due to the competitiveness of the construction industry and the increasing complexity of projects, especially in infrastructure such as highways, tunnels and dams. Being also necessary to incorporate innovative elements. This paper proposes an optimization cycle that complements the principles of Lean and TRIZ (the Russian acronym for the "Theory of Inventive Problem Solving”) as an alternative to improve the efficiency of resources. Then, the Lean tool Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to assess the issues and wastes during production and the principles of TRIZ to get innovative solutions to the most difficult problems will be used. The application of this “Lean-TRIZ” approach to a highway project of 50 km ($ 45 MM) located in the Peruvian Highlands whose scope included works of flexible pavement maintenance and rehabilitation is presented as a case study, in which paving works were thoroughly studied for 2 months. The results showed that TRIZ increases the effectiveness of Lean to improve the performance of the production flow through the generation of innovative ideas. }, author_keywords={Continuous Improvement, Value Stream Mapping, Waste, TRIZ, Innovation }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2014, author={Tillmann, Patricia and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Mentoring Approach to Implement Lean Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1283-1293}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/970}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Scholar at Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Civil andEnvironmental Engineering Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, 407 McLaughlin Hall, CA94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (415) 802-9213, patriciatillmann@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Research Director of the ProjectProduction Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California,Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (415) 710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the ProjectProduction Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California,Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This study was motivated by the need to implement lean construction in a concrete division recently established by a general contracting firm that has been an advocate of lean for several years. After observing difficulties to implement lean in the first project undertaken by this concrete division, the research team decided to adopt an alternative approach focused on mentoring and continuous improvement. The objective of the study was to support the concrete team in its development of desired lean behaviors, i.e., focus on process improvement based on continuous cycles of revealing problems and discussing root causes, brainstorming solutions, learning, and changing current practices. The method used in this study was action research, with the researcher being an active participant in the team. The implementation was carried out based on three strategies: (a) lean training, (b) adoption of the Last Planner™ System, and (c) continuous improvement workshops. The team then assessed the outcomes of this intervention. The contributions to practice observed in this case study stemmed from a focus on learning (i.e., problem identification, analysis, and solving) in a team environment. Changes in behavior were observed as well as greater awareness of how current practices could be improved. Changes in current practices were a consequence of this greater awareness. Contributions to theory are highlighted in this paper, as we attempt with this research to expand the understanding of means to adopt lean construction in order to successfully effect change in current practices. }, author_keywords={Lean implementation, Mentoring, Toyota Kata, Continuous improvement }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fischer2014, author={Fischer, Martin and Reed, Dean and Khanzode, Dean Atul and Ashcraft, Howard }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Simple Framework for Integrated Project Delivery}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1319-1330}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/971}, affiliation={Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and (by Courtesy) Computer Science andDirector, Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE), Stanford University, Stanford, CA,fischer@stanford.edu ; Director of Lean Construction, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA, deanr@dpr.com ; Director of Construction Technologies, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA, atulk@dpr.com ; Partner, Hanson Bridgett, San Francisco, CA, hashcraft@hansonbridgett.com }, abstract={This paper outlines a “Simple Framework” for Integrated Project Delivery. The starting point of this paper is the value made possible by the physical product, a “high performance building” (HPB). It is composed of highly integrated systems that are buildable, useable, operable, and sustainable. “Process Integration” is the integration of value and design, builders and operators’ knowledge and sustainable design principles, materials and technologies. Process Integration can only occur in an “Integrated Organization” in which team members can decide, coordinate, work and decide effectively. The integrated organization makes possible and leverages “Integrated Information,” where information is created once and used by all. The IPD contractual agreement, the ways people measure value, model and simulate to predict outcomes, collaborate, and manage production enable the integration required to deliver a high-performance building. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery, Integrated Concurrent Engineering, high-performance building, integration, collaboration, lean construction, value }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Antillón2014, author={Antillón, Eric I. and Morris, Matthew R. and Gregor, William }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={A Value-Based Cost-Benefit Analysis of Prefabrication Processes in the Healthcare Sector: A Case Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={995-1006}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/972}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado,428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0428, Phone +1 303/492-3706, Fax 303/492-7317;eric.antillon@colorado.edu ; Instructor, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, 428 UCB,Boulder, CO 80309-0428, Phone +1 303/492-0468, Fax 303/492-7317;matthew.morris@colorado.edu ; Construction Executive, Mortenson Construction, 1621 18th Street, Suite 400, Denver, CO 80202,Phone +1 303/295-2511; william.gregor@mortenson.com }, abstract={In the building construction industry, the healthcare sector is considered to have the highest opportunity to implement prefabrication. Some of the benefits attributed to itsimplementation are cost savings, schedule acceleration, improved quality and saferwork environments, among others. The decision to use prefabrication tends to be based on anecdotal evidence rather than rigorous data, given that no formal methods are available to determine the impact of prefabrication on project performance outcomes. A value-based cost-benefit analysis was conducted on an on-going 831,000 square feet hospital consisting of 360 patient beds, with the input from the major parties involved in the prefabrication process. Four specific prefabricated components were studied: prefabricated bathroom pods, exterior wall panels, overhead MEP utility racks, and patient headwalls. To determine the impact of prefabrication on theproject, prefabricated versus traditional site-built performance outcomes werecompared in terms cost, schedule, safety, and quality. Each prefabricated component was analyzed individually, as well as the combined impact from all four components. A cost premium of 6% over the traditional site-built cost, as well as a schedule reduction of 10% and over 150,000 work-hours diverted from the jobsite were among the findings from this study. A value-based benefit-to-cost ratio of 1.14 was estimated to be accomplished in this project. This case study shows that direct costs savings is not considered to be the primary benefit of prefabrication, but rather the indirect benefits achieved, such as schedule savings and reduced on-site labor, which can be quite significant when quantified. }, author_keywords={Prefabrication, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Healthcare Sector, Bathroom Pods, Wall Panels, Overhead Utility Racks, Headwalls }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Inokuma2014, author={Inokuma, Akira and Aoki, Mikiharu and Shimura, Mitsuru and Nagayama, Daisuke and Koizumi, Chikara }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Absence in the Provenance? Lean Construction and Its Applicability in Japan}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={15-26}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/973}, affiliation={Executive Director, Japan Federation of Construction Management Engineers Associations (JCM), Tokyo, Japan, Phone +81 (3) 3262-7420, inokuma@ns.ejcm.or.jp ; Chief Executive Officer, Toyota Production Consulting Corp., Aichi, Japan, aoki@toyotaconsulting. com ; Chief Consultant, Nippon Consultants Group, Tokyo, Japan, m-shimura@niccon.co.jp ; Chief Executive Officer, Orientia United Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan, daisukenagayama@gmail.com ; Consultant, Nippon Consultants Group, Tokyo, Japan, chikara-koizumi@niccon.co.jp }, abstract={The Toyota Production System (TPS) is generally accepted as the origin of the lean principles, and thus Japan can naturally be perceived as its provenance. However, ironically, dialogue on Lean Construction (LC) has been limited in Japan, and almost gives a perception that LC is not applied in Japanese construction projects. The authors explored the reasons for the apparent absence of LC in Japan, and found two potential causes: (1) TPS has been constantly evolving and (2) some of the concepts of LC have already been woven into the Japanese construction industry without awareness that these concepts in fact constitute LC. In other words, it may be said that misperception and unawareness may be the potential causes of the apparent absence of LC in Japan. The paper further explores the applicability of LC to Japanese construction projects by investigating and organizing the following: (1) examples of application of the LC method at conventional Japanese construction sites, (2) LC methods that have not yet been applied to construction projects but can be considered to be applicable, and (3) lean construction methods that are likely to be inapplicable to construction projects. Through this process of investigation and organization, the authors have made a LC project plan proposal. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Improvement/kaizen, Theory, Definition, Standardization }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Biotto2014, author={Biotto, Clarissa and Mota, Bruno and Araújo, Lívia and Barbosa, George and Andrade, Fabíola }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Adapted Use of Andon in a Horizontal Residential Construction Project}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1295-1305}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/974}, affiliation={Architect. SIPPRO Management of Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85 99484558, clarissa.biotto@sippro.eng.br ; Civil engineer. SIPPRO Management of Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85 99458582, bruno.mota@sippro.eng.br ; Civil engineer intern. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85, livia.araujo@colmeia.com.br ; Civil engineer intern. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85, george.barbosa@colmeia.com.br ; Civil engineer. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85, fabiola@colmeia.com.br }, abstract={The andon is a visual management tool used mainly in manufacturing systems to highlight the status of the operations. In construction industry, its use is not widely known nor reported in academic literature. In understanding the difficulties imposed by this kind of production, it is necessary to adapt this tool to the construction sites. An andon device was implemented in a 55 hectares area of large horizontal residential project, with more than eight hundred apartments, at Fortaleza, Brazil, in order to indicate for the engineer team the exactly position of the problem in each workstation. The device was adapted to a touch screen terminal inside the workstations and it was shared for nine hundred workers, each one has its own identification number. They have to log in at the andon terminal and indicate the actual status of the operation he is executing. As a result, the andon allowed increasing operations transparency, to identify some planning issues and to solve the main causes of interruptions that were classified in four main areas: lack of material, problems with manpower, design documentation and safety. Also, the andon improved worker’s sense of responsibility by forecasting future problems that will affect the production. The use of the andon adapted to a horizontal project is an inspiration to other construction companies of how to implement this Toyota system traditional tool at extent construction sites. }, author_keywords={andon, information technology, lean construction, production control }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dave2014, author={Dave, Bhargav and Kubler, Sylvain and Främling, Kary and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Addressing Information Flow in Lean Production Management and Control in Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={581-592}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/975}, affiliation={Project Specialist, Civil and Structural Engineering Dept, Aalto University; Finland. +358 50 4364717; bhargav.dave@aalto.fi ; PostDoc Researcher, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland. ; Professor, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland. +358 50 5980451. Kary.Framling@aalto.fi ; Professor, Civil and Structural Engineering, Aalto University; Finland; lauri.koskela@aalto.fi }, abstract={Traditionally, production control on construction sites has been a challenging area, where the ad-hoc production control methods foster uncertainty - one of the biggest enemies of efficiency and smooth production flow. Lean construction methods such as the Last Planner System have partially tackled this problem by addressing the flow aspect through means such as constraints analysis and commitment planning. However, such systems have relatively long planning cycles to respond to the dynamic production requirements of construction, where almost daily if not hourly control is needed. New solutions have been designed by researchers to improve this aspect such as VisiLean, but again these types of software systems require the proximity and availability of computer devices to workers. Given this observation, there is a need for a communication system between the field and site office that is highly interoperable and provides real-time task status information. A High-level communication framework (using VisiLean) is presented in this paper, which aims to overcome the problems of system integration and improve the flow of information within the production system. The framework provides, among other things, generic and standardized interfaces to simplify the “push” and “pull” of the right (production) information, whenever needed, wherever needed, by whoever needs it. Overall, it is anticipated that the reliability of the production control will be improved. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, BIM, Information, Communication Systems }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Moghadam2014, author={Moghadam, Mana and Al-Hussein, Mohamed }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={An Enhanced Scheduling Technique for Modular Construction Manufacturing}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1019-1030}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/976}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Fellow, Hole School of Construction Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 4-110 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2W2, Canada, mana.moghadam@ualberta.ca ; Hole School of Construction Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3- 015 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2W2, Canada, Phone +1 780 492 0599, malhussein@ualberta.ca }, abstract={Modular construction manufacturing (MCM) is potentially built through a more efficient and cost-effective method compared to the on-site construction practice. The increased interest in manufacturing of the building construction process demands special methods of design and manufacturing to improve production efficiency. MCM provides opportunities to apply Lean for production efficiency in the plant, including eliminating waste and supporting the delivery of customized products in a shorter time and at a lower cost. Lean is a concept first developed in the manufacturing industry which has been since adapted to the construction industry. Although the focus of Lean in both industries is the same, Lean tools vary between manufacturing and construction since these two industries differ in nature. Lean as the concept is applicable to any industries, taking into consideration that MCM has characteristics of both manufacturing and construction yet is distinct and should be seen in the class of its own. Given the distinct nature of MCM, the technical elements in “Lean production” and “Lean construction” are not sufficient to achieve the Lean goals for MCM industry, necessitating a modified framework by which to exploit the potential benefits of modular building. This paper provides a deeper understanding of the modular construction manufacturing and the difference between the manufacturing, construction, and MCM industries. The focus of this paper is to adopt an enhanced scheduling technique which can adequately fulfill the production efficiency demands based on particular characteristic of modular construction manufacturing. }, author_keywords={Modular construction manufacturing, Scheduling, Production, Design, Efficiency }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2014, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Draper, John and Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={An Overview, Analysis, and Faciliation Tips for Simulations That Support and Simulate Pull Planning}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1483-1494}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/977}, affiliation={Owner, Navilean; Senior Associate, Lean Project Consulting; Adjunct Faculty, Wentworth Inst. of Technology; Brookline, MA, 02445, USA, Phone +1 510/593-4884, research@navilean.com ; Associate Principal, Lean Project Consulting, Phone +1 571/235-9596, jdraper@leanproject.com ; Retired, Lean Construction Institute, Phone +1 (208) 726-9989, gah2343@gmail.com }, abstract={Pull Planning is an essential component of the Last Planner® System (LPS). It helps define how work will be handed off from one project performer (e.g., owners, designers, contractors, and suppliers) to the next. It illustrates how work is balanced between project performers to better support a project takt time, i.e., work completion rhythm. It encourages project performers to have conversations earlier about how to handle physical interfaces between components that may at first seem plausible in design but end up being much more challenging to accomplish in construction. Due to the importance of Pull Planning and the fact that it is a typical first step for lean implementation on Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) projects, project teams that have limited Lean Construction experience can use a variety of simulations to ensure better participation during actual Pull Planning efforts. Thus, to help accelerate the rate of Pull Planning learning and successful implementation in the AEC industry, this paper will provide an overview of simulations that have proven to be effective in supporting and simulating Pull Planning. It will discuss how they prepare project teams for actual Pull Planning efforts and provide insight into facilitation techniques based on the authors’ experience. It will address differences in teaching Pull Planning within an academic versus industry setting. In closing, we will provide a guide as to which simulations to prioritize when faced with limited time for educating students or training project teams. }, author_keywords={Pull Planning, phase scheduling, simulation, facilitation }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pekuri2014, author={Pekuri, Laura and Pekuri, Aki and Haapasalo, Harri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Analysing the Problem of Procurement in Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={39-50}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/978}, affiliation={PhD Student, PO Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, laura.pekuri@oulu.fi ; PhD Student, PO Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, , aki.pekuri@oulu.fi ; Professor,PO Box 4610, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland, harri.haapasalo@oulu.fi }, abstract={In solving the prevalent problems of construction industry, clients have an integral role to play. By its procurement procedures, the client influences the way a construction project is executed, as the procedures affect the form of the project delivery system. What kind of procurement procedures are perceived rational, for one, depends on the underlying assumptions about the function of procurement. This research studies the current conceptualizations of the problem of procurement stemming from the fields of economics as well as engineering and construction management. A recognized tenet in Lean Construction (LC) is that production should be conceived consisting of transformations (T), flow (F), and value generation (V). Therefore, this research exploits the TFV theory in analysing the assumptions underlying procurement. On the basis of the analysis it is suggested that the main function of procurement should not be seen merely as overcoming the problem of exante information asymmetry in the moment of awarding the contract nor tackling the problem of ex-post adaptation just by contractual structures. Instead, it is seen necessary to recognize and address the danger of value loss with an equal diligence as the other problems have been to date. To be more in line with the thinking in LC, the mindset within procurement should be set towards procuring the best possible project production system that is fit for its purpose. }, author_keywords={Construction, procurement, production, project delivery system, TFV theory }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neuman2014, author={Neuman, Yoshua and Alves, Thaís da C. L. and Walsh, Kenneth D. and Needy, Kim LaScola and Almaian, Rufaidah Y. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Analysis of Supplier Quality Surveillance in EPC Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1083-1094}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/979}, affiliation={Graduate student, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, neumanyosh@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Professor and chair, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Department Head and 21st Century Professor, Dept. of Industrial Eng., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, kneedy@uark.edu ; Ph.D. candidate, Dept. of Industrial Eng., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, ralmaian@email.uark.edu }, abstract={This paper reports on research conducted by a team of academics and practitioners supported by the Construction Industry Institute that investigated the relationship between rework and effective supplier quality surveillance practices (RT 308). Data confirmed findings from previous studies about project-based systems and the fact that the Engineer-Procure-Construct (EPC) industry and its suppliers share little to no lessons learned from one project to the next. A number of reasons for this behavior are discussed in the paper, including but not limited to lack of time to review past projects, fear of claims and litigation, and lack of structured methods to process and make lessons learned available to others. This becomes a systemic problem for the industry, which does not learn from past experiences accumulated from multiple contracts and continues to rely on lengthy specifications and hours of surveillance to assure that products conform to the design intent. The paper concludes with a discussion of the ways Lean concepts could be used to improve the current status of surveillance practices used in the EPC industry while addressing its peculiarities and the risk associated with different products and services acquired. }, author_keywords={Supplier quality surveillance, inspection, lessons learned, criticality, engineer-procure-construct. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hämäläinen2014, author={Hämäläinen, Juho-Pekka and Ballard, Glenn and Elfving, Jan }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Are Tools and Training Enough - An Argument for Leadership}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1357-1368}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/980}, affiliation={Development Manager, Skanska Finland, juho-pekka.hamalainen@skanska.fi ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Head, Nordic Procurement Unit, Skanska AB, Jan.Elfving@skanska.fi }, abstract={In 2006, Skanska Finland began implementation of lean production management based on Last Planner® and location based scheduling. This paper reports what was done to implement lean production management, what happened, and what was learned. Implementing lean practices is notoriously challenging, not least because organizations and individuals need to change their behavior. The more extensive and fundamental the change needed, the greater the challenge. Implementing Last Planner is a fundamental change: from commanding to requesting, from planning by planners to planning by doers, from managing contracts to managing production. Location based scheduling is also challenging. The mainstream activity breakdown structures are subordinated to location breakdown structures. Managing the flow of trades through locations is quite different from managing each trade task-by-task. Not surprisingly, implementation has not gone smoothly. Early assumptions that successful pilot projects would ‘infect’ others proved false. Habits proved hard to break, perhaps in part because reward systems pushed managers into short-term thinking. In response, staff personnel were asked to drive implementation. That also failed. In the last three years, from 2010 through 2013, progress has been made standardizing planning and scheduling processes and tools and extensive training has been provided in their use. Some senior managers believe that will be sufficient to change behavior and to achieve better project performance and better corporate profitability. While there is some evidence of improvement, both the published literature and Skanska Finland’s own experience suggest that change in behavior and outcomes will be limited and in danger of reversal until line managers from top to bottom lead the change. This paper provides support for this claim through a review of the literature and through a case study that illustrates what line managers can do to provide the needed leadership. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nesensohn2014, author={Nesensohn, Claus and Bryde, David and Ochieng, Edward and Fearon, Damian and Hackett, Vince }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Assessing Lean Construction Maturity}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1157-1168}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/981}, affiliation={Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Research Institute, School of the Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK, Peter Jost Enterprise Centre, Byrom Street, c.nesensohn@2012.ljmu.ac.uk ; Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Research Institute ; Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Research Institute ; Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Research Institute ; PhD Researcher School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, and Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, United Kingdom, vince.hackett@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={changes and is a challenging endeavour. In particular when transformations take place it becomes crucial to measure the current state of the maturation process. Hence there is a requirement for organisations to be able to demonstrate where they are in their LC journey. It has been widely acknowledged that maturity models (MM) provide organisations with such an assessment of the current state. Further benefits of MMs are the guidance and support when implementing a change or improvement strategy. The research presented aims to integrate both LC and MM to enable organisations to measure their current maturity in LC. A qualitative mixed method design was used including focus groups and interviews to explore the phenomenon of LC maturity from key informants. The major findings of the research are: MM can be integrated with LC, and a proposed validated framework can assess the current state of LC maturity within an organisation. The proposed LC maturity assessment framework labelled (LCMM) comprises five maturity levels, 11 Key Attributes, and 60 defined Behaviours, Goals & Practices with 75 Ideal Statements to measure the maturity within organisations embedding LC. This framework provides important support and guidance in the organisational LC maturation process. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction Maturity, Maturity Models, Organisational Assessment, Maturation, Embedding Lean }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frandson2014, author={Frandson, Adam G and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Automatic Generation of a Daily Space Schedule}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={617-626}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/982}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA, Phone +1 (510) 642-3261, AFrandson@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Construction team members who develop and analyze a schedule for production must identify workflows, solicit trade partner input to look for opportunities for improving production, identify production constraints, and communicate the schedule to craftsmen in the field. To clarity field work, such schedules must consider the resource ‘space.’ Space scheduling helps to visualize a critical path method (CPM) schedule or a line of balance (LOB) schedule developed using a location-based management system (LBMS). Additionally, production team members need to keep their schedules current. To address these needs, this paper presents a program to quickly generate and adjust a visual space schedule, by project phase. This provides the production team with a visual control mechanism, a means to perform space conflict and sensitivity analysis during planning, a means to track daily goals during execution, as well as a starting point for more detailed 4D CAD analysis. The researchers developed their space scheduling program during planning and are currently using it in the construction of an urgent care center at an existing hospital in northern California. 20 out of 146 days (14% of the scheduled duration) were identified in the space schedule as potential savings and 12 of those days have been realized thus far. Expected results of this implementation are improved productivity due to detailed space scheduling and the daily goal setting; increased communication between trades when they need to negotiate impinging for some time on the space assigned to another trade; and an increased awareness of the work flow at a daily level by trade partners due to the visual schedule. This results in greater predictability of the project’s delivery }, author_keywords={Location-based scheduling, space scheduling, takt-time planning }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ahuja2014, author={Ahuja, Ritu and Sawhney, Anil and Arif, Mohammed }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Bim Based Conceptual Framework for Lean and Green Integration}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={123-132}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/983}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, School of Construction, RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University, 5th Floor, F2 block, Sector- 125, Noida 201301 (UP) India; Phone +91 120 6673038, rahuja@rics.org ; Professor of Construction Project Management, RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University, 5th Floor, F2 block, Sector- 125, Noida 201301 (UP) India; Phone +91 120 6673000, asawhney@rics.org ; Professor of Sustainability and Process Management, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Greater Manchester, UK M5 4WT, Phone: 0161 295 6829, m.arif@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Lean and green philosophies have more or less remained separate and parallel initiatives within the construction sector. Intuitively there seems to be significant overlap between the two philosophies. As these have separately matured, there is now a need to synthesize the two parallel streams into one to garner more benefits for the industry. Efforts to demonstrate the overlap between lean and green concepts is available in literature. However, an integration framework has not been developed or reported. As such this paper, which is part of an on-going research, identifies operational and tactical connections of lean and green philosophies, with an aim to provide a conceptual integration framework. The authors envision that Building Information Modeling (BIM), a friend of both lean and green philosophies can provide the needed linkage between the two. With BIM as the common tool that acts as a catalyst, a conceptual framework for lean and green integration is developed. This framework is tested using three case studies and findings reported in the paper. Preliminary findings show that projects that use BIM can more easily integrate lean and green and add value. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling (BIM), lean, green, sustainability }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skinnarland2014, author={Skinnarland, Sol and Yndesdal, Solveig }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Barriers to a Continuous Learning Process in Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1191-1201}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/984}, affiliation={Researcher, Fafo, Institute for Labour and Social Research, Borggata 2B, 0650 Oslo, Norway, Phone +47 95182115, sol.skinnarland@fafo.no ; Manager, Project department, Stavanger Eiendom, Municipality of Stavanger, Olav Kyrres gate 23, Stavanger, +47 93241744, solveig.kristine.yndesdal@stavanger.kommune.no }, abstract={In a paper to IGLC in 2010 the researchers claim that Nonaka’s model of knowledge creation may apply in the construction industry. Notably, there is an interdisciplinary and continuous dialogue between explicit and tacit knowledge taking place at the construction site. Based on empirical evidence, it is argued that the Last Planner System of production control (LPS) may stimulate such continuous learning, by facilitating opportunities for a continuous exchange between tacit and explicit knowledge. However, certain premises were found to exist, to enable learning within construction projects using LPS. In a more recent IGLC paper (2012), it was concluded that when implementing the Last Planner System as a systematic framework for planning purposes, challenges were faced in terms of adaptation to longer planning horizons, transition to new meeting structures and letting go of a traditional approach to planning. Other noted challenges were involvement and relational issues. Further it was concluded that crucial drivers for future use of the planning methodology were key personnel to direct development processes, top management engagement, practical and theoretical knowledge of collaborative planning, and project support. This paper builds on findings and conclusions of the two papers, and discusses obstacles and barriers for learning in the construction industry and how these may be overcome. }, author_keywords={Learning, last planner, humanistic change patterns, barriers. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Taboada2014, author={Taboada, José Antonio and Garrido-Lecca, Alessandra }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Case Study on the Use of BIM at the Bidding Stage of a Building Project}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1473-1482}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/985}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, CIP 113292, Phone +151 1 999347392, jose.taboada@gym.com.pe. ; Bachiller of Civil Engineering, Phone +51 73 969440548, alessandra.garridolecca@gym.com.pe. }, abstract={Because of ongoing problems of compatibility of engineering drawings and a lower time limit for increasingly complex projects, the BIM (Building Information Modeling) Area was created at GyM S.A. two years ago. The main objectives of this area were to make the clash detection, assure engineering compatibility, generate a 3D model with information from the components that form part of the project, and automatically obtain material quantities estimates. During this last year, BIM Area has worked very close to the Estimating Department in order to compare their results of the quantities obtained by the BIM Area through a 3D model, with the ones obtained manually through 2D drawings by the Estimating Department. Also to help approve the modeling criteria that allows the consideration of the construction process and its subsequent use in field work. The results throughout this teamwork experience have shown that it is feasible to obtain better results from an early stage in less time and to a higher degree than with our traditional procedure. Demonstrate the positive impact of the application of BIM within the construction stage in our projects to the project managers will be the next challenge. }, author_keywords={Budgeting, BIM, estimating, quantity take off, collaborative work, workflow, 3D model, sponsor, standardization, comparison, integration. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2014, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Ungerer, Heinrich }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Change in South Africa Construction: Lessons From Lean Thinking}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1121-1131}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/986}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3089 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: femuze@cut.ac.za ; BTech Graduate, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3082 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: hpungerer@gmail.com }, abstract={The philosophy that Lean construction teaches has produced changes in the construction process and methodology. The change is evident in people that form the major input in a project undertaking. As such, shedding traditional approach to work, especially craft construction requires a new way of thinking on the part of skilled and semi-skilled workers in construction. This change is necessary to reverse the ills in the industry. Hence, change in South Africa is a must due to a number of performance related issues that have made media headlines in the form of fatalities and project time overrun, to mention a few. Thus, after the review of the related literature, this qualitative study examined ‘how a lean thinking induced change in the mind-set of workers can be used to improve performance in South African construction.’ The outcomes of the study show that most of the contractors lack a structured way to motivate their workers in terms of ‘waste consciousness’ that would change their approach to task execution. The culture and thinking of the workers thus is in need of rejuvenation in order for them to continually engage in refining their contributions to project goals. The South African construction industry should thus find ways to eliminate ‘the wheels’ of repeated mistakes that have hitherto engendered poor performance. }, author_keywords={Construction, Change, Lean thinking, Motivation, South Africa }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Solheim-Kile2014, author={Solheim-Kile, Espen and Lædre, Ola and Lohne, Jardar and Meland, Øystein Husefest }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Characteristics of Public-Private Partnerships in Norway }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={233-244}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/987}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Kruse Smith Eiendom AS, Norway, espen.solheim-kile@kruse-smith.no ; Associate professor, dr.ing., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) ; Researcher, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) ; Associate Professor. dr.ing., School of Business and Law, University of Agder, Norway }, abstract={New ways of working impose new contract models. To prepare for these new ways, there is a need for a precise understanding of the contractual elements. In this paper, we examine and describe Norwegian Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. Their characteristics are then compared to the characteristics outlined in literature. The findings are based on a literature study followed by a case study approach combining analysis of documents gathered from public sector authorities and relevant private sector participants along with a questionnaire. We find that a narrow view of PPP is used with an overemphasis on the financing aspects which is close to the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) model. The public sector insists on detailed specifications limiting the possibilities of innovation in areas such as Lean Construction. Combined, this could potentially constitute a roadblock for harvesting the real benefits of the PPP approach. The sheer size, contract period and total costs of the PPP projects are characteristics that justify an own study. The main contribution of this paper is the overview of Norwegian PPP projects and their characteristics. }, author_keywords={Public-Private Partnership, Private Finance Initiative, PPP, PFI, Contract models }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arumugam2014, author={Arumugam, Thirumalai Rajan and Varghese, Koshy }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Characterization of Flow in Multi Storied Residential Building Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={559-569}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/988}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Building Technology and Construction Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91-44- 9443405248, thirumalairajan.a@gmail.com ; Professor, Building Technology and Construction Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91-44-2257- 4257 / 4250, koshy@iitm.ac.in }, abstract={This paper attempts to characterize workflow in construction and thereby to provide a measure for flow at various levels of the construction process. A process based approach is adapted to model flows in construction. Construction of a multi storied residential building super-structure involving identical activities for each floor cycle was selected to observe, document and analyze the characteristics of construction activity flow. The detailed functions and relationships between resources, materials and information for each floor cycle was documented and analyzed for flow characteristics. Queuing theory approach is used for analysis and parameters for quantifying the flow characteristics are proposed. A preliminary model for characterizing flow is formulated. The application of the model for analyzing flow states is discussed. }, author_keywords={Flow characterization, Lean Construction, process model, cycle time. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2014, author={Arroyo, Paz and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Choosing By Advantages and Rhetoric in Building Design: Relationship and Potential Synergies}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={391-408}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/989}, affiliation={ PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA and Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, parroyo@berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Rhetoric is a natural part of the design process and has caught the interest of researchers in the last 50 years. Indeed, effective rhetoric has been studied and used since the time of the ancient Greeks to persuade and to influence all manner of things. However, little research has been done on rhetoric in design and engineering, specifically during the decision-making portion of the design process. This paper provides examples of how a decision-making method such as Choosing By Advantages (CBA) uses rhetoric during the decision process and explores how the three components of rhetoric (logos, pathos, and ethos) may apply to the decision- making process. The authors argue that understanding rhetoric may provide designers with new means for persuasion, and ultimately, help them make better decisions. }, author_keywords={Decision-making, Rhetoric, Choosing By Advantages, CBA, Design Management. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fundli2014, author={Fundli, Ingvild S. and Drevland, Frode }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Collaborative Design Management – A Case Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={627-638}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/990}, affiliation={Master student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology – Trondheim, Norway, ingvildsf@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology – Trondheim, Norway, frode.drevland@ntnu.no }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) has been successfully implemented in both design and construction phases of projects, but there have been raised questions if LPS in design needs to be changed to better suit the nature of design, due to the inherent differences between design and construction. The Norwegian contractor Veidekke has developed a method based on LPS for use in design called Collaborative Design Management (CDM). This paper looks at how CDM works in practice by doing case study of two projects where the methodology has been employed. We found that the use of CDM led to better communication and cooperation within the design team and a better understating of and commitment to the project. There are also indications that the methodology should lead to a more efficient and controlled design process which in turn would benefit the following construction process. Although we have seen positive effects from the use of the methodology, we have also found it lacking in some areas. Specifically the lack of a formalized weekly work plan, approach for constraint analysis and PPC measurements. }, author_keywords={Design Management, Last Planner System (LPS), Collaborative Design Management (CDM), Percent Plan Complete (PPC) }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2014, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Kahler, Danny L. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Collective Kaizen and Standardization: The Development and Testing of a New Lean Simulation}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1257-1268}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/991}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, 434 Langford A, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Phone +1 979-845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu ; Principal, Kahler Engineering Group, 1244 Derby Drive, Suite 100, Richardson, TX, USA; Phone +1 512-983-3453, danny.kahler@kahlerengineering.com }, abstract={Simulations can offer a laboratory-like environment for controlled experimentation, as well as immediate and convincing proof of the effectiveness of specified lean principles. At the heart of lean thinking resides the concept of kaizen—or continuous improvement—and standardization, conducted within a culture of respect. Effective use of collective kaizen and standardization capitalizes on the ability of individuals to innovate, to learn from one another, and to improve their effectiveness, thus helping managers improve time, cost, quality, safety and morale by engaging the employees they already have. Despite the role of collective kaizen and standardization as seminal to the very definition of lean thinking, there is no existing published lean construction simulation that focuses exclusively on the concept of collective kaizen and standardization. This paper reports on the development and testing of a lean simulation that focuses on collective kaizen and standardization. The simulation was developed by students as the final project for a US-based university lean construction course consisting of upper-level undergraduate and graduate-level construction science students. The simulation was inspired by primary source writings of early twentieth century American psychologist and industrial engineer Lilliane Gilbreth and efficiency engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor, and introduces simulation participants to the critical concepts of collective kaizen and standardization. The simulation has been tested during three semesters of courses dedicated to lean construction at the originating university, at two additional US universities, and at two international-level lean construction and quality control conferences. Modifications have been made based on preliminary feedback. }, author_keywords={Lean simulation, kaizen, continuous improvement, standardization }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2014, author={Arroyo, Paz and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Comparing Weighting Rating and Calculating vs. Choosing by Advantages to Make Design Choices }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={401-412}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/992}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, and Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, parroyo@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Teams engaged in building design are composed of multiple stakeholders, including architects, owners, engineers, and sometimes users. Members of the design team often have different and conflicting interests, especially when considering sustainability issues. For example, issues may include reducing embodied energy while creating an earthquake resistant building at the same time. Practitioners require a decision-making method that allows for creating transparency, building consensus, and continuous learning. Weighting Rating and Calculating (WRC) is a widely used decision-making method. However, it has several shortcomings. Choosing By Advantages (CBA) is a decision-making method that supports the design process by fostering greater transparency. This paper presents a case study comparing the use of WRC vs. CBA in the selection of a structural system for a campus residential building in Palo Alto, California. The case study found that the same decision resulted from both methods, but the assumptions of the two methods were different, and CBA helped more in creating transparency and building consensus on the decision rationale. }, author_keywords={Decision-making, Choosing By Advantages, CBA, Sustainability, Design Management. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pérez2014, author={Pérez, Cristina and Costa, Dayana and Gonçalves, Jardel }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Concepts and Methods for Measuring Flows and Associated Wastes }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={871-882}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/993}, affiliation={Post graduation Student of the Program in Environmental Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil, Phone +55 (71) 9709-1564, cristina.toca.perez@hotmail.es ; Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Master of Environmental Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, dayanabcosta@ufba.br ; Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Master of Environmental Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, jardelpg@ufba.br }, abstract={This paper is based on the operationalization of flows and identification of wastes along these flows. Ideas are derived from this article for why and how to measure the flows in order to minimize wastes. The aim of this paper is to present the different existing flow concepts, as well as the characteristics, principles and preconditions proposed by the Lean authors for the sound process. For that, concepts of flow in the construction management field, from logistic and lean perspective, are presented in order to identify core principles which support the measurement of the flow and its potential wastes. In addition, three methods for the measurement of the flows are described. The present paper contributes with a better understanding of the nature of flow, and in particular, the process flow, the workflow and the physical flows, and their measurement. }, author_keywords={Flows, measurement, wastes, lean construction. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Enshassi2014, author={Enshassi, Adnan }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Constraints to Palestinian Construction Craftsmen Productivity }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1507-1517}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/994}, affiliation={Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Islamic University of Gaza, P O Box 223 Gaza City, Gaza Strip, Palestine, aenshassi@gmail.com }, abstract={The construction industry in Palestine is one of the most important sectors in the country’s economy whose level of activity is an indicator of the general economic performance of the country. The recent development in Palestine has led to a boom in construction activities leading to shortages of construction materials. Labour is the most important factor influencing the performance of the construction sector since it is basically labour intensive. The welfare of national economies, as well as that of individual enterprises, is widely regarded as being dependent on a country’s natural resources and on the ingenuity and productivity of its people. The objective of this paper is to identify and rank constraints factors on construction craftsmen productivity in Palestine according to their relative importance index. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire survey of 110 construction craftsmen. Results indicated that the five highest ranking problems are: lack of materials, safety, delay in payment, inspection delay, and lack of proper tools and equipment. The results revealed that the main reason for non-availability of materials was borders closure due to tense political situation. It was found that the greatest amount of rework is attributed to poor engineering drawings and design. By identifying the current weakness, it is hoped that the productivity should be improved. Training programs for both craftsmen and professionalism are essential for the improvement of productivity in the construction industry in Palestine. }, author_keywords={Craftsmen, improvement, productivity, performance, rework. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fosse2014, author={Fosse, Roar and Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Drevland, Frode }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Construction Site Operations Made Leaner and Standardized: A Case Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={823-834}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/995}, affiliation={MSc, Student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, Mobile +47 95910868, e-mail: roarfo@stud.ntnu.no ; Dr.Ing, Professor, School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 97082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Ass. Professor, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, Phone +47 92064262, email: frode.drevland@ntnu.no }, abstract={This paper tests a method for analysing and improving construction site operations to standardize them as the common way of performing the operation. Analysis tools are used to identify improvement potential and alterations based on Lean Construction principles are implemented to fulfil this potential. Reducing waste and optimizing production methods are some of the key elements in Lean thinking. Waste and low productivity can be products of several factors, e.g. poor material flow, suboptimal operation design or poor production control. By finding good practices for operations and standardizing the work by this norm, variability can be reduced and production reliability increased. With thorough analysis and continuous improvement towards better practice, both time and cost expenditures could be greatly reduced both for the single unit and the project, but also throughout an entire organization over time. A field study was conducted to investigate how a traditional production unit’s productivity and work flow would be affected by altering its operation according to Lean principles. The production unit was initially analysed with its traditional practice "as is". The analysis clarified where there was potential for improvement, and alterations were suggested by the crew. Those with foundation in Lean Construction principles were implemented and performance reassessed. Analysis showed little room for improvement within several of the tasks, as they had no waiting for tools, materials or preceding tasks to finish. On a higher level, the operation was greatly improved by eliminating entire tasks, rearranging the work sequence, increasing visualization and increasing the number of crew members. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, standardization, operation design, productivity analysis, workflow }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ortiz-González2014, author={Ortiz-González, José Ignacio and Pellicer, Eugenio and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Contingency Management in Construction Projects: A Survey of Spanish Contractors}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={195-206}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/996}, affiliation={ Primary contact: PhD Candidate, Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain). Phone: +34678086810, jiogmq@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain), pellicer@upv.es ; Research Associate, Project Production System Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA }, abstract={The delivery of any construction project faces risk and uncertainty. Contingencies cover residual risks and absorb both variability and uncertainty. The management of contingencies plays a key role in improving risk management and project performance. Background literature reports that construction companies usually set time and cost contingencies with the goal of protecting project objectives. It also states that construction companies identify and manage opportunities in order to enhance project performance. Likewise, despite the fact some companies maintain formal procedures to manage risk, contingencies are often defined in a subjective and non-systematic manner. Background literature presents several methods to improve the management of contingencies; however, it seems that many practitioners either do not know them or do not use them. Therefore, a sound characterization of how construction companies currently manage contingencies is required. The major goal of this research is to explore how construction companies currently manage contingencies. In order to do that, types of contingencies, major success factors, drivers, benefits and barriers faced by construction companies managing contingencies on construction projects are characterized. A survey (questionnaire) developed in two Spanish construction companies is described and its results are analyzed. This research aims to shape contingencies as a driver of process improvement in construction. Conclusions will help practitioners to deal with risk and uncertainty in construction projects. }, author_keywords={Construction, contingency, risk, uncertainty, decision-making. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kpamma2014, author={Kpamma, Zoya E. and Adjei-Kumi, Theophilus and Ayarkwa, Joshua and Adinyira, Emmanuel }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Creating, Sustaining and Optimising the Collaborative Realm for Participatory Design}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={475-485}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/997}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233244787599, evanskpamma@yahoo.co.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233244536995, tadjeikumi@yahoo.co.uk ; Associate Professor, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana ; Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233246753214, rasadii@yahoo.com }, abstract={Participatory design attempts to actively involve beneficiaries of design in the design process towards ensuring that the designed product/service meets their needs. This calls for an integration of the domain of designer with the domain of the user to create a realm of collaboration between the designer and the user for an effective involvement of the user in the design process. There is also the need to, in addition to creating the collaborative realm, also focus on sustaining the realm and optimizing the output of the realm. This paper recognizes the key place of decision-making in the design process and proposes a conceptual model, based on various concepts, towards creating sustaining and optimizing a collaborative realm for an effective participatory design. The model primarily relies on various theories on participatory design, motivation and collaboration. Significantly the model ends with a proposal for a user- involvement framework that incorporates a lean decision-making system such as Choosing By Advantages. }, author_keywords={Participatory design, user-involvement, collaboration, decision-making }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cândido2014, author={Cândido, Luis Felipe and Heineck, Luiz Fernando Mählmann and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Critical Analysis on Earned Value Management (EVM) Technique in Building Construction }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={159-170}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/998}, affiliation={Master Student, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, luisf_civil@yahoo.com.br ; Lecturer, State University of Ceará (UECE), Brazil, feritas8@terra.com.br ; Lecturer, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, jpbarrps@ufc.br }, abstract={Earned Value Management (EVM) is a technique of performance measurement focused on project physical, financial and time progress, indicating planned and actual performance, variations of them and forecasts on final project duration and cost. It takes a step further traditional measurement tools like PERT/Cost and C/SCSC. EVM is strongly supported by Project Management Community gather around the Project Management Institute, but recently the technique is being criticized in respect to its conceptual problems and implementation difficulties. This paper aims to explore in greater depth this debate through a case study on a construction project that applied EVM as a planning and control tool. Four major problems are analyzed in the search for an enlarged list of topics the EVM approach fails to support lean construction applications. Among them are the disregard for the mobilization of resources phase and the lack of consideration of construction indirect costs. Finally, the authors concluded that EVM is just an extension of the traditional approach of measuring physical and financial advances over time. This narrow approach is insufficient to provide a comprehensive managerial tool, as became clear through the analyses of the building project under consideration. }, author_keywords={EVM (Earned Value Management), Control of Building Projects, Lean Construction and Project Management. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barreto2014, author={Barreto, Aerson Moreira and Heineck, Luiz Fernando Mählmann and Silveira, Luiz Antonio Freire Pinto and Vasconcelos, Thais Moreira de }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Data Envelopment Analysis and the Quest for Targets – a Case Study in Connection to Waste Reduction on Site }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={801-810}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/999}, affiliation={Professor, Civil Engineering., Rural Federal University of Semi-arid , Rua Gamaliel Martins Bezerra, SN, Alto da alegria, University campus, Angicos/RN, CEP: 59.515-000, Brazil, Phone +55 (84) 98379811, aersonbarreto@ufersa.edu.br ; Professor, Civil Engineering. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Operations, Campus do Pici, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 (85) 97152754, freitas8@terra.com.br ; Graduate Student in Civil Engineering, Rural Federal University of Semi-arid , Rua Gamaliel Martins Bezerra, SN, Alto da Alegria, Unievrsity Campus, Angicos/RN, CEP: 59.515-000, Brazil, Phone +55 (84) 99587475, luizinhuu00@hotmail.com ; Architect, University of Fortaleza, Rua Vicente Leite, 497, Apto 500, Meireles, Fortaleza, CEP: 60170-150, Brazil, Phone +55 (85) 91999069, thaismor@gmail.com }, abstract={Target costing is addressed in this research work based on statistics and data collection on building developments. Contrary to standard practices that claim target costing should not be based on any distracting previous cost experiences, this paper introduces DEA - Data Envelopment Analysis – a linear programming technique capable of drawing an efficient frontier for a set of performance data (site waste reduction in this research paper). Such performance frontier departs from standard cost estimating practices that deal with average or percentile performance: target values are now obtained according with the best performances a set of observations is capable of displaying: what in normal circumstances is taken as an outlier is now investigated in connection to the causes underneath such outstanding performance. DEA’s efficient frontier is akin to the concept of opportunity costs as fundamental to microeconomics. Target setting is exemplified through a site waste evaluation of a number of building sites, each one conducted according to different levels of managerial effort geared to improve this aspect of lean production goal. Results point to the range of management actions that might be chosen by administrative site personnel, in different sets, employing a parsimonious number of them, according to the specific circumstances of each building site. }, author_keywords={Target Costing, DEA, Efficiency Frontier, Waste construction }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2014, author={Schöttle, Annett and Haghsheno, Shervin and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Defining Cooperation and Collaboration in the Context of Lean Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1269-1280}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1000}, affiliation={Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-45259, Annett.Schoettle@kit.edu. ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-42646, Shervin.Haghsheno@kit.edu ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-42168, Fritz.Gehbauer@kit.edu. }, abstract={The Lean Construction approach is based on cooperation and collaboration. A review of Lean Construction literature reveals that authors use at least one or even both words without distinguishing between them, but rather use these words as synonyms. This is problematic, since a different understanding of words may lead to a misunderstanding of project issues. Therefore, clear and unified definitions are needed for both terms, thereby allowing readers and project partners, respectively, to have the same understanding of cooperation and collaboration. This paper explains the difference and defines the terms cooperation and collaboration in the context of Lean Construction projects. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, cooperation, definition, Lean Construction. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2014, author={Tillmann, Patricia and Berghede, Klas and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Developing a Production System on IPD: Considerations for a Pluralistic Environment}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={317-328}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1001}, affiliation={ Postdoctoral Scholar at Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, 407 McLaughlin Hall, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (408) 6301320, patriciatillmann@berkeley.edu ; Production Manager at Cathedral Hill Hospital Project, HerreroBoldt. 1200 Van Ness Av. San Francisco, CA. 94109, USA. Phone (415) 264-1055 ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Research Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (415) 710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering. Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={As Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) becomes a common method for delivering built infrastructure, the importance of elements such as collaboration, trust, integrated governance and collective decision-making is widely discussed. Questions are raised about how to successfully leverage these elements on integrated projects. This paper suggests seeing an integrated team as a pluralistic network and focusing on principles of pluralistic coordination to align decisions and actions towards an established direction. In pluralistic networks, the traditional hierarchical organization with clear chains of command and a homogeneous community is substituted by a more distributed decision-making process and the project team composed by people with different backgrounds. For people to work together effectively in such environments, coordination is essential. Past research has offered a set of key principles that help achieve such coordination. This paper presents a study that was carried out through action research to support the design of a production system in an integrated project based on those principles. Among the study’s outcomes was the establishment of an environment that incentivizes team members sharing and discussing their concerns and expectations, and the alignment of decisions and actions based on what was discussed and agreed by the team. Although the research was limited to only the initial phase of a production system design, an environment that incentivizes open communication to coordinated action was observed. This paper focuses, therefore, on describing the key elements that contributed to establishing such an environment }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery, Pluralistic Coordination, Production System Design }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kirchbach2014, author={Kirchbach, Kim and Koskela, Lauri and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Digital Kanban for Earthwork Site Management }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={663-676}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1002}, affiliation={1 Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, kim.kirchbach@kit.edu ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu }, abstract={In the manufacturing industry the use of information systems based on modern communication techniques, such as Material Requirements Planning (MRP), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) or Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems, is standard and has long been deployed with success. But these systems depend on consistency in the production systems, which a construction site is unlikely to offer. Furthermore the construction process is highly fragmented and in comparison to the stationary industry very complex. Due to the dynamics of the processes on earthwork construction sites, new flexible logistic concepts are needed. This paper will present “digital Kanban”; a method to dynamically allocate the best possible match of excavators and transport vehicles at earthwork construction sites. With regard to the principles of jidoka, “intelligence” is transferred to a control centre in order to detect abnormal conditions, enabling it to respond rapidly. Excavators are pulling empty dumpers and dozers are pulling loaded dumpers. In case more than one excavator is requesting a dumper, the current performance of the excavators and their allocated dumpers at the present as well as the distance to be travelled will be analysed. The digital Kanban cards are created at the last responsible moment: If a dumper just unloaded or is fully loaded, it requests a Kanban card and only then the Kanban card will be generated. To quantify the optimization potential, results of stochastic simulations based on the Monte-Carlo method will be introduced. }, author_keywords={Kanban, IT in Lean, production control, visual management, Lean Construction }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sødal2014, author={Sødal, Andreas Heier and Lædre, Ola and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Early Contractor Involvement :Advantages and Disadvantages for the Design Team}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={519-531}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1003}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)/Project Engineer, Multiconsult AS, Phone +47 48203418, andresod@stud.ntnu.no ; Assoc. Prof., dr.ing, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU. ; Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU/Design Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS. ; Researcher, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU. }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to assess the advantages and disadvantages for the design team when the contractor is involved in the early phases of design. The research was carried out by studying relevant literature and conducting nine semi-structured in- depth interviews with key design and construction personnel on two case studies selected from the Norwegian construction industry. Previous research demonstrates that projects benefits from multi-disciplinary collaboration through all project phases. However, little research has been found concerning how early contractor involvement affects the work of the design team. The analysis documented in this paper show that there are several distinct advantages for the design team when contractors are involved early. The positive implications include not only improved cost estimation, planning, constructability and risk management, but also a reduced amount of errors and changes in latter phases. Unquestionably, the premises governing the design process will change with early contractor involvement. Contractors intervene into a process which used to belong to designers and architects. Designers can thereby experience a challenge of their interests, as contractors are typically perceived to have a distinct focus on constructability, cost and schedule. It is vital with an acceptance and dedication among the team members to adhere to new forms of collaboration. The contract must give incentives for both parties, and the early contractor involvement has to gain all parties in order to succeed. }, author_keywords={Lean Design, Lean Project Delivery, Collaboration, Contractor Involvement, Constructability }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khan2014, author={Khan, Sheriz and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Effects of the Interactions Between LPS and BIM on Workflow in Two Building Design Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={933-944}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1004}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Studios, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, England, United Kingdom. Telephone +1 (321) 674-0309, sherizkhan@yahoo.com ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Studios, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, England , United Kingdom. Fax: (+44) 01484 472440, patricia_tzortzopoulos@hotmail.com }, abstract={Building design firms strive to maintain consistency in workflow and protect production from uncertainty during the building design process. However, poor design management often gives rise to variability in workflow during the building design process which causes delays in building projects. As lean approaches, the Last Planner System (LPS) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) can improve workflow in building projects through features that reduce waste and increase efficiency. Since its introduction, BIM has had significant positive effect on workflow in building design projects, but combining LPS with BIM in building design projects has been rarely considered. This paper is part of a postgraduate research in which LPS weekly work plans (WWPs) were implemented in two BIM- based building design projects to see if better workflow could be achieved. It reports on the interactions in the two building design projects between the two lean principles of LPS and the seven BIM functionalities that, from the perspective of Sacks et al. (2010a), have the greatest impact on workflow when they interact positively. The findings suggest that the interactions improved workflow. }, author_keywords={BIM, design, planning and control }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mostafa2014, author={Mostafa, Sherif and Chileshe, Nicholas and Zuo, Jian }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Enhancing Australian Housing Affordability: Off-Site Manufacturing Supply Chain Strategies}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1069-1082}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1005}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Natural and Built Environments, Barbara Hardy Institute, University of South Australia, City East Campus, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia, Sherif.mostafa@mymail.unisa.edu.au ; Senior Lecturer, School of Natural and Built Environments, Barbara Hardy Institute, University of South Australia, City East Campus, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia, Nicholas.Chileshe@unisa.edu.au ; Senior Lecturer, School of Natural and Built Environments, Barbara Hardy Institute, University of South Australia, City East Campus, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia, Jian.Zuo@unisa.edu.au }, abstract={Housing affordability refers to an ability to pay for the household costs associated with their home ownership. Housing stress refers to a situation when a house customer struggles to pay the housing costs. In Australia, the 30/40 rule is commonly used to measure the housing stress. The Demographia Survey in 2014 highlighted the deterioration of housing affordability across 39 housing markets in Australia. The decline is likely caused by housing supply and demand factors. The affordability issues from the demand side have already been focused. To bridge the gap of knowledge, this paper addresses the affordability issues from the housing supply side. Off-site manufacturing (OSM) is a modern construction method which provides some benefits including better finished houses quality, extra housing productivity, and reduction in house prices. In this paper, reviews of the related literature to identify the factors drive the Australian housing affordability are conducted. It aims at introducing OSM supply chain to increase the supply of affordable housing in Australia. The suggested supply chain focuses on two strategies which incorporate lean and agile concepts to manage house building processes. }, author_keywords={Housing affordability; Housing stress, 30/40 rule; OSM, lean and agile concepts }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jylhä2014, author={Jylhä, Tuuli and Karjalainen, Auli }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Enhancing Facility Service Processes in Government Offices Through Standardisation }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={343-352}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1006}, affiliation={Post-doctoral Researcher, School of Engineering, Department of Real Estate, Planning and Geoinformatics, Real Estate Business, Aalto University, PO Box 15800 FI-00076 AALTO, tuuli.jylha@aalto.fi ; Chief Adviser, Senate Properties, PL 237 FI-00531 Helsinki, auli.karjalainen@senaatti.fi }, abstract={As many other organisations, the Finnish government aims at efficient office use and supporting the core activities of its agencies. This demand has pushed the government real estate organization to develop its facility management service processes. This paper focuses on a process that develops solutions for the agencies. The service process is currently under standardization in order to use it efficiently and to increase the quality of the services nationwide. In this paper, the aim is to analyse the process under standardization from lean management perspective to identify key areas of future development. The process under standardization is studied via multiple case studies including three case processes. The main data material consists of process materials, such as memos, contracts and minutes, and interviews. The analysis identifies three issues that require special attention in order to avoid limiting the value creation in the process. First, standardisation should be developed in the separation of requirements from solutions. If a solution becomes a requirement, the process will most likely be disturbed. For example, to match the solution of own rooms to an open plan office is more difficult than to match the requirements of increased feeling of privacy and co-operation. Second, standard information inputs should be qualified in order to avoid making-do. Currently, making-do interrupts the service process. Finally, the standardisation should cover at least information inputs, operations, and the order of operations. Standardisation of the process is a critical step to increase efficiency. However, standardisation requires a careful examination and continuous improvements to avoid standardising waste and value losses. }, author_keywords={facility management, standardisation, orderliness, value creation, process, multiplecase study }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kpamma2014, author={Kpamma, Zoya E. and Adjei-Kumi, Theophilus and Ayarkwa, Joshua and Adinyira, Emmanuel }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Enhancing User-Involvement Through a Multi-Criteria Decision Aid: A Lean Design Research Agenda}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={487-496}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1007}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233244787599, evanskpamma@yahoo.co.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233244536995, tadjeikumi@yahoo.co.uk ; Associate Professor, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana ; Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233246753214, rasadii@yahoo.com }, abstract={User-involvement in design process is an important practice of the emergent area of lean design management. Decision-making is a key step in design process and the method by which decisions are made, in the involvement of users in design, is equally important. Even though some work has been carried out in relation to userinvolvement in design process, little attention has been paid to the incorporation of lean decision tools in use-involvement frameworks. The focus of this paper is to set out an agenda for a research into the application of a lean decision tool, such as the Choosing by Advantages (CBA) multi-criteria decision system, to enhance user involvement in design process. Largely based on reference to relevant literature, the issues addressed in this paper include the background of the proposed research, description of some relevant concepts, relevance of the proposed research, and the methodology for the proposed research. }, author_keywords={Lean design management, user-involvement, design decisions, choosing by advantages }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Castillo2014, author={Castillo, Gustavo and Alarcón, Luis F. and Gonzalez, Vicente A. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Evaluating the Impact of Lean Methodologies in Copper Mining Development Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={593-604}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1008}, affiliation={MSc Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, gdcastil@uc.cl ; Director and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalrcon@ing.puc.cl ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Phone +64 9 373 7599 ext 84106 v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={The development of mines is an important stage previous to the mine exploitation, which plays a key role in the mining industry, and represents a large portion of total costs. To date, the mining industry has not appropriately adapted its processes and business models to the industry´s ever increasing production environment. In this regard, lean production emerges as a management philosophy, which creates competitive advantages and provides important savings opportunities for companies and organizations. However, there are important limitations in the practical implementation of lean production. This work explores how to bridge the gap between the theoretical use of lean production and its practical, effective application in a Chilean mining project. This paper analyzes the impact of the implementation of lean construction/production methodologies in underground mining development projects. In all of the case studies reviewed, the implementation of lean methodologies generated performance improvements in projects. The main findings suggest that the incorporation of lean methodologies is an option, which companies should consider, given the current and future challenges in the mining business. Future research will show the economic impact of adopting lean construction/production in mining companies. }, author_keywords={lean construction, lean production, mining, construction, implementation, development }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Honório2014, author={Honório, Rodrigo T. and Costa, José Martins C. da and Serra, Sheyla M. B. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Evaluation of Supply and Service of Steel Assembly of Structures}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1057-1068}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1009}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, rodrigothonorio@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Master’s student in the Post Graduation Program in Structures and Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brasil, jmartinscc@hotmail.com ; Civil Engineer, PhD Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brasil, sheylabs@ufscar.br }, abstract={The Brazilian construction market experienced a period of great acceleration which led the enterprises to struggle to find new ways of keeping themselves competitive, always aiming at the fundamental triangle in this sector: quality, time limits and cost. One strategy chosen is the application of concepts derived from Toyotism and lean production. This thought seeks to add value to the product in order to please the customer, seeking to avoid waste and reducing time. An area under direct influence of these factors is the supply sector in civil construction. The management of this sector is of great difficulty due to its complexity. This article discusses the application of the lean thinking to the management of this sector, named Lean Supply. This study was based on the analyses of the supply of steel bars and strands for the service of assembly of structures in a construction site. Initially, the constructive and technological process was studied, followed by the analyses of the supply system, contract management and logistics work. Thus, it was possible to make a Value Stream Mapping (VSM) in the current state. After analysis, a VSM was prepared in the future state. This study generated suggestions for the application of Lean Supply to the construction project studied, involving aspects of external logistics, production cycle, hiring of suppliers, administrative organization, executive technology and projects analysis. }, author_keywords={Civil Construction, Lean Construction, Lean Supply, Value Stream Mapping. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mostafa2014, author={Mostafa, Sherif and Dumrak, Jantanee }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Exploring the Australian House Completion Time to Improve Housing Supply}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={859-870}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1010}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Natural and Built Environment, University of South Australia, City East Campus, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia, Sherif.mostafa@mymail.unisa.edu.au ; Staff, School of Natural and Built Environment, University of South Australia, City East Campus, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia, Jantanee.dumrak@unisa.edu.au }, abstract={The housing undersupply is a current issue in many capital cities in Australia. The relevant statistics to the housing shortage has been reported by the Australian government and housing industry associations. The gaps between demand and supply continuously have increased over the past years. Many factors contribute to the shortage of the Australian housing supply. One of the key factors is the house completion time. To overcome the shortage situation, it is significant to know how completion time can be improved. The completion time guarantees the time of housing delivery to house customers. In this paper, Little’s law is used to discuss the physics of the Australian house building. Additionally, capacity and sales and operations planning strategies are the focal aspects to improve the Australian house completion time. }, author_keywords={Australian house building, house completion time, Little’s law, capacity strategies }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{El.Reifi2014, author={El.Reifi, M. H. and Emmitt, S. and Ruikar, K. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Exploring the Lean Briefing Process for Effective Design Management}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={413-424}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1011}, affiliation={Research Student, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 1509 223981, M.H.El-Reifi@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 1509 222815, S.Emmitt@lboro.ac.uk ; Senior lecturer, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 1509 223774, k.d.ruikar@lboro.ac.uk }, abstract={Exposing, articulating, understanding, defining and managing client requirements play important roles in project initiation, an essential component of design management. This study explores current briefing practices in the UK via interviews with eleven experienced practitioners. Analysis of the rich interview data revealed inefficiencies in briefing, which were related to the absence of an appropriate briefing roadmap, and uncertainty in terms of the concept of a brief. There was a desire from the interviewees for a better, more efficient and structured approach to briefing. Although none of those interviewed were working with lean tools, they were open to discussing lean principles and were keen to know how they could be applied. Thus this paper concludes with a lean briefing perception and a preliminary lean briefing approach, which is proposed as an alternative novel approach for effective design management. The study provides unique insights into the briefing process and contributes to the theoretical understanding and practical implementation of lean design management in AEC. }, author_keywords={Briefing Practices, Client Requirements, Lean Briefing Processes, Lean Design Management, Value Stream. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maestas2014, author={Maestas, Aaron and Parrish, Kristen }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Exploring the Roots of Lean Culture at DPR Constuction - A Case Study in Lean culture}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1413-1424}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1012}, affiliation={Project Engineer, DPR Construction, AaronM@dpr.com ; Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu; +1-480-727-6363 }, abstract={In the past few decades, lean manufacturing principles have been adopted as standard business practices in an attempt to create a less wasteful, more productive, and increasingly sustainable workplace. In particular, companies in the construction industry have focused on this concept to improve quality, productivity, safety and general business. This experience has been variable: while many companies tout the benefits of lean construction, some companies stand out as the leaders in its application, though companies all employ the same lean principles. Research suggests those companies that are most successful implement lean business culture across all levels in the organization. This paper examines the commonalities between four books discussing lean culture and how the common principles from these books informed the cultural underpinnings of a particularly successful lean contractor, DPR Construction (DPR). Specifically, this paper explores the book The Toyota Way by Jeffery Liker, focusing on its four sections of lean management principles and the research and findings on successful business principles in the books Built to Last, Good to Great, and Great by Choice by Jim Collins. The authors compare these books and highlight how their principles support the culture at DPR, which exemplifies an effective lean business cultur }, author_keywords={Lean principles, culture principles, lean culture principles }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Christian2014, author={Christian, Digby and Bredbury, Jason }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Four-Phase Project Delivery and the Pathway to Perfection}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={269-280}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1013}, affiliation={Senior Regional Program Manager, Sutter Health – Facility & Property Services, Sacramento, California USA, christd2@sutterhealth.org ; Regional Design Manager, Skanska USA Building, Oakland, California USA, jason.bredbury@skanska.com }, abstract={Proposes a conceptual framework for a systematic approach to improving the success of capital project delivery. The Architectural, Engineering, Construction (AEC) community lacks a coherent, transferable conceptual framework for project delivery. This absence prevents deep learning within any given project, as there is no universal concept of perfect project delivery against which to measure the actual delivery. It also prevents meaningful learning about project delivery across projects due to the absence of a common approach in the analysis of project delivery that works for all projects regardless of type, location or context. Together these absences severely limit the extent and speed of learning regarding project delivery across the AEC community. This paper proposes a four-phase concept of project delivery that aligns with the “V” diagram from systems engineering. This concept can be used to analyse project delivery on all actual projects, and can be used to describe the ideal state of perfect project delivery. Then, by comparing actual project delivery to perfect project delivery, strategies to move the actual toward the perfect can be formulated and actioned. }, author_keywords={Project delivery, theory, Lean Principles, Integrated Project Delivery, Virtual Design and Construction, Ideal State, Current State, Future State, “V” Diagram }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shlopak2014, author={Shlopak, Mikhail and Emblemsvåg, Jan and Oterhals, Oddmund }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Front End Loading as an Integral Part of the Project Execution Model in Lean Shipbuilding}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={207-220}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1014}, affiliation={MSc, Research Assistant, Møreforsking Molde AS, Britvegen 4, NO-6411 Molde, Norway, mikhail.shlopak@himolde.no, www.mfm.no ; PhD, Senior Vice President Innovation and Process Management, Vard Group AS, Molovegen 5, NO-6001 Ålesund, Norway, jan.emblemsvag@vard.com, www.vard.com ; Corresponding author. PhD, Research Director Logistics, Møreforsking Molde AS, Britvegen 4, NO-6411 Molde, Norway, oddmund.oterhals@himolde.no, www.mfm.no }, abstract={This paper addresses issues related to planning within the pre-contract phase of shipbuilding projects – issues that will facilitate lean execution of later construction phases. In the existing literature on Front End Loading (FEL) there can be identified a certain gap with regards to application of FEL in shipbuilding industry, which this paper attempts to partially fill. The first part of this paper reviews literature on the concept of FEL (also referred to as Pre-Project Planning, Early Project Planning, Feasibility Analysis). The literature review focuses on application of the FEL approach in different project-oriented industries, with major attention paid to application of FEL in megaprojects and building projects. Based on this study of theoretical concepts and experiences of their use, an adequate FEL concept tailored to shipbuilding industry is proposed in the second part of the paper. The paper also features the analysis of opportunities of transition and adaptation of some of the Value Improving Practices (VIPs) used in megaprojects to the shipbuilding industry. Vard Group AS, a Norwegian shipbuilder constituting together with the majority owner Fincantieri Group the fourth largest shipbuilding group in the world, is taken as a case company. }, author_keywords={Front End Loading, Pre-Project Planning, Lean Project Planning, Lean Shipbuilding. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abduh2014, author={Abduh, Muhamad and Ervianto, Wulfram I. and Chomistriana, Dewi and Rahardjo, Agus }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Green Construction Assessment Model for Improving Sustainable Practices of the Indonesian Government Construction Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={111-122}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1015}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jln. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Phone +62 22 2502272, abduh@si.itb.ac.id ; Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jln. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Phone +62 22 2502272, wulframervianto@gmail.com ; Head of Sustainable Construction Division, Center for Construction Delivery Development, Construction Development Agency, Ministry of Public Works, Jln. Pattimura No. 20, Jakarta 12110, Indonesia, Phone +62 21 7266639, dchomis@gmail.com ; Head of Center for Construction Delivery Development, Construction Development Agency, Ministry of Public Works, Jln. Pattimura No. 20, Jakarta 12110, Indonesia, Phone +62 21 7266639, agus.rahardjo@gmail.com }, abstract={As an effort to implement the sustainable construction concept in Indonesia, the government, particularly the Ministry of Public Works, took a leader role. Even though the Indonesian construction practitioners have established several notable green movements, such as green buildings and green contractors, the realization to the achievement of proper sustainable construction is far to be seen. Recent studies on the effectiveness of the implementations have shown the need of more holistic approach in delivering the green construction. Based on the holistic approach of green construction concept, the Indonesian government has developed an assessment model for benchmarking the sustainable practices of government construction projects. The assessment model was developed based on three important aspects of green construction: Green Behaviour and Practices; Green Construction Process; and Green Supply Chains. Seven sustainable principles are used for the development of indicators for each aspect of green construction. Two ongoing government projects were used for piloting the assessment model. In general, it was found that the score of the Green Behaviour and Practices aspect, which related to indirect activities, was relatively higher than two other aspects. Some identified low scored indicators in all aspects were used for improvements in sustainable construction practices of the government projects. }, author_keywords={Green behaviour, green construction, green process, green supply chains, sustainable construction. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2014, author={Valente, Caroline P. and Montenegro, Germano A. and Brito, Felipe L. and Biotto, Clarissa N. and Mota, Bruno P. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Guidelines for Developing a Line of Balance for Non-Repetitive Areas (Common Areas) at a Vertical Residental Building}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={763-774}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1016}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Lean & Green Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, caroline@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Project Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, germano@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, felipe@crolim.com.br ; Architect, Technical Director, Soluções de Planejamento e Produção – SIPPRO, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, clarissa.biotto@sippro.eng.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Director, Soluções de Planejamento e Produção – SIPPRO, Fortaleza- CE, Brazil, bruno.mota@sippro.eng.br }, abstract={The line of balance (LOB) is widely used for projects with repetitive batches. Nevertheless, some authors in academic literature recommend the LOB for nonrepetitive areas. In the case of residential projects which have a high repetition of the same batch the LOB is a very useful tool to plan the construction. In the other hand, developing a LOB for common areas (pavements without repetitive areas and services, e.g. underground floors, leisure areas, guardhouse and mezzanine) where there is not repetitive batches is more difficulty, and this is the reason for its scarce use for common areas. Thus, major problems in the project are verified by the lack of planning and production control in common areas. This article aims to formulate guidelines for developing a LOB for common areas through a case study at a Brazilian construction company. The methodology for developing this paper includes literature review on LOB in non-repetitive areas, characterization of the company and construction sites, development of a common areas plan using LOB and other auxiliary tools, analysis of results and formulation of guidelines for the development of a LOB for common areas. The results of this study indicated that the LOB in common areas provided plan transparency to employees and engineers, improved the control of project’s total term and decreased the allocation of workers teams. }, author_keywords={Line of balance, non-repetitive areas, common areas, guidelines. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kpamma2014, author={Kpamma, Zoya E. and Nsia, Emmanuel Ankomah and Agyema, Stephen }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={How Aligned Is the Competency-Based Training Model With the Lean Philosophy?}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1233-1244}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1017}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, Sunyani Polytechnic, Sunyani, Ghana, +233244787599, evanskpamma@yahoo.co.uk ; Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, Sunyani Polytechnic, Sunyani, Ghana, +233244590709, bd310nsiah@yahoo.com ; Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Sunyani Polytechnic, Sunyani, Ghana, +233272777077, agyesteve44@yahoo.co.uk }, abstract={The Competency-Based Training (CBT) system departs from the traditional mode of training by focusing post-secondary training on defining, teaching, and assessing competencies industry requires. Therefore unlike the conventional system whereby the unit of progression is time and teacher-centered, in a CBT system the unit of progression is mastery of specific knowledge or skills, and is learner-centered. Comparably, the lean philosophy is proposing a departure from the traditional mode of construction to a more customer centered approach to construction. This paper seeks to compare the tenets of CBT with those of Lean Construction to establish an alignment. The study was inspired by a growing concern for the adoption of lean methods to teach Lean Construction. Data for the study was mainly obtained from a case application of the CBT model in a B-Tech (Building Technology) programme in a polytechnic in Ghana. The data from the case study was checked against the principles of lean thinking to establish the extent to which the CBT model of training compares with the tenets of Lean Construction. Attention to customer needs, transparency, involvement and continuous improvement where some of the areas where CBT compares with lean. }, author_keywords={Competency-based training, lean thinking, teaching lean construction, curriculum development }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2014, author={Koskela, Lauri and Howell, Greg and Pikas, Ergo and Dave, Bhargav }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={If CPM Is So Bad, Why Have We Been Using It So Long}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={27-37}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1018}, affiliation={Professor, School of the Built Environment. University of Salford, Maxwell Building, room 507, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk; Aalto University School of Engineering, Espoo 00076, lauri.koskela@aalto.fi ; Research Associate, Project Production System Laboratory, University of California ; PhD Candidate, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, ergo.pikas@aalto.fi; Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 19086, ergo.pikas@ttu.ee ; Postdoc, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, bhargav.dave@aalto.fi }, abstract={Why has the Critical Path Method (CPM) been used so widely for so long given its inability to produce predictable outcomes? For shedding light on this paradox, the formative period of the CPM is analysed from two main angles. First, how was the CPM embedded into the construction management practice? Second, what was the methodological underpinning of the development of the CPM? These questions are researched through a literature review. In terms of embeddedness into practice, it turns out that the CPM morphed from being a way of production control, into a method for contract control. In consequence, the promotion of the CPM by owners has been crucial for pushing this method to be the mainstream approach to scheduling and production control. Regarding methodological underpinning, it turns out that the CPM was developed as a way of optimization, as part of the quantitative methods movement. This movement was largely based on the axiomatic approach to research. In good alignment with that approach, there was no attempt to empirically test quantitative models and their outcomes. In this context, the unrealistic assumptions and conceptualizations in CPM did not surface in forty years. These results are argued to be helpful in critical discussions on the role and merits of CPM and on the methodologies to be used in construction management research. }, author_keywords={Critical path method, CPM, production planning, control, construction management }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rached2014, author={Rached, Farid and Hraoui, Youssef and Karam, Antoine and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Implementation of IPD in the Middle East and its Challenges}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={293-304}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1019}, affiliation={Graduate of a Master degree, Civil Engineering, American University of Beirut, fsr04@mail.aub.edu ; Master Student, Civil Engineering, American University of Beirut, ymh05@mail.aub.edu ; Master Student, Civil Engineering, American University of Beirut, ajk10@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant professor, Civil Engineering, American University of Beirut, fh35@ aub.edu.lb }, abstract={The traditional delivery approach in construction has proven to contain many flaws which have become more apparent with the increasing level of project complexity. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) was therefore initiated as a response to the deficiencies encountered in the traditional approach. Although it is being increasingly adopted in the United States and other parts of the world, its application in the Middle East has not commenced yet. Despite the numerous advantages this new method provides, no sign of IPD implementation can be detected in the region today. After taking a close look at various published works and conducting field surveys, the paper analyses the cultural aspects found in the Middle East which inhibit the application of IPD. We hope that the findings of this study will be used as a foundation for possible future studies that will encourage the construction industry in the Middle East to adapt IPD or other collaborative delivery methods. }, author_keywords={Traditional delivery approach, IPD, Middle East, FIDIC, cultural aspects. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Enshassi2014, author={Enshassi, Adnan and Abu Zaiter, Mohammed }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Implementation of Lean Tools on Safety in Construction Projects in Palestine}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1205-1218}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1020}, affiliation={Professor, Civil Department, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine, aenshassi@gmail.com ; Projects Manager, Global Mercy, INGO, Gaza Strip, Palestine, Abu_alaihab@hotmail.com }, abstract={Lean construction approach is a set of tools that improve project performance by increasing project value and minimizing waste. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the implementation of lean tools in construction project and its impact on safety conditions in the Gaza Strip. The applicability of last planner, increased visualization and 5s process were investigated. A questionnaire survey was undertaken with contractors and clients in order to elicit their attitudes concerning the implementation of lean tools in construction projects. The results of this study indicated that most construction organizations are not interested in using new management techniques although they are interested in minimizing waste and maximizing projects value. The majority of the respondents indicated that there is a significant influence of implementing lean tools on safety in construction sites. The study indicated that there is a strong relationship between occurring accidents and bad visualization in the construction sites. It was found that there is a significant weakness in the learning environment in construction projects and there is very limited amount of knowledge about lean construction tools and other new safety techniques. Training will be a key aspect of implementation and success of the lean construction techniques to increase safety conditions at the site. This training may result in an increased burden in early stages of implementation but over the long haul, it will serve to increase the efficiency and safety level of construction companies. Lack of budget for training and lack of interest in safety training were some of the barriers in using lean construction tools. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, safety, last planner, 5s process, training. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Raghavan2014, author={Raghavan, N. and Kalidindi, Satyanarayana and Mahalingam, Ashwin and Varghese, Koshy and Ayesha, A. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Implementing Lean Concepts on Indian Construction Sites - Organisational Aspects and Lessons Learned}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1181-1190}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1021}, affiliation={INAE Professor, BTCM Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91 94440 75176, nraghavan@iitm.ac.in ; Professor, BTCM Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91 94440 19311, satyakn@iitm.ac.in ; Assistant Professor, BTCM Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91 98409 82190, mash@iitm.ac.in ; Professor, BTCM Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91 94444 04986, koshy@iitm.ac.in ; Project Associate, BTCM Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India, Phone +91 95665 33966, ayesha2891@gmail.com }, abstract={Construction sector in India has been on a high growth path lately and maximizing efficiency and profitability has been a key concern. Lean Construction offers a potential solution for system level efficiency improvement. Given the weak planning processes, diverse cultures and ill-trained labour in the industry, Lean implementation has been a challenge. IIT Madras, an educational institution, had recently taken up a carefully-structured programme for training and implementation of Lean construction practices in nine trial projects with varying characteristics through classroom and webinar-based trainings, reporting in predefined formats, monitoring by site visits and periodic reviews. Sites were encouraged to adopt the LPS as the core and use various other Lean tools with close assistance from the Faculty. Overall many of the standard benefits of Lean implementation were realised. However, the extent of gains was seen to be influenced by many soft aspects, such as the culture of the site and the organisation, planning and engineering expertise available, commitment and support from top management and site management. The paper presents an overview of the programme and an analysis of the results obtained/lessons learned across the different sites based on the organisational and cultural aspects of the sites. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Indian Construction, Lean Implementation, Organisational Culture. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bygballe2014, author={Bygballe, Lena E. and Swärd, Anna }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Implementing Lean Construction - A Practice Perspective}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={3-14}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1022}, affiliation={Associate professor, Centre for the Construction Industry, BI Norwegian Business School, +47 46 41 04 59, lena.bygballe@bi.no ; Researcher, Centre for the Construction Industry, BI Norwegian Business School, +47 46 41 04 64, anna.r.s.sundberg@bi.no }, abstract={This study uses a practice perspective to examine how lean project practices are implemented in construction firms. Implementing lean construction has proved to yield significant performance benefits. Nevertheless, implementation challenges continue to intrigue practitioners and academics alike. The study is based on a case of a construction firm, which is involved in implementing a lean project practice. Using a practice perspective allows us to capture the constitutive relationship between what actors within this firm actually do when they engage in the activities of lean construction, and the structural properties of the lean construction concept. The findings show that the lean project practice is implemented through an enactment and learning process that over time enables the practice to be created and recreated across the internal and external project organization. Implementing this new lean project practice is an ongoing process, through which the practice is translated and transformed by the actors engaged in the activities of using and implementing it. The paper contributes to the understanding of implementing lean construction by showing that such an implementation process will never be ‘finished’. Instead it is an ongoing learning and enactment process that involves both internal and external actors. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, implementation, practice, enactment, learning }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Yassine2014, author={Yassine, Tarek and Bacha, Mohammad Bassel Saleh and Fayek, Farah and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Implementing Takt-Time Planning in Construction to Improve Work Flow}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={787-798}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1023}, affiliation={Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, tmy03@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, mms97@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, fsf05@mail.aub.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Lean principles, as applied to the construction industry, are known to add value and reduce waste. One of the most critical principles of lean construction is to target continuous work flow in production and reduce variability. Key to achieving this target is producing to takt time which is the work pace or rhythm derived from demand. Takt ensures a continuous flow thus reducing waste. The actual calculation and implementation of takt time for the construction industry however, has been a debatable and ambiguous topic, thus complicating the process of applying takt. The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic method of calculating takt time and aligning various production rates accordingly in a Location Based Management System scenario. In order to achieve this purpose we will examine an infrastructure project as a case study, observe its current state and then improve it by amending production rates to conform to takt time. A flow line visualization planning software, VICO Control, will be used to demonstrate this production rate adjustment. As a result, we expect the outcome to provide proof of how takt time can improve construction workflow and suggest a systematic method of applying takt. }, author_keywords={Takt time, continuous flow, catch pits, Lean construction work flow }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Knotten2014, author={Knotten, Vegard and Svalestuen, Fredrik }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Implementing Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) in Veidekke – Using Simple Metrics to Improve the Design Management Process}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1379-1389}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1024}, affiliation={PhD Candidate/ Design manager, NTNU/ Veidekke Entreprenør AS. P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway, Phone +47 21055000, Vegard.Knotten@ntnu.no ; PhD Candidate/ Design manager, NTNU/ Veidekke Entreprenør AS. P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway, Phone +47 21055000, Fredrik.Svalestuen@veidekke.no }, abstract={The productivity in the AEC industry in Norway has had a decline since the 80´íes and Veidekke has sought out new approaches to deal with the issue. One of the approaches has been to work with Stanford University and CIFE to improve efficiency of the design phase, by using Virtual Design and Construction (VDC). Through a certificate course in VDC the participants got an introduction to the use of VDC and in the following year implemented VDC in their projects. Metrics is a key part of VDC, and by using simple metrics the participants discovered how to increase the efficiency of the design phase and how to improve the control of the design phase, including changing the processes that did not work well. The aim of this paper is to present some of the course participants' experiences in implementing VDC in their projects and to show how simple metrics can document their efforts. The following main findings were reported: • The time spent with quantity take off (QTO) can be reduced dramatically. • The PPC (Per cent Planned Complete) can be increased by using the 6 prerequisites of a healthy design process to determine the root cause of uncompleted tasks. }, author_keywords={VDC, Metrics, Design management, Constraint analysis, Improvement }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Flores2014, author={Flores, Jorge and Ruiz, Juan C. and Alarcón, Daniela and Alarcón, Luis F. and Salvatierra, José L. and Alarcón, Isabel }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Improving Connectivity and Information Flow in Lean Organizations - Towards an Evidence-Based Methodology}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1109-1120}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1025}, affiliation={PhD Student of School of Psychology, Social Science Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile Phone +56 2 23544639, jflorese@uc.cl ; PhD Student of School of Psychology, Social Science Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile Phone +56 2 23544639, jruizd@uc.cl ; Project Consultant, Centre of Excellence in Production Management, GEPUC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7050, dalarcon@gepuc.cl ; Director and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 27182818, jose.salvatierra@usach.cl ; Investigatión and Development Manager, Centre of Excellence in Production Management, GEPUC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 23547249, ialarcon@gepuc.cl }, abstract={Lean organizations focus on effectively delivering value to their customers, understanding value as defined by their customer’s perspective, thus flexibility and fast adaptation to client’s demands have become a requirement for competitiveness. This adaptation demands a continuous and coordinated flow of information among processes which in first instance are mediated by people. People and their connectivity play a fundamental role in the success or failure of projects, and should be managed and improved continuously. Improving connectivity and information flow requires a methodology that allows not only understanding the current state, but also to effectively control and check the actions taken by the organizations based on clear and objective evidence. This paper aims at discussing the initial development of a methodology based on the experience of applying it on five Chilean Construction Companies. The proposed methodology integrates social network analysis (SNA) as a diagnostic tool, inferential statistics analysis (ISA) to further study the current state and discussion round tables (DRT1 and 2) with key members of the organizations in order to translate SNA and ISA results into the organizations specific context. The initial applications have allowed to carry out complex organizational diagnostics and to achieve simple, localized, quick and inexpensive interventions of information flow improvement based on quantifiable evidence. To enhance performance of this tool future research should be focused on measuring the impact of these interventions. The continuous focus on people and their connectivity will take the industry one step closer to true adaptable and flexible Lean Organizations. }, author_keywords={SNA, LEAN Culture, information flow, Organizational Diagnostic, Connectivity }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aslesen2014, author={Aslesen, Sigmund and Sandberg, Eunike and Hamzeh, Farook and Wehbe, Farah }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Improving Safety Performance - Using Deviation Reporting as a Source for Continuous Improvement}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1435-1445}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1026}, affiliation={Development Manager, Veidekke Entreprenor, Department of Strategy & Improvement, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway, sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no. ; Ph.D candidate, Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and Veidekke Entreprenor, Department of Strategy & Improvement, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: eunike.sandberg@veidekke.no. ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 406E Bechtel, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb ; Masters Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, faw01@mail.aub.edu }, abstract={This paper focuses on how deviation reporting can be used as a source for continuous improvement of safety performance in construction projects. Deviation reporting here includes the reporting of accidents, near-accidents, and unsafe conditions into a database which, in turn, serves to summarize, analyze, and apply data and information in order to prevent future events. The paper builds further on a contribution made to the 21st IGLC annual conference in Brazil, in which a model was proposed to integrate safety analyses as part of performing production planning and control (Aslesen et al. 2013). Since then, a survey has been conducted including nearly 600 employees in one of the leading construction companies in Norway, to investigate attitudes and awareness about deviation reporting and the Last Planner System (LPS). Findings from the survey reveal a generally positive attitude towards deviation reporting besides a widespread use of Last Planner. However, one major shortcoming exists in the form of lack of training in the use of deviation reports. Besides, the awareness of continuous improvement seems to be insufficient – whether it being related to safety or production planning. }, author_keywords={Deviation reporting, last planner system, continuous improvement, safety. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leino2014, author={Leino, Antti and Heinonen, Riku and Kiurula, Mari }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Improving Safety Performance Through 5S Program}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1401-1412}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1027}, affiliation={Manager for Safety Development, BU Skanska Finland, P.O.BOX 114, FI-00101 Helsinki-Finland, Phone +358 40 866 8551, antti.leino@skanska.fi ; Safety Engineer, BU Skanska Finland, Phone +358 40 5317896, riku.heinonen@skanska.fi ; Safety Engineer, BU Skanska Finland, Phone +358 40 727 8585, mari.kiurula@skanska.fi }, abstract={Employees in the construction industry suffer from poor health and safety performance. Beyond the human suffering, this implies a vast economical problem. Among the most common accident causes in construction are slips, trips and falls (on same level) which often relate to poor order and tidiness. This study describes a 5S program that was launched in a Finnish construction company. The aim of the program was to improve order and tidiness and consequently safety performance. The program consisted of the following phases: awareness campaign, management training, launch of three eLearning training modules, workshops at every site during one week, management site safety visits and follow up inspections. The workshops engaged approximately 2770 employees at 190 jobsites during one week. 94% of staff employees that participated in the workshops considered the workshops beneficial. Actions to improve order and tidiness were achieved through personal engagement and pledges. Safety performance improvement turned out promising. Weekly safety inspection indices rose by 3.4 percentage points. Number of accidents associated with slips and trips reduced. The suggested model enables personnel engagement into order and tidiness improvement. Safety performance follow-up after three months, however, reveal fading effect. Thus a recommendation is made that regular engagement activities on housekeeping improvement need to be incorporated into the construction process. }, author_keywords={Safety, Accident, 5S, Construction, Housekeeping, Prevention }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Morais2014, author={Morais, Mônica Veras and Carneiro, Thaís Marilane and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Improving Technique For Capturing Value in Low-Income Housing}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={353-364}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1028}, affiliation={M.Sc Student, PEC, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. Campus do Pici - Bl 710, Room 10, +55(85) 33669607, arqmonicaveras@gmail.com ; M.Sc, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. Campus do Pici - Bl 710, Room 10, +55(85) 33669607, thaismarilane@gmail.com. ; DSc, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. Campus do Pici - Bl 710 – 1nd floor, +55(85) 3366 9600, jpbarros@ufc.br. }, abstract={Due to the current housing provision policy for low-income houses in Brazil, a large amount of new houses are being built. These constructions comply with a list of requirements provided by the government and follow the typological patterns arising in the market, but adapted to smaller dimensions and funding. The families benefited receive aid from the government and constitute a new social class, of which little is known about their needs and perspectives of value. Thus, it is necessary to grasp the information about their needs in order to define what adds value for them and therefore improve the projects, which could be better suited to the needs of its end users. In that manner, this paper aims to improve a quantitative technique for capturing the needs of the end users of low-income housing by setting the value perceived by them. First, an existing questionnaire based on the middle class was adapted to the public of low-income housing. Subsequently, the questionnaire was tested, and the tests showed that respondents had difficulty in giving an answer in the appropriate format. Thus, a visual device was created to facilitate the process and then a new test was made. Changes in the data collection technique showed a better understanding of the questions by the respondents, an increase in the speed of application and, consequently, reduced the total amount of time spent in the application of the questionnaire. Thus, the quantitative technique for capturing value from residents of low-income housing has been improved, allowing its application in a large scale and thereby identifying the points that generate value for the research's target audience. }, author_keywords={Value capture, Low-income housing, Satisfaction. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mohamad2014, author={Mohamad, Ahlam and Gehbauer, Fritz and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Improving the Implementation of Modularization and Standardization of MEP Systems in Design}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={509-518}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1029}, affiliation={Ph.D. student, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-44124, ahlam.mohamad@kit.edu ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49- 721608-42168, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49- 721608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={Modularization and standardization of MEP (Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing) systems in design is a method to improve predictability and efficiency on the construction site. However, managing information is a challenge to achieve modularization and standardization in alignment with customer values. The aim of this paper is to describe the design development process when applying modularization and standardization, to analyze the workflow, and to identify critical processes to be managed. A process map when applying modularization and standardization of MEP systems is explained, highlighting the challenges that should affect the implementation during design process. Analyzing the design process shows that the challenges to be met through the implementation of the design methodology are 1) aligning the external variety of the building structure to modularized and standardized systems (internal variety), and 2) aligning modularization and standardization to customer values. We propose analyzing work structuring principles to improve the implementation of modularization and standardization. We hypothesize that involving the end customer and construction teams and managing their knowledge will increase the effectiveness and efficiency of modularization and standardization in MEP systems' design beyond the current implementation. The Paper presents a theoretical model that is the basis for further research. }, author_keywords={MEP systems, modularization, standardization, work structuring, customer value. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lia2014, author={Lia, Knut Anders and Ringerike, Henning and Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Increase Predictability in Complex Engineering and Fabrication Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={437-449}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1030}, affiliation={M.Sc. graduate, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 90157441, e-mail: knutal12@student.uia.no ; M.Sc. graduate, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 95991232, e-mail: hennir09@student.uia.no ; M.Sc. graduate, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 95991232, e-mail: hennir09@student.uia.no }, abstract={This paper addresses alternative measures to add to the Last Planner System4 to increase predictability in the delivery of complex engineering and fabrication projects. Linear models have proven insufficient for planning and production control of design processes due to the iterative nature of design and engineering activities. In addition, practitioners have questioned the function of the Last Planner System in design. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to report research on the right combination of tools to increase predictability. The constructive research approach was used to analyze a case from the subsea oil and gas industry with low on-time delivery of documents and drawings. The construct divides the execution phase into a design phase and documentation and drawing phase. The design phase utilizes ideas from Scrum and the Last Planner System. Completion of documents and drawings are postponed until completion of a 3D model of the product, thus reducing the amount of negative iterations currently experienced. The documentation and drawing phase utilizes ideas from Critical Chain and the Last Planner System. It has been verified that the division of the execution phase is a significant improvement within the case enterprise, and we seek to generalize the findings. }, author_keywords={Design engineering, predictability, Last Planner, Scrum, Critical Chain }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Stevens2014, author={Stevens, Matt }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Increasing Adoption of Lean Construction by Contractors}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={377-388}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1031}, affiliation={Matt Stevens Ph.D. Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture, Building, and Planning, University of Melbourne (http://www.abp.unimelb.edu.au/), Room 401, 757 Swanston Street, University of Melbourne VIC 3010, AU. Phone +61 3 8345 8673, matthew.stevens@unimelb.edu.au. }, abstract={Lean manufacturing became popular in the 1990s and has been increasingly discussed in the construction industry over the last decade. However, by some measures, construction contractors, responsible for project safety, quality, cost, and scheduling, have been slow to adopt it. Better approaches are needed to convince contractors of the benefits of the lean approach in the construction industry. To facilitate adoption, this paper reviews lean’s current status in the construction contracting environment and suggests methods to increase its engagement by construction firms. Clarification and realignment of lean’s definition and methodology may be needed. A meaningful way to measure the value of lean may motivate more construction firms to adopt lean methods. Empirical studies can show correlations between best practices and desired outcomes. If lean’s practices can be demonstrated to increase efficacy, the rest of the industry may be more likely to adopt the lean model. }, author_keywords={lean construction, construction contractor, production, construction productivity, construction metrics. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sarhan2014, author={Sarhan, Saad and Pasquire, Christine and King, Andrew }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Institutional Waste within the Construction Industry - An Outline}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={895-906}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1032}, affiliation={PhD Student, MSc Civil Engineer, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom, Nottingham NG1 4BU, Tel: +44 (0)7961757059, sarhan_com@hotmail.com or saad.sarhan2012@my.ntu.ac.uk ; Professor of Lean Project Management, Head of the Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, Tel: +44 (0)115 848 2095, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; PhD, Programme Leader for MSc Quantity Surveying, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, Tel: +44 (0)115 848 2511, andrew.king@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={Waste, as understood in Lean thinking, does not feature in modern construction economics or management theory. These approaches fail to recognise the imperfect systems in which entities not only operate inefficiently, but additionally protect themselves by adding contingency and behaving opportunistically. The effect of these practices is to embed inefficient and wasteful processes across the supply chain and throughout the project life cycle. Consequently they have become part of the institution of the construction industry – ‘the way it does business’. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of waste in construction and shed light on a number of regulations, norms and routines, which are taken for granted and impede efficiency and improvement efforts in construction. It starts by critically discussing a number of imperfect systems and structures that support wasteful activities in construction. Next, the background of the institutional theory is introduced, which interestingly is not well established in construction management literature. We then demonstrate how the neo-institutional theory, a branch of organizational sociology, has the potential to be used as an analytical lens to deliver a more explicit theory of waste relating cause and effect within the wider aspects of construction systems and relationships. Finally, an outline of the concept of ‘institutional waste in construction’ is defined, and five tentative guiding hypotheses are specified for future empirical examination. }, author_keywords={Waste, Institutional theory, Taken for granted, Systems, Structures, Norms, Culture }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Knotten2014, author={Knotten, Vegard and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Aslesen, Sigmund and Dammerud, Hege }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Integrated Methodology for Design Management – A Research Project to Improve Design Management for the AEC Industry in Norway}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1391-1399}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1033}, affiliation={Ph.d. Candidate/Design Manager, NTNU/Veidekke Entreprenør AS. P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway, Phone +47 21055000, Vegard.Knotten@ntnu.no ; Ph.d. Candidate/Design Manager, NTNU/Veidekke Entreprenør AS. P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway, Phone +47 21055000, Fredrik.Svalestuen@veidekke.no ; Development manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS. P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway, Phone +47 21055000, Sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no ; Project Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS. P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway, Phone +47 21055000, Hege.dammerud@veidekke.no }, abstract={This paper presents a start of a research project which evaluates the design process as a two dimensional logic, which to some degree happens at the same time - in different phases of the process. The two logics in question are as follows: • The Sequential logic, which is the predictable process where the deliverables from each discipline within the design team are dependent of each other in a serial form. The development of the project thus happens gradually e.g. activity A must be finished before activity B can start. • The Reflective logic, which is a more unpredictable process where the deliverables are interdependent of more than one discipline, in a reciprocal manner. The development of the project will not happen gradually, but more in leaps. Recent developed methods such as “Set-Based Design” and “Set-Based Concurrent Engineering” are methods that have brought Lean thinking into the design process. These methods address the unpredictable with looking at several solutions at the same time and holding back the decision to the last possible moment. Lean Construction has introduced a production perspective to the design process with these methods. However, too much focus on the work flow (like Last Planner™), might shift the focus away from the client(s) needs. }, author_keywords={Design management, design process, reflective logic, complex process. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2014, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Grindheim, Ingvald and Læknes, Nina }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Integrated Planning vs. Last Planner System}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={639-650}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1034}, affiliation={Professor, Dr.Ing School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +4797082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Manager Project Solution, Norway, Mobile +4792887997, e-mail: ingvald.grindheim@futuresolutions.no ; Quality Manager, Kruse Smith AS, Norway, Mobile +4748032671, e-mail: Nina.Laeknes@kruse-smith.no }, abstract={The research question of this paper is whether planning methods with strong characters of traditional approaches may be aligned with the underlying principles of the Last Planner System (LPS). A Scandinavian building contractor has for many years worked on implementing its translation of LPS combined with CPM, which has proved not to take out all the benefits from LPS. Hence the case company has started to develop a new planning system denoted Integrated Planning, and which can be associated to the ideas from location-based planning and takt planning. The focus of the paper is to evaluate this planning methodology in relation to the principles of LPS. The paper concludes with the finding that it is possible to combine Integrated Planning with the LPS principles. However, the system is in many ways an expert system, and needs to be further developed to more explicitly include lookahead planning and constraint analysis and the aspect of continuous learning. It is central to make use of simple planning techniques as manual reversed scheduling to compensate for the expert feature. }, author_keywords={LPS, CPM, traditional planning, production control, integrated planning }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seed2014, author={Seed, William R. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Integrated Project Delivery Requires a New Project Manager}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1447-1459}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1035}, affiliation={Project Integration Executive, Walt Disney Imagineering; formerly Staff Vice President, Design and Construction, Universal Health Services }, abstract={Universal Health Services, Inc. (UHS), a US-based for-profit health care company, has completed over 40 Integrated Lean Project Delivery® (ILPD®) projects and has over 60 more in development or construction. These projects range from $2 Million to $150 Million, with an aggregate value in excess of $1 Billion. As a result of this experience, UHS has found that the traditionally trained Project Manager is not equipped to deal with the relationship-based nature of the ILPD model. The desire for early involvement from the constructors and specialty trades and strong multi-disciplinary collaboration demands a new kind of leadership. The transformational change required by ILPD calls for project leaders who possess group facilitation skills, organizational management skills, people assessment and change management skills, along with the tactical skills of the past. This paper captures the challenges presented by the delivery model and proposes skills and abilities for the new “Integrated Project Manager.” It also offers a project leadership assessment tool to help align project needs with individual capabilities and identification of gaps and potential training needs. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Manager, Transformational Change management, Organizational Management, Facilitation. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leão2014, author={Leão, Cibeli F. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Isatto, Eduardo L. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Integrating Production and Quality Control with the Support of Information Technology}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={847-858}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1036}, affiliation={Architect, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. cibeli_leao@yahoo.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Dr., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. isatto@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The construction industry has faced major changes in the last few decades including a reduction in profit margins, the government’s requirements for quality management certification and an increasing level of quality demanded by consumers. Moreover, intense competition between companies has stimulated interest in developing innovations in managerial systems, seeking to improve product quality while reducing its cost. Recent studies have pointed out a category of waste, called makingdo, which occurs when a task starts before all inputs are available. There is evidence that this type of waste is closely related to the execution of informal packages, and that it is the root cause of other types of waste in construction, such as accidents, material waste and rework. Integration between production control and quality management has been pointed out as a means to reduce the incidence of informal packages and, hence, making-do. This type of integration needs the support of information technology, due to the amount of data that needs to be processed by the same person, and also the need to synchronize the application of some controls. Hence, this research study explores the use of information technology in production control systems. A control model was devised and tested in a Brazilian construction company involved in the development and construction of low-cost housing projects. The control model was implemented in one of the company’s construction sites, where a set of quantitative and qualitative data were collected, including making-do events, the occurrence of informal work-packages, project completion and quality control indicators. The paper will present some production control data that were produced in the empirical study, as well as a preliminary assessment of the model that was devised. }, author_keywords={integrated control, production control, quality, making-do, informal packages }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Souza2014, author={Souza, Diego Vinicius Souza de and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Interfaces, Flows, and Problems of Construction Supply Chains – A Case Study in Brazil}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1095-1106}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1037}, affiliation={PhD Student, College of Science & Technology, School of the Built Environment, The Crescent – Maxwell Building, 7th floor – Room 716, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, Phone +44 (0) 161 295 4748, d.v.souzadesouza@edu.salford.ac.uk ; Professor, College of Science & Technology, School of the Built Environment, The Crescent – Maxwell Building, 5th floor – Room 507, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, Phone +44 (0) 161 295 6378, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This research investigates the interfaces, flows, and problems of construction supply chains in the infrastructure sector. The discussion focuses on how construction companies should manage different interfaces between suppliers and project sites, not only from a temporary project perspective but also from a long-term enterprise viewpoint. Such interfaces are studied according to the flows of information, capital, and materials connecting the different parties in supply chains. In this context, a framework comprising interfaces and flows is developed. Based on such framework, problems of construction supply chains are identified and positioned accordingly. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to develop and implement a framework for addressing interfaces, flows, and problems of construction supply chains. This underlying research was developed in a Brazilian contractor, responsible for infrastructure projects such as tunnelling, earthworks, and highways construction. In addition, eleven of its suppliers were included in the empirical investigation. Data has been collected in semi-structured interviews, meetings, collection and analysis of documents, observation of meetings, workshops, site visits, and from the company’s ERP database. It was found a lack of awareness regarding the existence of the abovementioned supply chains’ interfaces and flows, the root causes of supply chain problems, and the implications of supply chain issues in project delivery. This research has two limitations: was developed in the context of infrastructure projects and investigates a single case-study. Implications from this paper are directed to the research field of frameworks for managing construction supply chains. }, author_keywords={Construction, Supply chain management, Interfaces, Flows, Problems }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsen2014, author={Simonsen, Rolf and Thyssen, Mikael Hygum and Sander, Dag }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Is Lean Construction Another Fading Management Concept?}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={85-96}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1038}, affiliation={Secretariat Manager, Ph.D., Value Creating Construction Processes, Denmark, rs@vaerdibyg.dk ; Consultant, Ph.D., NIRAS, Denmark, mit@niras.dk ; Consultant, Grontmij, Denmark, Dag.Sander@grontmij.dk }, abstract={Management concepts tend to fade away within a relatively short period of time. After a few years the news value declines, the “gurus” disappear, difficulties in realizing the expected gains are recognized, and new management concepts take over. This paper brings attention to the simple question: How is it possible to sustain interest in Lean Construction? Drawing on literature describing the typical life-cycle of management concepts, the journey of Lean Construction and Lean Construction Institute (LCI) in Danish construction is used as a case. LCI Denmark (LCI-DK) was established in 2002 as the first chapter outside of the USA and may therefore be ahead in regards of concept life-cycle to other LCI chapters around the world. It is argued that a revitalization is needed in Denmark if Lean Construction is to overcome the typical life-cycle of other previous management concepts. This leads to a discussion of implementation barriers and challenges to keeping Lean Construction alive, and how to overcome them. The aim is to spur a discussion that may benefit all who are struggling with implementation barriers or find themselves in a post-interest era. }, author_keywords={Management concepts, Implementation, Barriers }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2014, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Sanches, Rodrigo C. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Lean Construction and Resilience Engineering - Complementary Perspectives of Variability}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={61-71}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1039}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br ; MSc student, Building Innovation and Research Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, rodrigo_sanches4@hotmail.com }, abstract={Lean construction (LC) emphasizes the reduction and coping with variability. Nevertheless, a portion of variability is unavoidable, and it triggers manifestations of resilience, at the individual, team and organizational level. This paper compares the perspectives of LC and resilience engineering (RE) of variability. Three criteria are adopted for the comparison: (i) commonalities and differences between the concepts of resilience and making-do, as the last is relevant for the LC view of variability; (ii) types of variability each perspective emphasizes; and (iii) tools for the description of systems, which set a basis for the identification of variability. Concerning the last criterion, a comparison is made between Value Stream Mapping, which is derived from lean, and the Functional Resonance Analysis Method, which is derived from RE. Based on this comparison, learning opportunities for LC from RE are identified. }, author_keywords={Resilience engineering, making-do, variability, value stream mapping, FRAM. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wandahl2014, author={Wandahl, Søren }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Lean Construction with or without Lean – Challenges of Implementing Lean Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={97-108}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1040}, affiliation={Senior Associate Professor (docent), Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Dalgas Avenue 2, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, Phone +45 41 89 32 16, swa@eng.au.dk }, abstract={Since the introduction of Lean Construction, implementation of Lean Construction method, tools, and thinking has been a challenge. The success of Lean Construction is evident, but still implementation challenges emerge, among others, culture, training, leadership, but also partial implementation of Lean Construction. Some reports indicate that the major implementation challenges are related to misconceptualization of lean construction tools, and case studies have found that often Lean Construction was either partially or incorrectly applied. Denmark is one of the pioneer countries in the Lean Construction journey, with the driving force of Sven Bertelsen and MT Højgaard among others. It is considered a country with a widespread and deep implementation of Lean Construction. But how disseminated is Lean Construction in reality? And do those who claim to apply lean construction actually do lean construction? On the basis of these questions this research contributes with a survey with a magnitude of 500 practitioners from the Danish construction industry. Results of this survey are compared with recent IGLC research on implantation challenges of lean construction. This research itself does not put forward any improved guide on how to implement lean construction. Instead it brings light to how lean construction is actually applied. In itself this is very interesting, and is valuable knowledge that can be used in further research on lean construction theory and on implementation of lean in the industry. }, author_keywords={Implementation, Last Planner System, Knowledge }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pekuri2014, author={Pekuri, Aki and Pekuri, Laura and Haapasalo, Harri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Lean as a Business Model}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={51-60}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1041}, affiliation={PhD Student, Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu, aki.pekuri@oulu.fi ; PhD Student, Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu, laura.pekuri@oulu.fi ; Professor, Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu harri.haapasalo@oulu.fi }, abstract={This theoretical study explores the role of business models in lean transformation with the aim of explaining why seeing lean as a business model can be beneficial and how managing it as such could lead to more comprehensive transformations and greater lean implementation success. Three elements – the value creation system, the value proposition, and the revenue model – constitute a business model, the main function of which is to describe how pieces of business fit together as a system, thus enabling managers to understand, study and develop a company as a whole. The study uses Toyota’s business model to illustrate the overwhelming influence of adopting lean with regard to a whole business model. It argues that lean must be adopted as a new business model to make transformation successful. If lean is implemented without the intention of changing an entire business model, the objective of accomplishing a comprehensive transformation is likely to fail due to clashes between new ideas and the logic of old business models. Thus, it is necessary for managers to understand their existing business models thoroughly and to comprehend lean as a system that, if implemented, is likely to influence all of the elements of the old business models, thus requiring transformational change. }, author_keywords={This theoretical study explores the role of business models in lean transformation }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lockert2014, author={Lockert, J. and Berard, O. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Learning from Problem Analyses of Design Information Quality Data}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={497-508}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1042}, affiliation={Civil engineer MSc., Building Informatics, BIM-coordinator - MT Højgaard, jolo@mth.dk ; Civil engineer, MSc. Software development, Ph D, Design Information Quality, BIM-specialist - MT Højgaard, olb@mth.dk }, abstract={A lacking Design Information Quality (DIQ) is known to cause budget overruns, schedule delays and defects in the construction and operation of buildings. In spite of this, both research and practice within structured Quality Assurance/Control (QA/QC) of design information is limited. Design checking is largely an inefficient process, e.g. lacking structure. However, the emerging technologies and methods of building information modeling (BIM) allow for a structured and software supported checking. This research studies data provided by a Nordic construction company. The data set consists of design information analyses of 2D drawings as well as 3D models, from 100 projects. The construction company has realized the problem of lacking DIQ, and hence both implemented explicit requirements for DIQ, as well as a procedure for design information QA/QC, primarily on tender projects as well as design-build projects. The quality information requirements are based on best practices from the BIM community. In conclusion, we propose new requirements to Design Information Quality as identified by the research, as well as our suggestions to input to new best practices in quality information requirements in the BIM community, integrating BIM and Lean principles from our particular context, to address design information problems in the future. }, author_keywords={Design, Information, Quality Assurance/Quality Control, Building Information Modeling, Lean }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Medina2014, author={Medina, Alonso }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Learning through Failure - the Challenge of Lean Project Delivery from the Contractor´s Perspective in Peru}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1425-1433}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1043}, affiliation={Head of the Corporate Learning Center, Graña y Montero, Av. Paseo de la República 4667, Surquillo, Lima 34, Perú, Phone +051 213-6565, alonso.medina@gym.com.pe }, abstract={Collaborative agreements are fairly recent and started as a customer need to find a new form of contractual agreement that foster collaboration between parties. The basic requirements are a trustworthy and knowledgeable client, an experienced team, and a contract that promotes collaboration. The construction industry in Peru has used traditional project delivery systems such as Design-Bid-Build, Design-Build, and occasionally Construction Management at Risk – always pursuing the lowest cost for an average design. In the pursuit of offering the optimal cost for a better design, the proposal to implement an Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) was put forward by the general contractor rather than by the customer – in contrast to the Sutter Health experience. The challenge of applying IPD as a contractor’s initiative increases due to a resistance to change, fear, the unawareness of middle managers, flawed bonus schemes, and late involvement in the design phase, among others. Many efforts have been made to use IPD, however we have not yet considered whether the Peruvian construction industry is ready for such a disruptive delivery system or if IPD has to be adapted to our reality. This paper aims to explain the successes and failures in the pursuit of an IPD in Peru and concludes with lessons learned and guidelines for further investigations to explore IPD applications in Peru. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery, IPD, Collaborative Agreement, Target Cost, Project Delivery System }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2014, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Hammons, Glenn J. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Learning to See Simplicity within a Complex Project Through the Lens of Pull Planning}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={751-762}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1044}, affiliation={Owner, Navilean; Senior Associate, Lean Project Consulting; Adjunct Faculty, Wentworth Inst. of Technology; Brookline, MA, 02445, USA, Phone +1 510/593-4884, research@navilean.com ; Project Director, Skanska USA Building Inc., Nemours – AIDHC DE Expansion Project, 1610 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE, USA, Phone +1 302/298-7663 Glenn.Hammons@skanska.com }, abstract={Ideally, project teams should get feedback from foremen from key trades to help guide work structuring decisions early in the design process. Doing so enables project teams to reveal the constructability implications intrinsic to different design options. Then, project owners may make product design decisions that would better support the construction process and thus improve the likelihood of meeting their project goals. Unfortunately, if trade foremen missed the opportunity to influence a project’s product design at project inception, the project team may later face daunting challenges to construct project components that appear complex at first glance. This paper describes such a scenario in the building out of an atrium for a $220 million new hospital addition in the U.S. It explores how the project team used pull planning to reveal production lines that needed to be created to build out the hospital’s fivestory atrium. It explains how the project team considered various work structuring scenarios and eventually settled on the final work sequence. Thus, this case study will demonstrate how the project team was able to learn how to see simpler process approaches to constructing what initially appeared to be a complex product design. }, author_keywords={Work structuring, sequencing, product-process design integration, pull planning, process standardization }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Britt2014, author={Britt, Kevin and Alves, Thais da C. L. and Reed, Dean and Gracz, Brian }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Lessons Learned from the Make Ready Process in a Hospital Project}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={257-268}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1045}, affiliation={DPR Construction, 5010 Shoreham Place, San Diego, CA 92122, USA, Phone +1 858/597-7070, kevinbr@dpr.com ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Director of Lean Construction, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA, deanr@dpr.com ; DPR Construction, 5010 Shoreham Place, San Diego, CA 92122, USA, briang@dpr.com }, abstract={A previous paper (presented in the IGLC 19) described the journey a Construction Management team on a large hospital project had to go through to set up the lookahead process and the Last Planner® meetings. This paper presents in more detail how the team specifically managed the make ready process and the constraint identification and resolution process related to building a ground-up hospital in California as well as discusses lessons learned during the project. The team distilled a number of lessons learned which are summarized in the paper under the following main headings: need to change participant’s mentality from a hard-bid to a collaborative environment through alignment; build a high performing team; the right processes and tools are useless without respect for the people; create a culture to promote continuous improvement; and understand the team’s needs to create pull and reduce cycle times through the SWAT process. These lessons learned are discussed and illustrated with examples from the project and linked to Lean concepts that whether implicitly or explicitly helped the team to successfully complete the project. }, author_keywords={Make ready process, healthcare, lessons learned, high-performance teams, value }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Feliz2014, author={Feliz, Tom and Reed, Dean and Draper, John and Macomber, Hal }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Leveraging Software for Learning-in-Action Using Commitment-Based Planning}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1307-1318}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1046}, affiliation={Director of Sales, ourPlan, Phone +1 650-776-4188, San Francisco, CA tom@our-plan.com ; Lean Construction Director, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA, DeanR@dpr.com ; Associate Principal, Lean Project Consulting, Bloomington, MN, jdraper@leanproject.com ; Principal, Lean Project Consulting, Campton, NH hmacomber@leanproject.com }, abstract={The Last Planner® System (LPS) allows teams and individuals to learn and improve their use of language to plan and coordinate production every day on their construction project. This paper will investigates how LPS, when consistently applied, reinforces W. Edwards Deming’s Plan-Do-Study-Act. LPS also promotes and requires effective use of key elements of reliable promising and “grammar of action” as put forth by Fernando Flores. These two theories will be explained along with others throughout this paper as a framework and management system for project teams operating in a production setting. The second half of the paper discusses how technology has been leveraged to achieve high-functioning LPS performance. A cloud-based Last Planner software application exists that helps project teams create learning through the ability to establish reliable promises. By applying Deming's PDSA method for continuous improvement, this collaborative software creates real-time feedback and learning for teams. The commitment-based actions and workflow supported by the software help teams actively engage and appreciate Fernando Flores’ language-action perspective. This paper will demonstrate through discussion and examples of three case studies of project teams who have successfully used this production-planning tool to create a network of commitments that are grounded in a learning-in-action approach. }, author_keywords={Last Planner software, reliable promising, Deming PDSA, language-action perspective }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Moura2014, author={Moura, Rafael de Sousa Leal Martins and Monteiro, José Márcio Feitosa and Heineck, Luiz Fernando Mählmann }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Line of Balance – Is It a Synthesis of Lean Production Principles as Applied to Site Programming of Works? }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={703-714}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1047}, affiliation={Master Student, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, rafaelleall@hotmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Fortaleza, CE, marcioccap@gmail.com ; Professor, State University of Ceará - UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, freitas8@terra.com.br }, abstract={Evidence on the use of Line of Balance as a scheduling technique already exists in the Brazilian construction industry since the 80’. More recently it has been associated with Lean Construction applications, especially as tool for tactical planning of works. This conceptual paper discusses how line of balance can be taken not just as a straightforward graphical device to depict site programming in long, medium and short terms but also as an appropriate graphical tool to represent, induce and make self-evident the application of several Lean Production ideas like takt time, buffers transparency, integrated planning of long, medium and short term, minimization of production and transfer batches, PDCA, production levelling, inventory minimizing, pull production and parallel operations, among others. Each of these concepts is illustrated using line of balance displays. The work concludes that Line of Balance is akin to Lean Production and Lean Production is very well represented by Line of Balance diagrams, aiming at further discussions on this conceptual synthesis (lean is line and line is lean). }, author_keywords={Line of balance, building schedules, lean construction, lean conceptual synthesis, graphical communication of lean principles. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kjersem2014, author={Kjersem, Kristina and Emblemsvåg, Jan }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Literature Review on Planning Design and Engineering Activities in Shipbuilding }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={677-688}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1048}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Logistics Department, Molde University College, Britvegen 2, 6410 Molde, Norway, Phone +47 47 82 49 84, kristina.kjersem@himolde.no ; Professor, Molde University College, Britvegen 2, 6410 Molde, Norway; Senior Vice President Innovation and Process Management, Ph.D., jan.emblemsvag@vard.com }, abstract={Planning, scheduling, controlling and measuring design and engineering activities is challenged nowadays not only by the strong competition, but also by the technology and the way projects are organized. The project organization challenges the planning process through its variety of people, organizations and cultures participating along the whole building project. Concurrent engineering is a building method dependent on a dynamic planning process that integrates and coordinates all the entities involved in the project. 3D modeling is a tool that necessitates more specialized engineers and a more collaborative way of engineering a project. It seems that today’s planning systems fail to take into consideration these challenges. This literature review is an attempt to find if and how the fields of project management and lean construction deal with planning and measuring design/engineering activities in a concurrent engineering process that is globally dispersed both on engineering and on production part of a project. }, author_keywords={Project Planning; Lean Construction; Last Planner System, Project Management }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2014, author={Ko, Chien-Ho and Chung, Neng-Fu }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Making Design Process Lean }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={463-474}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1049}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, Phone +886 (8) 770-3202, ko@mail.npust.edu.tw; President, Lean Construction Institute-Taiwan; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute-Asia ; MS, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, Phone +886 (8) 770-3202, M9733012@mail.npust.edu.tw }, abstract={Improper design in the construction industry leads to change orders, rework, decreased constructability, cost overruns, and delays, making it one of the biggest causes of waste. This study aims to develop a Lean Design Process to enhance design reliability by creating a learning environment using the design correctness ratio. Wastage is first identified by analyzing the planning and design processes. A new design workflow is then proposed using lean concepts to smooth design work, reduce unnecessary design errors, and increase design reliability. The proposed process can provide team members with feedback on design status, thus allowing for continuous improvement. The lean process is conceptualized using system dynamics to validate applicability. Analysis shows that the proposed lean design process can enhance design completeness and reliability, thus increasing design correctness. Waste due to improper design could be reduced accordingly. }, author_keywords={Lean design, design correctness, system dynamics. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Umstot2014, author={Umstot, David and Fauchier, Dan and Alves, Thaís da C. L. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Metrics of Public Owner Success in Lean Design, Construction, and Facilities Operations and Maintenance}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1495-1506}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1050}, affiliation={President, Umstot Project and Facilities Solutions, La Mesa, CA, david.umstot@umstotsolutions.com ; Senior Lean Consultant, The ReAlignment Group, Ltd., San Diego, CA USA, danfauchier@mac.com ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={The design and construction industry is hungry for metrics and proof of concept for Lean in the public sector. San Diego (California) Community College District has completed two-thirds of a US$1.6 Billion capital improvement program (2002-2019) during which – at the one quarter complete stage in 2008 – Lean design and construction principles and practices were introduced, thus offering a pre- and post- Lean comparative opportunity. Contemporaneously, the Facilities Management department also launched a Lean initiative. This paper identifies some key owner metrics to measure the value of identified Lean principles and tools, examines the comparison of various pre- and post-Lean metrics, analyzes these in relation to value- creation and waste-reduction, and analyzes how these metrics are associated with core Lean principles as identified in prior literature. These design, construction, and operations/maintenance functions influenced each other during the study period (2008-2013) and this paper offers some insights into the value of Lean to the design, construction and maintenance process for public agencies. }, author_keywords={Lean in Public Sector (LIPS), indicators, Lean metrics, education sector. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Al Hattab2014, author={Al Hattab, Malak and Zankoul, Emile and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Optimizing Joint Operation of Two Tower Cranes Through Look-Ahead Planning and Process Simulation }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={535-546}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1051}, affiliation={ PhD Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Mobile +961 70 931272, mja28@aub.edu.lb ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Mobile +961 3 180628, efz00@aub.edu.lb ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Phone +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Proper planning of on-site operations is critical to the effective delivery of a construction project. Many construction works, especially in high-rise buildings, require using tower cranes. In fact, early planning of tower crane operations before site execution helps reduce operational costs, enhance site safety, and optimize the works’ schedule. Lean principles and look-ahead planning in particular, along with 4D scheduling (time and location) of tower crane activities allow achieving optimal use of cranes. The purpose of this paper is to optimize the use of two tower cranes by simulating the scheduling of tasks in the overlapping work zones to achieve shorter operation durations and higher crane utilization rates. Early experimentation with the system and real-time assessment of alternative solutions reduce on-site problems and delays. In this respect, an optimization model based on parametric variation is developed for studying two cranes by using, as input, the construction schedule detailed down to daily operations through look-ahead planning. The model is also applied on a pilot case study to demonstrate the logic and outcomes of the model. The research contributes towards providing engineers, planners, crane operators, superintendents, and foremen with a model that can be used daily to better plan, in advance, the tasks to be executed by the cranes. The model can therefore provide a balanced workload schedule for both cranes and achieve the best utilization rates while reducing idle times to ultimately boost the production of the cranes while reducing project duration and cost. }, author_keywords={Tower Crane Operations, Optimization, Look-ahead Planning and Scheduling, Simulation, Lean Construction }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Laine2014, author={Laine, Enni and Alhava, Otto and Kiviniemi, Arto }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Improving Built-in Quality by Bim Based Visual Management }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={945-956}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1052}, affiliation={Project Engineer, Fira Oy, Master of Science (Tech.), Phone +358 4009 81855, enni.laine@fira.fi ; Chief Technology Officer, Fira Oy, Master of Science (Tech.), Phone +358 4007 92493, otto.alhava@fira.fi ; Professor, University of Liverpool, School of Architecture, Abercromby Square, Liverpool, L69 7ZN, United Kingdom, Phone +44 151 794 3575, email: a.kiviniemi@liverpool.ac.uk }, abstract={Efficient and flawless information management plays a key role in successful execution of construction projects, but it has been difficult to implement in the traditional document-based environment. A root cause for waste in construction projects is inaccessible, inadequate or missing information. Necessary information is produced by several parties and it is often fragmented, inconsistent or in an impractical format. A lot of time is wasted - meaning that value is destroyed - in searching information needed for activities on construction site due to the fact that even if the information exists somewhere in the documents, it is not easily available. Visual control systems defined in Lean methodology strive for improving the value added flow. Building Information Modelling (BIM) can facilitate organisation and visualisation of information for specific needs in the process. This paper explores how combining principles of Visual Control and BIM could improve information delivery from information producers to information users to reduce waste in searching and processing the information. The methods of literature study, Value Stream Mapping and Root Cause Analysis are used. Software-based Standardised Model Views (SMVs) and their automated creation from BIM, based on predefined use cases and end-user needs are proposed and illustrated. The use of SMVs facilitates Lean information management, thus reducing rework and time spent on waiting, increasing built-in quality and enhancing flow in production. Evaluated savings in a single subcontractor’s work time are at least 10% when SMVs are used. }, author_keywords={Lean, BIM, VDC, Visual Control, Information Management, standardised model views, Built-in Quality, Waste }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Erikshammar2014, author={Erikshammar, Jarkko and Alestig, Erik and Lu, Weizhuo }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Parametric Value Stream Mapping Framework: A Case Study of a Small Swedish Industrialized House-Building Supplier}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={425-435}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1053}, affiliation={Lic. Eng., M.Sc., Div. of Structural and Construction Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46920491860, www.ltu.se, Jarkko.Erikshammar@ltu.se ; M.Sc, Prolog Bygglogistik AB, Högbergsgatan 33, 116 20 Stockholm, Sweden, Phone +46107099923, erik.alestig@prolog.se ; Ph.D., Div. of Structural and Construction Engineering – Construction management, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46920491362, www.ltu.se, weizhuo.lu@ltu.se }, abstract={Industrialized house-building is based on repetitive processes used in the supply, design, manufacturing and erection of pre-configured houses. Industrialized house- building contractors are dependent on many small suppliers and sub-contractors in their supply chain. These small suppliers, with limited resources and capabilities, need to be able to develop products and processes in order to deliver future customer value without wasting development resources on non-viable products. Our question is whether product development by small and medium-sized (SME) industrialized house-building suppliers could be supported by parametric Value Stream Mapping. The objective is to explore a process design framework in which Value stream Mapping (VSM) is used to identify improvements and to generate product development suggestions, based on a set of parameters defined as P1, P2..., Pn. The testing was carried out at a Swedish SME supplier to the industrialized house- building sector, using a newly-developed roofing board with an integrated membrane, with the parameters (P1) customer needs, (P2) waste on construction site and (P3) construction worker safety. Data were collected using interviews and video-recorded participant observations on two construction sites. Findings indicate that VSM cannot describe attributes of a product other than those associated with production flow. However, parametric VSM helped the case study company to stop current development and instead suggest valuable product attributes. The implications are that parametric VSM enhances the application of VSM. Parametric VSM can be used by SME suppliers as an input to product development in order to validate product attributes before launch. However, this is based on a single case study and further research is needed. }, author_keywords={Value Stream Map, Product Development, Industrialized House-building, Small Business, Process Design }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haugseth2014, author={Haugseth, Nikolai and Lohne, Jardar and Jensen, Geir and Lædre, Ola }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Partnering in Statsbygg }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1343-1356}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1054}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 7A, 7491 Trondheim ; Researcher, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU ; Department Director, Client’s department, Statsbygg ; Associate professor, dr.ing, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU }, abstract={To address the adversarial culture of the construction industry, partnering is used as a mean to create a collaborative and flexible building process where each partner achieves their business objectives. This paper identifies which partnering elements - understood as contractual elements included in order to create win-win situations for the contracting parties - a large Norwegian public client – Statsbygg - has used in their partnering projects. Based on findings the article recommends which elements that should be used in future Statsbygg as well as other partnering projects. The recommendations include elements such as; early involvement of design- builder, key subcontractors and consultants, value based procurement, an intentional agreement, target cost with bonus/malus incentives, open book economy, partnering charter, continuous workshops, partnering measurements, co-localisation, partnering champions, external facilitators, a predetermined method of dispute resolution, and a contractual right to remove unsuitable people. The methodological approach chosen for our investigation was based on 1) a literature study, 2) the distribution and analysis of a questionnaire, and 3) interviews with professionals having experience with partnering. The interviewees maintained partnering as an important step in the direction of changing the culture characterizing the Norwegian construction industry to an adversarial to a cooperative value based culture. Partnering is Statsbygg’s way of facilitating a lean construction process where less time is wasted on disputes, and more value is added to the project. }, author_keywords={Partnering, public client, partnering elements, recommendations }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Assainar2014, author={Assainar, Rizwan and El Asmar, Mounir }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Quantifying the Impact of Non-Traditional Stakeholder Involvement on Project Quality}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={247-255}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1055}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Construction Management Program, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 870204, Tempe, AZ 85287-0204; Phone: (480) 703-1538; E-mail: rassaina@asu.edu. ; Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 870204, Tempe, AZ 85287-0204; Phone: (480) 727-9023; E-mail: asmar@asu.edu. }, abstract={The traditional approach of stakeholders’ involvement in architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) projects typically consists of the architect or engineer’s (A/E) involvement in the design phase, and the general contractor or construction manager’s (GC or CM) and subcontractors’ involvement in the construction phase. Previous research emphasizes the need for the involvement of the GC/CM in the design phase and focuses less on the A/E’s participation in the construction phase. This study evaluates the impact on project quality performance of both (1) the GC or CM and subcontractor’s involvement in the design phase, and (2) the A/E’s involvement in the construction phase. This type of involvement is termed the “non-traditional approach” in the paper. Relevant literature was analyzed, and a data collection instrument was developed and utilized in detailed interviews to gather information on different stakeholders’ involvement, as well as quantity performance scores from more than 30 recently completed complex institutional construction projects in the United States. Univariate analyses, such as t-tests and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests, were performed to evaluate stakeholders’ involvement impact on project quality performance. The preliminary findings indicate that non-traditional stakeholder involvement is linked to statistically significant improvements in project quality. The AEC industry can utilize this information as a guide for decision makers, assisting them to select the appropriate level of involvement of various stakeholders at different phases of a project. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery, People, Quality. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2014, author={Valente, Rafael Cardoso and Costa, Dayana Bastos }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Recommendations for Practical Application of Transparency in Construction Site}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={919-930}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1056}, affiliation={ Civil Engineer, CIVIL Construction Company, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, ; Assistant Professor, Polytechnic School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering and Master of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Phone: +55 71 3283-9731,dayanabcosta@ufba.br }, abstract={Lean construction is a new set of ideas that seeks to achieve perfection by eliminating waste that may be waste of materials, time, effort or even satisfaction. One of its principles is transparency and can be used as an instrument to increase the motivation of workers for improvement, reduce the propensity of errors and, most certainly, increase the visibility of errors. The aim of this paper is to propose a set of recommendations for the application of transparency practices aiming to improve production planning and control, quality and cost processes, while also evaluating its benefits. The main research strategy used was case studies, which initially involved a benchmarking study carried out in three different industries (hospital, car factory and retail store) in order to identify good transparency practices to apply in construction sites. Based on this and in the literature review twenty transparency practices were selected, being implemented during the construction of a commercial building. The main results of this research are related to experiences gained in the practical application of the principle of transparency and the identification of positive effects of these practices in different managerial processes such as better consistency in decision making, participation and motivation of employees, more effectiveness in scheduled activities and quick understanding of and response to problems. Also, new practices of transparency are suggested and practical recommendations for new applications were established. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction; Transparency; Visual Management; Benchmarking. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salem2014, author={Salem, Ossama and Pirzadeh, Sharareh and Ghorai, Sudipta and Abdel-Rahim, Ahmed }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Reducing Environmental, Economic, and Social Impacts of Work-Zones by Implementing Lean Construction Techniques}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={145-155}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1057}, affiliation={A. Yabroudi Chair Professor of Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, Department Chair, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 151M Link Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA, Phone +1 (315) 443-3401, omsalem@syr.edu ; Research Assistant, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; Phone +1 (315) 466-6502, spirzade@syr.edu ; Research Assistant, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; Phone +1 (505) 697-0957, sghorai@syr.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Engineering/Physics 115B, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1022, USA, Phone +1 (208) 885-2957, ahmed@uidaho.edu }, abstract={Pavement construction, maintenance and rehabilitation have considerable impacts on environment, society, and economy. These impacts can be minimized by implementing lean construction strategies that focus on reducing wastes and improving performance, as well as increasing the overall value of the facility to the end users. The objective of this study is to identify the adverse effects of work-zones activities for pavement projects, and demonstrate how lean construction techniques can provide sustainable solutions. For example, 5S’s can help reducing the waste which is a cause of environmental degradation. The last planner technique can be used to prevent schedule delays and to accelerate the construction process, and assist in reducing the excess emissions due to unstable traffic around the work-zones and from heavy equipment. It can also minimize vehicle operating costs due to congestion and improve the mobility of work-zone. Increased visualization approaches such as speed advisories, delay advisories; regulatory speed limit changes merge control and alternate route guidance, can further enhance safety and mobility. Other impacts such as noise pollution; and reduced accessibility to businesses and emergency facilities can be minimized using phased scheduling which allows the selection of construction time and duration suitable for the surrounding community. }, author_keywords={IGLC22, lean construction, sustainability, work-zone, pavement maintenance }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Svalestuen2014, author={Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lædre, Ola and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Research Work on the Design Process Within the IGLC Conference}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1461-1472}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1058}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 7A, 7491 Trondheim, Norway / Design Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O.Box 506 Skøyen, N0214 Oslo Norway ; Associate Professor, Dr.Ing, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 7A, 7491 Trondheim, Norway ; Researcher, Dr.Art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 7A, 7491 Trondheim, Norway }, abstract={The design process has been widely researched and discussed within the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC). This paper aims at exploring the research on the design process carried out during the period (1993 to 2013) of annual conferences within the IGLC community. The authors have examined all published work over this period and sorted out those considered to contribute to design process research. The annual number of publications on design process was found to have increased. An overview of all the published work is included and sorted after year according to five categories; Theory, Review, Status report, Implementation and IT-tools. The proposed categories indicate there are more practically oriented than theory based publications on the design process. In light of the findings, future studies ought to be twofold. Firstly, there is a need for further development on how to apply lean principles in design processes. Secondly, more success stories from the early majority will spread the use of the lean principles in design processes. The conclusions of this paper will lay premises for the research questions in an ongoing PhD study. }, author_keywords={Design Process, Review, Design Management, Lean Construction, Last Planner System. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Faloughi2014, author={Faloughi, Mazen and Bechara, Wissam and Chamoun, Joy and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Simplean: An Effective Tool for Optimizing Construction Workflow}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={281-292}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1059}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, mjf05@mail.aub.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, wrb02@mail.aub.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, jac08@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Phone +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, Farook.Hamzeh@mail.aub.edu }, abstract={Achieving continuous information flow and effective coordination between construction teams is becoming increasingly difficult with the increase in complexity of construction project organizations. Information has to travel through a busy bureaucratic structure and is often distorted, delayed or even deliberately hidden. The aim of this paper is to develop a solution to this problem that consists of a visual information software platform. The proposed software -SimpLean- allows easy and simple coordination of activities, staff and resources. Live information would be exchanged between construction teams via hand held electronic tablets. The software operation mechanism enables the application of Lean Construction concepts and the Last Planner® System (LPS®) with minimal training and adaptation time. Such software could be considered as a transition tool for contracting firms looking to implement Lean concepts, without requiring deep and radical process changes. The effectiveness of implementing the software in the construction environment is tested using computer simulation. }, author_keywords={SimpLean, visual information systems, Lean Construction, transparency, Last Planner System. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{González2014, author={González, Vicente A. and Senior, Bolivar and Orozco, Francisco and Alarcon, Luis Fernando and Ingle, Jason and Best, Andrew }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Simulating Lean Production Principles in Construction: A Last Planner-Driven Game}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1221-1232}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1060}, affiliation={PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. E-Mail: bolivar.senior@colostate.edu ; PhD, Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Universidad Panamericana Campus Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico. E-mail: forozco@up.edu.mx ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Civil Engineer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: jing028@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; Civil Engineer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: abes014@aucklanduni.ac.nz }, abstract={Simulations and classroom games are effective hands-on learning tools for construction students and practitioners. This paper presents the background, methods and results of a new management game which simulates some aspects of the Last Planner System (LPS™) and lean production. LPS is central to the implementation of Lean Construction, an increasingly popular management approach based on the Toyota Production System. LPS requires continuous and collaborative effort from all stakeholders for the planning and control of a construction project, making it especially appropriate for the experiential learning allowed by simulation. The simulation game consists of the assembly of Lego™ pieces to form a schematic house, and it is played by teams meeting in rounds simulating one week of work. Each team is composed of stakeholders, such as a construction manager, resource suppliers and trade foremen, mirroring the planning and assembly process of a typical construction project. Participants build the Lego houses first using a traditional management approach and then using LPS and lean principles and procedures. This paper also describes the main components of the Toyota Production System as applied by Lean Construction, and provides an introduction to LPS as well as a description of the simulation rules and setup. A Case Study of the simulation game is discussed, including its implementation and effectiveness as a teaching tool. The implementation results of the simulation game demonstrated its capability to effectively teach LPS and lean-based management approaches in construction. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Lean Construction, Learning, Management Games. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Freeman2014, author={Freeman, Clay and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Social Aspects Related to LBMS Implementation – A Case Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1133-1144}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1061}, affiliation={Vice President of Innovation, Webcor Builders Inc., cfreeman@webcor.com ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Director of VDC Services, Trimble Navigation Limited, olli_seppanen@trimble.com }, abstract={LBMS adoption in California is steadily increasing. Several hospital case studies have been reported earlier but they have mainly focused on numerical measures related to LBMS. The previous research has highlighted the need to better understand the social aspects related to implementation. The case study reported in this paper presented a unique opportunity to develop social processes because the owner was involved from the beginning and was prepared to change their standard process. The project goals included using a model-based cost plan to inform the schedule with quantities and cost per location, using LBMS to plan efficient labor flow and control production, as well as running pull planning sessions with subcontractors to collect input from those closest to the work. The challenges included creating integrated deliverables quickly and keeping them up-to-date with the evolving design, training the extended project team and helping the team resist the urge to fall back to traditional behaviors during crunch points. It was crucial to understand the role traditional CPM tools play in a project and determining how these tools should interact with the LBMS schedule. To facilitate training, research was performed to understand and document why superintendents and subcontractors behave as they do on traditional projects and the changes required from both roles in order for the new systems to work. }, author_keywords={LBMS, implementation }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schmidt2014, author={Schmidt, Michael T. and Elezi, Fatos and Tommelein, Iris D. and Berghede, Klas and Lindemann, Udo }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Supporting Organizational Design Towards Lean With the Viable System Model}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={73-83}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1062}, affiliation={Graduate Student, University of California, Berkeley, USA and Technische Universität München, Germany, michaeltschmidt@mytum.de ; M. Sc., Institute for Product Development, Technische Universität München, Germany, fatos.elezi@pe.mw.tum.de ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Production Manager, The Boldt Company, 455 Market Street, 5th Floor, CA 94105, San Francisco, klas.berghede@boldt.com ; Professor, Institute for Product Development, Technische Universität München, Germany, lindemann@pe.mw.tum.de }, abstract={This paper provides an approach to support design of organizational control structures in lean construction projects. Abstracting and analyzing lean practices from the perspective of Management Cybernetics and the Viable System Model (ViSM) in particular was found to elevate understanding of the former in previous research. It seems promising to further investigate how applying the ViSM can aid the implementation of lean thinking in environments that face cultural- and other hurdles to sustainably establishing lean practices. To take further steps in this direction of research we present an approach for identification and design of organizational control structures in the context of lean practices utilizing the ViSM. Then, we present an exemplary application of said approach, showcasing supportive design of control structures within a pull-based material supply system at a hospital construction project in San Francisco, California. The example shows that the ViSM and its underlying principles of Management Cybernetics can largely support establishing control structures in lean context. Responsibility assignments and information channels could be transparently included in the organization structure and their assumed contribution to sustainable lean implementation could initially be verified. }, author_keywords={Management Cybernetics, Viable System Model, Lean Construction, lean control mechanisms, lean implementation }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frandson2014, author={Frandson, Adam and Berghede, Klas and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Takt-Time Planning and the Last Planner}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={571-580}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1063}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA, Phone +1 (510) 642-3261, AFrandson@berkeley.edu ; Production Manager, The Boldt Company, Western Operations, 2150 River Plaza Drive, Suite 255, Sacramento, CA 95833, Klas.Berghede@boldt.com ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Introduction of the Last Planner System helped to improve predictability and overall productivity in the construction industry. In manufacturing, the use of takt- time resulting in production to a set beat, has long been a center piece in leveling work flow and optimizing production lines. This paper will explore how we successfully merge the rigorous and more pre-determined structure of takt-time planning with the fluid, more interactive and responsive Last Planner System. The paper will use the Cathedral Hill Hospital Project as an example of takt-time planning in use and describe how the production team can work together with Last Planners to make sure that the structure and alignment from the takt-time plan also improve and simplify the Last Planner’s ability to plan their work successfully. We are especially interested in the dynamics around worker buy-in and the notion of manageable chunks’ of work to improve the ability for workers to plan successfully. }, author_keywords={Takt-time planning, Last Planner™ System, production system design }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Melo2014, author={Melo, Reymard and Kaushik, Amit and Koskela, Lauri and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Keraminiyage, Kaushal and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Target Costing in Construction: A Comparative Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={183-194}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1064}, affiliation={PhD Student, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil reymardsavio@gmail.com ; KTP Associate, PhD Student, University of Salford. a.k.kaushik@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment. University of Salford, Maxwell Building, room 507, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Architecture and Construction Dept., Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Brazil, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ; BSc (QS) Programme Director, Room 432a, Maxwell Building, The University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom, M5 4WT, k.p.keraminiyage@salford.ac.uk ; Director of Design and Property Management Directorate, School of the Built Environment. University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Target costing is an approach for the development of new products in the automobile industry, aimed at reducing their life-cycle costs while ensuring quality, reliability and other client requirements, by examining all possible ideas for cost reduction at the product planning, research and development and prototyping phases. Prior studies have attempted to adapt the manufacturing target costing process to the project-based nature of the construction industry. This paper aims to provide insights for future target costing implementations in the public sector projects. A qualitative comparison of three studies is performed through the lens of a set of target costing influencing factors. Similarities and differences revealed in the comparison suggest that factors related to supplier-base strategy and to the nature of customer are potentially relevant to future target costing implementations in public sector projects. }, author_keywords={Target Costing, Target Value Design, and Project Delivery. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Do2014, author={Do, Doanh and Chen, Chao and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Target Value Design as a Method for Controlling Project Cost Overruns}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={171-181}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1065}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering. 407 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (714) 622-9754, doanhqdo@berkeley.edu ; PhD Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering. 407 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 816-0766, chaochen@berkeley.edu ; Research Director of the Project Productions Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 530-8656, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Since its introduction in 2002, Target Value Design (TVD) has become more commonly used and accepted by the construction industry in the United States. Several researchers have reported that TVD projects are good at maintaining a predictable project cost and controlling cost overruns. The case studies, reported in the literature, show that TVD projects have generally been completed at 15% to 20% below market price without compromising schedule or quality. Little research, however, has been conducted to generalize the findings to the wider population of TVD projects. No statistical analysis has been conducted to compare TVD projects with projects that do not use TVD. In this paper, we present the results of several statistical analyses on a sample set of 47 TVD projects. We compared cost overrun (spent-budget ratio) and contingency percentage of these TVD projects with a dataset of non-TVD projects from the Construction Industry Institute. The results show that TVD projects are less likely to go over budget even though the contingency of TVD projects is less than that on non-TVD projects. A theory is introduced to explain the findings from the statistical analysis. The theory and the findings were presented to industry leaders in the AEC industry and their feedback was incorporated into this paper. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design, Lean Construction, Target Costing, Cost Overrun }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pellicer2014, author={Pellicer, Eugenio and Ponz-Tienda, José Luis }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Teaching and Learning Lean Construction in Spain: A Pioneer Experience}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1245-1256}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1066}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Ph.D., School of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain, pellicer@upv.es ; Assistant Professor, Ph.D., Civil and Environmental Engineering. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, jl.ponz@uniandes.edu.co }, abstract={This paper presents the origins, approach and outputs of a course on Lean Construction developed at the Universitat Politècnica de València within the Master of Planning and Management in Civil Engineering: a unique experience in the Spanish academic system so far. This course takes into consideration most of the key issues of lean construction: historical evolution, flow and value stream mapping, pull management, last planner system, standardization, optimization of construction operations, building information modelling, and integrated project delivery, among others. The main element of the course is the last planner system of planning and control. An average of 30 students per year has attended this elective course in the M.Sc. degree since its implementation in 2011, indicating the extraordinary success of the course. The teaching and learning method is dynamic and is based on lectures, exercises, games in the classroom, and a project course. This paper presents this pioneer introduction of this graduate course in the Spanish academic system and some of the outputs obtained. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Lean Construction, Learning Construction Management, Project Based Learning. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aapaoja2014, author={Aapaoja, Aki and Haapasalo, Harri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Challenges of Standardization of Products and Processes in Construction }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={938-993}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1067}, affiliation={Doctoral student, Industrial Engineering and Management, Univ. of Oulu; Finland. aki.aapaoja@oulu.f ; Professor, Industrial Engineering and Management, Univ. of Oulu; Finland. harri.haapasalo@oulu.fi }, abstract={Construction has been blamed for its low performance and productivity, and high amount of waste, for years, especially when compared with the manufacturing industry, which is mainly based on well-managed and standardized processes. This ongoing discussion about problems, such as low profitability and high construction costs, results in demands for higher value, cost savings, better quality, and longer guarantees in construction. However, construction is not manufacturing, but it does provide elements that can be exploited to improve processes and reduce waste. Moving towards better quality and more homogenous construction can be achieved by standardized processes and by using standardized products in those processes. Thus, this study aims to analyze what the major challenges for the standardization of processes and products in the construction industry are and how the challenges can be beaten. The results indicate that the challenges of standardizing the processes are that the importance of accurate planning and front-end activities are not completely understood and the projects are still considered as unique entities. Additionally, the standardization of products has the following challenges: construction projects and solutions are still perceived as unique handwork, designers do not understand the benefits of standardized products, and planning processes do not support using standardized products. }, author_keywords={Standardization, prefabrication, standardized products, standardized processes, Lean, construction }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simu2014, author={Simu, Kajsa and Lidelöw, Helena }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Effect of Economic Variation in Construction Projects on Contractor Firms }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={221-231}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1068}, affiliation={Ph.D., Adjunct Lecturer, Kajsa Simu, Construction Management, Dep. of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology. ; Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer, Helena Lidelöw, Timber Structures, Dep. of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology. }, abstract={Lean is about finding a flow efficient way to deliver value to the client. To do so reducing variation is vital. The construction industry is project-based and variation in project deliveries is more the rule than the exception. Being able to predict economic variation in projects is important for contractors and other project-oriented firms since it affects the total turnover for the firm. The aim of this research is to capture the variation in economic profit in a project, estimate the effect this variation has on the aggregated firm level, and discuss the implications for flow efficient operational strategies to adhere. Economic reports were collected from 1000 projects, throughout 2 years at a large Swedish contractor. The data contains quarterly economic prognoses and results per project. From the data, the variation in profit was deducted. The variation was used in a statistical model of the firm, reflecting five levels of financially liable units. The results show that variations in the economic results on the project level are evened out on the firm level. Thus, the reduction of variation sought in Lean implementation does not emerge as positive in accounting. Measuring economic results on the project level drives a focus on resources in the value chain. This is a hindrance for implementation of a flow efficient operational strategy as Lean. Therefore, key performance indicators capturing flow efficient strategies for control on project and firm levels need to be developed. }, author_keywords={Flow efficiency, operations strategy, project coverage, variation control. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Spitler2014, author={Spitler, Laurie E. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Effect of Inter-Team Dynamics on the Constructability of the BIM Model }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={957-968}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1069}, affiliation={Project Engineer, Turner Construction Company. 1111 Broadway Suite 2100, Oakland, CA 94607, USA, Phone +1 (415) 933-7054, lspitler@tcco.com }, abstract={An abundance of research focuses on the collective performance and motivations of the TEAM in BIM coordination and execution. The team, however, consists of trade partners with different motivations and sophistication. Trade partners whose product is directly fabricated from 3D models, such as mechanical and steel contractors, are highly sophisticated in BIM. Their models tend to be accurate and vetted for constructability as their profitability depends on quick onsite assembly of prefabricated items. Trade partners whose work installation is not directly fabricated from 3D models tend to have less accurate models that are not vetted for constructability. Non-constructible elements included in BIM are waste as they do not bring value to the intermediate or end user. More perniciously, these models are a presentation of inaccurate information in a highly detailed form, leading to the perception of accuracy and the incorrect detailing of adjacent assemblies. This paper uses case studies of BIM implementation in the San Francisco Bay Area to analyze model accuracy and implementation by trade and identify best practices in team alignment. This analysis is used to propose a framework for enforcing model constructability based on the basic tenets the Last Planner System™. Beyond project controls, this paper investigates natural alignment of trade interest in constructible models. Specifically, if a trade partner’s profitability is increased through the use of model-based layout or increased off-site fabrication, the model will consequently be more accurate, benefiting the larger team. Therefore, this paper also discusses the advantages of intrinsic motivation to reduce variability of trade models between coordination and the field, and proposes methods to achieve this future state. }, author_keywords={BIM, Constructability, Last Planner™, Buildability }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daniel2014, author={Daniel, Emmanuel Itodo and Pasquire, Christine and Ameh, Oko John }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Magic of the Last Planner® System for Nigerian Construction}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={605-616}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1070}, affiliation={PhD Research Student, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture, Design and Built; Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK emmanuel.daniel2013@my.ntu.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, and Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 11584 882859, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Building, University of Lagos, Nigeria oameh@unilag.edu.ng }, abstract={Extremely poor economic performance of the Nigerian construction industry suggests that non-value adding activities are prevalent, which result not only in the reduction of contractors’ profit margin but economic loss for the country in general. This study analyses non-value adding activities in Nigerian construction sites. The research seeks to establish potential antidotes within the Last Planner® System (LPS) and reveal the elements of the LPS which could be abstracted into Nigerian construction to improve performance. It was found that these elements form the theoretical basis for developing a lean approach that was labelled Last Planner® thinking. The research design comprises mixed quantitative cross-sectional survey and qualitative-exploratory approaches. Registered contractors and construction professionals in academia who are based in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria, form the population for the study. The instrument for data collection was survey questionnaire and semi-structured open ended interview. Forty questionnaire and three interview responses were analysed using descriptive statistics. The study reveal various incidences and contributory factors to non-adding value activities, with long approval process been the most prevalent and the identified solution embedded in Last Planner practices. It also identified current practices that indicate Last Planner System practices. The study concludes that Last Planner thinking has the potential for minimising non-value adding activities and proposed that Last Planner thinking should be developed as a precursor framework to ensure that participants are already thinking in a way that aids the implementation of the Last Planner System. The study provides evidence that the developed framework built more confidence in the organisation for continuous improvement. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Last Planner thinking, non-value adding activities, construction sites, Nigeria. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Stifi2014, author={Stifi, Ahmed and Gehbauer, Fritz and Gentes, Sascha }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Picture of Integrity From Lean Management’s Point of View and the Relationship Between Integrity Management System and Last Planner System }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={907-918}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1071}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-42665, ahmed.stifi@kit.edu ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-42168, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-46546, sascha.gentes@kit.edu }, abstract={There is no doubt that all engaged researchers and stakeholders in the field of lean construction agree that transparency is the key factor for the implementation of lean approaches and for the delivery of successful projects. This transparency is required not only at project level but also at an organizational level. This paper bases its two research questions on the term “transparency” that could serve the research approach of lean construction in terms of continual improvement and long-term value added achievement. The first research question is: Can corruption in the construction industry be regarded and treated as an additional type of waste which should also be eliminated and prevented? The paper introduces a new framework for corruption in construction; from its narrow definition i.e. bribery and facilitation payments, to the wide definition that includes fraud, collusion, abuse of power, mistrust and concealment of relevant information. Lean construction requires integrity and corruption poses a “lack of integrity”. Furthermore, the relationship between the integrity management system and the last planner system formulates the second research question. It is assumed that there is a mutually beneficial relationship between those two systems which we are currently being investigated within the scope of an ongoing research project. }, author_keywords={Corruption, integrity management system, lean management, last planner system }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rouhana2014, author={Rouhana, Carel M. and Aoun, Michel S and Faek, Farah S and Eljazzar, Mahmoud S. and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Reduction of Construction Duration by Implementing Contour Crafting (3D Printing)}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1031-1042}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1072}, affiliation={Master Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon,cmr04@aub.edu.lb ; Masters Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, msa107@aub.edu.lb ; Masters Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, fsf05@aub.edu.lb ; Masters Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, mse24@aub.edu.lb ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 406E Bechtel, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Construction methods are evolving daily due to the increasing challenges and complexity in projects which require fast, safe, and efficient methods to deliver their scope. Contour crafting (CC) is a 3D printing method developed for constructing big elements, it is based on printing the building layer by layer using special material ejection. This method promises an automated construction process that is safe, fast and reliable. 3D printing helps us make one step further towards lean principles by minimizing waste in construction duration and increasing Poka-Yoke (error-proofing) through activity automation. Furthermore, it guarantees an evolution in building textures that increases the quality of life for its residents without having a negative impact on public safety and welfare. In this paper we study the effectiveness of this technique in reducing construction duration using computer simulation and comparing the building of a house using the conventional construction method with the Contour Crafting method. Results give an overview of the potential of improvement in the construction field; and how waste can be reduced by the industrialization of the construction process which facilitates the implementation of lean philosophy. Findings suggest that contour crafting can reduce project duration by automating the construction process. }, author_keywords={3D-Priniting, Contour Crafting, Waste in Construction, Production System Design, Industrialization, Lean construction. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marinho2014, author={Marinho, Juliana Pinheiro and Veras, Mônica and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Relationship Between Product Architecture and Mass Customization in Housing Sector}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1007-1018}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1073}, affiliation={ Master Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering: Structures and Construction. Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department of Ceara Federal University. Campus do Pici, Bl. 710, 2nd floor. CEP: 60445-760 – Fortaleza, CE - Brasil, Phone + 55 85 3366-9600, arquitetura.marinho@gmail.com ; Master Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering: Structures and Construction. Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department of Ceara Federal University. Campus do Pici, Bl. 710, 2nd floor. CEP: 60445-760 – Fortaleza, CE - Brasil, Phone + 55 85 3366-9600, arqmonicaveras@gmail.com ; D.Sc, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering: Structures and Construction. Structural Engineering and Civil Construction Department of Ceara Federal University. Campus do Pici - Bl 710 – 2nd floor. CEP: 60445-760 – Fortaleza, CE - Brasil, +55(85) 3366-9600, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={In the housing sector, the search for improved productivity, agility in delivery and customer satisfaction happens due to increased competition among construction companies. This competition requires the development of new strategies such as mass customization to attend these requirements. Mass customization aims to meet a large number of consumers with an individualized approach while maintaining an efficiency similar to mass production. Modular architecture is an important support of mass customization as product variants are produced from a limited set of components (modules) which allows for production efficiency. This paper seeks to analyze through a literature review and a case study, the relationship between product architecture and mass customization in housing sector. Initially, literature sources related to the topic, consisting mainly of books and scientific articles were selected. Next, the concepts of product architecture and mass customization and their contribution to the provision of housing developments are discussed. Finally, we developed a case study in a construction company located in Fortaleza/CE, implementing the strategy of mass customization in their endeavors. Whit this, are presented the main obstacles that the architecture product may cause the application of the mass customization strategy. }, author_keywords={Mass customization, product architecture and product development. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Viana2014, author={Viana, Daniela and Formoso, Carlos and Wesz, Josana and Tzortzopoulos, Patrícia }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Role of Visual Management in Collaborative Integrated Planning and Control for Engineer-to-Order Building Systems}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={775-786}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1074}, affiliation={Ph.D Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, danidietz@gmail.com ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; M.Sc. Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, jowesz@yahoo.com.br ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Studios, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK Fax: (+44) 01484 472440, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Visual Management is a key approach in the implementation of Lean Production. It emphasizes the importance of developing easy-to-understand visual devices for sharing knowledge within an organization. Such visual devices can play an important role in mitigating the complexity of engineer-to-order production systems. A major difficulty in managing engineer-to-order prefabricated building systems is the need to integrate planning and control of different processes, such as design, fabrication and assembly on site, in a multiple project environment. This paper reports preliminary findings on the implementation of visual devices for collaborative and integrated planning and control in a Steel Fabricator, which designs, fabricates and assembles steel structures. The aim of this paper is to understand how visual management tools can contribute to improve the effectiveness of planning and control in this environment. A set of visual devices have been used in the planning and control system in this company, including a panel that makes available information about 200 simultaneous contracts in an easy-to-understand way. The implementation of those tools has enhanced the participation of different people in the planning process from operational levels or from the different production units. }, author_keywords={Visual Management, Collaborative planning, Engineer-to-order }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Knapp2014, author={Knapp, Steve and Long, David and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Role of the Owner’s Representative on IPD Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1369-1377}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1075}, affiliation={Steve Knapp, Associate Principal, Lean Projects Consulting, Louisville, CO, ph. +1- 303-717- 0952 sknapp@leanproject.com. ; David Long, Senior Consultant, Lean Projects Consulting, Louisville, CO, ph. +1-510-239-9821, dlong@leanproject.com ; Gregory Howell, Research Associate, Project Production System Laboratory, Ph+1-208-726-9989, Gah2343@mac.com }, abstract={The role of the Owner’s Representative on an Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) project is described and contrasted with those of an Owner’s Project Manager on a traditionally executed project. Key functions, roles and responsibilities, decision- making and behaviors are identified. These include the Owner’s Representative role on the Core Team, the focus on value to the owner, and the way objectives in tension are managed and resolved by the team with support from the Owner’s Representative }, author_keywords={IGLC22, Integrated Project Delivery, Owner’s Representative, leadership }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bølviken2014, author={Bølviken, Trond and Rooke, John and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={The Wastes of Production in Construction – a TFV Based Taxonomy }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={811-822}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1076}, affiliation={Director of Strategy, HR and HSE, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Crescent, Salford, jalfro@eml.cc. ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Crescent, Salford, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk. }, abstract={A paper by the authors presented at IGLC 21 in 2013 concluded that the classical list of seven wastes presented by Ohno is context specific (related to mass production) and that there is a need for the creation of a list specific for construction. The present paper presents a draft of such a list. The draft list is constructed in compliance with the Transformation – Flow – Value theory of production. Three main categories of waste are established: Material waste, time loss and value loss. The first is related to the transformation perspective, the second to the flow perspective and the third to the value perspective. Making do, buffering and task diminishment are not included as such in the proposed taxonomy. The paper therefore discusses how these phenomena relate to the categories of waste in the proposed taxonomy. A taxonomy of waste must be based on an explicit definition of the term waste. The two terms value and waste are tightly interconnected. Although value and waste are among the most central and used terms in the “lean” literature, no commonly accepted definitions of the two terms exist. The following definitions are proposed: • Value is a wanted output • Waste is the use of more than needed, or an unwanted output Value is related to wanted things (coming out of production), whereas waste can be related both to activities (inside production) and to unwanted things (coming out of production). }, author_keywords={Waste, value, value loss, making do, task diminishment, buffering. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2014, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Finsådal, Stian and Hasle, Kristian }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={To Achieve Predictability in Engineering}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={451-462}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1077}, affiliation={Professor, Dr Ing, School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 97082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; M.Sc. graduate, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 95280421, e-mail: stian1985ahoo.no ; M.Sc. graduate, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +47 45898104, e-mail: kristian@haslemail.com }, abstract={The research question of this paper addresses how to achieve increased predictability in engineering. The research approach is constructive research. It is drawn on theoretical principles and ideas from Last Planner System and from production control in software engineering. Experience indicates that LPS is not adequate to achieve the desired predictability in engineering, but the underlying principles of involvement, continuous learning etc. are applied. The paper provides a solution based on a case study. The business of the case company is engineering, manufacturing and construction of mechanical installations for offshore oil and gas extraction and operations. The constructed solution is based on: • Delivery of drawings is part of the plan for manufacturing and construction. • How the delivery of drawings is met by the engineering department is controlled and planned in a separate process. • Dividing engineering work into phases. • Division of larger engineering objects into sub objects, meaning control areas. • The engineering control process focuses on control areas in the various phases. • A backlog of activities is created, from which tasks are prioritised into so- called sprints lasting for 1-4 weeks. A sprint may be the completion of a control area with a specific maturity in a phase. • The predictability in the sprint cycles is measured using PPC and causes of deviation. }, author_keywords={Engineering, control, predictability, LPS, Scrum }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2014, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Gundersen, Mariann and Berge, Truls Olav }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={To Measure Workflow and Waste. A Concept for Continuous Improvement }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={835-846}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1078}, affiliation={Professor, Dr.Ing., Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4879 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 97082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; MSc student, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, 4879 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 91722935, e-mail: marg07@student.uia.no ; MSc student, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, 4879 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 40492000, e-mail: trulsb12@student.uia.no }, abstract={Measuring workflow applied in a strategy for continuous improvement can be an imperative method for making production of buildings leaner. This paper sums up a research project, which has spanned 3-4 years, aiming to find a method to measure workflow with a continuous improvement approach. Two main methods are documented, one based on data gathering by observation and one by individual reports by the workmen. Workflow in site production is conceptualized as “all types of work conducted within available working hours – except obstructions such as downtime, rework and other forms of waste subtracted”. To complement the findings from the research project, the paper further addresses the method to measure workflow as handover of work between trades, which lays the foundation for the Last Planner System (LPS). The research project delivers extensive empirical material as to how time is used on construction sites. The empirical results show a notable amount of waste in several construction projects. The paper contributes to the understanding of workflow and waste in the production of buildings, and for practical purposes, methods for measuring workflow and observable waste are documented, in order that they can be applied in continuous improvement work at construction sites. }, author_keywords={Workflow, measurement, continuous improvement, waste, construction }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Parrish2014, author={Parrish, Kristen }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Towards a Language-Action Paradigm - Experiences of a Trade Contractor}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1169-1179}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1079}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu; +1-480-727-6363 }, abstract={Construction projects have long been regarded as inefficient, waste ridden work that have been approached by contractors from a command-and-control tradition handed down from the dawn of modern manufacturing systems. The framework for which we have traditionally approached construction projects orients us to the work in a mechanistic, authoritative philosophy, which neglects how human beings really work. The language-action paradigm, alternatively, takes the human phenomenon into account, by orienting to action as something human beings both do and understand in language. Central to this paradigm are speech acts such as a requesting and promising that can be considered fundamental coordination of action, which when done reliably, produce more effective execution of construction projects. In a language-action paradigm, a construction project can therefore be considered as an array of assertions, assessments, requests, promises and declarations and the satisfactory completion of that project is then the fulfillment of promises corresponding to the project's array of requests. This paper explores the feasibility of implementing a language-action paradigm within a residential subcontracting company in the United States. The author begins with a discussion of the language-action paradigm, exploring its successful applications. The paper then discusses the motivation for implementing a language-action paradigm at the trade contractor level and highlights the successes and challenges associated with this implementation. Finally, the paper discusses lessons learned from this trade contractor’s experience and makes suggestions for future language-action paradigm implementations across parties in the architecture- engineering-construction industry. }, author_keywords={Language-action, reliable promise, commitment, lean construction }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shang2014, author={Shang, Gao }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Toyota Way Lean Leadership: Some Preliminary Findings From the Chinese Construction Industry}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1145-1156}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1080}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Australia (Singapore Campus), UoN Singapore Pte Ltd, 355 Jalan Bukit Ho Swee, BLK B, 4th Floor, Room 407, Singapore (169567). Phone +65 8200 8140, Email: shang.gao@newcastle.edu.au }, abstract={Lean, which has its roots in the Toyota Production System (TPS), became a “buzz” word since early 1990s. To capture its true meaning, substantial attempts are made. Of these, Liker’s work on the Toyota Way is viewed as the most comprehensive and propounding. One of the principles associates with the Toyota Way is the Toyota Way style leadership, which has a big role to play in the lean transformation. This paper reviews the works of lean leadership, with a focus on the “Toyota Way style”. A list of attributes that pertain to Toyota Way lean leadership was developed, aimed at measuring the Maturity of Lean Leadership. This paper then made a qualitative inquiry with respect to the leadership characteristics of Chinese building professionals. As part of a larger research project, this study then made a comparison to the Toyota Way lean leadership. It was found that some of the Chinese leadership characteristics parallel the Toyota Way lean leadership attributes, but a few are presently not in place. Strategies are proposed for better implementation of the Toyota Way lean leadership in order for construction firms to have better opportunities to embark on the Lean journey. }, author_keywords={Toyota Way, Lean leadership, China, Construction industry, Building professionals. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Smith2014, author={Smith, James P. and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Bergman, Mindy and Shepley, Mardelle }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Trust-Builder: A First-Run Study on Active Trust-Building}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={305-316}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1081}, affiliation={Primary Contact: Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science and Management, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, jps7@clemson.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A ; Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A ; Professor, Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A. }, abstract={Despite being a common theme in company mission statements and core values, the role of trust receives little to no active consideration on the construction jobsite. This research attempts to lay the foundation for additional research into trust-building in construction by determining whether or not trust can be actively and deliberately managed by a conscientious and regular analysis of current and upcoming relationships. Three key findings from the literature provide the groundwork for this research: (1) high levels of trust between project participants increase productivity and enhance team performance; (2) trust is built or broken as a cumulative result of our actions and behaviors; and (3) trust levels can be accurately measured. Using student groups as a sample, we tested to see if specific trust-building interventions could be effectively introduced into group interactions. Results show some support for the theory that individuals who deliberately initiated trust-building interventions perceived a higher overall change in trust level towards their peers than other participants. }, author_keywords={Trust, sustainable relationships, collaboration }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemmer2014, author={Kemmer, Sergio and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Understanding Production Management of Refurbishment Projects of a Housing Association – an Exploratory Case Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={651-662}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1082}, affiliation={ PhD Candidate, School of the Built Environment, 7th Floor, Maxwell Building, Phone +44 1612956898, The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, S.Kemmer@edu.salford.ac.uk; sergiokemmer@gmail.com ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, 5th Floor, Maxwell Building, Phone +44 1612956378, The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper aims at better understanding on how the production phase of housing refurbishment projects is managed in the context of a housing association in the UK. This refers to the way that refurbishments are carried out, the typical problems faced at the construction stage, the influential factors affecting planning and control effectiveness, and the identification of the current managerial practices adopted by construction companies for managing production. Information was collected through semi-structured interviews, non-participant observations of project management meetings and works on site, and documental analysis. The information gathered was validated through a workshop involving project participants. The paper concludes presenting the good managerial practices identified and the opportunities for improvement. }, author_keywords={Refurbishment, production, management, lean construction. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{González2014, author={González, Vicente and Shahbazpour, Mehdi and Toledo, Mauricio and Graell, Juan }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Understanding the Supply Relationships of Geothermal Power Generation Projects in New Zealand}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1045-1056}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1083}, affiliation={PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: m.shahbazpour@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD©, Head of Construction Engineering Department, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile. E-Mail: mauricio.toledo@unab.cl ; MEngSt, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: jgra791@aucklanduni.ac.nz }, abstract={The increasing demand for renewable and clean energy has focused international attention on geothermal power generation. New Zealand, with a long and successful experience developing geothermal projects, is now enjoying an exciting resurgence of its industry. Geothermal development is a very complex process requiring a broad range of skills, specialized services and parties such as technical consultants, drilling companies, equipment suppliers and EPC contractors. Therefore, management of the supply relationships plays a strategic role in the delivery of geothermal projects. In contrast, supply relationships have been traditionally adversarial in construction causing detrimental effects on project performance. The current thinking suggests that the best practice in construction relationship management should always seek to develop highly collaborative relationships based on high levels of trust and transparency against opportunistic and adversarial approaches. This paper aims to shed some light on the factors influencing the procurement and relational strategies in the geothermal power generation projects. To achieve this, the researchers examined the relationship between key firms involved in the recent development of two successful geothermal projects in New Zealand. Through public reports and semi- structured interviews to key professionals involved in these projects, the underlying reasons for selection of certain supply relationship strategies were identified, and their impact on performance at project and organizational levels were analyzed. The three critical factors for a collaborative environment that lead to the successful delivery of the projects (i.e., ahead of time and under budget) were: procurement strategy, contracts, and teamwork and cooperation. }, author_keywords={Geothermal Projects, Relationship Management, supply chain. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hackett2014, author={Hackett, Vince and Pasquire, Christine and Stratton, Roy and Knight, Andrew }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Use of a Pilot Study to Assess the Development of Virtual First Run Studies (VFRS)}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={1331-1341}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1084}, affiliation={PhD Researcher School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, and Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, United Kingdom, vince.hackett@ntu.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Centre for Lean Projects Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 115 848 2859, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Reader College of Business Law & Social Sciences, Nottingham Business School of Management Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 115 848 8689, roy.stratton@ntu.ac.uk ; Head of construction Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, United Kingdom, andrew.knight@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper reports some early findings on the implementation of Virtual First Run Studies (VFRS) as part of a number of lean tools in the refurbishment of existing Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant in the North West region of Australia. The VFRS are being used to develop prototypes that will be tested in the FRS phase of the VFRS/FRS cycle. It is proposed that continuous development of better practice and improved certainty of outcomes can be achieved by the implementation of Virtual First Run Studies (VFRS) and First Run Studies (FRS) as lean interventions in construction projects. This proposal is being tested through experimental design research, undertaken within LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) refurbishment projects in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. These are projects being undertaken in a remote area under challenging climatic conditions which include high temperatures and cyclones adding to the exposure of the work to uncertainty. Both techniques (VFRS /VRS) are being used in tandem providing an opportunity to develop site specific standardized work packages which can be continuously improved with an emphasis on using the knowledge and experience of the workforce to continuously develop and test standard work packages. The size and number of projects within the case study are sufficient to allow an experimental design research approach to measure changes resulting from the interventions against a control group. This in itself provides a novel research approach for the construction domain. The research will track an intervention cycle over a 12 month period and this paper will report the initial findings. }, author_keywords={Prototyping, Virtual First Run Studies (VFRS), First Run Studies (FRS), Lean Implementations, Tacit and Explicit knowledge, }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Toledo2014, author={Toledo, Mauricio and González, Vicente A. and Villegas, Alan and Mourgues, Claudio }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Using 4D Models for Tracking Project Progress and Visualizing the Owner´s Constraints in Fast-Track Retail Renovation Projects }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={969-980}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1085}, affiliation={PhD(C), Head of Construction Engineering Department, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile. E-Mail: mauricio.toledo@unab.cl ; PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; Student, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de Chile, Chile. E-mail: avillega@ing.uchile.cl ; Assistant Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Department, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile. E-mail: cmourgue@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={One of the challenges of managing fast-track projects is the high level of uncertainty in both project definition and scheduling. Thus, communicating this project information among stakeholders becomes crucial for its success. One of the key stakeholders is the owner, who needs this information to guide its decision making process. When the owner has incomplete progress information, and the schedule constraints are poorly detected, communicated and managed, project delays are highly likely. In this research, 4D models and some concepts from the Last Planner System (LPS™) such as lookahead planning and constraints analysis were used in order to propose a “BIM-Lean” planning approach. Thus, the identification and communication of project constraints is enabled within the project team, so they can be adequately managed. This research aimed at improving the stakeholders understanding of the project progress and planning reliability. The renovation of a shopping center, which remained operating during construction, was used as a case study. This case study allowed the project planning and progress control procedures to be assessed and the proposed planning approach to be tested. The final version of it was validated in a Charrette test conducted with both project professionals and civil engineering students. This Charrette measured the participants’ understanding of the project progress and constraints management information with and without the proposed planning approach. The results showed that the planning approach improved the understanding on project progress and owner’s constraints management, which was particularly valued by site professionals and owner representatives. }, author_keywords={4D, BIM, Last Planner, Project Progress, Constraints, Owner. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2014, author={Alarcón, Luis F. and Salvatierra, José L. and Letelier, José A. }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Using Last Planner Indicators to Identify Early Signs of Project Performance}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={547-558}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1086}, affiliation={Director and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalrcon@ing.puc.cl ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 27182818, jose.salvatierra@usach.cl ; Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 850, l, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 29784000 }, abstract={Reducing uncertainty is a very important issue in construction projects and recently some methods have been developed to deal with it. Particularly, the Last Planner System (LPS) which has been designed to improve planning reliability and project performance; however, its use does not guarantee a total success of projects. Thus, there is still an opportunity to develop new tools that can help to further reduce uncertainty and reliably predict project performance for the decision making process. This paper reports the results of a data analysis from more than thirty six Chilean projects that used LPS, where weekly information was available, in an attempt to identify indicators and patterns that could best anticipate project performance. Indicators included in this research were strategically chosen to analyze patterns regarding reliability of planning in the LPS and performance index from conventional planning methods. The indicators include: PPC (Planned Percent Complete), SPI (Schedule Performance Index), PCR (Percent Constraint Removed), and curves of actual & scheduled progress. Data and indicators were extracted from IMPERA (a software tool used based on the Last Planner methodology). The projects were classified as “Successful” or “Unsuccessful” according to their schedule performance in order to perform statistical analyses. Specifically, this research considers that projects are deemed successful when planning, organization, direction and control are developed in such a way that allows for the compliance of initially established objectives for Costs and Schedule. The results indicate that there is a close relationship between the variability of PPC, SPI and success of the projects. Additionally, different indicators trends were identified for “Successful” and “Unsuccessful” projects in different stages of projects progress. Consequently, comprehension of the relationship between the indicators and project performance could make it possible to predict whether or not a project will be “Successful” at different stages of its life cycle. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Planning, Project Performance }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brito2014, author={Brito, Juliana Nunes de Sá and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Using the Means-End Approach to Understand Perceived Value by Users of Social Housing Projects}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={331-341}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1087}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, julianabrito.arq@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The production of social housing projects in Brazil has been criticized for systematically failing to meet the requirements of final users. This criticism comes mainly from post-occupancy evaluation studies carried out by academics. However, most of those studies have focused on the evaluation of housing product attributes, without considering the overall benefits resulting from the project. Due to the complexity of housing products, it is necessary to devise evaluation methods that enable a systematic analysis of the consequences for users. The purpose of this study is to propose a conceptual model that adapts value hierarchy concepts into the social housing context, based on the means-end chain theory. The secondary aim of this study is to propose guidelines for modelling value generation for final users of social housing projects, with the aim of supporting decision making during the product development process. This study was divided into four stages: (a) understanding existing social housing programmes in Brazil; (b) development of the conceptual model for value generation in the social housing context, based on value dimensions proposed in the literature; (c) development of a method for representing value generation in social housing projects; (e) assessment of the proposed solution through the evaluation of a housing project. }, author_keywords={Value, housing, product development, means-end theory. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ramírez2014, author={Ramírez, Laura and Ozuna, Ana Paola and Vargas, Hernando and González, Raúl }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Tvalue Generation in the Colombian AEC Sector by Adopting a PM Standard: A Case Study}, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={365-375}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1088}, affiliation={Postgraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 Este No. 19A-40, Phone (57-1) 3394949, Edificio Mario Laserna, Piso 6, Bogotá, Colombia, l.ramirez69@uniandes.edu.co ; Senior Consultant, Oroz Consultores, Av. Carrera 15 # 119 – 43, Of. 208, Phone (57-1) 2156205, Bogotá, Colombia, aozuna@oroz.com.co ; Titular Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 Este No. 19A-40, Phone (57-1) 3394949, Edificio Mario Laserna, Piso 6, Bogotá, Colombia, hvargas@uniandes.edu.co ; Project Manager, Terranum Corporate Properties, Av. Calle 26 No. 92-32, edificio B-P6, Phone (57-1) 742 6060 Ext.44455, Bogotá, Colombia, raulgonz1@hotmail.com }, abstract={The International Group of Lean Construction (IGLC) has been studying the concept of value for several years, in order to eliminate the obstacles for its creation, as value maximization is a core idea for Lean Construction (LC). Some Project Management Standards (PMS) address value generation processes according to the LC definition of value, which comprises a group of different conceptualizations. This study seeks to understand how value may be generated in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector by means of exploring a PM model, based on a PMS, created in a real estate developer in Colombia; the model is called AXIS. Value generation in this case study is assessed through the qualitative review of the impact of implementing AXIS on projects. Results show that PMS and the adoption of a model based on a standard coincide with LC ideals in their considerations of value. The comparative analysis of value generation processes according to LC, PMS and AXIS leads to establish a starting practical approach for real estate developers interested in embracing value within their practices and improving project performance. Further investigations may include a wider sample of companies for better understanding the value generation process through model implementation. }, author_keywords={Value, project management standard, real estate developers, managerial model. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neto2014, author={Neto, Hugo Morêda and Leite, Regina M. and Costa, Dayana B. and Durão, Frederico }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Visual Communication Panels for Production Control Using Gamification Techniques }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={689-702}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1089}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, hugo.planejamento@espacor2.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Master’s Student in Computer Science, Federal University of Bahia, reginamaria.leite@hotmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Master of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia,dayanabcosta@ufba.br ; Assistant Professor, Institute of Mathematics, Master of Computing Science, Federal University of Bahia, freddurao@gmail.com }, abstract={In recent years, the construction industry has shown significant interest in the adoption of new process improvement principles and practices that use visual management while also being integrated in the Production Planning and Control at construction sites. This need has led managers to seek new approaches in order to improve the involvement of their employees in compliance with the weekly plan. This study aims to present a gamifiedweb system for the dissemination of the work packages of the weekly plan and also exhibit the performance evaluation of the operational teams. Thus, it is expected to generate improvement in the transparency between the managerial and operational levels and to increase the engagement of the operational teams. Therefore, this web system proposes the use of visual management principles and gamification techniques. The main research strategy used in this work was Design Science Research, a constructive methodology, in order to develop, implement and validate the gamifiedweb system. An empirical study in Project A was carried out, involving a survey of the project situation in terms of transparency and engagement of operational teams, requirements gathering for the design of the web system and its development. As a result, this innovation should act to generate the membership of workers’ planning, drawing their attention to the weekly schedule as well as inducing the creation of a scenario with a healthy "competition" that can improve productivity and engagement in the process as a whole. }, author_keywords={Gamification, Visual Management, Last Planner, Engagement and Transparency }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tang2014, author={Tang, Pingbo and Grau, David and Ganapath, Ram and Diosdad, Jose and Abbaszadegan, Amin }, editor={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu }, title={Workflow Stabilization With Fine-Grained Work Packaging and Near Real-Time Progress Monitoring }, journal={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2014}, pages={739-750}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1090}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 651 E. University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287- 0204, USA, Phone +1 (480) 727-8105, email: tangpingbo@asu.edu ; Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 651 E. University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287- 0204, USA, Phone +1 (480) 727-0665; email: david.grau@asu.edu ; DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85034; Phone +1 (602) 333-1865; email: ramg@dpr.com ; DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85034; Phone +1 (602) 808-0500; FAX (602) 808-8843; email: josed@dpr.com ; PhD student, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 651 E. University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA, phone (480) 570-2172; FAX (480) 965-1769; email: amin.abbaszadegan@asu.edu }, abstract={Detailed understanding on the efficiency of construction workflow is critical to improve execution performance. Building on previous efforts, the hypothesis of the study is that minimizing the size of work packages and also increasing the frequency of progress monitoring stabilizes workflow variability, so that deviations from the baseline can be timely and proactively corrected. While a significant amount of efforts have been successfully reported on location-based scheduling and fine-grained work packaging, the study also proposes to incorporate a near real-time monitoring approach to proactively assess progress and identify corrective actions as deviations occur. While fine-grained work packages can facilitate a more instantaneous control on the executed work, such rapid control can result in a proactive response to progress issues on the site. An intervention test on the drywall construction for a new hospital facility revealed the effectiveness of this fine-grained planning and monitoring approach. In phase I or control, a classical Critical Path Method (CPM) to plan for the execution of the drywall package was used. In phase II or intervention, work packages at the task level were defined, and further split the task-level work packages according to work zones locations. Such packaging enabled flexible resource allocation in response to unidentified constraints. Progress was monitored on a daily basis, so that deviations from planned work were proactively corrected. Based on four performance metrics, the results indicate that the fine-grained work plan and near real-time monitoring approach significantly improved the performance of phase II relative to phase I. }, author_keywords={Workflow stabilization, lean production, project controls, productivity, resource allocation. }, address={Oslo, Norway }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salvatierra-Garrido2011, author={Salvatierra-Garrido, Jose and Pasquire, Christine }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={The First and Last Value Model: Sustainability as a First Value Delivery of Lean Construction Practice}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1091}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, Phone +44 (0)1509 222884, J.L.Salvatierra-Garrido@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor of Lean Project Management, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK, Phone +44 (0)115 941 8418, Christine.Pasquire@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={The work described in this paper forms part of the final stage of a PhD research aimed to widely visualise Value in the construction industry. In this way, a conceptual model was proposed to visualise the return of Value from the construction industry over society and the legacy of this sector for future generations. The First and Last Value model—F&LVM— includes the delivery of Value spans across two different contexts: First context refers to Value delivery for the cure of environmental & social issues (First Value), and Last context deals with Value delivery at production level, linked to transformation activities or what needs to be done – the work (Last Value). This paper aims at underlining the potential of Lean Thinking for addressing environmental issues, where sustainable practices are proposed as a first level strategy of current Lean Construction practices. Additionally, it is proposed that Society depends on construction industry outputs and that it should be considered in addition to particular interests, if the potential of the construction industry is to be fulfilled. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2011, author={Pasquire, Christine and Connor, Piers }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Where does the Theory Informing the International Group for Lean Construction Come From?}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1092}, affiliation={Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham NG1 4BU UK +44 115 848 2895 Christine.Pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Managing Director, PRC Rail Consulting Ltd, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5NH UK, +44 1509 670690 piers.connor@btinternet.com }, abstract={Within the community of Lean construction, as represented by the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC), some recent discussions about Lean construction theory have questioned the base upon which the theory has been developed. The question asks whether the sources upon which the theory has been based were generated from within the community or from outside. Some fears were expressed that the theory was being developed largely internally, without drawing in enough new ideas or recent thinking from the wider academic and industrial community. This paper attempts to clarify the basis for the debate by enumerating the references used to generate Lean construction theory within the IGLC conference papers and to offer some conclusions that will assist in informing the debate. The analysis identifies the leaders in the development of Lean construction theory and confirms that their work is referred to outside the IGLC community. The research confirmed that the level of referencing from sources published outside the IGLC conferences was in fact high; however, the paper raises concerns about the quality of the sources used and the lack of new thinking being generated. There was no intention to look outside the IGLC forum or to attempt to define any aspect of Lean construction theory the research was merely a counting exercise to ascertain the flow of references and theory sources. }, author_keywords={IGLC, development, theory, papers, conferences, references, citations }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brioso2011, author={Brioso, Xavier }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Applying Lean Construction to Loss Control }, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1093}, affiliation={Professor, School of Civil Engineering. Engineering Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Phone +51 16262000, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe }, abstract={Losses can be defined as economic and non-economic valuation of the different effects (psychological, legal, functional, environmental, etc.), due to waste, defects and damages in the workplace. Losses can be human, economic, institutional prestige, competitiveness, customers and markets, among others. Loss Control and Lean Construction contribute to their decline, so an optimal method by integrating the two systems is proposed in this paper. It is intended the use of complementary elements of the two systems, to show the contribution of both in the achievement of the optimal integrated methodology so that we make profits and give credit to companies that contributed in achieving this goal. A methodology is proposed for focusing on the integration of Lean Construction and Loss Control, in order to the alternative theory “Working near the edge” proposed by Gregory A. Howell, Glenn Ballard, Tariq S. Abdelhamid and Panagiotis Mitropoulos, based on the work of Jens Rasmussen. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, loss control, accidents, incidents, safety }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2011, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Munankami, Manish and Gottipati, Udaya and Fernández-Solís, Jose and Lavy, Sarel }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Toward an Understanding of Cost and Aesthetics: Impact of Cost Contraints on Aesthetic Ranking Following Target Value Design Exercises}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1094}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A.; phone: 1-979-845-4354; e-mail: zrybkowski@tamu.edu ; Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A.; e-mail: mmunankami@neo.tamu.edu ; Graduate Student (formerly), Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A.; e-mail: udayagottipati@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A.; e-mail: jsolis@arch.tamu.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A.; e-mail: slavy@arch.tamu.edu }, abstract={PURPOSE: Target Value Design (TVD) is a project delivery subset that shares methodologies with Target Costing and Value Engineering, but is performed within the context of lean construction. TVD has been shown to generate first cost savings of approximately 20% on case study projects. A concern voiced by some architects, however, is that TVD may produce aesthetically inferior designs. Addressing this concern, we explore whether there is a relationship between cost and aesthetics. METHODOLOGY: Eighteen postgraduate-level university students were asked to design a functional wine stand using a restricted pallet of materials—Styrofoam cups and plates and 8 1/2‖ x 11‖ sheets of paper within one hour—(a) without cost constraints and (b) with cost constraints. The resulting wine stands were photographed and then graphically rendered to remove confounding variables, permitting comparisons between them. Over one hundred twenty subjects were surveyed and asked to rank the stands according to their preferences. Ratings were then correlated with costs using Spearman’s Rank-Order coefficient. FINDINGS: We found there was a very mild negative correlation (rs=-0.214) between final cost of the individual stands and their aesthetic rankings. The result suggests that popular aesthetic preference, as measured in wine stand design, is very slightly correlated with higher cost, and that other factors (not investigated) have a greater influence on aesthetic rankings. IMPLICATIONS: The findings suggest that TVD does not necessarily compromise the popular aesthetic quality of a simple product design, such as a wine stand, and }, author_keywords={Target Value Design, target cost, value engineering, aesthetics, lean }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskenvesa2011, author={Koskenvesa, Anssi and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Evaluating Site Performance Through the TFV-Theory}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1095}, affiliation={Researcher, Faculty of the Built Environment, Tampere University of Technology; Finland. Phone +358 40 581 4263; anssi.koskenvesa@mittaviiva.fi ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2957960; l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The objective of this paper is to evaluate how our understanding and findings change when moving from the traditional conceptual model of productivity to analyzing performance through the TFV-theory. This paper first endeavours to compare the original prescription of the traditional conceptual model of productivity and performance with TFV-theory through literature study. This comparison is carried out in the context of construction management. To investigate the differences in practice, two case study sets of data were analyzed. Performance data on each of the 27 tasks was evaluated from transformation, flow and value view. This exercise illustrates how a performance evaluation through the TFV-theory focuses, besides the transformations (T), on the delays and production rate differences (F) as well as on quality or safety performance (V). In so doing, it addresses the possible causes of poor performance, and also the related solutions. These causes and solutions remain invisible in productivity evaluations. }, author_keywords={TFV-theory, transformation, flow, value, production, site performance, lean construction }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mills2011, author={Mills, Grant and Mahadkar, Sameedha and Price, Andrew D.F. and Wright, Steve }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Lean Strategic Asset Management: Integrating Value, Flow and Capacity Provision in the Uk Health Sector}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1096}, affiliation={Research Associate, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK. G.R.mills@lboro.ac.uk ; Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK. S.Mahadkar@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor and HaCIRIC Co-Director, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK. A.D.F.Price@lboro.ac.uk ; Executive Director, European Centre for Health Assets and Architecture, Churchilllaan 11, 3527 GV Utrecht, Netherlands. steve.wright@echaa.eu }, abstract={Purpose: The English National Health Service is facing a huge financial and capacity crisis. There is a major need for new thinking in meeting expanding healthcare demand while controlling rising costs, improving quality and raising productivity. Lean thinking will be central to achieving success; however, a broader interpretation of asset value is necessary. Methodology: This paper is based on a health specific literature review of the existing evidence that inter alia supports the use of Lean thinking in infrastructure re-design, reconfiguration, space rationalisation and clinical productivity. There is some reflection on the significant underpinnings of Lean Manufacture, but this has been limited since it has been well documented by others since Womack et al., (1990) and the Toyota Production System (TPS). It also reports on a workshop with academic and industry professionals and outlines a potential future direction for Lean healthcare asset related research and development. Findings: This paper highlights the need for a whole system integrated approach to delivering value over various healthcare care scales through lean asset management. Implications: Incentivising the alignment of national and local healthcare stakeholders around value will maximise the use of scarce capital resources. }, author_keywords={Assets, Lean, Infrastructure, Healthcare, Value }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dave2011, author={Dave, Bhargav and Boddy, Stefan and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Visilean: Designing a Production Management System With Lean and Bim}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1097}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953431; B.Dave@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953204; S.C.Boddy@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953178; L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Conceptual analysis of lean construction and Building Information Modelling indicates significant synergies between the two. Interactions between the two range right from the design phase to handover and facilities management. Although lean construction is being applied throughout, application of BIM still remains predominant in the design phase. Previous case studies have proven that the use of BIM with lean practices during the construction phase improves the efficiency of planning. A software system - VisiLean is proposed that provides the construction team a lean production management system that is integrated with Building Information Modelling. The system provides clear visualisation of work status through visual indicators on the 3D model and also integrates several information sources to enable a truly integrated system that the construction industry lacks. In this paper, the basic underlying concept and a brief overview of the system are provided. The system has yet to be implemented on site so practical findings are not yet reported. However, it has been demonstrated to construction and major client organisations with positive feedback. Further work is under way to improve the system based on the initial feedback received and also to implement it on a pilot project to evaluate its performance. }, author_keywords={Lean Production Management, Building Information Modelling, .Net, Web Services, Information Integration }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Freund2011, author={Freund, Christina and Gehbauer, Fritz and and Gentes, Sascha }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants – Can Lean Methods Help to Improve the Highly Complex Design and Planning Processes?}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1098}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Technology and Management for the Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities, Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, christina.freund@kit.edu ; Professor, Director of Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu ; Professor, KIT, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Technology and Management for the Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities, sascha.gentes@kit.edu }, abstract={In recent years, principles of Lean Management were implemented in a growing number of construction projects with good results in improving of performance. Decommissioning of nuclear power plants requires setting up of a complex process and designing of specialized methods and machines. In this sense it is even more complex than large construction projects. Due to the many laws and regulations (especially concerning safety), decommissioning suffers from time and budget overruns. Therefore, the authors investigated the possibilities of applying Lean Construction methods and tools in the design, permitting, licensing and planning of the decommissioning of nuclear power plants and related facilities. Framework conditions for the implementation are numerous atomic laws and regulations. The research is based on the following hypotheses:  The existing system suffers from time delays and budget overruns; it is not only possible but necessary to improve cooperation and results through applying Lean Management methods.  In the process of executing the first steps of applying Lean, it is possible to overcome obstacles, existing with various stakeholders, for example the fear of losing the independent status of the experts. Evaluating current state of the art led to first steps, such as lowering batch sizes and creating a continuous flow of information and results of design and planning. The research is based on the cooperation with a variety of sources including owner, engineering firms, contractors, experts, ministries and other regulatory agencies. Difficulties and barriers for implementation are discussed, especially ensuring high safety standards while using cooperative methods for project delivery. Recommendations for further implementation and research, especially to fully validate the second hypotheses, will conclude the paper. }, author_keywords={Lean methods, decommissioning, licensing, stakeholder, cooperation }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bertelsen2011, author={Bertelsen, Sven and Bonke, Sten }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Transformation–Flow–Value as a Strategic Tool in Project Production}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1099}, affiliation={MSc. Director, Sven Bertelsen, Strategic Counselors aps. External lecturer, Technical University of Denmark. Ronnebaervej 10, DK 2840 Holte, Denmark. sven@bertelsen.org ; Assoc. Prof. Sten Bonke, Head of Section. Section for Planning and Management of the Built Environment. DTU Management, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, DK 2800 Kgs.Lyngby, Denmark }, abstract={The paper investigates the use of the Transformation-Flow-Value theory as a strategic tool in the development of the project production firm. When producing products such as ships, focus on value more than on cost may be the best approach, but in service industries such as construction, focus on flow may often be a far better approach than just looking at the costs. The paper presents a simple, general financial model to support this argument and not least to assist the reader in conducting similar analyses in his own company. }, author_keywords={Transformation-Flow-Value, Strategy, Business approach, Financial model }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bildsten2011, author={Bildsten, Louise }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Exploring the Opportunities and Barriers of Using Prefabricated House Components}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1100}, affiliation={Phd student, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden, Phone: +46 13 281547, louise.bildsten@liu.se }, abstract={To satisfy customers’ desires with a maintained efficiency of the production process is a challenge for many house construction companies. Houses are one-off projects with a production process characterized by variability and complexity that often lead to unpredicted costs. Prefabricated component solutions could possibly solve these issues through modularization, mass customization and delayed product differentiation. The purpose of this paper is to explore the opportunities and barriers to use prefabricated house components. Interviews were conducted with two industrial house manufacturers to pinpoint these opportunities and barriers. The impact of this research may have value for house construction companies considering the use of prefabricated house components. The use of these components may lead to benefits such as shorter lead-time, higher quality, decreased complexity in coordination and reduced risks of production failures. Moreover, this research may be valuable to house component suppliers in the business development of their product offers to industrial house builders. }, author_keywords={Prefabrication, mass customization, house components, process improvement }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2011, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Fifty Years of Irrelevance: The Wild Goose Chase of Management Science}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1101}, affiliation={Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2956378; l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Modern management science has existed since 1959 when two reports (by Pierson and Gordon & Howell) on the future of business education were published in the US. At least since 1980, there has been a practically continuous, but somewhat fragmented discussion on the relevance of management research. Although many different proposals have been made to rectify the situation, the mainstream of management research seems to be relatively untroubled and unaffected by this widely sensed irrelevance. The paper aims at initial understanding of the reasons for this spectacular failure of (general) management research to reach relevant results in the period of 1960-2010. Two related questions are considered in more detail. How was the social science turn of management science in 1959 justified and achieved? Which correctives have been proposed for management research, up to now? }, author_keywords={Management science, irrelevance }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zimina2011, author={Zimina, Daria and Pasquire, Christine }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Tracking the Dependencies Between Companies’ Commercial Behavior and Their Institutional Environment}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1102}, affiliation={ Research Associate, Department of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University UK ; Professor of Lean Project Management, School of Architecture, Design & Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Burton Street, Nottingham NG1 4BU UK +44 115 848 2459 christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper is a part of a research project addressing the problems caused by the construction industry’s apparent dependency on cost information. The paper sets a theoretical base for the project by investigating the dependencies between micro and macroeconomic levels from the perspective of the construction industry. The hypothesis is that factors defining commercial behaviour and impeding or facilitating implementation of lean commercial practices include macroeconomic environment and regulation, market agents, informal institutions, such as culture, and individual abilities of the management. Understanding the reasons of the traditional commercial behaviour will help to find a way of changing it for a better. The paper might be of interest to both the academics and practitioners looking to change commercial practice. The main finding constitutes an analysis of the nature of the dependence between companies and their environment. }, author_keywords={Commercial behaviour, socio-economic environment, lean transformation, lean cost and commercial management. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tezel2011, author={Tezel, Algan and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Koskenvesa, Anssi and Sahlstedt, Satu }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={An Examination of Visual Management on Finnish Construction Sites}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1103}, affiliation={ PhD, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford. Email: algantezel@gmail.com 2 Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 161 2956378; l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK. Phone +44 161 2956378; l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 295 4284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Researcher, Faculty of the Built Environment, Tampere University of Technology; Finland. Phone +358 40 581 4263; anssi.koskenvesa@mittaviiva.fi ; Researcher, Mittaviiva Ltd, Lars Sonckin kaari 10, Nova-talo 02600 Espoo, Finland. Phone +358 40 373 8983; satu.sahlstedt@mittaviiva.fi }, abstract={Visual Management (VM), which is one of the founding blocks of the Toyota Production System, is the managerial strategy of integrating information and sensory aids into work settings for increased self-management. This paper presents the preliminary findings of a collaborative research conducted between Finland and the UK, as part of an effort to introduce the dissemination of Visual Management in the Finnish construction industry. How the Visual Management concept is realised on Finnish construction sites is the main research question of the paper. The examination of the current Visual Management conditions on typical Finnish construction sites was conducted through multiple case studies carried out on five different construction sites in the country. The findings were presented by case descriptions. The main finding is that the Visual Management strategy is currently at an initial level and based on individual initiatives, not systematic company approaches. The discussion of the Visual Management conditions in Finland, some recommendations for the implementation of Visual Management in the country, and the future Visual Management research efforts were also presented. }, author_keywords={Visual Management, visual workplace, lean construction implementation, Finland. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Formoso2011, author={Formoso, Carlos T. and Sommer, Lucila and Koskela, Lauri and Isatto, Eduardo L. }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={An Exploratory Study on the Measurement and Analysis of Making-Do in Construction Sites}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1104}, affiliation={Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc., Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. englusommer@gmail.com ; Dr.Sc., Professor, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, UK, L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Dr., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. isatto@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Making-do has been pointed out as a major cause of waste in the construction industry. It refers to a situation in which a task starts without having available all the inputs required for its completion. Those inputs refer not only to materials, but also to other resources, such as machinery, tools, personnel, external conditions, information, etc. By contrast, the literature points out that improvisation is a ubiquitous human practice even in highly structured business organisations, and play an important role when rules and methods fail. This paper presents the concept of making-do as a form of waste, and proposes a method of measuring it as well as identifying its main causes, and its main impacts in the performance of construction projects. Data from two exploratory case studies carried out in construction sites are used to illustrate the utility of that concept. In those studies, making-do waste was identified, and categorized according to their causes and main impacts. This was done by interviews with construction workers and foremen, direct observation of construction processes on-site, and participant observation in planning meetings. The results provide some insights on the limitations of planning systems in avoiding making-do, and also pointed out the high negative impact of this type of waste in site safety }, author_keywords={Making-do, Improvisation, Waste, Planning and control, Performance measurement }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamzeh2011, author={Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={The Lean Journey: Implementing the Last Planner ® System in Construction}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1105}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Management, 223 Guggenheim Hall, Colorado State University, CO 80523-1584, USA, Farook.Hamzeh@colostate.edu }, abstract={The Last Planner ® system for production planning and control has helped construction projects improve planning reliability, production performance, and construction workflow. However, many organizations face significant hurdles when implementing the Last Planner ® system for the first time. The hurdles are multifaceted and are tied to organizational, cultural, and technical factors. This paper highlights implementation issues mentioned in the literature and reports implementation challenges and failures experienced on three construction projects. Using action-based research where the author was actively involved in implementing the Last Planner® system on the three projects, the paper presents a framework for successful implementation of the Last Planner® system on construction projects drawing on previous research, lessons learned from change management, and previous lean implementations. The suggested framework will be tested on future construction projects newly implementing The Last Planner ® system for proper model calibration. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, The Last Planner ® System, Production Planning and Control, Implementation, and Change Management }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2011, author={Ballard, Glenn and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={A Response to Critics of Lean Construction}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1106}, affiliation={Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-B McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 415/710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Maxwell 412a, Crescent, Salford, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Lean construction advocates criticized the first edition of Graham Winch’s Managing Construction Projects. In the 2 nd edition, Winch responds and adds his own criticisms of lean construction. The purpose of this paper is to reply to Winch’s criticisms of lean construction. Other papers will continue the debate regarding the appropriate conceptualization of projects in relation to production, including the question whether organization design is part of production system design. Regarding the mainstream construction management community, we respectfully propose that it should get rid of certain temporal myopia. Two central concepts of lean construction are production, as a starting point for managing and organizing, and waste, as a focus of improvement. Winch denies the role of production in management and fails to recognize the importance of waste: it is not in the index of his book, although lean production and lean construction is discussed. This is fully aligned to other current literature in management, which – through silence - denies the role of production and waste. However, these concepts were present in the management literature preceding the two influential books on business education in 1959 (Gordon & Howell 1959, Pierson 1959). Lean construction represents a continuation of the discussion in the first half of the 20th century, which seems to have become opportune again as a result of the massive criticism on the lack of relevance of management science since the 1980’s. }, author_keywords={Construction management, lean construction, theory }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2011, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Smallwood, John }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Clients’ Perceptions of Non-Value Adding Activities in South Africa}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1107}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Management, PO Box 77000 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2399 Fax: (041) 504 2345 ; Professor, and Head, Department of Construction Management, PO Box 77000 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2790 Fax: (041) 504 2345 }, abstract={Based upon documented non-value adding activities (NVAAs) in the literature, the study was undertaken in order to investigate NVAAs that are significant in the South African context. According to the research problem statement, the recurrent poor performance recorded in South African construction may be due to the prevalence of NVAAs. Though the larger research embraced methodological pluralism, this particular paper reports on a quantitative survey conducted among South African public sector clients. The survey used NVAAs and their causes identified through the literature as the basis for the investigation. The research findings suggest that NVAAs do not only pervade South African construction, but also marginalise the realisation of optimal project performance in terms of cost, environment, health and safety (H&S), quality, and time. The implications are centred on the need to increase knowledge and awareness, and also reduce the frequency of occurrence of NVAAs in South Africa. Though only an aspect of the research is reported upon in this paper, the research equally entailed an empirical study conducted among consultants and contractors with a view of creating awareness throughout the entire industry. However, future multi-case study research involving the most cited NVAAs will complement the long-term objective of the study. }, author_keywords={Construction, Infrastructure, Non-value adding activities, Performance, South Africa }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hanid2011, author={Hanid, Mahanim and Siriwardena, Mohan and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={What Are the Big Issues in Cost Management?}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1108}, affiliation={Phd Candidate, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953458; m.b.hanid@edu.salford.ac.uk ; Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2957052; M.L.Siriwardena@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2956378; l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper presents the current big issues in cost management. It covers the theoretical aspects, the causes and effects, and possible countermeasures. This paper is a result of a literature review conducted during the initial stages of a doctoral research. In doing so, principles of lean production are considered as a basis for critical evaluation. Seven big issues have been identified as shortcomings in the current construction cost management approaches. Some of such issues identified are failure to forecast, failure to pinpoint improvement opportunities and poor support to inter-organizational cost management. Possible countermeasures are suggested to address the identified issues. This research is expected to contribute towards developing conceptual solutions for improving the cost management approaches. }, author_keywords={Cost management, lean, value, waste }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brady2011, author={Brady, Denise and Tzortopoulos, Patricia and Rooke, John }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={An Examination of the Barriers to Last Planner Implementation}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1109}, affiliation={PhD Student, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. brady_denise@web.de ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 295 4284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Greater Manchester. Phone +44 161 295 6344; j.a.rooke@eml.cc }, abstract={This paper presents results that contribute to an ongoing PhD work, looking at the implementation of Lean Production in manufacturing and what findings can be derived for the implementation of Lean in construction. This paper focuses on Last Planner as one approach to implementing Lean in construction. The aim of the paper is to identify implementation barriers and to determine whether or not factors contributing to the success of Lean projects in manufacturing were present in last planner implementation projects. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research aiming at reducing the barriers experienced when implementing Last Planner and highlighting important points to be considered when using any lean method on construction sites in the future. These findings will be developed further as part of the PhD work }, author_keywords={Lean manufacturing, lean construction, critical success factors, last planner }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hickethier2011, author={Hickethier, Gernot and Anbergen, Hauke and Hofacker, Alexander and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Set-Based Planning in the Decommissioning of a Nuclear Power Plant}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1110}, affiliation={Research Associate and Ph.D. Candidate, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608- 48235, gernot.hickethier@kit.edu ; Graduate Student, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, hauke.anbergen@hotmail.com ; Research Associate and Ph.D., Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-160- 99085916, alexander.hofacker@kit.edu ; Professor and Head of the Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49- 721 608-42646, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu }, abstract={Decommissioning of nuclear facilities is a rapidly growing field in which construction techniques are applied within a dangerous environment. Radiation and contamination complicate the design of the decommissioning process. The main objectives of decommissioning are to maintain a safe environment for workers and to avoid loosing material. Secondly, the decommissioning process shall minimize the amount of contaminated material that must be stored safely for a long time. Decommissioning processes, as well as construction processes, often consist of several inter-related tasks. During the decommissioning process planning, several feasible procedures for each task must be evaluated within the context of the overall system and regarding delivery of customer value. This paper documents a case-study during which a two staged set-based planning approach was applied to rigorously explore the planning space of a dismantling process at a nuclear power plant in Germany. The result of the planning process was then verified through a survey of experienced practitioners. }, author_keywords={lean construction, set-based planning, decommissioning, dismantling, nuclear facility, safety, morphological box, Choosing By Advantages }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mariz2011, author={Mariz, Renato N. and Picchi, Flavio A. and Granja, Ariovaldo D. and Melo, Reymard S. S. }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Broader Implementations of Production Cells in Construction Considering Time, Space and Information Linkages}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1111}, affiliation={M.Sc. candidate, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Architecture and Buildings, State University of Campinas(UNICAMP), unicamprenato@gmail.com ; Asst. Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Architecture and Buildings, State University of Campinas(UNICAMP); and Director, Lean Institute Brazil, Rua Topázio 911, São Paulo- SP, Brazil, CEP 04105-063, Tel.: +55 11 5571-6887, Fax:+55 11 5571-0804, fpicchi@lean.org.br. ; Asst. Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Architecture and Buildings, State University of Campinas(UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Campinas/SP, CEP 13083-852, Brazil, Tel.: +55 19 3788-2082, FAX + 55 19 3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ; Ph.D. candidate, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Architecture and Buildings, State University of Campinas(UNICAMP), reymardsavio@yahoo.com.br }, abstract={The use of production cell in manufacturing has achieved many benefits, motivating researchers to apply them in the construction environment. The aim of this research is to identify time, space and information linkages considerations in construction production cells applications, seeking opportunities for broader implementations. We adopted a literature review approach focusing on studies in Brazilian construction sector that addressed cells applications. Subsequently, comparative tables of these publications were prepared, analyzing the consideration of time, space and information linkages, as well as identified results. The article pointed out that there is a lack in publications that address the application of production cell in almost all construction flows, except the job site flow, reflecting the tendency of most companies of applying lean concepts first in physical flows. The greatest benefits reported from the applications of production cells were the lead time reduction, cost savings and increase productivity. By analyzing the aspects (group of features that enhance the use of the cell) it was found that “material flow and pull system” and “operators interaction” were the aspects most often considered, but mostly partially. “Flexibility” and “equipment maintenance” were used in very few reported cases. No case reported comprehensive considerations of the three important linkages of time, space and information. Space was the linkage better considered, showing that studied applications tend to be latent physical cells, with lack in time and information linkages. Further studies are proposed in order to investigate the results of more comprehensive applications considering all aspects. }, author_keywords={Production cell, lean thinking, construction }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ruiz2011, author={Ruiz, Joyce de Andrade and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Picchi, Flávio Augusto and Melo, Reymard Sávio Sampaio de }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={An Investigation Into the Systematic Use of Value Engineering in the Product Development Process}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1112}, affiliation={M.Sc., Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Architecture and Buildings, State University of Campinas(UNICAMP), joyce.andrade.ruiz@gmail.com ; Asst. Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Architecture and Buildings, State University of Campinas(UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein, 951, Caixa Postal 6021, Campinas/SP, CEP 13083-852, Brazil, Tel.: +55 19 3788-2082, FAX + 55 19 3788-2411, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ; Asst. Professor, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Architecture and Buildings, State University of Campinas(UNICAMP); and Director, Lean Institute Brazil, Rua Topázio 911, São Paulo-SP, Brazil, CEP 04105-063, Tel.: +55 11 5571-6887, Fax:+55 11 5571-0804, fpicchi@lean.org.br. ; Ph.D. candidate, Construction Management and Technology Research Group (GTE), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, Department of Architecture and Buildings, State University of Campinas(UNICAMP), reymardsavio@yahoo.com.br }, abstract={Value Engineering (VE) is a methodical technique which aims to achieve the best functional balance between product cost, reliability and performance, and it is the operational tool that facilitates the achievement of the target cost in a product development process (PDP). VE is aligned with recent philosophies for proactive cost management by analyzing cost parameters and drivers in the early stages of the PDP. A typical VE study accomplishes the decomposition of the product’s functions, and the subsequent evaluation of them, in order to pursuit cost reductions without trading- off the product’s functionality, quality and value delivery to clients/users. This research investigates how to use the VE technique in a construction product in a systemized way. VE tools, such as Function Analysis, FAST Diagram, Mudge Technique and Compare Method were combined and applied in a handicap bathroom, as an example of the detailed application of this technique. By means of the VE exercise, a cost reduction in the order of 12% was achieved, even with the addition of two new items, enhancing value delivery to end users. }, author_keywords={Value engineering; target costing; product development process; cost management in construction; value delivery }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2011, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={On the Discourse of Measuring Work Flow Efficiency in Construction. A Detailed Work Sampling Method}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1113}, affiliation={Dr.Ing, Associate Professor, Faculty of economics and social sciences, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 37 25 30 00, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to test out a detailed work sampling method in the operationalisation of workflow – as part of the discourse about workflow and waste. The paper is part of a wider, ongoing research project on flow in construction work, which has resulted in the identification of several alternative strategies for measuring workflow. The conceptualisation of workflow is based on the premise that it must integrate the two dimensions of uniformity (smoothness) and intensity (productivity). The method builds on an operationalisation of the factors involved in workflow which has its basis in Shingo’s well-know distinction between operation and process. Furthermore, the conceptualisation draws on the social methodology of critical realism in order to distinguish between different causes for good or bad flow. It also includes an understanding of waste as visible and observable, and as hidden in transformation work (direct work) and indirect work; and of what initiatives can be taken to reduce visible and hidden waste. An inductive approach is applied to operationalise operations in construction, and to the question of how this data based on work can be used to calculate workflow. The verification of the explored instrument or measurement model draws on data from different construction sites. Theoretically, the paper contributes to the Lean literature by conceptualising workflow and waste within a social scientific framework. Practically, it contributes by establishing detailed benchmark figures on the basis of different construction projects. }, author_keywords={Workflow, waste, operationalisation, work sampling, measurement }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wang2011, author={Wang, Chao and Hsiang, Simon and Liu, Min }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Causes and Penalties of Variation - a Case Study of a Concrete Slab Prefabrication Shop}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1114}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, Phone +1919/946-1954,cwangncsu@hotmail.com ; Derr Professor, Industrial Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409; Phone +1806/742-3543, simon.hsiang@ttu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, Phone +1919/513-7920,min_liu@ncsu.edu }, abstract={Concrete precast plants require strict control over and adherence to the timing and sequence of operations. Variation for this research is divided into the variation in task starting time (the difference between the planned and the actual starting time) and the variation in task duration (the difference between the planned and the actual task duration). This study determined causes of variation in task starting time and duration of precast concrete slab production tasks and used STROBOSCOPE simulation techniques to demonstrate the penalties associated with not reducing variation, which are 1) overtime, 2) Work in Progress (WIP) increase, 3) cost overrun, and 4) labor productivity decrease. It was found that simply taking managerial actions, such as keeping workers waiting or busy, is insufficient for managing variation and effort should be put to reduce variations and make plan more reliable. The results could help prefabricators to understand the causes and penalties of variation, which is the starting point of attacking and reducing variations }, author_keywords={Variation, causes, penalties, concrete slab prefabrication, lean construction }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lima2011, author={Lima, Mariana M. Xavier de and Maia, Sara Costa and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={A Complex View From the Design Process}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1115}, affiliation={Architect, M.Sc., Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, Bloco 710, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3366-9607, marimxl@yahoo.com.br. ; Undergraduate Student, Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Universidade Federal do Ceará, sara_cm88@hotmail.com. ; Professor, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, Bloco 710, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3366-9607, jpbarros@ufc.br. }, abstract={Building Information Modeling (BIM) includes tools, processes and technologies based on the digital documentation of a building, its efficiency, its planning, its construction and later on, its operation. Bim enables to access a wealth of information that would remain hidden in traditional processes, by generating a model in which it is reproduced as a future reality, which contains all the information regarding the project and the processes. However, composing a model from such information, following the traditional methods, leads to incompatibilities or undesired simplifications. Such incompatibilities are a result of the lack of a systemic view in the project and in its development process. Traditional science (positivist paradigm), is based on the assumptions of simplicity, stability and objectivity. In contrast the new paradigm of science (the paradigm of complexity), recognizes and accepts the complexity, instability and subjectivity in science. This study aims at identifying the interconnection between the theoretical paradigm of complexity and the design process, specifically the one that uses BIM. Therefore, we start from the hypothesis that the design process is complex and it must be modeled as such. This paper has a theoretical approach, based on bibliographic research of the topics in the epistemology of science and the design process. This is identified as major existing incompatibilities between the theoretical underpinnings of positivism and the design process. It extends the existing theoretical basis of the management construction and the design process. Future work will be able to model the design process, based on the assumptions of the paradigm in complexity }, author_keywords={Complexity, design process, BIM }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Guevara2011, author={Guevara, Jose and Ozuna, Ana and Vargas, Hernando and Prieto, Javier and Ramirez, Cesar }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Promoting Innovation in a Colombian Social Housing Construction Company}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1116}, affiliation={Instructor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1Este 19A-40, Edificio Mario Laserna, Bogotá, Colombia, ja.guevara915@uniandes.edu.co ; Instructor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1Este 19A-40, Edificio Mario Laserna, Bogotá, Colombia, ap.ozuna1442@uniandes.edu.co ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1Este 19A-40, Edificio Mario Laserna, Bogotá, Colombia, hvargas@uniandes.edu.co ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1Este 19A-40, Edificio Mario Laserna, Bogotá, Colombia, hvargas@uniandes.edu.co ; Design and Construction Director, Urbansa S.A., Cra 12 98-35 Piso 5, Bogotá, Colombia, cramirez@urbansa.com.co }, abstract={Lean Construction (LC) and innovation have been two widely discussed concepts in the Colombian construction industry for the last few years. However, the relationship among the previous topics have not been properly analysed in the local context. The objective of the article is to analyse the importance of applying LC in terms of promoting innovation. The research method for the investigation has been the embedded single case study approach. The case study is developed in a social housing construction company called Urbansa S.A. Thus, how and why LC can boost innovation on Colombian construction projects are the research questions for this study. This is important because the Colombian industry can start to learn that Lean is more than measuring task times. Results show that applying concepts such as collaboration, transparency, workflow reliability, and pull production enhances innovation if the implementation is undertaken through a process-focused approach. New developments have been registered in the operation phase of housing construction projects. By finding that LC concepts have a direct impact on innovation, the construction industry might have an increased interest in learning about the true potential of LC for improving processes and delivering more client oriented products. Further work is required to develop a strategy for expanding the understanding of lean concepts at operational and management levels. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, innovation, housing construction, small wins }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sfandyarifard2011, author={Sfandyarifard, Elham and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Supporting Value Generation in Children’s Hospital Design Through Participatory Approaches}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1117}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953134; e.sfandyarifard@edu.salford.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2954284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper presents results of an ongoing PhD research, which aims to develop guidelines to help designers incorporate children's perspectives when designing children's hospitals. The paper discusses children’s hospital design through participatory approaches and links it to the lean design literature, proposing new insights into value generation. The research method is a case study, in which the process of identifying children’s preferences and considering these into the different stages of design is described. Data was collected through 16 semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and along with other documents analysed using content analysis. Results indicate that participation in design provides children with opportunities for voicing their view and ensures their requirements are available in all phases of the process. Such participation enables requirements not to be lost when progressively transformed into design solutions. The paper also discusses how realistic is it to consult with children, and which approaches may help design decision making for future children’s hospital design. }, author_keywords={Design process, Participatory design, Value generation. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sombra2011, author={Sombra, Sombra and Silva e Romcy, Neliza Maria and Sampaio, uliana C. Schlachter and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Application of a Model of Design Process Feedback From Measurement of Customer Satisfaction}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1118}, affiliation={Architect and Master of Engineering from the Civil Engineering Post Graduation Program, Structure and Civil Constructions, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil. paulasombra@yahoo.com.br ; Architect and Master of Engineering from the Civil Engineering Post Graduation Program, Structure and Civil Constructions, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil. neliza.romcy@gmail.com ; Architect and Master of Engineering from the Civil Engineering Post Graduation Program, Structure and Civil Constructions, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil. julianaschlachter@yahoo.com.br ; Ph.D Professor from the Civil Construction and Structure Engineering Department, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil. jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={Sampaio (2010) proposes a theoretical model of design feedback, which helps to process the data collected in satisfaction surveys, through the integration and simplification of tools to support decision making for manufacturing. This paper aims to apply this model and provide the analysis and discussion of its feasibility, as well as propose changes to its improvement. It describes the application of the theoretical model of Sampaio (2010) through a case study, which enabled the registration of the process and its discussion. The feedback model proposed by Sampaio was verified, as well as the systematic analysis of data collected from a satisfaction survey, and its transformation into design parameters. As some practical limitations were found, a simplification in the theoretical model was proposed. Therefore, it contributed to the reduction of activities, which do not add value to the final product, according to the lean thinking. The use of the simplified model provides benefits to companies and customers, as it gives support to generate better products, which increases user satisfaction and enhances the acceptance to new projects. }, author_keywords={Design process, feedback, tools, value }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marjasalo2011, author={Marjasalo, Anita and Koskenvesa, Anssi and Tolonen, Teuvo and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Time Allocation of Site Management}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1119}, affiliation={Research assistant, Faculty of the Built Environment, Tampere University of Technology, PL 600, 33101 Tampere; Finland. Phone +358 40 198 1891, anita.marjasalo@tut.fi ; Researcher, Faculty of the Built Environment, Tampere University of Technology; Finland. Phone +358 40 581 4263; anssi.koskenvesa@mittaviiva.fi ; Professor, Faculty of the Built Environment, Tampere University of Technology; Finland. Phone +358 40 593 9257; teuvo.tolonen@tut.fi ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2957960; l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to elicit how much time general superintendents and superintendents spend on different functions and, in specific, how much time is spent on work planning and preparation and supervising the work. A survey, in which 14 general superintendents and 10 superintendents filled in their time usage into a web database for one month (22 days on average) each, was carried out. The respondents could allocate their working hours in 16 different functions with the accuracy of a half an hour daily. In addition, one question was asked concerning the laboriousness of office work and IT systems, for which 14 answers were obtained. All answers were categorised based on the occupation of the respondent in general superintendents and superintendents. The supervision of work is still the most time consuming function for the general superintendent and the other superintendents; whereas work planning takes up only 15% of the site management’s time. This finding shows that at the moment the site management rather supervises than plans and makes pre-requisites ready. Much of the non-value adding time could be eliminated by improving project management and designer cooperation and putting more emphasis on work planning and preparation. }, author_keywords={Time allocation, site management, general superintendent, foreman, production control }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maia2011, author={Maia, Sara and Lima, Mariana and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={A Systemic Approach to the Concept of Value and Its Effects on Lean Construction}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1120}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student, Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Universidade Federal do Ceará, sara_cm88@hotmail.com ; Architect, M.Sc., Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, Bloco 710, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3366-9607, marimxl@yahoo.com.br ; Professor, Department of Structure and Construction Engineering (www.deecc.ufc.br), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, Bloco 710, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Phone +55 85 3366-9607, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={The concept of value, besides holding a relevant position in several areas of knowledge, has occupied, through Lean and TFV theory, an equally important role on construction. However, there can be observed a lack of systematic and sufficiently comprehensive studies regarding the value in academic production on Lean Construction. This study aims at developing a solid and coherent theoretical background for the concept through a wide literature review, not only in the field of Lean Construction, but from a systemic approach in several areas of knowledge. The results achieved point to new guidelines that can help to overcome discussions about the term. This paper also outlines the possible consequences of the current way of thinking about value in the field of sustainability and ethical responsibility. }, author_keywords={Value, Lean Thinking }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon2011, author={Alarcon, Isabel and Christian, Digby and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Collaborating with a Permitting Agency to Deliver a Healthcare Project: Case Study of the Sutter Medical Center Castro Valley (SMCCV)}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1121}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Industrial Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, ialarcon@gepuc.cl ; Senior Project Manager, Sutter Health Facility Planning & Development, ChristD2@sutterhealth.org ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper presents a case study of the Sutter Medical Center project in Castro Valley, California (SMCCV). This project’s commercial terms are established in an Integrated Form of Agreement (IFOA). This project stands out in several ways. One is the way in which the team used visualization tools to create transparency and to establish a common goal for the team. Another one is how the integrated team worked hand-in-hand with representatives of the state permitting agency to develop strategies and work methods to implement the Phased Plan Review (PPR) process. PPR is one option the team and the agency could pursue in unison to result in permitting for construction of this healthcare facility. This paper details the project delivery’s operating system the team put in place in order to obtain increased certainty in the project’s design, permitting, and construction phases. It includes examples regarding the actions team participants took to achieve this objective and relates these actions to lean principles they reinforced throughout their application. }, author_keywords={Phased Plan Review (PPR), Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD), Integrated Form of Agreement (IFOA), Design Management, Collaboration, Visualization, Transparency, Permitting, Healthcare Facility, Operating System. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2011, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Conceptualization of Interdependency and Coordination Between Construction Tasks}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1122}, affiliation={Dr.Ing, Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Working Life and Innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 37 25 30 00, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Assoc. Prof., Virtual Construction Lab, National Building Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, Phone +972-4-8292245, e-mail: cvsacks@tx.technion.ac.il }, abstract={We address the understanding of coordination in construction by applying a theoretically informed case study approach. The main theoretical resource is coordination theory based on dependence structures between resources and activities. Empirical data from different typical construction projects are applied. The critical path method is not an adequate answer to the coordination of reciprocal interdependency in construction work, and our empirical observations confirm that in such cases planning and production are two different worlds rather than integrated activities. We offer theoretical arguments for coordination through mutual adjustment in construction production. The Last Planner System can potentially extend the benefit of planning and enable better control of the fine-grained make-ready process for production, but its shortcomings in the time-frame between Last Planner meetings have required additional practical coordination effort, which up to now has been based on the language action perspective. }, author_keywords={Coordination theory, interdependence, production planning, Last Planner System }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Perera2011, author={Perera, Salinda and Davis, Steven and Marosszeky, Marton }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Interventions in Effecting Change Towards Lean for Australian Building Contractors: Defect Management as a Case of Reference}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1123}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Phone +61 422 179 306, sperera@evanspeck.com ; Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Phone +61 2 9385 5052 , sdavis@unsw.edu.au ; Executive Consultant, Evans and Peck Pty Ltd. Level 6, Tower 2, 475 Victoria Ave, Chatswood, NSW, 2067, Australia, Phone +61 2 9495 0576, Email mmarosszeky@evanspeck.com }, abstract={Australian building contractors have been hesitant in embracing lean construction principles to date. The perceived gap between current practice and lean thinking, lack of simplified, user friendly tools to gain buy-in at site level have contributed as barriers. Others who have attempted some up-take have been discouraged due to lack of supporting cultural change to sustain the implementation of initiatives. The research conducted aims to reduce this gap through interventions to develop and refine simplified tools to effect cultural change towards defect avoidance. The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of two years of action research in characterising current rework perceptions and progress made through defect incident records. An action research methodology that combined surveys and other empirical investigation for data collection and a cyclic process for interventions for change facilitation was adopted. Research was conducted on seven building construction sites in Sydney, Australia. The results confirm the gap between current practice and lean philosophies, greater risk, hesitance and buy-in difficulties at site level in implementing lean thinking. The broader framework developed for defect management and Defect Incident Record was implemented successfully on the pilot projects. It provided a significant step towards change in belief in defect free thinking. There are limitations in generalising the outcomes of this research as quantitative comparison of outcomes as a cause of interventions between construction projects are prohibitively difficult given the variety of variables observed. However, the qualitative comparisons provide valuable insights to further develop tools that may be used as a step towards the implementation of lean principles in construction. }, author_keywords={Defect Incident Record (DIR), Defect Management Framework, Lean Construction, Defect avoidance, Construction rework, Culture change }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sacks2011, author={Sacks, Rafael and Barak, Ronen and Belaciano, Biniamin and Gurevich, Ury and Pikas, Ergo }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Field Tests of the Kanbim™ Lean Production Management System}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1124}, affiliation={Assoc. Prof., Virtual Construction Lab, National Building Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, +972-4-8292245, cvsacks@tx.technion.ac.il ; Research Engineer, Virtual Construction Lab, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology ; Research Engineer, Virtual Construction Lab, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology ; Graduate Student, Virtual Construction Lab, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology ; Graduate Student, Virtual Construction Lab, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology }, abstract={The KanBIM™ system is designed to support lean work flow control on construction sites. It facilitates short-term work planning and monitoring, providing clear visualization of the maturity of tasks planned and the status of work under way. The goal of the KanBIM research is to determine whether a BIM based workflow information system can help construction personnel implement lean pull flow strategies. An early prototype of system, with field reporting interfaces, a central database and a building information model, was implemented and tested on a large residential construction site. Although PPC and other results were measured, the main significance of the results lie in the site personnel’s positive experience with the system and their observations of the ways in which it could influence the behaviour and productivity of crews. These included recognition of the strong impact the system had in encouraging well-informed discussion and negotiation between crews concerning coordination of their work. The participants identified specific benefits a full implementation could bring to subcontractor trade managers, superintendents and various project management functions. }, author_keywords={Information systems, Building information modelling, Lean production control, Process visualization, Field trials. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Viana2011, author={Viana, Daniela Dietz and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Isatto, Eduardo Luís }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Modelling the Network of Commitments in the Last Planner System}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1125}, affiliation={Architect, Doctor Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. danidietz@gmail.com ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Dr., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. isatto@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Since the Last Planner System (LPS) was devised in the early Nineties, a number of studies have pointed out the need to understand the underlying theory in which it is based on. The Language-Action Perspective (LAP) has been suggested as a suitable approach to understand the management of commitments in the LPS. However, none of the previous studies have provided empirical evidence on the utility of LAP as a theoretical approach for explaining the LPS. This paper reports the results of a research project that aimed to investigate some benefit the utility of the LAP for evaluating the effectiveness of planning and control systems, emphasizing medium and short term planning. Two case studies were carried out in different construction companies, both of them highly experienced on the use of LPS. In each company, the production planning and control system of one project was assessed, based on the mapping of the network of commitments regarding the medium and short term planning levels. Besides, an in-depth analysis of planning meetings was made, describing how they were carried out, who effectively participated in decision-making, and how the commitments were managed. In both studies, it was possible to track down how the commitments were initiated, and in some cases to analyse the integrity of the workflow loops in the network of commitments, and the consequences of failures in those loops for the planning and control system. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Language-Action Perspective, Network of Commitments, Production planning and control }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Björnfot2011, author={Björnfot, Anders and Bildsten, Louise and Erikshammar, Jarkko and Haller, Martin and Simonsson, Peter }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Lessons Learned From Successful Value Stream Mapping (Vsm) }, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1126}, affiliation={Tech. Dr., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492 067, FAX +46 920 491 091, anders.bjornfot@ltu.se ; PhD student, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden, Phone +46 132 815 47, FAX +46 132 811 01, louise.bildsten@liu.se ; Ph.D. Student, Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491 860, jarkko.erikshammar@ltu.se ; 4 Ph.D. Student, Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491 276, martin.haller@ltu.se ; Tech. Dr., Div. of Structural Engineering - Concrete Structures, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491 860, peter.simonsson@ltu.se }, abstract={To improve, it’s crucial to see! Vital characteristics of Lean are visualisation and transparency, i.e. allowing everyone to see all what occurs in production. A common tool for this purpose is Value Stream Mapping (VSM). Due to varying flows, performing a successful VSM in construction confers additional challenges. In this paper, lessons learned from successful VSM studies in construction are provided. Three VSM case studies were performed at different companies ranging from patio door manufacturing to kitchen cabinet assembly. Lessons learned can be structured into three phases; preparing the VSM (selecting “value stream leaders” and VSM team, clarifying values, etc.), performing the VSM (use of mapping tools, approximation of key indicators, waste identification, etc.), and following-up the VSM (Plan-Do-Check-Act, evaluating customer values, etc.). For the involved companies, the lessons learned imply the start of a “Lean journey” even though the involved companies found it difficult to relate VSM improvements to business strategies. Consequently, there are opportunities to further improve the application of VSM. However, it’s important to remember that VSM is about the straight-forward visualisation of flows and that these flows are made transparent for the whole organisation. }, author_keywords={Value Stream Mapping (VSM), Visualisation, Transparency, Lean Thinking, Value }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2011, author={Ko, Chien-Ho }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Reducing Precast Fabrication Inventory}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1127}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, e-mail: ko@mail.npust.edu.tw, phone: +886-8-7703202, fax: +886-8-7740122; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute-Taiwan; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute-Asia. }, abstract={The objective of this study is to develop a framework for reducing precast fabrication inventory. The framework consists of three components. A time buffer evaluation is used to avoid fabricators losing capacity by considering demand variability. The second component, due date adjustment, shifts production curve closer to erection dates to reduce inventory. The third scheduling component arranges production sequences to achieve multi-objectives using genetic algorithms. The developed framework could reduce the level of finished goods inventory without changing production resources. It could also be used as a tool for creating and maintaining stability while attacking variability. }, author_keywords={Precast fabrication, demand variability, inventory, scheduling. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elfving2011, author={Elfving, Jan A. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={In Search of Lean Suppliers - Structuring a Preferred Supplier Program}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1128}, affiliation={Ph.D, Head of Nordic Procurement Unit at Skanska. Paciuksenkatu 25, 00101 Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 40 738 6100, jan.elfving@skanska.fi ; Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering. Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 215-B McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 415/710-5531, FAX 510/643-8919, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The lean literature emphasizes that one should involve suppliers in early stage decision-making, work cross-functionally, and long-term. Simple principles but how does one put this into practice in more than 2000 construction projects in multiple countries and with 26,000 suppliers? This paper proposes a model for building a long-term preferred supplier program. The specific objectives of the paper are: 1. To describe a model for a preferred supplier program, for both goods and service suppliers, in development within an international construction firm. 2. To explain the theoretical foundations and design choices involved in the preferred supplier program. The model is developed theoretically following the current state/future state methodology for process improvement. Proactive management of supplier relations goes beyond simple ‘buy for less’ or ‘select the best’ strategies. Grounded in the realization that competition is increasingly between production systems (supply networks) rather than individual companies, an adequate preferred supplier program reduces costs by eliminating waste and increases capabilities by developing skills and processes. The model provided in this paper fills a critical gap in knowledge. }, author_keywords={Lean, supplier, supply chain management, preferred supplier program }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bølviken2011, author={Bølviken, Trond and Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Discussion of Strategies for Measuring Workflow in Construction}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1129}, affiliation={Director, Business Development and Strategy, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no (Veidekke Entreprenør AS is a Norwegian subsidiary of Veidekke ASA, a major Scandinavian construction and real-estate-development company) ; Dr.Ing, Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Department of Working Life and Innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 37 25 30 00, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no }, abstract={This paper is part of a larger, on-going research project on workflow in construction. In the paper we present a conceptualisation of flow, and identify and discuss different possible strategies for measuring workflow. The premise for our conceptualisation of flow is that it must integrate the two dimensions of uniformity (smoothness) and intensity (volume). In terms of methods for measuring workflow, we discuss the pros and cons of using indicators versus direct measurement; and of self-assessment versus third-party observations. We identify the following potential approaches or starting points for measurement, and offer a short discussion of their relative merits:  The actors’ perception of work stoppage (extent and causes)  The actors’ perception of the degree of workflow  The actors’ perception of the distribution between flow, making do, and stoppage  Percentage of Plan Completed (PPC)  Actual time use compared to estimate  Perfect person-to-person handover of work  Perfect handover of work between trades  Detailed breakdown of planned activities and studies of individual time use of time use  Piece-work earnings  Turnover per person per time unit We offer no conclusion as to which of these approaches to measurement is best suited to the purpose of measuring workflow; however, we do provide a description of the process towards reaching such a conclusion in the future. }, author_keywords={Flow, workflow, measurement. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2011, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Thorstensen, Rein Terje and Grepperud, Andreas and Hinlo, Halvard and Jensen, Sigmund and Skaar, John }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Integrated Inward Logistics and Construction Work and its Impact on Efficency in Production}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1130}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Dr.Ing, Faculty of economics and social sciences, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 37 23 30 00, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no . ; Head of Department for Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, Norway, Phone +47 37 23 30 00 e-mail: rein.t.thorstensen@uia.no ; Master student, Industrial management, University of Agder ; Master student, Industrial management, University of Agder ; Supply Chain Manager, SKANSKA Norway, e-mail: sigmund.jensen@skanska.no ; QA Manager and HSE/Lean consultant, Skanska Agder Norway, e-mail: John.Skaar@skanska.no }, abstract={We address a main contractor’s implementation of organising logistics, as part of the contractor’s transition to lean construction. Our research question is ‘How to identify improvements in production, on the basis of different external logistics and material flows?’ Engineering logic is applied in the paper, which builds on data from a case study. We discuss how to measure changes in production workflow efficiency, and relate this discussion to different external logistics arrangements. We only partially succeed at answering our research question in this paper, but useful experience for increasing the reliability of future measurements has been gathered, and means of improving validity have been identified. We expect practitioners to find the paper useful because of our logistics focus and method for measuring impact of logistics on production. Academics are expected to find value in our conceptualisation of the relationship between external logistics and construction work. }, author_keywords={External construction logistics, production, construction work, workflow efficiency. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Morrey2011, author={Morrey, Nicola and Pasquire, Christine and Dainty, Andrew }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Developing a Strategy to Enact Lean}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1131}, affiliation={Research Engineer, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, N.Morrey@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor, Nottingham Trent University, Christine.Pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Professor, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, Phone 01509 228742 A.R.J.Dainty@lboro.ac.uk }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to explain how the case study company developed a strategy to implement lean across the business, and to reflect on the success of this approach so other companies may consider this learning and how it might be useful to them. The case study company developed a strategy to create a number of standard tools/ways of working. These tools can be considered to be standardised work for key aspects of the construction process that the company undertakes. The aim of the tools was to ensure that critical tasks would be carried out to the correct standard (quality, time, cost, health & safety) every time, across the business. Achievement of this is expected to lead to improved performance and elimination of variation (waste.) The paper will firstly explain, with reference to the relevant literature, how and why the researcher developed a strategy to engage people from within the business in the development of the tools. Working with numerous groups within the business, the researcher then put this strategy into action, with the outcome being the completed tools. The findings of the paper show that whilst the completed tools delivered business benefits, the development of the tools did not follow the planned strategy. The paper discusses how the strategy had to be continuously adapted to cope with the current business environment and path dependencies, evidencing that lean implementations need to be tailored to suit the needs of the individual firm, rather than there being a one size fits all solution. Further, the conclusions will be set in the context of what lean has become to mean to the case study organisation, and how this sits in the wider debate of whether lean is an all encompassing philosophy or a set of prescriptive tools and techniques. }, author_keywords={lean, standardised work, waste, strategy, change }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Luoma2011, author={Luoma, Tuuli and Junnila, Seppo }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={The Value Flow of a Workplace in Construction Process – A Case Study}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1132}, affiliation={Researcher, Real Estate Business, Aalto University School of Engineering, PO Box 11200 FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, Phone +358 50 594 6727, tuuli.luoma@aalto.fi ; Professor, Real Estate Business, Aalto University School of Engineering, PO Box 11200 FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, Phone +358 50 511 5816, seppo.junnila@aalto.fi }, abstract={Lean construction papers have shown a great deal of interest in project management and delivery. However, the end-customer or tenant perspective has not yet been emphasised similarly in the lean construction literature. This paper focuses on end-customer value creation in construction projects. The specific focus is on workplace creation through the construction project. The purpose of the paper is to assess how the end-customer value is managed in a workplace construction project. The end-customer value and the value flow of a workplace creation project are analysed through value stream mapping in a descriptive case study. A generic map of value creation with the utilised investment management process is constructed according to the documents of the case, semi-structured interviews, and questionnaires. The value stream analysis showed that a workplace project can potentially produce significant additional value for the end-customer, but inadequate value management during the investment process can waste the potential. The studied investment management process was found not to support value management; instead it focused heavily on optimising the delivery and managing the investment costs of sub-processes. In order to enhance the end-customer value creation in workplace construction process the role of value stream management needs to be highlighted along with delivery. }, author_keywords={value production, value management, workplace creation, case study }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wambeke2011, author={Wambeke, Brad W. and Liu, Min and Hsiang, Simon M. }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={A Case Study Into Task Variation and the Social Network of Construction Trades}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1133}, affiliation={Academy Professor, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996; PH (910) 988-9488; email bwwambek@ncsu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908; PH (919) 513-7920; email min_liu@ncsu.edu ; Derr Professor, Industrial Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409; PH (806)742-3543 email simon.hsiang@ttu.edu }, abstract={Construction projects can be complex and managers are faced with the challenge of managing multiple trades working on a large number of interdependent tasks. When one trade or task experiences variation, defined as the time difference between what was planned and what happened for this research, additional trades or tasks can be impacted, the project schedule can be disrupted, and/or productivity can suffer. A case study involving a general contractor (GC) building a 150,000 square foot data collection center was conducted. Both starting time and task duration variation data was collected on approximately 1200 tasks performed by over 40 trades. A risk assessment matrix was used to determine which causes of variation posed the greatest risk to project performance. Pajek, a social network analysis software, was used to illustrate the organizational structure of the key trades throughout the project. The research is unique as it couples the quantitative variation analysis with the associated social network of trades to create a decision support system that can be used to target variation for reduction. The results of this research are repeatable and can be useful for managers in improving project performance. }, author_keywords={Variation, risk assessment, social network, labor productivity, construction. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bjornfot2011, author={Bjornfot, Anders and Torjussen, Liv and Erikshammar, Jarkko }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Horizontal Supply Chain Collaboration in Swedish and Norwegian SME Networks}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1134}, affiliation={Tech. Dr., Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 492 067, FAX +46 920 491 091, anders.bjornfot@ltu.se ; Lecturer, Division of Technology and Management, Gjøvik University College, 2815 Gjøvik, Norway, Phone +47 957 254 70, livt@hig.no ; Ph.D. Student, Div. of Structural Engineering - Timber Structures, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden, Phone +46 920 491 860, jarkko.erikshammar@ltu.se }, abstract={An SME is often managed in an informal way with focus on sales and production. Many SME are also financially vulnerable as they are strongly dependent on a few key customers and key products. As variation will always exist, SME should learn to deal with variation instead of try eliminating it. This paper hypothesises that structural flexibility in SME supply chains through horizontal collaboration leads to a regional environment of economical growth from which all active SME will benefit The hypothesis is examined through two case studies; a Swedish supplier network that has worked together six year and a freshly started Norwegian supplier network. The Swedish suppliers are cooperating; e.g. in case of low capacity, they are sharing production resources. Another benefit of cooperation, supported by Norwegian findings, is the sharing of knowledge amongst each other that lessens the economical strain of keeping up with the “latest”. Cooperation within supplier tier networks marks the emergence of a “collective strength” improving individual suppliers bargaining position towards their customers, e.g. when obtaining new orders, when lobbying for changes in regulations, or when developing and verifying new products. This evolution indicates the emergence of a “Lean Enterprise” within the house building sector. }, author_keywords={Horizontal supply chain management, Construction suppliers, Collaboration, SME }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Deffense2011, author={Deffense, Jean and Cachadinha, Nuno }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Lean Production in the Precast Concrete Components' Industry}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1135}, affiliation={MS.c in Civil Engineering. Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Phone +351 214673485 ; jeandeffense@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, UNIDEMI, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, , Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. Phone +351 212948557, n.cachadinha@fct.unl.pt }, abstract={This article is a case study applying Lean Thinking and Lean Production principles in a factory that produces prefabricated reinforced concrete components. The objective is to reduce waste production and increase productivity. Nine factories were analyzed, of which one was chosen for developing an implementation model. A number of changes were proposed based on Lean concepts and the study of several similar factories to improve productivity. A Black Belt Team was created to improve the execution and continuance of the lean concepts. Value Stream Mapping was also used as an aid in the identification of existing waste and improvement opportunities, to which various Lean tools were applied in order to solve the identified problems. The main conclusions of this study are that it is possible to achieve a significant improvement in the production system of prefabricated reinforced concrete components using Lean philosophy. Improvements in the reduction of lead-time, reduction of waste and increase in productivity are achieved with simple and low cost techniques. }, author_keywords={Lean Production, Value Stream Mapping, Black Belt Team, Implementation Model, Prefabrication }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pereira2011, author={Pereira, Diogo and Cachadinha, Nuno }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Lean Construction in Rehavilitation Works - Suitable Analysis and Contribution for the Degintion of an Application Model}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1136}, affiliation={MS.c student, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Phone +351 962575885,dsmpereira@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, UNIDEMI, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Phone +351 212948557, ncachadinha@fct.unl.pt }, abstract={In recent years, the construction industry in Portugal has been waking up to the paradigm of Lean Construction. This is due, in part, to the strong global economic crisis and the consequent need to increase the competitiveness of enterprises. The aim of this paper is to assess the applicability of the Lean Construction techniques in rehabilitation works, as well as to contribute to the definition of a corresponding application model. This article reports the application of Lean Construction techniques in a rehabilitation project, having used the methodology of document analysis, direct visualization of processes, development of Value Stream Mapping (VSM) of the target processes and implementation and review of proposals for improvement. Finally, interviews were conducted on key elements of senior management of the company in order to evaluate the receptivity to the proposed changes and their generalization potential to the whole of the rehabilitation works of the company. It was concluded that it is possible and beneficial to implement Lean techniques in rehabilitation works. It was noticed that some of the good practices implemented on site closely matched or even completely materialized Lean techniques, such as Just in Time (JIT), the 5S, Kanban and Last Planner. However, and having in mind the Lean philosophy of continuous improvement (kaizen), it was still possible to formulate proposals for improvement to processes not yet fully optimized. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Rehabilitation, Value Stream Mapping, Waste Disposal, Continuous Flow. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vieira2011, author={Vieira, Alexandra Rueff and Cachadinha, Nuno }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Lean Construction and Sustainability - Complementary Paradigms? A Case Study}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1137}, affiliation={MS.c Student, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Phone +351 914681379, xanarueff@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, UNIDEMI, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. Phone +351 212948557, n.cachadinha@fct.unl.pt }, abstract={In times when Sustainability is a major concern in public opinions all around the planet, it has become a constant issue for most Industries. The Construction Sector is not an exception to this trend, and efforts have been reported on seeking to adopt metrics that can measure Sustainability on site. On the other hand, the concept of Lean Construction (LC) is becoming a reality more and more present in this sector. Its effectiveness in controlling and eliminating wastes are becoming more and more acknowledged. Both concepts appear to have significant principles in common, hence this paper intends to examine and establish a relationship between LC and Sustainability, and assess their complementarity. This paper portrays a case study where LC tools and techniques where applied on a construction site, in order to observe and assess the relationship and complementarity between those and the Sustainability Construction Index (SCI) developed by a major Portuguese Construction Company, Soares da Costa Construções, S.A. (SDC). }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Sustainable Development and sustainable metrics, Portugal, Sustainability }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gaio2011, author={Gaio, Joao and Cachadinha, Nuno }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Suitability and Benefits of Implementing Lean Production on Road Works}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1138}, affiliation={MS.c. student, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Phone +351914146494, nuno_gaio@hotmail.com ; Assistant Professor, UNIDEMI, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Phone +351212948557, ncachadinha@fct.unl.pt }, abstract={Lean Production (LP) has been implemented all over the world for the last years, while Lean Construction (LC) just recently began to be implemented regularly in the construction sector. Some companies are currently testing LC methods, but the majority is still unaware of its potential. The purpose of this work is to assess the applicability and benefits of using Lean construction to road works, by means of the elimination of waste. This article is based upon a literature review on Lean principles and on case studies in Portuguese roadwork companies. Value Stream Mapping of the production process on site was carried out in different jobs and companies, in order to assess the generalization of the observations, results obtained and of the solutions proposed. Finally, the results and conclusions obtained were validated in one road works job site. A characterization and analysis of the waste types and forms in road works was achieved, and the Lean tools that reduce or eliminate them identified. This study sets out to identify the main problems and wastes present in road works, and assess how and to what extent LC provides solutions to their correction or elimination, introducing simple modifications in the processes. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, waste, road works, Value Stream mapping }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rosas2011, author={Rosas, Eduardo and Rios, Leslie and Carrera, Danier }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Implementing Last Planner in Open Pit Mining Projects: Case Study}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1139}, affiliation={Civil Engineer. Investigations / Knowledge Manager, Project Management Area, GyM, Av. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, Peru. Phone +511 2130444/99414-8739, jrosas@gym.com.pe ; Civil Engineer. Investigations / Knowledge, Project Management Area, GyM, Av. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, Peru. Phone +511 2130444, lrios@gym.com.pe ; Mining Engineer. Facilitator, Project Management Area, GyM, Av. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, Peru. Phone +511 2130444, dcarrera@gym.com.pe }, abstract={Surface mining operations have particular attributes resulting from geological variability. This paper aims to show improvements gained from the implementation of the Last Planner System (LPS) in open pit mining. Lean Construction concepts and principles had never previously been implemented in this kind of heavy civil construction project in Peru. With the Last Planner System of production control implemented, it is anticipated that productivity will improve as well as planning reliability (Ballard and Howell 1997) to match the degree of variability in the project’s characteristics. This is likely to help the company currently under analysis, GyM, to increase efficiency and generate value in clients and stakeholders of all surface mining projects. The best practices in planning and operations control have been collected from two case studies, the Shougang and Brocal projects, in which there was successful implementation of Last Planner System (LPS) in big surface mining services carried out for GyM. This paper will analyze results from both, and propose adequate means to a sustainable LPS in all open pit mining projects. }, author_keywords={Open pit mining, Last Planner System, Implementation, Management System }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Izquierdo2011, author={Izquierdo, Jorge L. and Cerf, Mario and Gomez, Santiago A. }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Lean Construction Education: Basic Management Functions Workshop}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1140}, affiliation={Corporate Learning Center Manager, Graña y Montero; LCI (Peru) Chapter President, Av. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, Peru. Mobile: +511 995951041, Phone: +511 2130444, jizquierdo@gym.cpm.pe ; Industrial Engineer. Implementor, Project Management Area, GyM, Av. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, Peru. Phone +511 2130444, mcerf@gym.com.pe ; Civil Engineer. Investigations / Knowledge, Project Management Area, GyM, Av. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, Peru. Phone +511 2130444, sgomez@gym.com.pe }, abstract={This paper aims to show that a five-day workshop designed to train young Engineers based on a teaching method inspired on the Toyota production system, are both very effective and highly significant. It develops seven Basic Functions of production management based firmly on the Lean Principles. The goal of the Basic Management Functions Workshop (BMFW) is to build in participants abilities in production management, a predictive capacity while carrying out tasks, a balance of workload, the identification of constraints and productivity. The above mentioned development is supplemented by project management tools such as cost control, progress monitoring, Lookahead and constraints analysis, all framed within the processes of planning, scheduling, analysis and monitoring of constraints and contract management. The overall goal is to increase the growth of the organization through a strictly people-based approach. It allows a fast alignment of new employees in the company, since there is a strong commitment to individual growth and awareness of the principles of the Lean Construction System, with a strong emphasis on the Client, based on the principles of “maximizing value” and “minimizing waste”. Based on past experiences of the workshop as part of the learning process within the company, there is no doubting for the authors that it has been a complete success, and could even be the first step towards a breakthrough in construction-related teaching in Peru. }, author_keywords={Lean, education, basic functions, Socratic method, feedback. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2011, author={Tillmann, Patricia A. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Miron, Luciana I.G. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={The Challenges of Managing Stakeholder Requirements in a Urban Regeneration Project}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1141}, affiliation={PhD student, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Phone + 55 51 3308 3518, patriciatillmann@gmail.com ; Senior Lecture, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2954284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Architecture and Urbanism, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Phone + 55 51 3308 4054, luciana.miron@ufrgs.br ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Phone + 55 51 3308 4054, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Traditional project management approaches have been criticised in recent years for being inadequate for the growing complexity of construction projects. Among the main criticisms are the inadequacy to deal with a social and political context, the dynamics of the environment and the need for further judgment during project implementation. Within this context, studies are looking at alternatives to move beyond this traditional view of project management. This paper presents the results from a case study carried out in an urban regeneration project in Brazil. The aim is to illustrate the challenges of dealing with myriad requirements that result from different stakeholders groups involved in complex construction projects. In such complex projects, there is a wide range of stakeholders, which change over time. This is partially due to long periods of project development and implementation. Moreover, their influence cannot always be predicted from the outset. Thus, despite the contributions in the literature regarding the need to manage stakeholder expectations and influences, this empirical study shows that in practice many challenges remain, and alternative solutions are still lacking in the project management literature. }, author_keywords={Stakeholders management, requirements management, complex programmes, urban regeneration programmes }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Orihuela2011, author={Orihuela, Pablo and Oriheula, Jorge and Ulloa, Karem }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Tools for Design Management in Building Projects}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1142}, affiliation={M.D.I., Senior Lecturer, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, General Manager, Motiva S.A.,Lima, Peru, Phone: 0051/4224932, porihuela@motiva.com.pe ; Lecturer, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Architect, Motiva S.A., Lima, Peru, Phone: 0051/4224932, jorihuela@motiva.com.pe ; Civil Engineer, Project Coordinator, Motiva S.A., Lima, Peru, Phone: 0051/4224932, kulloa@motiva.com.pe }, abstract={Lean Construction philosophy is increasingly being used by construction companies to improve their production; however, in this industry, such applications are most frequently in the construction phase that in the design phase. The purpose of this paper is to propose the necessary and customised tools for applying Lean concepts to the building project design management. As a guide, this paper uses the steps recommended in the Project Definition and Lean Design phases, based on the Lean Project Delivery System TM. It adapts each module application and selects some tools regarded as the most appropriated. These tools have been gradually implemented in the authors’ office – same that design and execute building projects - with encouraging results. Application of such simple tools has helped us to eliminate wastes and prevent redesign. Good design management improves building project productivity and quality in other phases of the project; thus it benefits design and construction companies, as well as consumers who purchase these products. However, we consider that one of the biggest challenges is to align designers with these principles and commit these professionals to apply them. }, author_keywords={Design management, lean project delivery system, project definition, lean design }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gonzalez2011, author={Gonzalez, Luis and Gonzalez, Vicente and Miller, Garry }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Investigating the Relationship Between Labor Productivity and Work-in-Process Buffers: A Case Study}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1143}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student, Construction Engineering School, Universidad de Valparaiso, Chile. E-Mail: luis.gonzalez@uv.cl ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; Professional Teaching Fellow, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: g.miller@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={In the last two decades, buffer-driven production strategies have been an emerging issue among lean construction researchers and practitioners alike. However, an in-depth understanding about the extent to which buffers impact system performance is still limited in construction, reducing the potential of using them to improve performance. To overcome this, the relationship between task-level labor productivity and buffer levels in a repetitive building project is investigated. In this research, a specific kind of inventory buffer is studied: work-in-process (WIP). A specific process was selected and analyzed in-detail as a case study to understand this relationship. The main result of this research indicates, through a linear regression, that an improvement in task-level labor productivity may be achieved when WIP buffer sizes greater than the size proposed by the lean ideal or the industry practice. However, this suggests a more in-depth investigation about the mechanisms operating in theory and practice in managing buffers in construction. Further research should focus on improving the analytical description of the relationship productivity/buffer on-site, as well as the understanding of the mechanisms at task and multiple task levels working in this relationship, and developing practical ways of using buffers to improve project-level performance. }, author_keywords={Buffers, Labor Productivity, Work-In-Process, Performance. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bonatto2011, author={Bonatto, Fernanda S. and Miron, Luciana I.G. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Evaluation of Social Housing Projects Based on User Perceived Value Hierarchy}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1144}, affiliation={M.Sc., Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Fed. Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90035-190, e-mail: febonatto@gmail.com ; Dr., Associate Professor, School of Architecture and Urbanism, NORIE/UFRGS, Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, CEP: 90.035-190, e-mail: luciana.miron@ufrgs.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, School of Engineering, NORIE/UFRGS, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3rd floor, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, CEP: 90035-190, e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The evaluation of projects plays an important role in the effort to improve value generation in social housing. However, the diversity and dynamics of housing programs and the lack of clarity in project objectives may hinder the evaluation process of this type of product. The evaluation of social housing projects is often focused on product attributes, without establishing a clear connection with the expected objectives. This paper proposes a method for the evaluation of social housing projects, based on a hierarchical model for value generation, which links the product attributes to the consequences of use and intended goals. This method was conceived so that it can be used for comparing projects from different housing programs.. The research approach adopted was constructive research. The main contributions of the study are the development of the method, which uses a conceptual model for representing value generation, and a set of constructs that can be used to represent the main elements of housing projects, the consequences of use and the project objectives. }, author_keywords={Value generation, post-occupation evaluation, social housing projects, constructive research. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leino2011, author={Leino, Antti and Elfving, Jan }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Last Planner and Zero Accidents Program Integration - Workforce Involvement Perspective}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1145}, affiliation={Manager for Safety Development, Business Unit Skanska Finland, P.O.BOX 114, FI-00101 Helsinki-Finland, Phone +358 20 719 2082, antti.leino@skanska.fi ; Head of Nordic Procurement Unit, Skanska AB, P.O.BOX 114, FI-00101 Helsinki-Finland, Phone +358 20 719 3168, jan.elfving@skanska.fi }, abstract={Construction is one of the most dangerous industries. In the European Union around 1300 workers are killed each year (EASHW, 2004). Additionally, the economic costs of all injuries, ill health and fatalities are vast. This questions the whole construction sector from both social and economical perspective of sustainable development. Construction organisation Skanska Finland has applied zero accidents program since 2004. Implementation of Last Planner™ System to the organisation, as a part of the lean construction production management initiative, started in 2006. There is a variety of lean construction (LC) learning approaches described (Hirota, E. H., Formoso, C. T., 1998). Also benefits in the use of Last Planner™ System on safety performance have been reported (Thomassen M. K. et al, 2002). The literature does not, however, report integrated implementation of LC and zero accidents program. Decision on introducing shared actions to implement Last Planner™ system (LP) and zero accidents program were made. This was based on two hypotheses. H1: LP will offer a framework and structure to health and safety (H&S) management and zero accidents program will offer stepping stones to educate and train lean thinking. H2: LP and zero accidents program implementation require workforce engagement. Better workforce involvement will increase weekly work plan reliability, thus increasing productivity. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used during 2007-2010. Meetings, discussions and personnel surveys were used to collect data from personnel. Study shows shared value-base between the two initiatives, e.g. valuing, respecting people, zero waste and prevention policy. Integrated use of tools such as go-see, visualisation, constraints removal and workforce engagement is not only beneficial but often necessary to achieve improvement, e.g. to create mutual trust to the change process. Workforce involvement also seems to increase weekly work plan reliability. }, author_keywords={Involvement, Safety, Accident, Lean, Construction, Last Planner™, Workforce }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon2011, author={Alarcon, Luis Fernando and Acuna, Diego and Diethelm, Sven }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Using Empirical Data to Identigy Effective Safety Management Strategies in Construction Companies}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1146}, affiliation={Head and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Graduate Researcher, Centro de Excelencia en Gestión de Producción (GEPUC), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. E-Mail: deacuna@puc.cl ; Manager, Centro de Excelencia en Gestión de Producción (GEPUC), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. E-Mail: sdiethel@gepuc.cl }, abstract={This paper explores the use of mathematical analyses methods to identify the components of effective management strategies applied by a safety management organization in construction companies. The authors believe that effective methods and strategies are closely related to Lean Construction strategies and one objective of this research was to explore this hypothesis. In Chile, “Safety Mutuals” are nonprofit organizations that provide medical insurance and technical assistance on safety management to companies in all the economic areas. In the last 40 years these institutions have helped to reduce accidents to 1/5th in the Chilean companies. Over the years they have introduced hundreds of methods/practices to prevent and mitigate accidents; however, there is little evidence of the effectiveness of individual or combined methods used in companies to manage safety issues. The authors selected a sample of over 1100 construction firms, and 221 individual methods/practices applied in these companies to analyze their effectiveness in reducing injury rates over a period of 4 years. Different methods were used to analyze a massive database including: visual analysis of graphical information, statistical analyses, and several data mining techniques. A survey to companies was also prepared to complement the data analysis and identify the relationship of safety methods with lean practices but these results are not available yet and will be reported in a future paper. The analysis of safety performance and associated safety practices allowed the identification of trends, individual and combined impacts of practices and the selection of analysis methods that have the potential to support the design of safety management strategies in the near future. }, author_keywords={Construction, Safety Management, Partnering, Relational Contracting. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Palacios2011, author={Palacios, Jorge Luis and Gonzalez, Vicente and Alarcon, Luis Fernando }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Model for the Evaluation of Owner's Management Approach to Third Party Relations: Lessons From the Mining Industry}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1147}, affiliation={Head, Civil Engineering School, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador; jlpalacios@utpl.edu.ec ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; Professor and Head, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Construction projects are increasingly executed under complex relationships between the parties involved. The traditional contracting approaches have not proved to be very effective to deliver successful projects, affecting the ability of owners to manage the relationship with their third parties (contractors). Moreover, these approaches promote adversarial relationships between them, causing detrimental effects on project performance. The negative impacts produced by using traditional contracting frames suggest the use of more collaborative approaches to manage their relationship between owners and third parties, which improve the quality of the relationships and performance. In this paper, a model to support the selection of third party relations is proposed, which is based on Partnering, Alliancing, Lean Project Delivery and Relational Contracting principles and it is developed in mining projects. By a detailed literature review and open interviews to experts in managing world class mining projects, the model implemented in an informal matrix was developed regarding three relational levels: (1)Traditional/Transactional, (2)Partnering/Transactional with agreement and (3)Alliancing/Relational. The main implications and lessons learned for construction from the model application in mining projects are illustrated and their potential to improve the relationship between parties and project performance is addressed. }, author_keywords={Partnering, Alliancing, Relational Contracts, Lean Project Delivery, Integrated Project Delivery }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Levano2011, author={Levano, Agustin Yoza }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Impacts Of "The Last Planner" Method on Sanitation Works}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1148}, affiliation={Implementations Coordinator in the Project Management Department, Civil Engineer. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, GyM, Mobile: (511) 985105398, Telephone: (511) 2130444 – extensión 0233, ayoza@gym.com.pe }, abstract={This document brings together the concepts and applications of Production Management, based on Last Planner techniques, as applied in the works of Sedapal Lot 7 and Lot 10, with the purpose of passing on our experience in Sanitation Projects so that the reader can understand the dynamics applied and adapt them into his/her own work, related to the emphasis on planning and optimization of flows by means of waste detection and continuous improvement application. }, author_keywords={Flow, Planning, Programming, Requirements, Production }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Antillon2011, author={Antillon, Eric I. and Alarcon, Luis F. and Hallowell, Matthew R. and Molenaar, Keith R. }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={A Research Synthesis on the Interface Between Lean Construction and Safety Management}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1149}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0428, Phone +1 303/735-0185, Fax 303/492-7317; eric.antillon@colorado.edu ; Professor, Department of Construction, Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macúl, Campus San Joaquín, Edificio San Agustín, 3rd Floor, 7820436, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2/3544345, Fax 2/3544806; lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Assistant Professor, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0428, Phone +1 303/492-7994, Fax 303/492-7317; matthew.hallowell@colorado.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, 428 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0428, Phone +1 303/735-4276, Fax 303/492-7317; keith.molenaar@colorado.edu }, abstract={Applying lean construction practices to safety management is a promising research area and has been discussed by multiple authors. Some researchers propose that the reduction of occupational hazards is a naturally occurring effect of the implementation of lean practices. To further understand how lean practices affect project safety performance, an interaction matrix between lean construction and safety management practices was developed by performing a research synthesis and validating the synthesis with structured interviews. The variables analyzed in this interaction matrix were elements of the lean production system such as the last planner system, autonomation, and standardization, and the most common safety management practices such as planning and staffing for safety. The interface between lean construction and safety management was systematically analyzed by assessing the conclusions from previous investigations. The results indicate that there is a significant amount of evidence of synergy between lean production practices and safety management practices. For example, project-specific safety objectives can be incorporated in the lookahead planning process, and autonomation could be directly extended to worker involvement in such a way that workers can stop production whenever they feel in danger, among others. This evidence, along with the results obtained from the analysis of the interaction matrix, can also help to develop and integrate future production and safety management models. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Last Planner, Safety Management, Research Synthesis, Interaction Matrix }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2011, author={Filho, Antonio N. de Miranda and Heineck, Luiz F.M. and Costa, Jorge Moreira da }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={A Project-Based View of the Link Between Strategy, Structure and Lean Construction}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1150}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M.Sc., Ph.D., CEO, Construtora Santo Amaro Ltda., Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Senior Professor, Production Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. freitas8@terra.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, jmfcosta@fe.up.pt }, abstract={Currently, there is a good understanding that companies do not obtain satisfactory results when lean practices are implemented alone. The benefits can only be realized by making a substantial number of organizational changes, which in turn need to be coherent with the business strategy. However, contextual factors drive companies to adopt different business strategies, organizational structures and bundles of production practices. Consequently, the sequence and content of business development projects aimed to implement and test lean construction practices can vary according to each firm’s internal characteristics and conjunctural needs. This paper argues that lean implementation is not an isolated event, but part of an effort to create a strategy-structure alignment. Moreover, because lean implementation is conducted through different internal projects, it is also argued that projects constitute the link between business strategy, organizational structure and lean processes. A model is proposed to explain the role that projects play in interlinking strategy, structure and processes. In doing so, the authors hope to bring awareness to the bigger changes behind lean implementation and to the challenges of building “finely-tuned” organizations for specific missions. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chesworth2011, author={Chesworth, Brianna and London, Kerry and Gajendran, Thayaparan }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Lean Awarness in Australian Construction: Investigating the Extent of Lean Adoption Across Australian Construction Sectors}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1151}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia, 2308. Phone +61 2 49215489, c3023881@uon.edu.au ; Professor, RMIT, Melbourne, Australia. Phone +; Kerry.London@rmit.edu.au ; Dr, Senior Lecturer, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia, 2308. Phone +61 2 4921, Gajendran.Thayaparan@newcastle.edu.au }, abstract={Lean construction, its principles, tools and strategies have been widely implemented around the world, including the USA, UK, Europe and Asia. The extent and adoption of lean strategies, principles and tools within the Australian construction industry is not widely known, despite the presence of implementation and industry awareness about lean benefits. The purpose and aim of this paper is to quantitatively explore the presence, extent and awareness of lean construction principles within the Australian construction industry, as a point of reference for further study into adoption and implementation rates. A quantitative methodological approach of a questionnaire has been utilised to investigate a small population size of 1,898 of Australian companies. The focus of thee study includes residential-building, non-residential building (commercial and industrial) and other forms of building. The study also views awareness levels from public and private construction sectors. Of the population size a response rate of 42% was achieved. Of this rate 43% were residential, 29% were commercial, 19% were industrial and 9% were identified as other. The results of the questionnaire highlight that despite the lack of awareness of lean terminology, the majority of Australian construction organisations within the construction industry sector have and are utilising some lean strategies, tools or principles within their organisations. }, author_keywords={Australian construction industry, lean construction, awareness, survey }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Samudio2011, author={Samudio, Mike and Alves, Thais da C.L. and Chambers, David }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Employing the Principle Of "Going and Seeing" to Construction}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1152}, affiliation={Senior Project Manager, Rudolph and Sletten, 10955 Vista Sorrento Parkway, Suite 100, San Diego, CA, 92130, U.S.A. Mike_Samudio@rsconst.com ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Envir. Engrg., San Diego State University, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Concrete General Foreman, Rudolph and Sletten, Dave_Chambers@rsconst.com }, abstract={The paper describes the team’s journey from learning about the main production problems to going and seeing in the field how to improve operations and plan reliability in a large laboratory project replacement in San Diego, CA. Analyzing root causes the team realized the two categories that reduced reliability were over-committing and revising the plan. The counter measures employed improved performance in these categories, which improved reliability of meeting scheduled commitments. However, unexpectedly cycle times for concrete wall pours increased. In order to solve the problem, the team employed the principle of “going and seeing” to gather relevant information to make informed decisions. The production line was observed for several hours a day, performance was measured, and barriers to flow were documented. The result of “going and seeing” brought the team closer to managing the project as a production line. The data collected provided insight to the contributing factors to production cycle times including wait time, inventory, and rework. Tools employed to track the data included value stream maps and employee feedback to inform project planning. This provided the necessary balance to complement the implementation of Last Planner on this hard bid federal project. }, author_keywords={Go and see, Gemba, Last Planner System™, value stream map, laboratory building }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Villagarcia2011, author={Villagarcia, Sofia }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Formalization as a Way of Coordination and Control in a Construction Firm}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1153}, affiliation={Civil Engineer at GyM SA, Assistant Professor at the Civil Engineering. Department, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lecturer at the EPUPC Escuela de Postgrado de la Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas. svillagarcia@gym.com.pe }, abstract={The Construction Industry is characterized by intensive use of labour, low use of technology, many disciplines and participants involved; all these factors make the environment very uncertain. Uncertainty increases the amount of information to be processed and, in many occasions, overwhelms the firm’s capacity to process information. A way to reduce the amount of information to be processed is Formalization that represents the rules in the organization to obtain standardized behaviour. Our study on this paper is focused in the importance of formalization. This is a characteristic of the organizational structure of a firm, and can be used as a way of controlling and managing information. We stand that organizational design is a determining factor in the success of the implementation of new management philosophies. In particular, we study the case of a Large Peruvian Construction Firm, GyM, which is seen as a local benchmark of productivity and quality, being that in the last decade lean concepts have been implemented in its projects. }, author_keywords={Organizational Structure, Formalization, Information flow management. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2011, author={Alves, Thais da C.L. and Britt, Kevin }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Working to Improve the Lookahead Plan}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1154}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-1324, USA, Phone +1 619/594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; DPR Construction, 5010 Shoreham Place, San Diego, CA 92122, USA, Phone +1 858/597-7070, kevinbr@dpr.com }, abstract={The paper presents the journey of a general contractor to improve the lookahead planning process of a large healthcare facility in California. During the process managers, superintendents, designers, and owner’s representatives all come together to identify task needs and spot potential constraints that need to be removed before tasks can happen. In a large and complex project such as a healthcare facility this is a daunting task that requires intense collaboration and clear flows of information and commitments, which must be tracked throughout time. The paper describes approaches used by the construction manager’s team during the past year and a half to improve the make ready process, which is a fundamental part of the lookahead process. After trying multiple ways to improve the process the team is using a mix of on-site meetings and computer-based technologies to make constraints visible to all participants, improve the time to remove constraints, and give feedback to production crews. The process described is common to many contractors who work to keep track of commitments in projects of all sizes. The paper presents the journey the team in this project went through and some of the lessons they learned during the process. }, author_keywords={Lookahead planning, make ready process, healthcare facilities. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Izquierdo2011, author={Izquierdo, Jorge L. and Cerf, Mario and Gomez, Santiago A. }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Lean Construction Education: Basic Management Functions Workshop}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1155}, affiliation={Corporate Learning Center Manager, Graña y Montero; LCI (Peru) Chapter President, Av. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, Peru. Mobile: +511 995951041, Phone: +511 2130444, jizquierdo@gym.cpm.pe ; Industrial Engineer. Implementor, Project Management Area, GyM, Av. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, Peru. Phone +511 2130444, mcerf@gym.com.pe ; Civil Engineer. Investigations / Knowledge, Project Management Area, GyM, Av. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, Peru. Phone +511 2130444, sgomez@gym.com.pe }, abstract={This paper aims to show that a five-day workshop designed to train young Engineers based on a teaching method inspired on the Toyota production system, are both very effective and highly significant. It develops seven Basic Functions of production management based firmly on the Lean Principles. The goal of the Basic Management Functions Workshop (BMFW) is to build in participants abilities in production management, a predictive capacity while carrying out tasks, a balance of workload, the identification of constraints and productivity. The above mentioned development is supplemented by project management tools such as cost control, progress monitoring, Lookahead and constraints analysis, all framed within the processes of planning, scheduling, analysis and monitoring of constraints and contract management. The overall goal is to increase the growth of the organization through a strictly people-based approach. It allows a fast alignment of new employees in the company, since there is a strong commitment to individual growth and awareness of the principles of the Lean Construction System, with a strong emphasis on the Client, based on the principles of “maximizing value” and “minimizing waste”. Based on past experiences of the workshop as part of the learning process within the company, there is no doubting for the authors that it has been a complete success, and could even be the first step towards a breakthrough in construction-related teaching in Peru. }, author_keywords={Lean, education, basic functions, Socratic method, feedback. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Samudio2011, author={Samudio, Mike and Alves, Thais da C.L. and Chambers, David }, editor={Rooke, John and Dave, Bhargav }, title={Employing the Principle of “Going and Seeing” to Construction}, journal={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={19th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2011}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1156}, affiliation={Senior Project Manager, Rudolph and Sletten, 10955 Vista Sorrento Parkway, Suite 100, San Diego, CA, 92130, U.S.A. Mike_Samudio@rsconst.com ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Envir. Engrg., San Diego State University, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Concrete General Foreman, Rudolph and Sletten, Dave_Chambers@rsconst.com }, abstract={The paper describes the team’s journey from learning about the main production problems to going and seeing in the field how to improve operations and plan reliability in a large laboratory project replacement in San Diego, CA. Analyzing root causes the team realized the two categories that reduced reliability were over-committing and revising the plan. The counter measures employed improved performance in these categories, which improved reliability of meeting scheduled commitments. However, unexpectedly cycle times for concrete wall pours increased. In order to solve the problem, the team employed the principle of “going and seeing” to gather relevant information to make informed decisions. The production line was observed for several hours a day, performance was measured, and barriers to flow were documented. The result of “going and seeing” brought the team closer to managing the project as a production line. The data collected provided insight to the contributing factors to production cycle times including wait time, inventory, and rework. Tools employed to track the data included value stream maps and employee feedback to inform project planning. This provided the necessary balance to complement the implementation of Last Planner on this hard bid federal project. }, author_keywords={Go and see, Gemba, Last Planner System™, value stream map, laboratory building }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2004, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Making-Do - The Eighth Category Of Waste}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1157}, affiliation={The University of Salford, School of Construction & Property Management, Salford M7 lNU, United Kingdom, E-mail: l.j .koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The seminal authors on the Toyota Production System present a list of seven wastes. Even if many subsequent authors have suggested additions to this list, it is usually presented in its original form. This paper contends that there is a very common, generic type of waste that should be added to the list, because it can be justified using the same conceptualizations as used by the seminal authors. Making-do as a waste refers to a situation where a task is started without all its standard inputs, or the execution of a task is continued although the availability of at least one standard input has ceased. The term input refers not only to materials, but to all other inputs such as machinery, tools, personnel, external conditions, instructions etc. Especially in production situations where there are several uncertain inflows to the task, making-do is a common phenomenon, and requires explicit attention. In conceptual analysis, making-do is the opposite ofbuffering. In buffering, materials are waiting for being processed. In making-do, the waiting time of one type of material- or other inputs - is negative: processing is started before the material has arrived. However, both forms of waste are used for accommodating the impacts of variability in production. Makingdo is applied especially for maintaining a high utilization rate or for avoiding schedule slippage. Thus, making-do is another penalty due to variability, and it should be added to the conceptual arsenal of queueing-theory based analysis of production (Factory Physics). }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cheng2015, author={Cheng, Jack C. P. and Kumar, Srinath }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={A BIM-Based Framework for Material Logistics Planning}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={33-42}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1158}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, +852 2358-8186, cejcheng@ust.hk ; Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, +852 6739-4867, ssk@ust.hk }, abstract={Material logistics planning (MLP) is an important component of supply chain management that promotes tidy construction sites and efficient project delivery. It aims to ensure that the right materials and equipment are delivered to site at the right time so as to reduce the idle resources and space requirement on site. Therefore, MLP can support lean construction as it can reduce unnecessary transportation and material handling, which are regarded as waste. However, supply chain issues such as late or incorrect material delivery are still common on construction sites nowadays. This paper presents and demonstrates a framework based on building information modeling (BIM) for automated material logistics planning and management. Using the Revit Application Programming Interface, we developed a system framework that extracts geometric and material information from BIM models and integrates the information with schedule information for formulating a dynamic construction site layout model. Material delivery and storage information is made available to supply chain members for planning and monitoring purpose. Our framework also considers the interior space inside the buildings under construction, which is important for construction sites with limited available space. A case example is demonstrated to validate the framework and demonstrate its potential for construction management. }, author_keywords={Automation, building information modelling (BIM), lean construction, logistics, site layout planning. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nikolin2015, author={Nikolin, Brent and Herrera, Jason and McCready, Tom and Grau, David and Parrish, Kristen }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={A Call for New Research in the Lean Construction Community: Alternative Work Schedules}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={435-443}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1159}, affiliation={Director, Turner Construction, 213.216.7869, bnikolin@tcco.com ; Self-Perform Work Manager, DPR Construction, 949.230.6083, jasonh@dpr.com ; Tom McCready, DPR Construction, 949.933.0386, tomm@dpr.com ; Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S. College Ave, Tempe, AZ, USA, 85287-3005, David.Grau@asu.edu ; Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S. College Ave, Tempe, AZ, USA, 85287-3005, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu }, abstract={While there is considerable research performed in the construction industry on the loss of productivity after a 5 day / 8 hour a day work week there is very little research exploring productivity with fewer work hours. Other industries have shown that they are more productive working shorter weekly schedules. Indeed, if we can produce a quality product with fewer resources, value stream is improved and a leaner process executed. More importantly, if we can be safer and improve quality of life we are achieving the most important tenant of lean, respect for people. To reinforce such notion, data shows that the US is 3% less productive than the other top 10 most productive countries in the world even though the US workforce works 21% more hours. Several countries, such as the Netherlands and Denmark, who work 29 and 33 hours per week, respectively, have a higher quality of life and have similar or higher productivity. This paper presents both a theoretical basis for alternative work schedules in construction as well as the results of a survey administered to trade contractor personnel, illustrating the potential safety benefits of a schedule change. }, author_keywords={Productivity, quality of life, safety, alternative work schedules (AWS), waste. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Perez2015, author={Perez, Cristina T. and Sommer, Lucila and Costa, Dayana B. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={A Case Study on Causes and Consequences of Transportation Waste}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={444-453}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1160}, affiliation={M. Sc. Student of the Program in Environmental Urban Engineering, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil, +55 71 9709-1564, cristina.toca.perez@hotmail.es ; Ph. D. Student of the Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 8134-9896, englusommer@gmail.com ; Dr., Assistant Professor, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil, +55 71 3358-1023, dayanabcosta@ufba.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 3308-3518, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Transportation is a waste category that has not been much explored in the literature on construction management. Moreover, the existing studies about it have focused mostly on its impacts and not on the causes. This paper aims to present the results of a second implementation of a method in order to identify, measure and characterize the transportation waste on physical flows of construction processes. A case study was performed in a residential building project, which involved the use of the Light Steel Frame technology. The research methods comprised the following sources of evidence: direct observation on site (work sampling and time studies), participant observation in planning meetings, and analysis of existing production control data. A database was produced containing a description of each transportation event, including pictures, causes, consequences, and its relationship with other types of waste, such as making-do, unfinished work, work-in-progress and rework. The main contributions of this study are concerned with the understanding of the nature of this type of waste, highlighting the classification of transportation waste causes, its main consequences and the relationships between this kind of waste and other ones }, author_keywords={Waste, transportation waste, making-do, physical flow. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Smith2015, author={Smith, James P. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={A Case Study on Design Science Research as a Methodology for Developing Tools to Support Lean Construction Efforts}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={517-526}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1161}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science and Management, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, jps7@clemson.edu }, abstract={Effective application of lean theory in construction generally requires tools and/or processes to facilitate implementation. Last Planner System®, A 3 problem solving, plus/delta and pull scheduling sessions are a few examples. These kinds of tools assist construction participants in making the shift from abstract theories to project application. As innovation in this area is constantly occurring in the lean community, methodologies for developing new tools warrant consideration and testing. Design Science Research (DSR) is a methodology that was strongly recommended by facilitators during the 2012 International Group for Lean Construction Summer School program in San Diego, CA. This paper uses a project that attempted to develop a trust-building tool as a case study to analyze the effectiveness of DSR as a methodology. The results of the project show support for the continued application of DSR methodology in the development of tools and processes supporting lean construction efforts. It was determined that the flexibility and iterative evaluation loop inherent to DSR were effective at providing a framework for the tool created in the case study project. However, the comparative need for time associated with iteration may limit interested researchers’ ability to apply DSR to future projects. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, action learning, process, design science research, constructive research. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Formoso2015, author={Formoso, C. and Bølviken, T. and Rooke, J. and Koskela, L. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={A Conceptual Framework for the Prescriptive Causal Analysis of Construction Waste}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={454-461}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1162}, affiliation={Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Director of Strategy, HR and HSE, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no ; Independent scholar, Manchester, U.K., j.a.rooke@eml.cc ; Professor of Construction and Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={An initial step towards a prescriptive theory (a set of concepts) to inform the elimination of waste on construction projects. The ultimate intention is to identify the most important types and causes of waste in construction and outline the principal causal relations between them. This is not a straightforward process: the relationships form a complex network of chains and cycles of waste. Waste is defined as the use of more resources than needed, or an unwanted output from production. A conceptual schema of Previous Production Stage > Production Waste > Effect Waste is proposed and applied to the causal analysis of two major types of waste: material waste and making do. }, author_keywords={Waste, value, value stream, causality, networks of waste }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2015, author={Pasquire, Christine and Sarhan, Saad and King, Andrew }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={A Critical Review of the Safeguarding Problem in Construction Procurement: Unpicking the Coherent Current Model}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={309-318}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1163}, affiliation={Professor of Lean Project Management, Head of the Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, Tel: +44 (0)115 848 2095, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; PhD Student, MSc Civil Engineer, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom, Nottingham NG1 4BU, Tel: +44 (0)7961757059, sarhan_com@hotmail.com or saad.sarhan2012@my.ntu.ac.uk ; PhD, Programme Leader for MSc Quantity Surveying, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, Tel: +44 (0)115 848 2511, andrew.king@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={The construction industry has, over a long period, been criticised for its short term “hit-and-run” relationships which are focused on win-lose situations and poor performance. Despite the wide recognition of these problems the industry persistently resists the radical demanded of it. This paper attempts to investigate why this might be the case by reviewing prevailing safeguarding practices within the current commercial systems and structures through literature review and industry observation. Findings reveal that clients and decision makers often tend to safeguard their project-specific assets, against opportunism and exploitation, through the deployment of formal contractual arrangements and governance structures. These arrangements and structures typically dominate the management of the project delivery often to the detriment of the project itself; but because there is a belief that interests are safeguarded, clients and decision makers feel they have taken the best course of action. This goes a long way to explaining the coherence of the current construction model and provides the basic information for preparing a route to the radical change required to move to lean methodologies. }, author_keywords={Waste, Procurement, Contracts, Opportunism, Transaction Cost Economics. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Forero2015, author={Forero, Sebastian and Cardenas, Sebastian and Vargas, Hernando and Garcia, Camilo }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={A Deeper Look Into the Perception and Disposition to Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) in Colombia}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={297-306}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1164}, affiliation={Project Engineer, Urbansa S.A. Formerly Undergraduate Student, Civil Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia,(+57) 320 347 4934, sm.forero106@uniandes.edu.co ; Graduate Student, Civil Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia,sa.cardenas420@uniandes.edu.co ; Titular Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering & Department of Architecture, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia, Carrera 1 Este 19ª-40, ML 436,hvargas@uniandes.edu.co ; Project Executive, DPR Construction. 2941 Fairview Park Drive, Falls Church, VA 22042,camilog@dpr.com }, abstract={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) has been utilized as an alternative project delivery method by encouraging team collaboration, sharing risks/rewards, and more importantly, requiring trust and transparency amongst all stakeholders for projects in the United States. In Colombia, a traditional approach for delivery of projects is typically utilized under a Design/Bid/Build model with limited collaboration. This paper describes the analysis conducted to evaluate potential barriers of implementation of IPD concepts as a delivery method for construction projects in Colombia. The analysis conducted includes research of perceived cultural, financial, legal and technological barriers to stimulate the adoption of collaborative delivery models. It includes a survey and interviews with different stakeholders and industry members (developers, designers, construction managers and general contractors) to understand the benefits and shortcomings when engaging with collaborative methods. Survey results were evaluated by using correlational coefficient models to gauge dependencies among all factors identified as potential inhibitors of IPD. Detailed analyses of the findings as well as future steps for a successful implementation of IPD in Latin America, focused in the Colombian case study are discussed. }, author_keywords={Integrated project delivery (IPD), Colombia, South America, implementation barriers, collaboration, project management, trust, transparency, design/bid/build }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Belayutham2015, author={Belayutham, Sheila and González, Vicente }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={A Lean Approach to Manage Production and Environmental Performance of Earthwork Operation}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={743-752}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1165}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, , Auckland 1142, New Zealand, +64022 163 1362, sbel594@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, +64 9903 4106, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={Earthworks comprise of only a small number of activities, equipment and personnel but relatively large percentage of the total construction cost. Uncontrolled earthworks could increase risk to the environment, especially water pollution. Both production (time, cost and quality) and environmental measures are critical during earthworks and should be managed and improved holistically. Past researches have established the applicability of lean to improve the performance of production and environment in construction. However, limited results were shown for earthwork operations. Most lean based studies on earthworks focused on production planning and increasing productivity of the operation, neglecting the environmental emissions, particularly water pollution. Therefore, this paper aims to simultaneously improve the production and environmental performance (water pollution) of earthwork operations through the application of lean production. Thus, lean tools were used to recognize current production and environmental inefficiencies within an earthwork operation. Then, improvement strategies will be proposed in combination with common construction management practices such as site layout management and time planning to reduce and eliminate waste. The research findings could potentially provide direct production and environmental benefits to the construction industry as well as a safe and conducive setting to the public during construction. }, author_keywords={Earthwork, production, environmental sustainability, lean construction, water pollution. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nesensohn2015, author={Nesensohn, Claus and Bryde, Dave and Pasquire, Christine }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={A Measurement Model for Lean Construction Maturity}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={652-660}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1166}, affiliation={ }, abstract={At IGLC 2014 a Lean Construction Maturity Model (LCMM) was introduced. The LCMM comprises five maturity levels, eleven Key Attributes (KAs), and sixty defined Behaviours, Goals & Practices (BG&Ps); with 75 Ideal Statements to measure organisational maturity in the adoption of LC. Whilst recognizing that it is not necessary or desirable to derive a narrow and precise definition of LC – indeed there are many different ways in which an organisation may apply LC principles in practice, a degree of measurement is required in order to assess and where appropriate improve current practices. In the words of a well-known maxim: what get measured gets managed. This paper describes the research method used to validate the LCMM, which was done using focus groups, and presents the validated model. It also contributes to our understanding of the usefulness of measuring approaches to LC by using the LCMM to illustrate differentiating characteristics between organisations that are “mature” and “immature” in LC. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, continuous improvement, transformation, maturity models, focus groups. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zegarra2015, author={Zegarra, Omar and Alarcón, Luis Fernando }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={A Production Control Tool for Coordination of Teams, Meetings and Managerial processes}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={113-122}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1167}, affiliation={PhD Candidate and Graduate Researcher at Centro de Excelencia en Gestión de Producción (GEPUC) at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. E-mail:ozegarra@uc.cl, (56 2) 354-4244 ; PhD, Professor, Dep. of Construction Management Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Email: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, (56 2) 354-4201, (56 2) 354 4244. }, abstract={During construction projects, the productive deployment of operations depends on the reliable supply of the production control function, where the proper coordination of teams, meetings and managerial processes is crucial for performance. Currently the use of the Last Planner System for providing this function has been successful; despite the importance it claims in the social domain, it does not explicitly regulate the coordination of teams and meetings with the managerial processes. In order to address this gap, we developed a prototype tool, based on a Multi- Domain Matrix, for handling and tracking the performance of these elements. This paper introduces the Matrix of Interacting Groups, which evaluates the interaction of teams, meetings and managerial processes during the production control function supply. It was initially tested in a Chilean housing project and it allows the identification of team members, meetings, processes, and provides insight into the system key properties. It enables a comprehensive description of the production control function and generates a framework for tracking and for potentially fine tuning it. Although the tool is still under development, it seems promissory for providing a high level and practical regulation of production control. }, author_keywords={Production Planning, Control, Complexity, Design Structure Matrix, Coordination }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Do2015, author={Do, Doanh and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={An Analysis of Potential Misalignments of Commercial Incentives in Integrated Project Delivery and Target Value Design}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={277-286}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1168}, affiliation={M.S. Graduate, Civil and Environmental Engineering. 407 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA.doanhqdo@gmail.com ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory at the Univ. of California, Berkeley.ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory at the Univ. of California, Berkeley.ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The misalignment of commercial incentives of a project delivery system can lead to client dissatisfaction, litigation, cost overruns, and adversarial relationships amongst project participants. Started in 2005, the goal of Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is to better align the commercial incentives of project participants in the AEC industry. Started in 2004, the goal of Target Value Design (TVD) is to steer the design and construction of the project to maximize customer value within project constraints. Recently, IPD and TVD have become more widely used in the United States’ AEC industry. In this paper, we ask the following question: What are the misalignments of commercial incentives that can occur with IPD and TVD? We identified misalignments on 6 IPD/TVD projects. Additionally, we used a creative brainstorming exercise to propose possible misalignments, which were not reported in the case studies. For AEC practitioners and owners, understanding the potential misalignments may help them avoid these problems on their projects. }, author_keywords={Target value design, integrated project delivery, relational contract, incentives }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Poshdar2015, author={Poshdar, M. and González, V. A. and Belayutham, Sheila }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={An Inclusive Probabilistic Buffer Allocation Method}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={183-192}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1169}, affiliation={MSc, PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand (corresponding author). E-mail address: mpos814@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. E-mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; MSc, PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. E-mail address: sbel594@aucklanduni.ac.nz }, abstract={The use of buffers in construction presents a tension between theory and practice. From a lean theoretical standpoint, buffers represent waste while they are an elemental part of construction schedules in practice. As a result, a reasonable balance is required to be established between the undesirable waste created by overusing buffers, and high risk of time/cost overruns generated by the lack of buffers. The balanced allocation of buffers includes two main aspects: Determining the size and the location of buffers in the planned schedule. These two factors are significantly affected by the general scheduling policy undertaken to determine the start time of activities. Also, both factors are dependent on the selected set of objectives in the project. Traditional buffer allocation techniques in construction have been informal and often inconsistent in addressing the buffer balancing issues. In this paper, an Inclusive Probabilistic-based Buffer Allocation method (IPBAL) is proposed which applies a mathematically driven strategy to resolve the balanced state in using buffers in construction schedules. It suggests a solution for the multi-objective buffer allocation problem that also accounts for the general scheduling policy. Hence, the method enables shielding the project activities against variability that is one of the steps required to implement lean in construction. }, author_keywords={Variability, Buffer, Time compression, Scheduling, Network analysis }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Denzer2015, author={Denzer, Michael and Muenzl, Nils and Sonnabend, Felix A. and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Analysis of Definitions and Quantification of Waste in Construction}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={723-732}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1170}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49 721 608 45476, michael.denzer@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49 721 608 44124, nils.muenzl@kit.edu ; B.Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49 721 608 43650, felix-sonnabend@msn.com ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49 721 608 42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={Waste avoidance is an essential idea of the Lean philosophy, as this approach significantly contributes to maximize value from the customer’s perspective. Waste occurs in diverse forms, depending on the types of industry and of working processes. Elimination or reduction of waste to a certain extent requires the ability to identify waste and to make it transparent to the parties, involved in the working process. Based on a comprehensive literature review, existing fundamental and independently developed definitions of waste in Lean Management in general as well as in Lean Construction are presented and compared to each other. A systematic overview of waste definitions is developed. Within this context three specific characteristics are assigned to particular definitions. Furthermore, case studies and empirical studies from literature are presented, which focus on the identification and quantification of waste of time in the value chain of construction processes. Arguments, showing that different waste of time studies are not comparable, are brought forward. }, author_keywords={Waste; lean construction; definition of waste; waste of work-time; theory }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Viana2015, author={Viana, Daniela and Tillmann, Patrícia and Sargent, Zach and Tommelein, Iris and Formoso, Carlos }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Analysis of HVAC Subcontractor Mechanisms for JIT Materials Supply to a Construction Site}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={246-255}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1171}, affiliation={Ph.D, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, danidietz@gmail.com ; Lean Integration Specialist, Superior Air Handling, patricia.tillmann@superiorairhandling.com, +1 408-630-1320 ; Vice President, Superior Air Handling, zach.sargent@superiorairhandling.com ; Ph.D., Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department and Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Industrialization has been pointed out as a major requirement to improve efficiency, quality, and safety in construction projects. Nonetheless, some of the side effects of industrialization are increasing the complexity of construction by including new technologies, engaging different subcontractors; increasing interdependencies between trades; and so forth. The aim of this paper is to develop a planning procedure for facilitating the integration between off-site fabrication and on-site installation, for achieving a just-in-time delivery, based on an action research study conducted with an HVAC subcontractor. It is part of a wider research project, aiming to develop a planning and control model for engineer-to-order (ETO) prefabricated building systems. The procedure developed in this research helped the team to review the schedule proposed by the GC in terms of constructability, get team consensus regarding installation sequence, improve communication between contractor and fabricators, support fabricators in defining fabrication rhythms and mix of production; and helped the project team solving logistic challenges. The main challenge faced in this research was related uncertainty and unforeseen changes to the developed plans. As a result, we also explored a way of tying fabrication plans to critical activities in the job site to facilitate matching fabrication rate with site demand. }, author_keywords={ETO building systems, Feedback mechanisms, Production planning and control systems, Just-in-time, pull-production. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Castillo2015, author={Castillo, Tito and Alarcón, Luis F. and Salvatierra, José and Alarcón, Daniela }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Analyzing the Interrelation Between Management Practices, Organizational Characteristics and Performance Indicators for Construction Companies }, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={691-700}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1172}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Researcher Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Ecuador, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile Phone +56 2 23547041, tocastillo@uc.cl ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Assistant professor of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Chile. Av. Ecuador 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 27182818, jose.salvatierra@usach.cl ; Project Consultant, Production Management Consultants - GEPRO, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7050, dalarcon@gepro.cl }, abstract={Recent studies have established the importance of best management practices in company performance measured by productivity, safety and other performance indicators. Research about the relationship between the characteristics of the organization and its performance has not yet arrived to definitive conclusions. This research aims to examine the relationship between management practices, characteristics of organizations and the project performance. Knowing these relations is necessary to achieve better management strategies. This paper presents results of the first application of a benchmarking effort carried out among nine Chilean construction companies. Management practices, grouped in fifteen dimensions, were assessed from data obtained through surveys. Weighted average of the responses from each survey was used to obtain scores for each dimension. Social Network Analysis (SNA) was used to capture characteristics of the organization on relevant issues such as communication; planning and personal issues and its metrics were the input for the analysis performed. Project performance was measured using nine key performance indicators (KPI) that were periodically reported by the companies. Correlation analysis was used to analyse the relationship among management practices scores, social network metrics and KPIs. The results show significant relationships that can be useful to design performance improvement strategies for companies and projects. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, flow, network, complex, SNA }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kron2015, author={Kron, Christian }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Application of Product Development Processes in the Early Phases of Real Estate Development: A Feasibility Study}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={589-598}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1173}, affiliation={Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Research Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, +49 (0)711 685 66159, christian.kron@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de }, abstract={The standardization of processes in the construction and real estate industry is one of the basic requirements for a secure implementation of lean principles in practice. An important element for real estate development is to realize building projects efficiently and successfully. Among other things the task of a project developer is to organize, coordinate and control the interdisciplinary collaboration between internal and external stakeholders. The project developer has in consequence a special role by crosslinking the functional value chain processes in the real estate project. This paper aims to provide an outline of a general approach to improve the quality of real estate development processes. By applying management methods of the product development processes (PDP) to the real estate development process, the possibility of errors should be reduced and interfaces should be optimized. The applicability of this product development processes in the early stages of real estate development will be demonstrated by way of example. }, author_keywords={Process, product development, real estate development, kaizen }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cano2015, author={Cano, Sandra and Delgado, Jonathan and Botero, Luis and Rubiano, Oscar }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Barriers and Success Factors in Lean Construction Implementation - Survey in Pilot Context}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={631-641}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1174}, affiliation={PhD Student, Industrial Engineering. School of Industrial Engineering. Universidad del Valle. Calle 13 No 100-00, edificio 357. Cali, Colombia. +(57) (2) 3398462, sandra.cano@correounivalle.edu.co ; Student, Civil Engineering. School of Civil Engineering. Universidad del Valle. Calle 13 No 100- 00, edificio 350. Cali, Colombia. +(57) (2) 3392086, jonathan.delgado@correounivalle.edu.co ; Professor, School of Civil Engineering. Universidad EAFIT. Carrera 49 # 7 sur - 50, Medellín, Antioquia. +(57) (4) 2619500 Ext 9659, lfbotero@eafit.edu.co ; Professor, School of Industrial Engineering. Universidad del Valle. Calle 13 No 100-00, edificio 357. Cali, Colombia. +(57) (2) 3212222 +(57) (2) 3212167 +(57) (2) 3398462, oscar.rubiano@correounivalle.edu.co }, abstract={The study identifies a set of barriers and critical success factors (CSF) involved in the implementation of Lean Construction (LC) through three phases: Literature's Collection, with analysis and obtained information processing; Characterization and classification of barriers and CSF associated with the implementation of LC; and Identification of barriers and CSF in construction companies in the Colombian context, based on their experiences in the implementation of LC. 83 academic articles published between 1998 and 2014 were examined, being identified 110 barriers and 51 CSF based on experiences of LC's application around the world. They were grouped into six "Master Factors": people, organizational structure, supply chain, external value chain, internal value chain and externalities. The obtained information from the data was analyzed using a cause-effect matrix and a structural analysis with MIC MAC method, and the most critical barriers and success factors were determined. Furthermore, the exploration in the pilot context demonstrated a common criticality in most of these factors, and it was shown that its appearance is related to the level of evolution of LC's application. }, author_keywords={Barriers, Critical Success Factors, Lean Construction, Action learning, Commitment }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2015, author={Tillmann, Patricia and Viana, Daniela and Sargent, Zach and Tommelein, Iris and Formoso, Carlos }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={BIM and Lean in the Design-Production Interface of ETO Components in Complex Projects}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={331-340}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1175}, affiliation={Lean Integration Specialist, Superior Air Handling, patricia.tillmann@superiorairhandling.com, +1 408-630-1320 ; PhD Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of ; Vice President, Superior Air Handling, zach.sargent@superiorairhandling.com ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department and Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil , +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={This paper presents a case study on a complex construction project that demanded a great level of prefabrication in order to meet a fast schedule and to overcome logistical challenges. The study was carried out with a mechanical contractor firm developing a series of Engineered-to-Order (ETO) components for the project. The objective of the research was to study the possibility of devising an integrated approach for production planning and control for this ETO environment. Two papers report on this research. The first one describes the methods used to plan in an integrated manner the prefabrication, delivery, and installation of ETO components at the job site. This second one discusses the use of BIM to support such integrated management and the challenges faced during its implementation. Finally, the paper describes how the team used lean construction principles to overcome some of these challenges. The contributions of this paper include, first, articulating challenges faced when using BIM on a complex project as a support to managerial practices and, second, illustrating the use of lean principles in the design-production interface as a means of leveraging BIM. }, author_keywords={Building information modeling (BIM), complex projects, design-production interface, engineered to order (ETO), industrialization, production planning and control. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mossman2015, author={Mossman, Alan }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Bringing Lean Construction to Life: Developing Leaders, Consultants, Coaches, Facilitators, Trainers & Instructors}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={413-423}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1176}, affiliation={Managing Director, The Change Business Ltd, UK, +44 7968 485 627 alanmossman@mac.com }, abstract={There is a global shortage of competent and experienced individuals able to lead, coach, facilitate, train and provide consultancy support both internally and externally to clients, owners, constructors and designers who want to make a successful lean transformation of their enterprise or their projects. Demand exists within public and private sector clients and owners, as well as among design and construction enterprises and their professional advisers. If the shortage is not addressed there is the potential for the advance of lean thinking in construction to stall and lean construction to get a bad name as constructors and others seek to cut corners and pay lip service to lean as happened in UK (United Kingdom) 15 years ago. The aim of this paper is to begin a discussion of the skills and knowledge required by those who want to succeed in one or more of these roles. This essay reviews past lean construction leadership development actions and suggests a curriculum for those who want to develop the skills and knowledge required to excel in these roles. A delivery framework for a development program is proposed. The paper concludes with calls for further research and for action sooner rather than later to address the issues, preferably on a regional or global level rather than on a national one. The value of the paper for practitioners is that it suggests the range of skills and knowledge required to be effective which can help their own development and help assess and recruit internal and external consultants, etc; the benefit for scholars is the discussion of what might be included in undergraduate and higher degree curricula as well as ideas for post-experience, post-graduate course offerings aimed at this need. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, leadership, consultancy, coaching, facilitation, training, instructing }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pikas2015, author={Pikas, Ergo and Koskela, Lauri and Dave, Bhargav and Liias, Roode }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Case Study on Design Management: Inefficiencies and Possible Remedies }, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={547-557}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1177}, affiliation={Doctoral Student, Aalto University, School of Engineering, Otakaari 4, 00076 AALTO, Finland and Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia., +372 56 455 953, ergo.pikas@aalto.fi. ; Aalto University, School of Engineering, Otakaari 4, 00076 AALTO, Finland ; Aalto University, School of Engineering, Otakaari 4, 00076 AALTO, Finland ; Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn. }, abstract={Delivering better products with a reduced lead time and less resources has become the primary focus of design management. The aim of this work is to revisit typical design management inefficiencies and discuss possible remedies for these problems. To this end, a case study and interviews with seven Estonian architects were carried out. The data obtained was analyzed within the framework of the transformation-flow-value theory of production. Despite its failure to deliver customer value, a single-minded transformation view of operations has been the dominant approach taken in design management and processes, leading to inefficiencies in design practices. }, author_keywords={Design management, design inefficiencies, TFV conceptualization. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skjelbred2015, author={Skjelbred, Sondre and Fossheim, Magnus E. and Drevland, Frode }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Comparing Different Approaches to Site Organization and Logistics: Multiple Case Studies}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={13-22}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1178}, affiliation={M.Sc Student, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 993 05 350, sondre.skjelbred@gmail.com ; M.Sc Student, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 975 10 101, mfossheim@me.com ; Assistant Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no }, abstract={Effective site organization and logistics is required to have an efficient production in construction projects. The same applies to the oil industry; it is absolutely necessary that the conditions are right for achieving efficient production. The oil industry and the construction industry operate under different circumstances, and have gained different experiences regarding the challenges of site organization and logistics. Four different cases from four different firms are presented in the paper. One case is from an offshore drilling contractor in Norway. Two cases are from the Norwegian Construction industry. The last case is from a Swedish consultancy firm, specializing in site organization and logistics in the construction industry. The case studies focus on how the different firms manage site organization and logistics to achieve an efficient production. Practices from both industries, and a generic list of lessons learned that is applicable to all construction projects are presented in the final section of the paper. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, site organization, logistics, oil industry, construction industry }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saggin2015, author={Saggin, Angela B. and Valente, Caroline P. and Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. A. and Cabral, Antônio Eduardo B. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Comparing Investments in Sustainability With Cost Reduction From Waste Due to Lean Construction}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={223-230}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1179}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Lean and Green Coordinator, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, angela@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc. candidate, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil, carolinevalente@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Technical Director, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Associate Professor, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, eduardo.cabral@ufc.br }, abstract={The Architecture-Engineering-Construction industry shows some resistance in certifying (environmental labels) residential projects and applying lean construction practices due to uncertainty of its related costs and benefits. The most of the researches about green building certification costs are limited to commercial buildings. Few quantitative studies of cost reduction due to lean practices has been published so far. This paper presents a simplified comparative analysis between investments in sustainability and cost reduction due to reduction of materials’ waste on a residential project. The methodology consists of three steps: a documentation study to (1) quantify the extra costs with sustainable features in a LEED residential project and then (2) to determine the reduction of construction waste production by comparing the certified project with a similar building built prior the implementation of lean construction practices. (3) Finally, it was obtained green features and waste reduction costs impacts on the project’s final budget. This study resulted in two indicators, Green Cost and Lean Saving. The Green cost brought an increase of 1.32% on the initial budget due to green building certifications (LEED and INMETRO label) and the Lean Saving represented a 0.19% cost reduction on materials’ waste. Thus, the Lean Saving represents 14% of Green Cost. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, sustainability, waste, green cost, lean saving }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2015, author={Schöttle, Annett and Arroyo, Paz and Bade, Michael }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Comparing Three Methods in the Tendering Procedure to Select the Project Team}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={267-276}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1180}, affiliation={1 PhD Candidate. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technol. and Mgmt. in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.Phone +49 721608-42168, annett.schoettle@kit.edu. Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Fritz Gehbauer, M.S. ; Assistant Professor.Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.Phone +5622354-4244, parroyo@ing.puc.cl. ; Associate Vice Chancellor. Capital Programs & Campus Architect, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 654 Minnesota Street, San Francisco CA 94143, USA. +1 415502-6460, michael.bade@ucsf.edu. }, abstract={Normally, the selection of a project team is based on Weighting Rating Calculating (WRC) and often relies on only one factor; the cost factor. WRC is a method that allows for assessing multiple factors easily but the bidders’ differences may not be highlighted, since factors are weighted independently of the attributes. A more recent concept, which is based on WRC, is Best Value Selection (BVS). BVS is a method where the best value score is calculated as the bid price divided by the qualification score. Choosing By Advantage (CBA) is a multiple-criteria decision-making method based on advantages of alternatives. Advantages are compared in order to decide the importance of them. We argue that CBA provides further benefits for helping public clients to differentiate between bidders. A case was constructed, based on the tendering procedure of the project Mission Hall, to exemplify the differences of the three methods for bidder selection in the context of public tendering requirements. This paper presents the analysis and discusses the results of the simulated case. }, author_keywords={Best value selection, choosing by advantage, weighting rating calculating, selection, tendering procedure, project team }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frandson2015, author={Frandson, Adam G. and Seppänen, Olli and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Comparison Between Location Based Management and Takt Time Planning}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={3-12}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1181}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, Afrandson@berkeley.edu ; Professor of Practice, Civil and Structural. Engrg. Dept., Aalto University School of Engineering, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director, Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Construction planning methods may or may not explicitly model space as a resource. This paper compares two methods that do. The first method is used in the Location Based Management System (LBMS). The second method is Takt Time Planning (TTP). Both are iterative design methods for planning and controlling construction work, both focus on creating a balanced production schedule with a predictable timing of work while also preventing spatial interference between trades, but they differ in how they achieve these goals. The contribution of this paper is to (1) highlight the similarities and differences between these two methods and (2) describe a proposal for future exploratory research to evaluate the systems using common metrics. }, author_keywords={Location Based Management System (LBMS), Line of Balance (LOB), Takt Time Planning (TTP), buffers, resource continuity. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pikas2015, author={Pikas, Ergo and Koskela, Lauri and Thalfeldt, Martin and Dave, Bhargav and Kurnitski, Jarek }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Complexity in Designing Energy Efficient Buildings: Towards Understanding Decision Networks in Design}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={213-222}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1182}, affiliation={Doctoral Student, Aalto University, School of Engineering, Otakaari 4, 00076 AALTO, Finland and Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia., +372 56 455 953, ergo.pikas@aalto.fi. ; Aalto University, School of Engineering, Otakaari 4, 00076 AALTO, Finland. ; Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn. ; Aalto University, School of Engineering, Otakaari 4, 00076 AALTO, Finland. ; Aalto University, School of Engineering, Otakaari 4, 00076 AALTO, Finland. Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn. }, abstract={Most important decisions for designing energy efficient buildings are made in the early stages of design. Designing is a complex interdisciplinary task, and energy efficiency requirements are pushing boundaries even further. This study analyzes the level of complexity for energy efficient building design and possible remedies for managing or reducing the complexity. Methodologically, we used the design structure matrix for mapping the current design tasks and hierarchical decomposition of lifecycle analysis for visualizing the interdependency of the design tasks and design disciplines and how changes propagate throughout the system, tasks and disciplines. We have visualized the interdependency of design tasks and design disciplines and how changes propagate throughout the system. Current design of energy efficiency building is a linear and one-shot approach without iterations planned into the process. Broken management techniques do not help to reduce the complexity. }, author_keywords={Design structure matrix, design process, process models and modelling, complexity. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Spitler2015, author={Spitler, Laurie and Feliz, Tom and Wood, Nathan and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Constructible Bim Elements –a Root Cause Analysis of Work Plan Failures}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={351-360}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1183}, affiliation={Project Engineer, Turner Construction Company. Oakland, CA 94607,lspitler@tcco.com ; Customer Engagement Manager, Autodesk, Inc., San Francisco, CA tom.feliz@autodesk.com ; Innovation and Technology Specialist, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA, nathanw@dpr.com ; Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.cvsacks@technion.ac.il }, abstract={The project Building Information Model (BIM), made up of component trade models, can be used to coordinate and sequence building elements prior to construction. The model should serve as a surrogate for prototyping the actual construction process and can also be used to implement the lean practice of filtering work for constraints prior to assigning work. The term ‘constructible BIM element’, referring to an element that can be built exactly as it is modeled, is defined to focus on the use of the model for constraint removal and visual planning. Using an in-depth case study, incomplete assignments from Weekly Work Plans were identified and their root causes were mapped onto their associated BIM objects. This spatial analysis makes explicit and begins to quantify the connection between constructability of BIM elements and the variability of work execution in the field. Learning from the underlying patterns, the authors propose process changes for teams to more effectively identify constructability issues in BIM models, and thus leverage the BIM process to improve the reliability of field work planning. }, author_keywords={Building information modeling (BIM),constructability, root cause analysis, weekly work plan }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cheng2015, author={Cheng, Jack C.P. and Won, Jongsung and Das, Moumita }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Construction and Demolition Waste Management Using BIM Technology}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={381-390}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1184}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, +852 2358-8186, cejcheng@ust.hk ; Postdoctoral Fellow, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, +852 9732-7699,jongsungwon@ust.hk ; PhD Candidate, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, +852 9414-6893,mdas@ust.hk }, abstract={The amount of waste generated in construction and demolition (C&D) processes is enormous. Construction wastes are mainly generated due to improper design, poor procurement and planning, inefficient material handling, residues of raw materials, and unexpected changes in building design. Building information modelling (BIM) can efficiently manage the C&D waste by avoiding design problems, changes, and rework. This paper investigates the potential of BIM technology for supporting building design and construction processes to manage C&D waste. In particular, BIM-based approaches that can reduce, reuse, recycle, and manage construction waste through clash detection, quantity take-off, planning of construction activities, site utilization planning, and prefabrication are proposed in this paper. }, author_keywords={Building information modeling (BIM), collaboration, process, waste management, work flow. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kristensen2015, author={Kristensen, Kine and Lædre, Ola and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Contract Models and Compensation Formats in the Design Process}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={599-608}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1185}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, NTNU, - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway/ Engineer, COWI AS, + 47 951 19 899, kinekris@stud.ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, dr.ing., - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, + 47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no ; Ph.D. Candidate, NTNU, – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway/Design Manager,Veidekke Entreprenør AS, + 47 986 73 172, fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no ; Research Scientist, dr.art., NTNU, - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no }, abstract={This paper presents the most common contract models and compensation formats for the design process, and considers to what extent they give the designers the best opportunity to maximize value for the customer and minimizing waste in the design process. The presented results are based on literature review combined with a study of documentation and interviews with key personnel, into Norwegian projects. Findings show that lump sum and cost reimbursement are the most commonly used compensation formats for design. The most commonly used contract models are Prime Contract and Multi-Party Contract. From the case studies, it emerges that the designers’ challenges do not lie in the contract model itself, but rather in whom they respond to – the client or the contractor. The paper further finds design-bid-build combined with cost reimbursement to be most favourable in the early iterative stages, where the scope is poorly defined and/or characterized by a flow of new information. The design-build contract combined with lump sum is more favourable in later sequential stages, when the scope is well defined. However, if the process is still characterized with constantly new information, cost reimbursement are highly recommended. }, author_keywords={Contract, contract models, compensation formats, design management, lean design }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2015, author={Gomez, Christy P. and Raji, Abdulazeez U. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Dynamic Benefits Maximization Model for Renovation Works of Landed Residential Properties in Malaysia}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={803-814}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1186}, affiliation={Assoc. Professor, Department of Construction Management, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia. 86400, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia, Phone +60125377247, cpgomez@uthm.edu.my ; PhD Student, Department of Real-estate and Facilities Management, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Phone + 601126661524, gp140062@siswa.uthm.edu.my }, abstract={In Malaysia, landed residential building design for mass housing has been influenced by the orientation towards a “seller’s market, without prioritizing the changing needs of the owner-occupant. This has contributed to the growing trend of having to “remodel” homes that is currently dominated by “low-value adding practices” that are embedded within traditional benefits realization principles, amounting to brief freezing. There is a disregard for client’s engagement at the construction phase, wherein the client is constrained by the practice of restrictive benefits realizations. This issue is underlined by a predominant positivist orientation to the issue of client participation that does not recognize residential housing client’s ability for competency acquisition in realigning requirements to maximize benefits. This paper proposes that value maximization for such a client can best be achieved through dynamic engagement with the renovation contractor to allow for value-driven ‘disruptive innovation’ practice during the construction phase. Focusing on requirements capture as a process rather than an output, it is proposed that client’s requirements can be realigned to maximize benefits based on a dynamic benefits realization model. This issue of benefits maximization is viewed from a social science perspective of primary stakeholder engagement within a legitimate peripheral mode of participation acting from within a community of practice whilst operating in a relational contracting environment. }, author_keywords={Benefits realization, disruptive innovation, renovation works, relational contracting. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Svalestuen2015, author={Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lohne, Jardar and Knotten, Vegard and Lædre, Ola }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Ethics of the Design Phase – a Descriptive Approach}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={609-618}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1187}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, NTNU, – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway/Design Manager,Veidekke Entreprenør AS, + 47 986 73 172, fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no ; Researcher, dr.art., NTNU, - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 922 93 110, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; PhD Candidate/ Design Manager NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology/ Veidekke Entreprenør, Trondheim, Norway, +4791842758, Vegard.knotten@ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, dr.ing., - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, + 47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={This paper reports on a pilot study on the design phase in Norwegian construction projects using elements from lean construction approaches. The ambition has been to establish a descriptive picture of ethical challenges in the design phase in general, and of projects characterized by lean design in particular. In addition to a literature review and a document study, interviews with key participants were carried out according to a qualitative approach. The study was undertaken in order to address both general questions of ethics in construction project management, and more specific questions pertaining to the design phase of such projects. This research finds indications of actors manoeuvring in the design phase for own benefit at the expense of other actors. The findings indicate that the design phase poses significant challenges in light of tender documents pricing and exploiting cost reimbursement contracts. In some of the projects examined, participants were found to shift loyalty after transfer of contracts and they actively tried to steer the decision processes in their own favour. There does in fact seem to be a room of manoeuvre between what is unlawful and what is ethically sound in this phase. }, author_keywords={Ethics, design, lean design, hidden agendas, trust. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ibrahim2015, author={Ibrahim, Hisham A. Abou and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Expected Lean Effects of Advanced High-Rise Formwork Systems}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={83-92}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1188}, affiliation={PhD. Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +961 3 900695, haa131@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, + 961 1 350000 ext 3616, fax: + 61 1 744462, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={The selection of formwork systems in high-rise buildings is often governed by their competence in optimizing concrete activities in an isolated manner, without relating this choice to the entire construction workflow. Known research efforts do not address this important aspect in analyzing high-rise formwork technologies, and formwork selection is usually left to constructors’ experience, and corresponding organizational knowledge. In this context, this paper studies the role of formwork systems in high-rise construction from a lean perspective and analyzes this role in shaping not only the progress of concrete activities, but the entire construction sequence. Employing lean concepts, the paper investigates advanced high-rise formwork systems versus traditional ones to better advise scholars and practitioners. Results highlight the importance of advanced high-rise formwork systems in streamlining the workflow of concrete and other downstream activities, allowing for more waste reduction, smaller work batches, less inventory, and safer working environment. This study is a conceptual framework for future related works involving case studies and field investigations, and may be further developed to target more aspects of high-rise construction. }, author_keywords={Workflow, Logistics Planning, Inventory Control, Waste Reduction, Safety }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daniel2015, author={Daniel, Emmanuel I. and Pasquire, Christine and Dickens, Graham }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Exploring the Implementation of the Last Planner® System Through IGLC Community: Twenty One Years of Experience}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={153-162}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1189}, affiliation={ PhD Research Student/ Research Associate, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture, Design and Built; Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK emmanuel.daniel2013@my.ntu.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, and Director Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, UK christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Projects, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, United Kingdom, graham02dickens@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={There is robust evidence that the level of implementation of the Last Planner® System (LPS) is increasing geographically and geometrically in construction. The International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC) community has reported this growth at IGLC conferences over this period. However, no study has explored how the LPS and its implementation has developed or improved. This study explored developments in the LPS from the review of IGLC conference papers. Qualitative research design utilising content analysis was adopted for this study comprising 57 IGLC reports on LPS implementation across 16 countries. The study reveals components of LPS implemented, with measuring of PPC, Weekly Work Planning meeting and recording reasons for non-completion the most reported. The study developed a timeline for the LPS development and revealed that some of the papers reviewed have no defined methodology. The study concludes that the LPS has developed in terms of its level of implementation, theory development, and as a vehicle to improve construction management practice across the major continents of the world, with elements that had little presence at the onset now prominent. The study recommends that more attention should be given to the relationship between practical applications and research methods to aid the establishment of sound theory to improve practice. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, implementation, lean construction, IGLC, production control. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Martinez2015, author={Martinez, Eder H. and Alvear, Ariana M. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Formwork Standardization and Production Flow: Lessons From an Affordable Housing Project in Ecuador}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={53-59}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1190}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Engrg, and Project Mgmt. Program, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 510 926-7210, edermartinezv@gmail.com ; MS, Engrg, and Project Mgmt., Project Manager, VillaHermosa Project, Duran, Ecuador, +593 98-998-8324, ariana.alvear@villahermosa.ec ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director of the Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 510 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Lab., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 415 710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Latin America and the Caribbean are experiencing a severe housing shortage. The construction industry plays a pivotal role in housing provision and must find means to increase output and productivity in housing construction. However, inefficient production techniques, commonly associated with the building industry, exacerbate the problem. Adopting standardization and industrialization practices is seen as an option in scaling up production. Nevertheless, the complex nature of the industry (e.g., the uniqueness of projects and uncertainty) poses challenges when implementing standardization approaches in housing construction. Particularly, formwork standardization requires advanced planning and coordination across project delivery stages. Such synchronization is fundamental to balancing the production flow and optimizing the standardization process. This paper presents the case study of VillaHermosa, an Ecuadorian affordable housing developer exploring formwork standardization in the construction of reinforced concrete housing units. The authors describe their standardization process, the challenges faced by the company, the results and the lessons learned from the experience, as well as a topic for future study }, author_keywords={Lean construction, formwork standardization, production flow, production balancing, affordable housing, collaborative design. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vasconcelos2015, author={Vasconcelos, Iuri Aragão de and Cândido, Luis Felipe and Heineck, Luiz Fernando Mählmann and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Guidelines for Practice and Evaluation of Sustainable Construction Sites: A Lean, Green and Wellbeing Integrated Approach}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={773-782}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1191}, affiliation={Master Degree at Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, iuriav.ufc@gmail.com ; Master Degree at Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, iuriav.ufc@gmail.com ; Master Degree at Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, iuriav.ufc@gmail.com ; Master Degree at Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, iuriav.ufc@gmail.com }, abstract={Sustainability is addressed through the triple bottom line concept, bringing together economic, environmental and social issues, related management actions and their impacts for better building sites. Lean concepts are incorporated into the economic side of the model, while a new concept – wellbeing – expands the social pillar. Green attributes render themselves naturally to the environmental part of the triple bottom line approach. A model to evaluate how and in what degree lean, green and wellbeing concepts are being applied in site layout managing is developed using Design Science Research (DSR) propositions. This procedure is tested in three different sites in the city of Fortaleza, in the Brazilian northeast region. Results point out that the model artifact obtained through DSR is capable of synthesizing a huge number of variables both in terms of possible management actions and in terms of their sustainability outcomes. Graphical displays help to guide how sustainability might improve over time, either evaluating individual sites against their previous records or benchmarking different building projects. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, triple bottom line, lean construction, green, wellbeing, performance evaluation. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Harstad2015, author={Harstad, Erle and Lædre, Ola and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Skhmot, Nawras }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={How Tablets Can Improve Communication in Construction Projects}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={391-401}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1192}, affiliation={M.Sc., Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 95011205, erleharstad@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no ; Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU/VeidekkeEntreprenør AS, Norway, +47 986 73 172, fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no ; Project Engineer, VeidekkeEntreprenør AS, Norway, +47 414 09 992, nawskh@blockberge.no }, abstract={Lack of adequate communication tools can cause information losses in construction projects. The most efficient way for construction personnel to manage information on sites is to retrieve information at the point where they are and at the time when they need it. This has been difficult to achieve as information management normally involves paper-based documents. However, the rapid development of mobile information and communication technologies are offering new possibilities for portability and access to information at the construction sites. This paper aims at exploring the effect tablets have on communication in construction projects, through a literature study, a document study, and an exploratory study with interviews of different key stakeholders in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry. The result of this study shows that tablets can enrich the communication between design and construction practitioners, and help reduce waste such as unnecessary transportation and rework caused by errors due to old, wrong and irrelevant drawings. However, tablets also entail initial costs of training and equipment, and is highly dependent on internet accessibility. This study can help AEC practitioners and academics to understand the strengths/challenges of using tablets as a communication tool at the construction site. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, waste, flow, tablets, communication }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2015, author={Ballard, Glenn and Dilsworth, Blake and Do, Doanh and Low, Wayne and Mobley, James and Phillips, Philip and Reed, Dean and Sargent, Zach and Tillmann, Patricia and Wood, Nathan }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={How to Make Shared Risk and Reward Sustainable}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={257-266}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1193}, affiliation={Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu,+1 415-710-5531 ; Principal, KPFF Structural Engineers, Blake.Dilsworth@kpff.com ; PhD student, Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, doanhqdo@gmail.com, +1 714-622-9754 ; Principal, Degenkolb Engineering, walow@degenkolb.com ; Principal, Devenney Group, jmobley@devenneygroup.com, +1 602-343-0074 ; VP/Operations, Southland Industries, pphillips@southlandind.com, +1 510-477-3300 ; Director for Lean Construction, DPR Construction, deanr@dprinc.com, +1 650-207-3486 ; Vice President, Superior Air Handling, zach.sargent@superiorairhandling.com ; Lean Integration Specialist, Superior Air Handling, patricia.tillmann@superiorairhandling.com, +1 408-630-1320 ; BIM Integration Specialist, DPR Construction, nathanw@dpr.com, +1 650-454-5334 }, abstract={This paper is about restoring confidence in shared risk and reward. In such projects, characterized by multiparty contracts, clients bear the risk of costs exceeding budgets and the project’s design professionals and constructors risk doing the work for no profits. A small chance of either occurring might dissuade the parties from embracing shared risk and reward contracts. In a recent study by the authors, of four shared risk and reward projects, one exceeded budget. The client paid 6.4% more than expected and the risk pool members made no profit. Adding other shared risk and reward projects on which the authors companies have worked, the failure rate was 15%. Compared to traditional practice, clients may have received value for money even on these failed projects and so want to continue shared risk and reward, but may be unable to attract more experienced companies in the face of this probability of profit failure. The objective of this paper is to identify the factors that contributed to the failures and to propose counter measures to prevent reoccurrence. Failure to follow target value design principles is found to be a primary contributor to cost overruns on shared risk and reward projects. }, author_keywords={Countermeasures, integrated project delivery, shared risk and reward, sustainability, target value design }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Antunes2015, author={Antunes, Ricardo and González, Vicente A. and Walsh, Kenneth }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Identification of Repetitive Processes at Steady- and Unsteadystate: Transfer Function}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={793-802}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1194}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Auckland, New Zealand, rsan640@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; Dean, SDSU-Georgia, San Diego State University, Tbilisi, Georgia, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={Projects are finite terminating endeavors with distinctive outcomes, usually, occurring under transient conditions. Nevertheless, most estimation, planning, and scheduling approaches overlook the dynamics of project-based systems in construction. These approaches underestimate the influence of process repetitiveness, the variation of learning curves and the conservation of processes’ properties. So far, estimation and modeling approaches have enabled a comprehensive understanding of repetitive processes in projects at steady-state. However, there has been little research to understand and develop an integrated and explicit representation of the dynamics of these processes in either transient, steady or unsteady conditions. This study evaluates the transfer function in its capability of simultaneously identifying and representing the production behavior of repetitive processes in different state conditions. The sample data for this research comes from the construction of an offshore oil well and describes the performance of a particular process by considering the inputs necessary to produce the outputs. The result is a concise mathematical model that satisfactorily reproduces the process’ behavior. Identifying suitable modeling methods, which accurately represent the dynamic conditions of production in repetitive processes, may provide more robust means to plan and control construction projects based on a mathematically driven production theory. }, author_keywords={Production, process, system identification, transfer function, system model, theory; }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Opsahl2015, author={Opsahl, Hanne and Torp, Olav and Lædre, Ola and Andersen, Bjørn and Olsson, Nils }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Implementation Strategies in Large Infrastructure Projects}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={319-328}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1195}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU ; Assoc. Prof., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU ; Assoc. Prof., dr. Eng., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU ; Prof., dr. Eng., Department of Production and Quality Engineering, NTNU ; Prof., dr. Eng., Department of Production and Quality Engineering, NTNU }, abstract={Clients want to improve the innovation and efficiency in infrastructure projects, and thereby reduce time and money spent on construction and maintenance. The purpose of this paper is to present and compare experiences with new implementation strategies in infrastructure projects, and to identify how the different strategies contribute to innovation and efficiency. As the complexity of infrastructure projects are increasing along with their magnitude, there is a need to gather international and national experiences with untraditional implementation strategies. This will result in a recommendation to which strategies that best fit a complex, large-scale project. The results are based on a literature review and case studies, hereunder document studies and interviews with key personnel from the cases. Investigated implementation strategies and types of contract involve use of competitive dialogue, public private partnership-arrangements, design and build with maintenance responsibility and partnering. Strengths and weaknesses of the investigated implementation strategies have been charted based on experiences from large-scale projects. The paper concludes that the investigated strategies fall short of providing the desired focus on innovation. }, author_keywords={Implementation strategies, complexity, waste, infrastructure, value }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mourgues2015, author={Mourgues, Claudio and Norero, Hugo }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Improvement Opportunity in the Design Process of a Social Housing Developer}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={558-565}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1196}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Dept., Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile, +56-2-2354-4245, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl ; OVAL, Construction and Development Company, Chile, hugonorero@gmail.com }, abstract={The design process in social housing projects includes several inefficiencies that impact not only the design itself but the whole project results. Part of the problem is that the design includes several non-value adding activities such as waits, design modifications, and rework. Preliminary data from a case study in this research shows that deliverable control; work team coordination, communication and integration; personnel workload; and work planning and allocation are the main drivers of a good design in these projects. On the other hand, existing literature suggests the use of lean philosophy to improve the design but there is no evidence of how lean could be used in the context of social housing design. Therefore, this research assesses the most relevant drivers from the identified list for a case study and proposes and tests the use of Last Planner System and Collaborative Design to address these drivers to support social housing design. The article describes the case study context and discusses the results from the interviews and surveys used to identify the main drivers for a good design. The article also proposes a lean design process and the validation methodology which is still to be implemented. }, author_keywords={Social housing, lean design, last planner system, collaborative design }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khan2015, author={Khan, Sheriz and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Improving Design Workflow With the Last Planner System:Two Action Research Studies}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={568-574}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1197}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Studios, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, England, United Kingdom. Telephone +1 (321) 674-0309, sherizkhan@yahoo.com ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Studios, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, England , United Kingdom. Fax: (+44) 01484 472440, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Variability in workflow during the design stage of building projects has been widely acknowledged as a problem related to poor planning and control of design tasks and has been identified as a major cause of delay in building projects. The Last Planner system (LPS) of production planning and control helps to create predictable and reliable workflow by enabling the management of the range of relationships, interfaces and deliverables involved in a project. This paper presents results of implementing LPS in design to minimize variability in workflow within BIM-based building design projects. Action research was used to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of LPS weekly work planning (WWP) to improve workflow during the design development phase of two building design projects. The research was carried out with the collaboration between design practitioners at two building design firms in Florida and the researchers as facilitators. Overall PPC (Percent Plan Complete) measurements suggest that design workflow improved in both projects after WWP was implemented. However, efforts to use BIM in a lean way in the two projects (discussed in detail in an IGLC22 conference paper by the authors of this paper) were believed to be partly responsible for the improvement in design workflow. }, author_keywords={Design workflow variability, LPS, BIM }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frandson2015, author={Frandson, Adam G. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Improving Integrated Planning for Offshore O&M Projects With Last Planner® Principles}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={173-182}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1198}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, Afrandson@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director of the Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA,, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The operation and maintenance of offshore energy projects requires careful planning across multiple time horizons, business units, and companies. Integrated Planning and Logistics (IPL) is a system used to help meet this requirement. This research compares an IPL system in use, as well as existing literature, with a mature planning artifact in construction, namely the Last Planner® System (LPS). The research hypothesis was that implementing Last Planner principles could improve IPL system performance. Despite the challenging environmental conditions inherent to offshore work, data from 30 projects revealed that over 90% of not successfully completed activities failed due to causes related to ineffective planning. Research findings indicate that it would be beneficial to include Last Planner® principles in IPL systems. This paper concludes by presenting a hypothesis to test during further deployment of IPL systems on current or new projects. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, Production management, Operation Planning, Integrated Planning and Logistics }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daou2015, author={Daou, Emile and Gharzouzi, Paul and Sreih, Edwin and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Instantask: Designing a Visual Application for Enabling Agile Planning Response}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={23-32}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1199}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, ebd01@mail.aub.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, pgg00@mail.aub.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, ers08@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 406E Bechtel, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={In modern construction projects, reliable planning is of paramount importance. However, despite good planning practices, new tasks not mentioned on the lookahead schedule frequently appear during the week of execution. These new tasks are an added burden to the work plan and will ultimately impact construction workflow. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of “Instantask”, as a mobile application addressing this problem. “Instantask” attempts to facilitate an agile response to these unplanned tasks by making them visible to its users as soon as they are noticed and recorded. The users represent all concerned project participants: managers, site engineers, foremen, and tradesmen. The proposed application aims at enhancing fast, clear, and effective coordination between users to mobilize the action plan needed to address these new tasks on site. Additionally, the application will track and document the emergence of these tasks to improve future planning activities. The paper presents a prototype user interface of the application. The benefits of using “Instantask” are tested by conducting a social network analysis comparison via SocNetV. The paper highlights that firms already adopting lean construction practices or those companies in the beginning stages of implementing them would greatly benefit from this application. }, author_keywords={Instantask, visual management, new/emergent tasks, lookahead, Last Planner System }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ponz-Tienda2015, author={Ponz-Tienda, José L. and Pellicer, Eugenio and Alarcón3, Luis F. and Rojas-Quintero, Juan S. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Integrating Task Fragmentation and Earned Value Method Into the Last Planner System Using Spreadsheets}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={63-71}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1200}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Dep. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Director of Construction Engineering and Management, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, (57-1) 3324312, jl.ponz@uniandes.edu.co ; Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain, (34) 963879562, pellicer@upv.es ; Professor, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Santiago, Chile, (56-2) 2354 4201, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Instructor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, (57-1) 3324312, js.rojas128@uniandes.edu.co }, abstract={Construction schedulers make use of several tools as project management software of general purpose and spreadsheets for applying the Last Planner System of Production Control. This widespread practice has the disadvantage of working with questionable algorithms and models difficult to adapt to the construction industry, besides having to work with disconnected and complex information to manage data. In this paper a new layout and computation of multidimensional non-cyclic directed graphs based on its adjacency matrices is presented. All the precedence relationships are considered, in addition to the optimal and discretionary fragmentation of task in real conditions with work and feeding restrictions. This approach has been implemented with Visual Basic for Excel. A new approach for the representation and computation of projects for the Last Planner System of Production Control is presented. This approach is integrated with the management of the Earned Value and ad-hoc complex optimization. LPSTM, CPM, EVM and PPC are found to be complementary, and the Zaderenko´s algorithm modified and implemented in Excel can be used to integrate them. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Last Planner System, Construction Scheduling with spreadsheets. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2015, author={Seppänen, Olli and Modrich, Ralf-Uwe and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Integration of Last Planner System and Location-Based Management System}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={123-132}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1201}, affiliation={Professor of Practice, Civil and Structural. Engrg. Dept., Aalto University School of Engineering, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Director of Process Integration, Webcor Builders, San Francisco, CA, rmodrich@webcor.com ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) and Location-Based Management System (LBMS) are both lean planning and controlling tools. A combination of these systems would bring much greater benefits than stand-alone implementations. However, previous research attempting to combine these methods has not been on sufficient level of detail for actual implementation. The goal of this research is to develop a combined workflow for master planning, phase planning, look-ahead planning and weekly planning. The workflow is demonstrated through the use of a simple example from a case study project. Master scheduling clearly belongs to the domain of LBMS; time and weekly planning is clearly within the domain of LPS. Phase scheduling can include components from both systems but integration is straightforward. The biggest opportunities for improvement exist in progress tracking, forecasting, control action and look-ahead planning phase where LBMS and LPS both have important independent contributions and their combination is not trivial. The paper attempts to better define the inputs and outputs of each system in each phase to come up with a unified solution. A case study example will help practitioners implement the combined method. }, author_keywords={Last planner system, Location-based management, production planning, production control }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dave2015, author={Dave, Bhargav and Kubler, Sylvain and Pikas, Ergo and Holmström, Jan and Singh, Vishal and Främling, Kary and Koskela, Lauri and Peltokorp, Antti }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Intelligent Products: Shifting the Production Control Logic in Construction (With Lean and BIM)}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={341-350}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1202}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, Civil and Structural Engineering Dept, Aalto University, Finland,+358 50 4364717,bhargav.dave@aalto.fi ; PostDoc, Researcher, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland ; Ph.D Candidate, Civil and Structural Engineering Dept., Aalto University, Finland,Ergo.Pikas@aalto.fi ; Professor, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland,+358 50 5980451, Kary.Framling@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Structural Engineering, Aalto University, Finland,vishal.singh@aalto.fi ; Professor, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland,+358 50 5980451, Kary.Framling@aalto.fi ; Professor, Civil and Structural Engineering, Aalto University, Finland,lauri.koskela@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Structural Engineering, Aalto University, Finland. }, abstract={Production management and control in construction has not been addressed/updated ever since the introduction of Critical Path Method and the Last Planner® system. The predominant outside-in control logic and a fragmented and deep supply chain in construction significantly affect the efficiency over a lifecycle. In a construction project, a large number of organisations interact with the product throughout the process, requiring a significant amount of information handling and synchronisation between these organisations. However, due to the deep supply chains and problems with lack of information integration, the information flow down across the lifecycle poses a significant challenge. This research proposes a product centric system, where the control logic of the production process is embedded within the individual components from the design phase. The solution is enabled by a number of technologies and tools such as Building Information Modelling, Internet of Things, Messaging Systems and within the conceptual process framework of Lean Construction. The vision encompasses the lifecycle of projects from design to construction and maintenance, where the products can interact with the environment and its actors through various stages supporting a variety of actions. The vision and the tools and technologies required to support it are described in this paper }, author_keywords={Building Information Modelling (BIM), intelligent products, lean construction, building lifecycle management }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{González2015, author={González, Vicente A. and Sacks, Rafael and Pavez, Ignacio and Poshdar, Mani and Alon, Lola Ben and Priven, Vitaly }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Interplay of Lean Thinking and Social Dynamics in Construction}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={681-690}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1203}, affiliation={Visiting Scholar, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; Assoc. Professor and Head, Department of Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. E-Mail: cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; PhD Candidate, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, , Cleveland, USA. E-Mail: ignacio.pavez@case.edu ; PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: mpos814@auckland.ac.nz ; MSc Student, Department of Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. E-Mail: slola@tx.technion.ac.il ; PhD Candidate, Department of Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. E-Mail: vitaliyp@technion.ac.il }, abstract={Production, commercial, technical, organizational and social aspects must be managed simultaneously for a construction project to be successfully delivered. However, most management approaches in construction are technically-oriented methodologies that largely neglect central social aspects related to people’s behaviour. Lean construction research has likewise focused more on technical and commercial aspects than on social aspects. Recent research in the domain has aroused interest in various social aspects, such as the language-action-perspective, people development, culture and transformation, and integral theory. Yet little research has been pursued to understand the interactions between lean construction thinking and the social dynamics within construction project organizations. To begin to bridge this gap, the latent synergy and feedback loops between lean construction practices and social dynamics variables such as trust, goal setting and power distance in construction are discussed in this paper. The interplay between lean construction tools and the social dynamics variables is illustrated through an example based on the Last Planner System (LPS). We argue that lean tools work better when the environment is less autocratic, the team is more integrated, and the levels of trust between project team members are higher. In this organizational environment power-distance is decreased. Lean and goal setting also seem to interact positively and motivate the team. }, author_keywords={Goal Setting, Last Planner System, Power Distance, Social Dynamics, Trust. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Christian2015, author={Christian, Digby and Bredbury, Jason and Emdanat, Samir and Haase, Frank and Rubel, Zigmund }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Is Your Project Perfect? Using Four-Phase Project Delivery Analysis to Find How Far You Are From the Ideal State}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={536-545}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1204}, affiliation={Senior Program Manager, Sutter Health – Facility and Property Services, Sacramento, California USA, chrisdig@sutterhealth.org ; Program Manager, Lean Construction, SunPower Corp., Richmond, California USA, jason.bredbury@sunpower.com ; Director of Management Services, Ghafari Associates, Dearborn, Michigan USA, semdanat@ghafari.com ; Director of Virtual Design & Construction, Suffolk Construction, San Francisco, California USA., fhaase@suffolk.com ; Co-Founder, Aditazz Inc, Brisbane, California USA, zigmund.rubel@aditazz.com }, abstract={This paper proposes a systematic approach for improving performance of any project regardless of type, location or jurisdiction. It focuses on assessing variances between the current state of an actualproject’s delivery system and the ideal state using the framework of Four-Phase Project Delivery (4PhPD). This paper focuses on the questions that need to be asked and answered to uncover the key variances. Later, once these variances are assessed, customized strategies to reduce the variance can be formulated and introduced. The success of these strategies can be tested in further variance assessment iterations. Thus, a systematic continuous improvement strategy is created. }, author_keywords={Theory, project delivery, kaizen, continuous improvement, lean construction }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lidelöw2015, author={Lidelöw, Helena and Simu, Kajsa }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Lean Construction as an Operations Strategy}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={486-495}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1205}, affiliation={Ass.Professor, Div. of Structural and Construction Engineering, Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, SWEDEN, +46 920 492860, helena.lidelow@ltu.se and Platform Manager at Lindbäcks Bygg AB, Sweden ; Adj. Lecturer, Div. of Structural and Construction Engineering, Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, SWEDEN, +46 70 5899896, kajsa.simu@ltu.se and Lean Manager at NCC Construction AB, Sweden }, abstract={All companies have an operations strategy; a pattern of decisions made in operations with the purpose to support the business strategy. Lean Construction can be seen as an operations strategy. The aim of this research is to present the generic decision categories in an operations strategy and discuss their characteristics in contrast to the Lean Construction framework. A literature study identified ten decision categories: process technology, capacity, facilities, vertical integration, human resources, organization, quality, production control, product development, and performance measurement. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with managers on the tactical level at three construction companies with a Lean implementation. The results indicate that Lean construction companies emphasize quality, production planning, and vertical integration in their operations strategy. Facilities, process technology, capacity, and organization receive less attention. Quality, production planning, and vertical integration are keywords also in Lean Construction, while it is intriguing that organization receives little attention. Facilities, process technology, and capacity are ever changing between construction projects and are candidates for decision categories that could be less relevant for formulating an operations strategy in construction. }, author_keywords={Helena Lidelöw1 and Kajsa Simu2 }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ebbs2015, author={Ebbs, Paul J. and Sexton, Paul and Greensmith, Dominic G. and Clare, Brian G. and Gibson, Vincent and Turner, Raymond }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Lean Construction Theory and Practice: An Irish Perspective}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={496-506}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1206}, affiliation={Lean Consultant, Umstot Project and Facility Solutions LLC, & The ReAlignment Group of California LLC, San Diego, United States, +1 619 322 3060, paul.ebbs@umstotsolutions.com ; Managing Director, SCEG Ltd, Skerries, Co Dublin, Ireland, +353 87 202 8150, psexton@sceg.ie ; Senior Project Manager, Intel Ireland, Leixlip, Co. Kildare, dominic.g.greensmith@intel.com ; Lecturer, Researcher and Lecturer, Construction Innovation Lab, Dublin Institute of Technology, Bolton Street, Dublin 1, Ireland, +353 87 378 9135, briangclare@gmail.com ; Lecturer, Researcher and Lecturer, Construction Innovation Lab, Dublin Institute of Technology, Bolton Street, Dublin 1, Ireland, +353 87 233 9360, vgmphil@gmail.com ; Lecturer, Researcher and Lecturer, Construction Innovation Lab, Dublin Institute of Technology, Bolton Street, Dublin 1, Ireland, +353 85 864 1832, raymondturner@eircom.net }, abstract={Ireland is emerging from a deep recession following a 75% reduction in Architectural, Engineering & Construction (AEC) output, causing reduced demand, employee redundancies, workforce emigration and company closures. This paper proposes Lean Construction (LC) as an antidote. However, LC theory is not widely taught in Irish universities and field research and case studies are very limited – sector research is 0.002% of industry research expenditure. LC is in its early stages in Ireland and is gaining momentum thanks to the Lean Construction Institute Ireland (LCII) Community of Practice (CoP). This paper looks at professionals understanding of lean and LC and compares LC theory with current practice. Research was gathered through a literature review, three surveys (n=48; n=42; n=116), three focus groups (n=22) and eight interviews (six expert) and was analysed through NVivo Computer Aided Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS). The main findings show that LC theory does not compare strongly to practice. However, lean tools in large companies (200+ employees) appear widespread. While LC is far from commonplace, practitioners are focused on “wins” and “proof” rather than the management philosophy that is LC. Future education, training and increased research will show a different perspective – practice relating more strongly to theory. }, author_keywords={Lean, lean construction, theory, Community of Practice, thematic analysis }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Munthe-Kaas2015, author={Munthe-Kaas, Thea S. and Hjelmbrekke, Hallgrim and Lohne, Jardar and Lædre, Ola }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Lean Design Versus Traditional Design Approach}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={578-588}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1207}, affiliation={M.Sc., Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 924 80 494, theasand@stud.ntnu.no ; Research scientist, Dept. of Architectural Design and Management, NTNU - Norwegian University Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 932 43 142, hallgrim.hjelmbrekke@ntnu.no ; Research scientist, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering NTNU - Norwegian University Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to determine if lean design can enhance value for the customer in the construction industry based on an examination of the design phase. Resent research from Statistics Norway shows a reduction of 9 % in the Norwegian construction industry’s productivity from 1992 to 2012. The paper also discusses if lean design can have an overall positive effect on the productivity. A case study has been carried out, comparing two projects using a qualitative approach. The projects use different methods in the design phase; lean design vs. traditional design approach. Implementing lean design can increase value for the client. Lean design might enable a productivity growth in the Norwegian construction industry similar to the growth observed until the 1990s. Similarities are found between classic project execution and projects where lean design is implemented, particularly the focus on planning and control. The originality lies in comparison of the recently implemented lean design and the classic project execution model. This permits an in-depth analysis of the novelty and effects of certain lean design features. Lean design seems to have reduced waste in the process, but the total value concept was rarely considered. }, author_keywords={Value, lean design, productivity, lean construction, waste }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salvatierra12015, author={Salvatierra1, José L. and Alarcón, Luis F. and López, Angela and Velásquez, Ximena }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Lean Diagnosis for Chilean Construction Industry: Towards More Sustainable Lean Practices and Tools}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={642-651}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1208}, affiliation={Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Chile. Av. Ecuador 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 27182818, jose.salvatierra@usach.cl ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Project Consultant, Production Management Consultants - GEPRO, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7050, alopez@gepro.cl ; Project Consultant, Production Management Consultants - GEPRO, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7050, dvelasquez@gepro.cl }, abstract={Construction companies face important challenges to implement and sustain Lean methods, and they need to periodically assess the state of their implementation efforts. This paper presents the results of a collaborative initiative from seven Chilean construction companies to diagnose the implementation state of some aspects of Lean organizations: Philosophy, Culture and Technology. The diagnosis was carried out using data from four different tools: interviews with managers, workshops with Last Planner implementers, visits to projects and planning meetings, and an organizational survey to validate previous results. Despite 90% of managers believe that Lean is central to enhancing their businesses, important barriers to sustain practices were detected such as Last Planner (LP), which was identified as a common tool among those companies. Thus, the most important aspects observed could be summarized as lack of certainty, lack of training, and very limited use of other tools; moreover, important differences were identified with regards to the level of LP implementations. The diagnosis is expected to constitute a base to generate improved company strategies to implement and sustain Lean construction practices, with emphasis in the development of people as a core of Lean organizations. }, author_keywords={Continuous improvement, Last Planner System, Lean construction, Lookahead }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heyl2015, author={Heyl, Jakob von }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Lean Simulation in Road Construction: Teaching of Basic Lean Principals}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={403-412}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1209}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Institute for Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569 Stuttgart Germany, +49 711 685 66143, jakob.vonheyl@ibl.unistuttgart.de }, abstract={Since the first adaption of lean management to the building sector, numerous principals, methods and tools have been successfully adapted, developed and implemented and the term Lean Construction has been coined. However, Lean Construction is often only partially or incorrectly applied. A basic cause is that site management and workers are not familiar with Lean Construction, therefore only reluctantly applying lean methods and tools. But successful application of Lean Construction requires a holistic and determined approach with convinced project participants. Thus a systematic approach to teach basic lean principals and tools is crucial for the acceptance and application of Lean Construction. In this paper a developed simulation game is depicted. A road construction site and its logistics are simulated. In the round based game a logistic chain and the operating grade of a finishing machine are getting optimized. First the traditional planning and execution of the site with its limitations and characteristics are simulated. Afterwards the participants discuss possible improvements. Then the site is simulated once more, this time using lean principles and an active management of bottlenecks. The gained improvements in productivity are examined by the participants and the lessons learnt are described. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, action learning, logistics, kanban, flow, collaboration. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chesworth2015, author={Chesworth, Brianna }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Misconceptions of Lean: Why Implementation Fails}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={621-630}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1210}, affiliation={Ampcontrol, Australia }, abstract={Successful implementation of lean strategies is more than an overall acceptance of ideology, tools and practices; it is about acceptance of the changing culture. Culture drives implementation through the adoption of best practice principles providing the organisations with a sense of achievability. To date research in the field has provided companies with a false sense of implementation security; promoting many social, financial and cultural benefits without the acknowledgement of the overall challenge – knowledge. Utilising the action research method this paper explores the concept of knowledge and is application in lean implementation within a leading Australian construction company. The paper highlights a need for the streamlining of lean knowledge at the core of implementation strategizing. The paper proposes that developing an awareness of knowledge in a theoretical context will assist in challenging cultural behaviours within the practical application. }, author_keywords={Implementation, lean construction, misconception, organisational culture. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Drevland2015, author={Drevland, Frode and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Nine Tenets on the Nature of Value }, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={475-485}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1211}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no ; Research Scientist, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no }, abstract={The Lean Construction (LC) community commonly agrees upon that the goal of projects is to deliver value. However, value as a concept is an ambiguous one. Not surprisingly, a commonly agreed upon definition of value has not yet been found. We find the lack of such as definition to be problematic, as it makes any high-level discussion of value challenging. Reviewing the LC literature, limited effort in regards to tackling the fundamental nature and base definition of value is found. This paper aims to provide this through presenting nine tenets on the nature of value. It starts out by providing an overview of selected definitions found to be pertinent to value in the context of construction projects, notably from within economics, marketing and those that are employed within the LC community. Thereafter, nine tenets pertinent to the concept of value and the reasoning behind them are presented. Finally, we discuss several value related concept, such as waste, in relation to the presented tenets. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Knotten2015, author={Knotten, Vegard and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lædre, Ola and Hansen, Geir K. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Organizational Power in Building Design Management}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={763-772}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1212}, affiliation={PhD Candidate/ Design Manager NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology/ Veidekke Entreprenør, Trondheim, Norway, +4791842758, Vegard.knotten@ntnu.no ; PhD candidate / Site Manager NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology / Veidekke Entreprenør, Trondheim, Norway, +4798673172, Fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no ; Assistant Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +4791189938, geir.hansen@ntnu.no ; Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +4795135520, ola.laedre@ntnu.no }, abstract={In every new building project, there usually is a new organization assembled that needs to function as a team. The organization will vary through the project. This paper analyses the organizational sources of power in the design phase, using 14 main sources of power in organizations as described by Morgan (2006). The methodical approach of this paper is a single case study, with interviews of participants in the building design phase who describe their experience with the sources of power in building design. The aim of this pilot study is to learn more about how the sources of power appear in the building design process. Much has been written about how power works in static organizations but less in the context of building design teams and how this affects the design process. This paper contributes with new empirical research. The key finding is that the sources can be regarded as strength, a challenge or a threat to the design process. This knowledge can be used for the design manager to set up a design process. To enhance the sources that strengthen and to diminish the sources that threaten the process, a more efficient design process can be achieved, increasing value and reducing waste. }, author_keywords={Design management, organizational power, value, process, last planner }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Li2015, author={Li, Shuquan and Wu, Xiuyu and Hu, Shaopei and Hu, Benzhe }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Performance Evaluation of Lean Construction Projects Based on Balanced Scorecard}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={753-762}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1213}, affiliation={Professor, Director of the Management Science and Engineering Department, Tianjin Univ of Finance and Economics, Tianjin,China,+86-13012205754, lsq@tjufe.edu.cn ; PhD, Department of Management Science and Engineering, Tianjin Univ of Finance and Economics, Tianjin,China,+86-15620615009, xywu2014@126.com ; PhD, Department of Business Administration, Tianjin Univ of Finance and Economics, Tianjin,China,+86-15620506961, hsptjufe@126.com ; Master student, Department of Management Science and Engineering, Tianjin Univ of Finance and Economics, Tianjin,China,+86-13821938306, yrds2014@126.com }, abstract={The development of lean construction theory and tools promote their applications in various countries. Scholars have used case analysis and empirical research to prove the function of lean construction in waste-reduction and value-added. However, performance evaluation of lean construction project still does not have a standard or systematic measurement, and this results in less recognition of its value and more barriers of its applications in many countries. Therefore, the aim of this study is to build an effective scale for its performance evaluation and measure the success of implementing lean construction in different kinds of projects. This paper used balanced scorecard approach (not only financially and nonfinancially, but also on long-term and short-term account) to evaluate the performance of 300 construction projects which had adopted lean construction theory in China. It established evaluation index system from five dimensions and determined the weight of indicator of index system by factor analysis. Furthermore, we calculated the score of these individual projects, the results showed that index system was effective, and most of the projects with higher scores were municipal projects, constructed by state-owned enterprises or large private enterprises, which reflects good foundation of collaboration. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, value, performance evaluation, balanced scorecard, collaboration. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jazzar2015, author={Jazzar, Mahmoud S. El and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Post Measuring the Last Planner Metrics in Shelter Rehabiliation Projects}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={783-792}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1214}, affiliation={Masters Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, America University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020,Lebanon ,mse24@aub.edu.lb ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American Universityof Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020,Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) implementation showed great results in improving workflow for construction projects. In order to apply LPS, companies must collect key metrics on site; such data include Percent Plan Complete (PPC) for tasks done on site. In this study, ten shelters from “Self-help” rehabilitation project were monitored. To identify workflow issues and highlight causes of delay PPC was measured for the duration of the project. This study is a personal effort to assess the reliability of workflow in the light of the fact that contractors do not apply the LPS. The results showed that “Self-Help” delivery method promoted lean behaviour in families who were engaged in the rehabilitation process. They tackled constrains, expedited the work and organized construction activities in sound manner; thus, achieving high PPC. However, families who did not engage in rehabilitation process failed to finish their shelters on time, and achieved a low PPC. Reasons for incomplete weekly tasks were recorded and analysed. The main goal of this on-going research is to improve workflow of UN projects, highlight causes of delays, and add value to refugees by removing impediments to construction workflow so that projects can be finished sooner and at a lower cost. }, author_keywords={United Nations, PPC, work flow, self-help, LPS, agile. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hermes2015, author={Hermes, Michael }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Prefabrication & Modularization as a Part of Lean Construction – Status Quo in Germany}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={235-245}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1215}, affiliation={Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Scientific Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, Univ. of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, +49 711 685 66665, michael.hermes@ibl.unistuttgart.de }, abstract={A possible innovative approach to unify construction processes and align it with the industrial mass production, is the integration of industrial prefabrication and modularization in construction.2 The higher the numbers of identical components, the lower are production costs, which can be a significant competitive advantage. When applying that approach a building gets assembled on site using prefabricated parts and modules are assembled. Especially the use of prefabricated components in the field of technical building equipment still has great potential. For example plumbing units can be delivered and installed on the site already fully equipped. An application in the construction industry, for example, pre-installed ceiling modules (ventilation ducts, cables, pipes, etc.) takes place in Germany but still marginal. Connecting the individual modules is often a problem, but solutions already exist using simple connections. With this innovative production strategy waste during construction process can be reduced. By the associated reduction of individual production steps on site quality can be improved, costs can be reduced and safety for the workers can be increased. The current state of implementing prefabrication and modularization in Germany will be illustrated using examples. }, author_keywords={Continuous improvement, manufacturing, customization, logistics, standardization }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nishizaki2015, author={Nishizaki, Santor S. and Seed, William R. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Project Manager or Project Leader: What It Takes to Create a High Performing }, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={287-296}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1216}, affiliation={Show Design and Production Manager, Walt Disney Imagineering, Glendale, CA, santornishizaki@gmail.com ; Executive Project Integration, Walt Disney Imagineeirng, Lake Buena Vista, FL Bill.R.Seed@Disney.com }, abstract={This case study compares two projects that achieved success with integrated lean project delivery (ILPD). The frameworks are William Seed’s new project manager theory, Bass’s transformational leadership model, and Kotter’s manager vs. leader. This study answered these RQs: 1.What are the personality traits, strengths, and leadership styles of the ILPD Project Managers? 2. Did the IPMs change their leadership style and behavior during the project lifecycle? 3. How does the behavior of the IPMs change over the life of a project? The desire for early team involvement in the design and development efforts and strong multidisciplinary collaboration demands a high performing team environment, which requires a new kind of leader. These teams delivered multi-million dollar hospital building projects under budget and ahead of schedule. Through interviewing the project managers and analyzing their StrengthFinder2.0 and DiSC Personality Assessments, this case study shows that the key to success in these particular teams was (a) team members’ understanding of communication skills, (b) a mix of leadership strengths and personality traits, and (c) technical knowledge of experienced project managers [PMs]. Limitations of the study and its findings are discussed at length. }, author_keywords={High performing team, integrated project delivery, project manager, leadership, DiSC }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2015, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Skaar, John and Thorstensen, Rein Terje }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Pull vs. Push in Construction Work Informed by Last Planner}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={103-112}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1217}, affiliation={Professor, Dr.Ing School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +4797082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Lean Manager, Skanska Norway, 0271 Oslo, Norway, Mobile +4745869178, email: john.skaar@skanska.no ; Senior lecturer, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +4790932669, e-mail: rein.t.thorstensen@uia.no. }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) is widely characterized as a pull system. In this paper the authors question if this characterization is correct. The authors argue that LPS applies a combination of pull scheduling and push control at the shop floor level. Line of balance and Takt-time Planning are also discussed. There are no findings that support that these techniques applied in combination with LPS change the authors’ main conclusion. The goal of this paper is to provide a better understanding of LPS and to contribute to the discussion of pull-push. The authors agree that pull may not always be the best option. The authors argue that choosing pull, push or a combination of the principles should be based on the production dynamic in question }, author_keywords={Pull & push, Last Planner System (LPS), Line of Balance, Location-based management systems (LBMS), Takt-time planning (TTP). }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lange2015, author={Lange, Sebastian and Schilling, Dominic }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Reasons for an Optimized Construction Logistics}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={733-742}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1218}, affiliation={Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Scientific Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, +49 711 685-66969, sebastian.lange@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de ; MSc.Student, Real Estate Engineering and Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, dominic_schilling@gmx.de }, abstract={The claim of German builders is to realize individual and complex construction projects in the shortest possible design and construction time. Thereby the target achievement depends on a systematic and structured planning of the construction site and the associated construction sequences. The construction logistics has the function to coordinate the core areas material, employees and information so that the correct material is available on a proper price, at the correct place, at the right time, in the exact quality and quantity, for the correct client (7 R’s). Through the implementation of a superior, need-based coordination of the logistics, based on the required quantities, an efficient realization of buildings is feasible. Thus, time, quality and cost targets can be achieved. Unclear is the question about the cost assumption for the site logistics. As for large-scale projects in Germany normally general contractors are assigned, they want to apportion the costs for the logistics to their subcontractors. Therefore, based on a practical example the trade-specific logistical effort is measured and characteristic values are generated. Based on these characteristic values the resulting logistical effort can be offset against the subcontractors. Through a lean logistics, also incentives for all parties are created. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, logistics, value stream, work flow. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Stevens2015, author={Stevens, Matt }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Reducing Variability of a Valuable Construction Input: Subcontractors}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={661-670}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1219}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010 Australia. +61 9035 8673, matthew.stevens@unimelb.edu.au }, abstract={Subcontractors are critical to the U.S. construction industry. They are used by general contractors (GC) to preform a majority of work. Subcontractors safely install components specified, in the time needed, and at a competitive cost. It appears that some misalignment of Lean Construction (LC) methodologies and realities of managing subcontractors. More research is needed to address this largest input in most projects. Currently, LC suffers from low adoption. Looking ahead to the next 3 years, all contractors plan adoption at the same low rate. This paper will review an action research project and its outcomes which involved a GC and its subcontractors over three years of projects. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, LC, production, productivity, variability, subcontractor, PDCA }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kenley2015, author={Kenley, Russell and Harfield, Toby }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Removing Hidden Waiting Time in Critical Path Schedules: A Location-Based Approach to Avoiding Waste}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={203-210}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1220}, affiliation={Professor, Management, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218 Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia, Phone +61 (03) 9214 8000, kenley@swin.edu.au Visiting Professor, Construction, Unitec Institute of Technology, 139 Carrington Road, Mount Albert, Auckland 1025, New Zealand. ; Dr, Research Associate, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218 Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia, Phone +61 (03) 9214 8000, tharfield@swin.edu.au }, abstract={Production waste from non-productive activities is a well understood concept in Lean Construction Management. Waiting-time is also a well understood form of production waste. However, waste arising from the hidden waiting-time inherent in poorly designed CPM schedules has not previously been described. Hidden waiting-time is defined and demonstrated using location-based visualisation methods for construction cycles. A construction cycle refers to a repetitive sequence of work required to erect a structure. Two case studies illustrate how such waiting time can be removed and replaced by production buffers using appropriate levels of location breakdown. What sort of waste is represented by the time reduction demonstrated in these case studies? The TFV based taxonomy of wastes includes both inefficient waste and waiting time, but combining the two to define hidden waste found in CPM schedules, requires a new category. Cycle waiting time is the waste of not planning the most efficient project structural cycle and therefore not being able to identify hidden wastes based on utilisation of location based structure. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ben-Alon2015, author={Ben-Alon, Lola and Sacks2, Rafael }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Simulating and Vizualising Emergent Production in Construction (EPIC) Using Agents and BIM}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={371-380}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1221}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Virtual Construction Lab, National Building Research Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, lola.ben.alon@gmail.com ; Assoc. Prof., Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., & Virtual Construction Lab, National Building Research Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, cvsacks@technion.ac.il }, abstract={We present an agent-based simulation model developed for studying and improving production control in construction processes. The model represents individuals' decision making, knowledge and uncertainty. Simulation methods are particularly useful for assessing the impacts of different production control methods and information flows on production on site because field experiments in building projects suffer difficulties with isolating cause and effect. Existing methods such as Discrete Event Simulation (DES) are limited to model decision-making by individuals with distinct behaviour, context and knowledge representation. Agent-Based Simulation (ABS) may offer a better solution. The simulation developed exhibits the interdependence of individual crews as they interact with each other and share resources, reflecting the influence of crew leaders’ perception of the project state on their workflow decisions. The model uniquely distinguishes between reality and perceived reality. Significantly, this allows experimentation with uncertainty as agents function within the context of what they know. Different management policies, such as the LPS, can be tested, as can the impact of different site information-flow systems. Unlike the few existing agentbased simulation models for construction, the simulation is situated in a realistic virtual environment modelled using BIM, allowing future experimental setups that can incorporate human subjects and real buildings. }, author_keywords={Agent-based modelling and simulation, building information modeling (BIM), information flow, production control, visualization. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bortolini2015, author={Bortolini, Rafaela and Shigaki, Jeferson Shin-Iti and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Site Logistics Planning and Control Using 4d Modeling: A Study in a Lean Car Factory Building Site}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={361-370}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1222}, affiliation={M.Sc.,Faculty of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-190, BR, +55 (51) 3308-3518, bortolinirafaela@gmail.com ; M.Sc. Student,Faculty of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-190, BR, +55 (51) 3308-3518, js_shigaki@yahoo.com.br ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Engineering School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-190, BR, +55 (51) 3308-3518, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={A major challenge in most construction projects is the need to coordinate a large number of logistic operations in site installation. Despite the growing use of 4D models for planning and coordinating construction activities, the traditional approach adopted for those models is simply to represent the installation sequence defined in a CPM network, which is limited only to conversion activities, whilst a lean perspective suggests that production should also be seen as a flow. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how to plan and control logistics processes in engineer-to-order prefabricated building systems with the use of 4D BIM modeling. This paper investigates the use of BIM to simulate both value-adding and non value-adding activities, such as waiting, inventory and moving materials, as well as site layout. An empirical study was developed in an industrial project for a Car Manufacturing Company that is highly advanced in the implementation of lean production. The scope of the research project includes both the simulation of logistic operations and the monitoring of those operations in the construction site. This paper discusses the benefits and limitations of using 4D BIM for planning and controlling logistics operations in construction sites. Moreover, this study highlighted the need to plan and control site logistics processes hierarchically and focus on logistics critical processes. }, author_keywords={Building information modeling (BIM), logistics, prefabrication, 4D modelling, visual management. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abbasian-Hosseini2015, author={Abbasian-Hosseini, S. Alireza and Liu, Min and Hsiang, Simon M. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Social Network Analysis for Construction Specialty Trade Interference and Work Plan Reliability}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={143-152}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1223}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; PH (919) 917-4547; email: sabbasi@ncsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; PH (919) 513-7920; email: min_liu@ncsu.edu ; Derr Professor, Industrial Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409; PH (806)742-3543 email: simon.hsiang@ttu.edu }, abstract={Managing of multiple specialty trades working on a large number of interdependent tasks in complex construction projects can be challenging. There are various types of uncertainty associated with construction processes such as prerequisite work, weather, material and labor availability. One of the key uncertainty sources which have not been gained much attention is the specialty trades’ (sub-contractors’) interference in the construction jobsite during the project. Although the importance of controlling the trades’ interference is acknowledged by the construction managers, applicable methods to visualize and analyze them numerically are limited. This paper uses social network analysis (SNA) to examine how the existing interference potential among the specialty trades is related to their work plan reliability (WPR) over the course of the project. It evaluates the consistency between the trades’ WPR and the project network characteristics. A 28-week case study involving 43 specialty trades constructing of a single level, $50 million, 14,000 square meter data center was conducted. Primary results show that there is a moderate correlation between the plan percent complete (PPC) and centrality ratio and network density. The findings of this research can help project managers in managing the probable interferences among the working specialty trades and improving their WPR }, author_keywords={Social Network Analysis, Centrality, Construction trades, Trade performance, Plan percent complete, PPC. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rios2015, author={Rios, Fernanda Cruz and Grau, David and Assainar, Rizwan and Ganapathy, Ram and Diosdado, Jose }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Stabilizing Craft Labor Workflow With Instantaneous Progress Reporting}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={43-52}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1224}, affiliation={PhD student, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S. College Ave., Tempe, AZ 85287- 0204, USA, Phone +1 (520) 328-7755; email: fcrios@asu.edu ; Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S. College Ave., Tempe, AZ 85287- 0204, USA, Phone +1 (480) 727-0665; email: david.grau@asu.edu ; M.S. student, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S. College Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287- 0204, USA; email: rassaina@asu.edu ; Senior BIM Engineer, DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85034; Phone +1 (602) 333-1865; email: ramg@dpr.com ; BIM Specialist, DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85034; Phone +1 (602) 333- 1865; email: josed@dpr.com }, abstract={Stabilizing workflow is a common goal of research in lean construction, productivity, and production control methods. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the combination of location-based work packaging and near real-time progress reporting contributes to reducing workflow variability. Some authors agree that daily monitoring allows timely actions to correct deviations from the baseline, which can increase workflow reliability. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate this statement in practice. The drywall installation in a healthcare facility served as the scenario for the test study. Drywall activities were divided into multiple tasks. Tasks were associated with locations and individually monitored. Although drywall tasks with unresolved constraints with mechanical activities did experience variations, a comprehensive analysis showed that most variations of workflow were proactively reduced. }, author_keywords={Workflow, variability, lean, project controls, productivity, real-time. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dave2015, author={Dave, Bhargav and Hämäläinen, Juho-Pekka and Kemmer, Sergio and Koskela, Lauri and Koskenvesa, Anssi }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Suggestions to Improve Lean Construction Planning}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={193-202}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1225}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, Civil and Structural Engineering Dept, Aalto University; Finland. +358 50 4364717; bhargav.dave@aalto.fi ; Technical Manager, Skanska (Finland), Helsinki, Finland. ; PhD Candidate, University of Huddersfield, UK, Sergio.Kemmer@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, Civil and Structural Engineering, Aalto University; Finland; lauri.koskela@aalto.fi ; Managing Director, Mittaviiva Oy, Finland, Anssi.Koskenvesa@mittaviiva.f }, abstract={The Last Planner System® has been one of the most popular lean construction tools that offers a solution to tackle the problems of production management on construction sites. Since its inception almost 20 years ago, construction companies across the world have implemented Last Planner with reported success. However, even as Last Planner was originally designed to address some shortcomings of the CPM method, a particular shortcoming – namely task continuity was not addressed directly. Also, excepting PPC and Reasons for Non Completion charts, there are no explicit visual tools offered by the Last Planner system. On the other hand, Line of Balance based approaches intrinsically support the consideration of task continuity, and offer a basic visual management approach in schedule representation. With some exceptions, Line of Balance is seen as a special technique applicable only in linear or repetitive work based schedules. The authors suggest that i) there is a need for a robust theory of planning and scheduling and ii) there is a need for a more suitable approach that addresses critical aspects of planning and scheduling function for example by integrating Line of Balance and Last Planner to provide a more robust support for construction scheduling. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Last Planner®, Line of Balance }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2015, author={Gomez, Christy P. and Raut, Ashwin and Raji, Abdulazeez U. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Generating Value at Preconstruction: Minding the Gap in Lean Architectural Practice}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={846-855}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1226}, affiliation={Assoc. Professor, Department of Construction Management, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia. 86400, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia, Phone +60125377247, cpgomez@uthm.edu.my ; Assoc. Professor, Department of Construction Management, PhD Student, Department of Technology Management, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, gp140048@siswa.uthm.edu.my ; PhD Student, Department of Technology Management, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, gp140062@siswa.uthm.edu.my }, abstract={Thermal comfort is one of the aspects of building performance which is primarily influenced by the building envelope, a primary concern in passive design strategies for buildings. A pilot study towards green value generation is being undertaken as a form of lean architectural practice using a design science approach along with the traditional production science mode. The role of the architectural technologist currently is not conceived within the value chain of the architectural practice in Malaysia. This paper focuses on the aspect of developing a sustainable hybrid wall material aimed at increasing the indoor air comfort levels in low-cost terrace housing (LCTH) in Malaysia, particularly in terms of thermal comfort. The concept of green is conceived within the enviropreneurial value chain leading to a reduction of cost - a primary concern of LCTH. The analytical device of “competency” is used to realize enhanced value generation for sustainability attainment, viewed as an expanded notion of production within building design. This situated practice of the researcher in the role of a Lean Architectural Technologist in the pilot study is conceived as being able to address the missing gap within Lean Sustainability Attainment initiatives. }, author_keywords={Thermal comfort, learn architectural practice, building envelope, value generation. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Miron2015, author={Miron, Luciana I. Gomes and Kaushik, Amit and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Target Value Design: The Challenge of Value Generation}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={815-825}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1227}, affiliation={Adjunct Professor, Architecture. Dept., Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Visiting Researcher at University of Huddersfield, UK (CNPq - Science Without Borders Program, Brazil), luciana.miron@ufrgs.br ; KTP Associate, PhD Student, University of Salford, UK, a.k.kaushik@salford.ac.uk ; Professor of Construction and Project Management, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Target Value Design (TVD) is a management approach that aims to maximize value in the framework of a pre-established cost target. TVD views AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) as a complex system and transforms the current design practice upside down. In spite of the existing studies, applying TVD in the context of AEC still represents a major challenge. Creating a structure that enables and measures value generation to the client is part of this challenge. However, despite the contributions already made by TVD, the results and implications related to value generation remain poorly documented. To throw light on value generation in the TVD context, it is useful to understand how the TVD and lean construction literature considers the concept of value. Thus, this study uses a literature review to understand the TVD background, as well as the main contributions made by studies carried out using this approach. The TFV (Transformation, Flow, Value) theory is considered as a baseline to understand the value generation. This paper reports a study that seeks to contribute to the challenge of adjusting the method of TVD to make value generation more explicit. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design, target-cost, value, TFV theory, principles of value generation }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nofera2015, author={Nofera, Wenda and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Lahouti, Ali }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Teaching Lean Construction for University Student(S)}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={424-433}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1228}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA., noferawe@msu.edu ; Ph.D. Candidate, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA., noferawe@msu.edu ; Ph.D. Candidate, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA., noferawe@msu.edu }, abstract={Lean construction has been considered as one of the key skills/attributes of construction management professionals. Lean educators have devised various teaching approaches and methods designed for different targeted audiences. This paper describes the Lean construction teaching approach for university graduate students. The description includes the course goal and objectives, content, and teaching-learning methods. One of the key features of the course that differentiate it from other literature in lean teaching is that it employs action learning in which the student learn how to solve a construction process problem and re-evaluate solutions they proposed. The authors of the paper consist of the instructor and previous students of the course; therefore both aspects of teaching and learning can be explored. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, action learning, process, teaching-learning methods }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Deschamps2015, author={Deschamps, Ramon Roberto and Esteves, Rafael Reis and Rossetto, Rodrigo and Tomazi, Luiz Filipe and Silva, Glauco Garcia Martins Pereira Da }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={The Impact of Variability in Workflow}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={826-835}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1229}, affiliation={Project Planner, Engineer Department, RDO Empreendimentos, 120 Koesa street, São José, Brazil, Phone +55 (48) 9944-3333, ramon@rdo.com.br ; Member of Study Group in Lean (Glean) of Production Engineer Department in UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil, +55 (48) 3721-7055 , rafa.esteves19@gmail.com ; Member of Study Group in Lean (Glean) of Production Engineer Department in UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil, +55 (48) 3721-7055, rodrigorosseto.8@gmail.com ; Member of Study Group in Lean (Glean) of Production Engineer Department in UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil, +55 (48) 3721-7055, filipetomazi@gmail.com ; Professor of Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Coordinator of Simulation and Production Systems Lab, UFSC, Brazil, +55 (48) 3721-7055 glauco.silva@ufsc.br }, abstract={Singularity, lack of predictability, turnover, making do, these are only a few factors that compose the process-variability in the construction industry. The knowledge of stability in activities workflow is fundamental to allow a construction company to have accurate planning. This paper evidences the impact of variability into the construction planning by using Monte Carlo simulation. It was developed the Line of Balance (LOB) of a project and generated ten thousand lead times based on the probability distribution measured on gemba for these activities. According to the simulation, the variability has a high impact on projects process time. Moreover, the delays occurred in all ten thousand events of simulation and the average delay was 12 days. In addition, the average idle time observed was 10 days and it occurred because of process-time and flow variability. According to the study, the model proves the negative impact of variability in workflow and a model to calculate LOB buffers should be developed with the intend of presenting less chance of breaks in the flow and projects delay. So, researches concerning about how to dimension theses buffers should be conducted. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, variability, Line of Balance, buffers, Takt Time Planning (TTP). }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fernandes2015, author={Fernandes, Nádia B. L. S. and Saggin, Angela B. and Valente, Caroline P. and Brito, Felipe L. and Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. A. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={The Standardized Work Tool Applied to the Waterproofing Process With Acrylic Membrane}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={133-142}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1230}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 98868-8094, nadiabragasaraiva@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Lean and Green Coordinator, C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99903-0880, angela@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, M.Sc. candidate, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Porto Alegre, Brazil, +55 85 98816-3444, car olinevalente@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Technical Manager, C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 3455- 8000, felipe@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Director, C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 3455- 8000, alexandre@crolim.com.br }, abstract={The Standardized Work is a lean tool that looks for process stability and productivity gain, by defining three main elements: precise work sequence, takt-time and standard inventory. This paper’s main goal is to present the implementation of the Standardized Work tool for the waterproofing process with acrylic membrane at a construction site from a Brazilian building company to improve productivity, work conditions and precision in service’s execution. The methodology for developing this study case includes monitoring the waterproofing service, charting the collected information, analyzing data and graphics obtained, proposing a new sequence of activities and discussing it with the production and management teams. The production team supervisor has daily observed the new work routine established and the analysis has shown a 33.33% of productivity increase related to the initial stage. Furthermore, one member of the production team received a promotion, the team has better work conditions and instruments that are more adequate for the service execution, improving safety and reducing ergonomic risks to workers. Finally, the management team has improved its control and accompaniment, facilitating the knowledge management. Therefore, the company identified the implementation of Standardized Work as an original, functional, feasible and easily replicable tool to other construction services. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, standardization, production, waterproofing, productivity. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hackett2015, author={Hackett, Vince and Pasquire, Christine and Stratton, Roy and Knight, Andrew }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={The Use of First Run Studies to Develop Standard Work in Liquefied Natural Gas Plant Refurbishment}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={671-680}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1231}, affiliation={PhD Researcher, Nottingham Trent University, UK., +372 56 455 953, vince.hackett@ntu.ac.uk. ; Professor, Nottingham Trent University, UK, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Reader, Nottingham Trent University, UK, roy.stratton@ntu.ac.uk. ; Head of Construction . Nottingham Trent University, UK, andrew.knight@ntu.ac.uk. }, abstract={The refurbishment of existing Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plants is complex and potentially hazardous, so it is crucial that the workforce has the capability to undertake the work in an efficient and safe manner. One method to achieve this outcome is by the development of efficient work practices, fully utilising workforce experience and knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to describe the outcomes resulting from the development and use of a lean tool referred to as Workshop First Run informed Work Design (WFRiWD) on the ongoing refurbishment of a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant in the North West region of Australia. The paper identifies gaps in knowledge, where firstly there is little evidence of the use of a WFRS phase using existing resident knowledge to continuously develop and improve good practice. Secondly it addresses criticisms of the current issues the construction industry has in managing knowledge and thirdly it addressees the lack of literature and practice on the use of shared knowledge to enhance the development of high performance teams. The tool has been developed and tested through Action Research cycles. The main result is the demonstration of how existing teams can evolve into higher performing teams using the WFRiWD tool in a collaborative knowledge sharing process. }, author_keywords={First Run Studies, Work Design, Standardization, Deming wheel. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Berroir12015, author={Berroir1, Fabrice and Harbouche2, Lahcène and Boton3, Conrad }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Top Down vs. Bottom Up Approaches Regarding the Implementation of Lean Construction Through a French Case Study}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={73-82}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1232}, affiliation={R&D Engineer, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, fabrice.berroir@list.lu ; R&D Project Manager, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, lahcène.harbouche@list.lu ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Ecole de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, conrad.boton@gmail.com }, abstract={In order to sustainably reduce wastes on construction sites, companies need to know where they should start their Lean journey and how the different Lean tools can practically be used together. Based on a two years research project in Paris involving 15 construction sites of a major French company, this paper compares a top down and a bottom up implementation approach. During the first part of the project, Lean actions were decided by top managers using company-wide indicators. The focus was put on 5S programs in order to bring stability, to introduce Lean thinking on sites and because it is traditionally described as a part of the foundation of the “Lean House”. In contrast, during the second part of the project, each use of Lean tool (5S, quality control, Last Planner System) was decided with sites crews according to local measures. Implementation methods, performances, commitment of the crews and sustainability of both approaches are discussed using case studies in order to provide practical recommendations on the use of Lean tools. Ultimately the paper shows how digital technologies can support field implementation by improving data collection and decision making. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, 5S, Last planner system, Field implementation. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leong2015, author={Leong, Michelle Sjögren and Ward, Steve and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Towards an Operational Definition of Lean Construction Onsite }, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={507-516}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1233}, affiliation={Director, 6ix Consulting Ltd., Bristol, United Kingdom, +44 7935 312214, michelle@6ixconsulting.co.uk ; Managing Director, 6ix Consulting Ltd., Bristol, United Kingdom, +44 7917 104399, steve@6ixconsulting.co.uk ; Professor, University of Huddersfield, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Huddersfield, United Kingdom, +44 (0) 1484 472892, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Through literature review and drawing from a combined professional experience of over 20 years of lean construction implementation, this paper investigates the key success factor for the automotive industry’s uptake of lean production to see what the construction industry can derive from it. The paper concludes that there exist a variety of definitions of lean, but no existing definition is yet satisfactory to describe lean construction in a rigorously testable method. This is a major obstacle to the successful deployment of lean construction especially when the industry does not have a standard benchmark of “what a lean site looks like”. It recommends a small-scale replication of the International Motor Vehicle Programme (IMVP) led International Automotive Plant Study (IAPS) in construction. This will be in aid of developing an operational definition of lean construction, in line with Deming’s understanding, in the form of a lean site assessment tool contributing to a Lean Index. A statistical study is also suggested to establish correlation between the degrees of lean application (Lean Index) and project performance. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, waste, continuous improvement, operational definition, lean construction assessment }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mandujano2015, author={Mandujano, María G. and Alarcón, Luis F. and Kunz, John and Mourgues, Claudio }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Use of Virtual Design and Construction, and Its Inefficiencies, From a Lean Thinking Perspective}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={836-845}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1234}, affiliation={Ph.D.candidate. of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 360, Correo 22, Santiago de Chile, Phone (56 2) 2354-4200, mmandujanor@uc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 360, Correo 22, Santiago de Chile, Phone (56 2) 2354-4201, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Executive Director of the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE) in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University, Phone 650-725-1546, kunz@stanford.edu ; Assistant Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Dept., Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Chile, +56-2-2354-4245, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={In recent years, the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry has broadly expanded the use of Virtual Design and Construction (VDC), particularly Building Information Modeling (BIM). However, this use is not always well planned and defined by the companies, which introduces inefficiencies in their VDC use. This research explores the literature to identify examples of waste in VDC from a Lean Construction perspective, and proposes VDC practices and Lean methods to reduce this waste. The exploratory research found examples of 8 waste types in the use of VDC: Non-value added processing, Motion (excess), Inventory (excess), Waiting Overproduction, Employee knowledge (unused), Transportation/Navigation, and Defects. }, author_keywords={VDC, BIM, Lean, Waste }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pavez2015, author={Pavez, Ignacio and Alarcón, Luis F. and Salvatierra, Jose L. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Using Appreciative Inquiry as a Strategy to Accelerate Team Building on Site}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={701-710}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1235}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA, +1 216 772-1256, ignacio.pavez@case.edu ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354-4201, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Chile. Av. Ecuador 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 27182818, jose.salvatierra@usach.cl }, abstract={Current team building models has been designed using traditional organization development practices, which has not been proven to be effective for accelerating the process of team formation. Therefore, we designed a study aimed to contrast two different strategies of team development, in order to compare their capacity to speed up the process of team building on-site. The first strategy was based on the traditional team building approach and the second was based on appreciative inquiry (AI), which is a strength-based process of organizational development and change. We used grounded theory methods to conduct a systematic comparison of 10 construction project teams, which were randomly assigned to either the strength-based team development intervention (based on AI) or to the traditional one (based on Dyer’ model of team building). Data collected from three different sources (face-to-face interviews, field notes and observations) provided strong evidence that the strengthbased process of team development is better to accelerate the process of team formation, especially at the early stages of a construction project. To consolidate the outcomes of this study, we created a strength-based model of team development (called P-ICIA), which offers some interesting insights to enrich team development research and practice. }, author_keywords={Team building, appreciative inquiry, strength-based change, trust, collaboration. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Concha2015, author={Concha, Marcelo and Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Mourgues, Claudio and Salvatierra, José Luis }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Using Organizational Modeling to Assess the Impact of Lean Construction Principles on Project Performance}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={711-721}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1236}, affiliation={M.Sc. on Civil Engineering in the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, I+D+i Consultant, Centre of Excellence in Production Management, GEPUC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7050, mconcha@gepuc.cl ; M.Sc. on Civil Engineering in the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, I+D+i Consultant, Centre of Excellence in Production Management, GEPUC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7050, mconcha@gepuc.cl ; M.Sc. on Civil Engineering in the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, I+D+i Consultant, Centre of Excellence in Production Management, GEPUC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7050, mconcha@gepuc.cl ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 27182818, jose.salvatierra@usach.cl }, abstract={This article delves the use of organization modeling to assess the impact of Lean construction concepts on project performance. The research calibrated four virtual models of construction project organizations developed using the Virtual Design Team (VDT) method and SimVision® VDT computational tool. The models were validated comparing their predictions with actual results obtained in the projects, and the assessment and approval of technical experts of the companies in the study. Then, the four models were used to evaluate the impact on project performance using alternative organizational designs, each of them inspired in Lean production concepts and principles. The results proved that VDT models can be used to evaluate the impact of the Lean concepts in projects performance, representing these notions in the organizational design and showing the benefits of implementing them. In general, the models predicted positive impact in terms of cost, time, variability and waste reduction in organizations inspired by Lean principles and concepts. These outcomes contribute to expand the uses of VDT methodology, proposing a method to include Lean principles in the organization design, and allowing companies to model Lean Project Management concepts at the planning and design phase, achieving improvements in terms of cost, schedule and variability }, author_keywords={IGLC23, organizational design, VDT, lean Construction. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bonnier2015, author={Bonnier, Knut Erik and Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Ose, Arne Olai }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Waste in Design and Engineering}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={463-472}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1237}, affiliation={M.Sc. graduate, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Univ. of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, +47 91334380 ; Professor, Dr Ing, School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, Univ. of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, +47 97082582, bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; M.Sc. graduate, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Univ. of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, +47 91179566 }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the feasibility of using waste drivers to explain waste in a design and engineering setting. Waste drivers are defined as the mechanisms that have the capacity to create waste, under certain conditions. The waste can occur in design and engineering, and as a consequence of design and engineering. Waste include, e.g. reduced build ability and usability, with increased costs, time, and quality. The distinctiveness of the engineering process has been central when attempting to identify the waste drivers. The complexity associated with waste in design and engineering may indicate that the conventional manufacturing wastes do not suffice in the context of identifying waste in design and engineering. Based on researched literature and a case study, a list of waste drivers was identified. This paper should contribute to the understanding of design and engineering processes. Thus, potentially making design and engineering processes more predictable. }, author_keywords={Waste, mechanisms, engineering, design, management. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bølviken2015, author={Bølviken, Trond and Aslesen, Sigmund and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={What Is a Good Plan?}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={93-102}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1238}, affiliation={, , and Director of Strategy, HR and HSE, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no ; Development manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no ; Professor of Construction and Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom; email l.koskela@hud.ac.uk. Also at Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University. }, abstract={The word plan is in English both a verb and a noun, reminding us that to plan is a process resulting in a product, a plan. While the Last Planner System (LPS) is primarily focused on how to plan and control production, other planning concepts are more focused on the plan contents (the plan). A more explicit approach to the characteristics of a good plan could improve LPS as a planning concept. The paper proposes such a list, based on a discussion of the plan contents highlighted by the following planning concepts: Critical Path, the Location-Based Management System, Takt Planning, Critical Chain, Agile, Task Planning and the Last Planner System. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2015, author={Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={Where Rhetoric and Lean Meet}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={527-535}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1239}, affiliation={Professor of Construction and Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield,l.koskela@hud.ac.uk. Also at Aalto University, School of Engineering, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering. }, abstract={This paper aims at an initial analysis and explanation of lean through the lens of the discipline of rhetoric. First, the ancient origin, central ideas, subsequent history and current interpretations of rhetoric are outlined. Then, the overall meeting points of rhetoric and lean are discussed. At the outset, it is contended that certain arguments that can be used as a justification in rhetoric seem fertile for understanding the difference between lean and conventional management. Then, persuasion towards compliance in production is discussed. The field of visual management is argued to have an implicit foundation in rhetoric. The existence of a common ground of values, facts and presumptions between the speaker and the audience is emphasized in rhetoric; it is contended that lean construction in many ways endeavours to create such a common ground among the project participants. Regarding deliberation, the rhetorical dimensions in the methods of A3 and Choosing by Advantages are discussed. Further, Target Value Design is identified as based, for their part, on rhetorical ideas. In conclusion, it is contended that many aspects of lean, which as such may seem odd and perhaps perip }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean production, rhetoric. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Faloughi2015, author={Faloughi, Mazen and Linnik, Meeli and Murphy, Dan and Frandson, Adam G. }, editor={Seppänen, Olli and González, Vicente A. and Arroyo, Paz }, title={WIP Design in a Construction Project Using Takt Time Planning}, journal={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={23rd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2015}, pages={163-172}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1240}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dep.t, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, mazen@berkeley.edu ; Production Engineer, The Boldt Company, The Replacement Hospital at St. Luke’s Campus Project, 555 San Jose Ave, San Francisco, CA, USA, meeli.linnik@boldt.com ; Production Manager, The Boldt Company, The Replacement Hospital at St. Luke’s Campus Project, 555 San Jose Ave, San Francisco, CA, USA, dan.murphy@boldt.com ; PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, afrandson@berkeley.edu }, abstract={Work in process (WIP) is a well understood and used metric in the management of manufacturing processes. However, this is not the case when it comes to production planning in non-repetitive construction projects. Moreover, there are different understandings of WIP depending on the management personnel using it (financial managers vs. production planners for example). The aim of this paper is to study how WIP can be defined in the context of a construction project so that it can easily be identified, visualized, and managed without having to resort to simulation models or advanced software tools. The authors present a case study where Takt time thinking is used to identify and handle different types of WIP and improve construction workflow. The challenge is to minimize both ‘work waiting on workers’ and ‘workers waiting on work’ by determining suitable work area sizes, and having an adequate work backlog. The case study shows how in some cases, areas are separated and sized so that WIP between tasks can be reduced, and in others }, author_keywords={Takt time planning, WIP, production system design. }, address={Perth, Australia }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wu2016, author={Wu, Peng and Wang, Xiangyu }, editor={ }, title={A Critical Review of the Factors Affecting the Success of Using Lean to Achieve Green Benefits}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1241}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Construction Management, Curtin University, Perth, Australia. + 61 8 9266 4723, peng.wu@curtin.edu.au ; Professor and Co-Director of Australasian Joint Research Centre for BIM, School of Built Environment, Curtin University, Australia; International Scholar, Department of Housing and Interior Design, Kyung Hee University, Korea. Xiangyu.wang@curtin.edu.au }, abstract={Due to the rising recognition of sustainable development, various industrial sectors, including the building and construction sector, are facing increasing pressures to improve their environmental performance. The lean concept has proven to be effective in reducing waste streams and increase productivity. Many studies have therefore been conducted to link waste reduction and environmental performance improvement. A comprehensive literature review is conducted to investigate the development of integrating lean to achieve green benefits. The comprehensive literature review covers all journal articles in Scopus that have “green” and “lean” in their titles. It appears that majority of the studies within the area of lean and green focus on the conceptual framework. Very limited studies focus on the implementation of lean and green to address specific problems and provide measurable benefits. It should be noted that whether or not measurable benefits can be achieved affects the degree of implementation of lean and green at the industry level. As such, it is proposed that future studies on lean and green should be conducted and measurable benefits should be clearly articulated. }, author_keywords={Lean, green, conceptual development, measurable benefits }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dallasega2016, author={Dallasega, Patrick and Marcher, Carmen and Marengo, Elisa and Rauch, Erwin and Matt, Dominik T. and Nutt, Werner }, editor={ }, title={A Decentralized and Pull-Based Control Loop for On-Demand Delivery in Eto Construction Supply Chains}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1242}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, patrick.dallasega@unibz.it ; Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research Società consortile a responsabilità limitata, Bolzano, Italy, carmen.marcher@fraunhofer.it ; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, elisa.marengo@unibz.it ; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, erwin.rauch2@unibz.it ; Full Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, dominik.matt@unibz.it Head of Institute, Fraunhofer Italia Research Società consortile a responsabilità limitata, Bolzano, Italy, dominik.matt@fraunhofer.it ; Full Professor, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, werner.nutt@unibz.it }, abstract={Engineer-to-Order (ETO) process chain types with a successive installation on-site are common in plant building and the construction industry. Usually, the core processes Engineering, Fabrication and Installation are disconnected, which creates high levels of Work in Progress (WIP) and long lead-times. Furthermore, up to date information about the construction progress, as prerequisite for an on-demand delivery of ETO-components is always difficult to obtain. Usually, to prevent a lack of material on-site, costly intermediate storages are used, which extend the delivery time. Well-known approaches in research, like the Last Planner System (LPS) or the Location Based Management System (LBMS), increase collaboration on-site and improve the reliability of construction schedules, but have a limited impact on synchronizing the supply chain to the construction progress. The approach presented in the paper describes how off-site and on-site production can be coupled, to reach short construction lead-times without wastefully intermediate storages. A first IT-prototype, based on “Industry 4.0” principles, was implemented and tested in an Italian medium-sized ETO construction supplier. }, author_keywords={Engineer-to-Order, Just-in-Time, Supply Chain Management, Control Loop, Industry 4.0 }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khan2016, author={Khan, Sheriz and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={A Framework for Evaluating an Action Research Study on Lean Design Management}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1243}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Studios, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, England, United Kingdom. Telephone +1 (321) 674-0309, sherizkhan@yahoo.com ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Studios, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, England , United Kingdom. Fax: (+44) 01484 472440, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={There is no convention for evaluating action research (AR), and the one commonly used for evaluating research in general was deemed unsuitable for evaluating a postgraduate AR study on lean design management conducted by the researchers. The purpose of this paper is to present the framework developed by the researchers for evaluating the AR study, using criteria that are different from those traditionally used to evaluate research. It is hoped that this paper will contribute to lean construction research (LC) by highlighting the importance of using AR to measure the efficacy of LC production systems in their intended context of application and by letting future LC researchers know that they can develop their own criteria for evaluating their research rather than use generic criteria that may not be suitable. }, author_keywords={Action research, LPS WWP, rigor, relevance }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emdanat2016, author={Emdanat, Samir and Linnik, Meeli and Christian, Digby }, editor={ }, title={A Framework for Integrating Takt Planning, Last Planner System and Labor Tracking}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1244}, affiliation={Director of Management Services, Ghafari Associates, Dearborn, Michigan, semdanat@ghafari.com ; Production Engineer, The Boldt Company, San Francisco, California, meeli.linnik@boldt.com ; Director of Integrated Lean Project Delivery, Sutter Health, Facility & Property Services, Sacramento, California. chrisdig@sutterhealth.org. }, abstract={This paper proposes a framework for incorporating direct field labor hours and costs into an overall production strategy centered on Takt Time Planning (TTP) and the Last Planner® System (LPS). An integrated tracking tool, vPlanner Production Tracker, has been developed to associate labor information with production activities utilizing the same database. The association of field labor hours including budgeted, estimated, and actual with production activities provides an early indicator of risk on projects. The proposed framework improves the consistency and efficiency by which the information is created and maintained so that the system can be scaled to support large projects that span multiple years. This is done to shorten the cycle time between monthly financial forecasting and field labor utilization. The goal is to improve the effectiveness of identifying and mitigating risks of field labor overruns and also the realization of savings opportunities due to improved field labor utilization. The paper outlines the improved workflow processes and presents an analysis of the data collected over several months from a pilot project. }, author_keywords={Takt Time Planning, Last Planner System, Production Planning, Labor Tracking, PDCA }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pérez2016, author={Pérez, Cristina T. and Fernandes, Luara L. A. and Costa, Dayana B. }, editor={ }, title={A Literature Review on 4d Bim for Logistics Operations and Workspace Management}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1245}, affiliation={Research Assistant of the Department of Structural and Construction Engineering Federal Univ. of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil, cristina.toca.perez@gmail.com ; BSc Student in Civil Engineering, UFBA, Brazil, luara.ferandes@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, UFBA, Brazil, +55(71) 3283-9731, dayanabcosta@ufba.br }, abstract={Planning the logistic operations and the construction site layout is extremely important to avoid waiting time, double handling, transportation wastes and workflow conflict. Therefore, workspace management can support the Lean thinking through minimization or even completely eliminating the transportation, inventory and motion tasks, which are all non-value adding activities. In fact, much has been written on ways to minimize site logistics waste but few studies have addressed the use of 4D BIM for logistic operations and transportation waste reduction on jobsites. This paper presents a literature review of mainstream studies of 4D BIM, focusing on logistic operations in order to identify study opportunities for waste minimization in workspaces and workflows. The methodology employed is based on a review of the literature published in the last 10 years, in which information was collected from the International Conference of Lean Construction (IGLC) papers and a set of mainstream computing in civil and building engineering journals. This paper aims to contribute by providing a state of art on 4D BIM for site layout planning and workspace management for this knowledge area. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling (BIM), 4D modeling, logistics and workspace. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haarr2016, author={Haarr, Kåre Johan and Drevland, Frode }, editor={ }, title={A Mandated Lean Construction Delivery System in a Rehab Project – A Case Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1246}, affiliation={MSc, Student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 924 925 22, kaarejh@stud.ntnu.no ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no }, abstract={delivery in terms of cost, quality and time. Guidelines regarding public procurement in Norway prevent a large public client of freely choosing contractors. In the project studied in this paper the Norwegian government property developer – Statsbygg – is implementing Lean Construction by mandating, in the tender competition, that the prime contractor and the designers use Lean Construction principles and a handful of selected methods – a mandated Lean Construction delivery system. This paper address the following question: What are the experiences of using this mandated Lean Construction delivery system in the construction phase with a prime contract in a rehab project? The research presented in the paper is based on a case study of the construction phase of a 470 Million NOK (57 million USD) rehab project of a listed university building with (a) in-depth semi-structured interviews of eight professional key figures from the client, designer group and prime contractor and (b) a document study of project documents and experience reports from the project. The findings show that the project failed Lean project delivery because of (I) the actors absent understanding of Lean Construction principles and ideal, (II) the lack of real collaboration, (III) the production system was not aligned properly between client and contractor and (IV) the building’s amount of unforeseen risks. The research highlights the importance of project actors’ understanding the mechanism behind Lean Construction and the foundation of a real collaboration to reap the benefits. Whether or not Lean Construction is suitable for a rehab project is difficult to conclude based on this research. Further research is needed, where the project’s actors are more familiar with Lean Construction. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Contract Strategy, Public Client, Lean Project Delivery, Production System Management }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2016, author={Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={A New Model for Construction Material Logistics: From Local Optimization of Logistics Towards Global Optimization of on-Site Production System}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1247}, affiliation={Professor of Practice, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering; Rakentajanaukio 4 A, P.O.Box 12100, 00076 Aalto, Finland +358 50 368 0412, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering; Rakentajanaukio 4 A, P.O.Box 12100, 00076 Aalto, Finland }, abstract={Research on construction on-site material logistics has mainly concentrated on how to best deliver materials on site or how to store the materials in constrained space. Less research has been done on the impact of logistics on labor productivity. The purpose of this research was to review empirical results related to logistics and labor productivity reported in literature as well as previous research on construction material logistics to come up with requirements of a new lean model for material logistics. Current research on construction logistics was found to focus on part of the problem and to offer partial solutions rather than globally optimize the production system. Indirect costs of logistics causing interference to other tasks or waste due to material transportation have not been extensively discussed but several empirical results can be potentially explained by logistics even though the research was not about logistics. The paper proposes a new model for construction material logistics and hypotheses to be evaluated in future empirical research or simulation studies. The paper is valuable for academics with research interests in construction logistics or productivity areas and for practitioners seeking productivity improvements. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, logistics, inventory control, productivity }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alsaggaf2016, author={Alsaggaf, Ahmed and Parrish, Kristen }, editor={ }, title={A Proposed Lean Project Delivery Process for Preservation Projects in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1248}, affiliation={Masters Student, Construction Management Program, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, E-mail:asalsagg@asu.edu ; Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287-3005. E-mail: kristen.parrish@asu.edu }, abstract={Preserving sites with historical significance, especially those with international recognition, helps protect the world’s heritage. The historic centre of Jeddah City in Saudi Arabia encompasses a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage site that contains about 400 historic buildings, many of which are in poor condition. Since the UNESCO recognition, attention towards the area increased significantly. Owners of historic properties in the World Heritage site area have shown interest in preservation, though the local market struggles to deliver preservation projects. This paper presents a proposed lean project delivery process for maintaining and preserving historic buildings in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. This process allows the local market to deliver value to the owner and permitting agency, as it makes their expectations explicit. The paper presents a process map illustrating the proposed lean process for preserving historical buildings in Jeddah City. It leverages planning tools and the local legislature’s statutes and standards. This paper presents an implementation of the statues to help move the market toward routine implementation of the Supreme Commission for Tourism and Antiquities (SCTA) standards. Finally, the paper discusses challenges associated with implementing this process in Jeddah City. }, author_keywords={Process mapping, historic preservation, Lean project delivery process }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mejía-Plata2016, author={Mejía-Plata, Camilo and Guevara-Ramirez, Juan S. and Moncaleano-Novoa, Daniel F. and Londoño-Acevedo, María C. and Rojas-Quintero, Juan S. and Ponz-Tienda, Jose L. }, editor={ }, title={A Route Map for Implementing Last Planner® System in Bogotá, Colombia}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1249}, affiliation={Graduate student, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, camilomejiaplata@hotmail.com ; Graduate student, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, juanguevarar@gmail.com ; Graduate student, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, dfmoncaleano@gmail.com ; Research assistant. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, mc.londono1449@uniandes.edu.co ; Instructor. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, js.rojas128@uniandes.edu.co ; Assistant Professor. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Director of Construction Engineering and Management. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, jl.ponz@uniandes.edu.co }, abstract={In recent years, Lean Construction (LC) has come to be known among the construction industry in Colombia for its proven waste reduction potential, ability to increase value and improvement of project performance overall. The Last Planner® System (LPS) is one of the most valued and commonly used LC methodology in Colombia, however, there is not enough clarity about how it works or how to properly apply it. To this extent, this qualitative research proposes a route map for implementing LPS in Bogotá, based on a review of its current application, in order to guide companies toward a proper use of it. The assessment was carried out throughout a benchmarking process known as The Reading Model in which four of the eighteen competing companies that use LPS, were evaluated in terms of their commitment and scope in each aspect of the three main LC pillars: culture, philosophy and technology. The aim of the research is to identify possible improvements for the LPS implementation and to adapt the True North route map to the assessed context. Despite the fact that only four companies participated, it was found that all of them face similar barriers related to contractors’ engagement, reluctance to change and lack of training. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Lean Construction, Culture, Production Planning, Benchmarking. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2016, author={Kim, Taehoon and Kim, Yong-Woo }, editor={ }, title={Activity-Based Costing for Process Improvements}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1250}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, Chosun Univ., Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea. +82-62-230-7145, thoonkim@chosun.ac.kr ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, College of Built Environments, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States (corresponding author), yongkim@u.washington.edu }, abstract={Current construction industry requires effective process improvement to enhance the productivity and managerial capability. However, construction projects are found to have a limited number of tools for process management on construction sites. Activity-based costing (ABC) technique can provide insightful information on areas for process improvement to minimize waste or non-value-adding activities. However, the ABC has the limitations in reflecting complicated and interactive nature of construction processes. This paper explores how ABC can be practically used for construction process improvement with the support of discrete event simulation (DES) technique. Activity hierarchy is presented as a way to allow sustainable activity cost tracking. The proposed approach can contribute to facilitating easy and practical process control on a basis of more accurate cost information }, author_keywords={Activity-based costing, discrete event simulation, process improvement. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ma2016, author={Ma, Ling and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={Agent-Based Simulation of Construction Workflows Using a Relational Data Model}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1251}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Researcher, National Building Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel, lingma@technion.ac.il ; Assoc. Prof., Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion, Haifa, Israel, cvsacks@technion.ac.il }, abstract={To what extent is uncertainty concerning process status a cause of waste in construction workflows? Work studies and action research are expensive methods for investigation of such questions concerning construction workflow control policies and their results have limited applicability. Agent-based simulation (ABS) is particularly suitable for modelling peoples’ behavior and interaction in complex settings, like in construction, and therefore represents an alternative. We present a parametric ABS system (EPIC 2.0) developed using a relational data model for modelling construction workflow; the model enables users to specify the construction subjects (subcontractor trade crews), their work methods, the amount of work, the workspaces (locations), dependencies between the works, etc. The simulation encapsulates both variability and uncertainty in the construction workflow. Variability arising from design changes, quality checks and working conditions may lead to random change in workload and performance. Uncertainty arises from the fact that agents do not have full or perfect information. The major advantages of this ABS system are its ability to run differently configured virtual projects in terms of work crews, locations and production system control policies and to test the relative impacts of various approaches to communication of process status information. Simulation results conclude information asymmetry causes erroneous task maturity judgments and inappropriate work assignments, and of course affects the construction workflow. }, author_keywords={Agent-based simulation; construction workflow; uncertainty; relational data model }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Demir2016, author={Demir, Selim Tugra and Theis, Patrick }, editor={ }, title={Agile Design Management – the Application of Scrum in the Design Phase of Construction Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1252}, affiliation={Project Partner and Head of Lean Design Management, Drees and Sommer, Untere Waldplätze 37, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, selim-tugra.demir@dreso.com ; General Manager and Partner, Drees & Sommer, Untere Waldplätze 37, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, patrick.theis@dreso.com }, abstract={Design phases of construction projects are usually planned and executed using the waterfall model. This type of planning technique is appropriate for checking the feasibility of a project, but not necessarily for managing the work. A dynamic environment requires an iterative management system based on short cycles and rapid feedback loops in order to continuously arrive at the perfect solution. This requirement has resulted in the development of Agile Design Management, which is the adaptation of the Scrum approach into the design phase of construction projects. The goal of Agile Design Management is to increase coordination, interface management, collaboration and transparency throughout all design phases. This paper is an implementation report, also covering theoretical background. Case study data of five projects – as well as images and workshop findings – will be presented and discussed. The success achieved as well as the challenges still remaining will also be examined. }, author_keywords={Agile, agile design management, Scrum, lean design, waterfall model }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emdanat2016, author={Emdanat, Samir and Azambuja, Marcelo }, editor={ }, title={Aligning Near and Long Term Planning for Lps Implementations: A Review of Existing and New Metrics}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1253}, affiliation={Director of Management Services, Ghafari Associates, LLC, 17101 Michigan Avenue, Dearborn, Michigan 48126, semdanat@ghafari.com ; Associate Professor, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois, mazambu@siue.edu }, abstract={Several metrics are used to measure the performance of Last Planner® System (LPS) implementations. Percent Planned Complete (PPC), Reasons for Variance (RV), Tasks Anticipated (TA), Tasks Made Ready (TMR) are common measures of lookahead and weekly work planning. However, research to correlate the various measures to the effectiveness of the LPS implementation and the overall reliability of work execution has been challenging and time consuming. Recent studies suggest that implementations have been inconsistent. Tracking on a regular basis has been difficult because the tools used are fragmented, and, even the definitions of the metrics themselves might be misunderstood by project teams. This paper overviews common LPS metrics definitions, introduces new metrics, and presents guidance on how the metrics can be applied. This study advances the knowledge in understanding LPS metrics and their impact on schedule performance. An integrated database driven software tool that supports the LPS implementation was used to mine, analyze, and visualize large amount of data in order to review the existing metrics and evaluate the predictive nature of the propose metrics designed to align near-term and long-term planning. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, Percent Plan Complete, Theory, Production Planning and Control }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maia2016, author={Maia, Lisyanne O. de Meneses and Saggin, Angela de B. and Albuquerque, Mônica M. P. and Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. do Amaral }, editor={ }, title={Analysing the Acceptance of Customizable Attributes: A Case Study of a Construction Company in Fortaleza, Brazil}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1254}, affiliation={Project Coordinator, C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda, Fortaleza, Brazil, lisyanne@crolim.com.br ; Lean & Green Coordinator, C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda, Fortaleza, Brazil, angela@crolim.com.br ; Partner and Owner, Interart Architecture + Interiors. Fortaleza, Brazil, interartprojetos@yahoo.com.br ; Technical Director, C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br }, abstract={Multifamily residential come in standard designs, even though each house buyer has their own social household’s structure and lifestyle. Through users’ demands, the housing industry is evolving to meet their changes, allowing them to modify specific items on the floor plans during planning phase. The main goal of this research is to investigate the personalization preferences in flexible housing, analysing the acceptance of the standard architectural project proposed by the contractor. This paper analyses a construction company from Fortaleza, Brazil, which builds high-rise residential buildings and offers the buyer the possibility to personalize its unit. The company’s customization process is based on Lean Construction principles such as reducing rework, maintaining the continuous flow within construction sites and adding value to its clients, reducing the changes of layout during and after construction. The personalization is either mass customization or a custom-made plan, which is not designed by the contractor and needs previous approval. The research is quantitative and lists customizable accommodations to investigate the extent of acceptance or rejection of each attribute for two residential projects. There were 14 attributes analysed. Eight of them were classified as well accepted (over 80% of acceptance). Nevertheless, four were considered adaptable (within 40 and 79% of acceptance) and only two were not acceptable (less than 40% of acceptance). }, author_keywords={Process, variability, customization, residential projects, program of needs. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Karakhan2016, author={Karakhan, Ali and Gambatese, John and Rajendran, Sathyanarayanan }, editor={ }, title={Application of Choosing by Advantages Decision-Making System to Select Fall-Protection Measures}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1255}, affiliation={PhD Student, School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Kearney Hall 101, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Phone (541) 908-3311, karakhaa@oregonstate.edu ; Professor, School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Kearney Hall 101, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Phone (541) 737-8913, john.gambatese@oregonstate.edu ; Associate Professor, Engineering Technologies, Safety, and Construction Dept., Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA, Phone (509) 963-1152, rajendrans@cwu.edu }, abstract={The construction industry is one of the most dangerous industries in the United States. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, one in five work-related fatalities in the U.S. occur in construction. Safety managers are frequently faced with a dilemma when making safety decisions and typically surrounded by overwhelming boundaries that affect their safety selections. Yet, literature does not provide safety practitioners with a sound decision-making system to be used during the process of specifying safety solutions that is not mainly based on subjective judgments using personal experience. Making sound safety decisions is crucial toward ensuring worker safety. This paper presents a detailed case study example of how a lean thinking concept called Choosing by Advantages (CBA) can be implemented on a construction project to make safety design decisions regarding the permanent features of a facility. In this case study, three fall-prevention measures on a one-story physical utility building on a medical facilities campus are examined. The present research builds upon previous research to extend the use of the CBA tabular method to the safety arena of the construction industry for the first time. The result indicates that CBA is a sound decision-making system that can be used by project teams to make safety decisions during early stages of design. }, author_keywords={Choosing by Advantages, decision-making, lean thinking, fall-protection, safety. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vaidyanathan2016, author={Vaidyanathan, Kalyan and Mohanbabu, S. and Sriram, P. and Rahman, Safiyur and Arunkumar, S. }, editor={ }, title={Application of Lean Principles to Managing Construction of an IT Commercial Facility – An Indian Experience}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1256}, affiliation={CEO, Nadhi Information Technologies, 22 Venkatraman Street, T. Nagar, Chennai 600017. India; Phone: +91 97910 41483; kalyanv@nadhi.in ; AGM Planning, URC Construction Pvt. Ltd., 3rd Street URC Nagar, Thindal, Veerappampalayam, Erode, 638012. India; Phone + 91 96592 33511; mohanbabu.subramanian@urcc.in ; Project Head & Incharge, Tata Realty & Infrastructure Ltd. Elphinstone Building, 2nd floor, 10 Veer Nariman Road, Fort Mumbai 400001, India; Phone + 91 98840 34676; psriram@tata.com ; Consultant, Nadhi Information Technologies; Phone + 91 98401 27629; safir@nadhi.in ; Planning Manager, CBRE India, Module 4A, A Block 10th Floor SP Infocity, No 40, MGR Salai Kandanchavadi, Perungudi, Chennai 600096. India; Phone + 91 98840 02201; s.arunkumar@cbre.co.in }, abstract={Application of lean strategies in the Indian projects is in its infancy. Initial experience has been around application of the last planner system and value stream mapping. The authors have tried to implement that and other techniques including usage of BIM drawings and LBMS to improve project execution of a 200,000 sqm commercial facility to be delivered in 24 months. Using case study and implementation report research, the authors present their experience applying various lean process in this project. Specifically, the impact of the Last Planner System™ (LPS) in the civil phase of the project helped reduce the cycle time and eliminate delays. For the MEP phase, LPS combined with location based management system was used to effectively coordinate workfront across the subcontractors. A big room was created to share information and collaborate between owner, PMC, general contractor and fifteen subcontractors. The big room helped with improving coordination, reducing communication latency, and streamlining communication among the various agencies. The experience shows that while it took a couple of months to convince all to participate in the process, they all saw value once the new methodology was adopted. The paper concludes by discussing what limits successful adoption of lean techniques like these in the Indian context and potential ways of overcoming them. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, BIM, Location Based Management System, India, Commercial Real Estate. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Murguía2016, author={Murguía, Danny and Brioso, Xavier and Pimentel, Angela }, editor={ }, title={Applying Lean Techniques to Improve Performance in the Finishing Phase of a Residential Building}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1257}, affiliation={Lecturer, MSc, Researcher at GETEC Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, +51 954 703 832, dmurguia@pucp.pe ; Professor, PhD, GETEC Research Group Chair, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, +51 16262000, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe ; Civil Engineer, Researcher at GETEC Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, +51 951 856 405, a.pimentel@pucp.pe }, abstract={In Peru, the Last Planner System (LPS) is widely implemented by contractors during structural work. However, during the finishing phase, its efficacy is reduced, as teams deal with high levels of variability, uncertainty within supply chains, and unpredictable production capacities among subcontractors. The work structuring is frequently based on a one-week takt on successive floors, and pull planning during the structural work becomes push planning during the finishing phase, as teams impel subcontractors to meet deadlines. All this implies that improved work structuring is needed to enhance the flow of operations during the finishing phase. To meet this need, we designed a case study in two stages. First, we used direct field observation of a Peruvian building project to describe the current state of the work structuring in the finishing phase. Value Stream Mapping (VSM) was used to identify the productive stream, focusing on the identification of wastes. Second, we applied some Lean techniques during the finishing phase in a large community-housing complex. Our conclusion is that assigning the tasks in sufficient detail and modeling the production units according to the project’s complexity can improve the flow of the finishing stage. The use of flowlines is also recommended. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Pull Planning, Work Structuring, Value Stream Mapping, Flowline. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neto2016, author={Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={Approach for Bim Implementation: A Vision for the Building Industry}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1258}, affiliation={Full professor at Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. Email: jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been widely studied in recent years. Most of these studies are dedicated to understanding the application of BIM to solve specific problems (e.g. clash detection and 4D simulation). Other studies are related to BIM implementation manuals to help companies with this process, considering different stakeholder perspectives (owners, contractors, subcontractors, architects, engineers and suppliers). Some previous studies concentrate on the technical and operational aspects of BIM while others focus on diagnosis of current BIM implementation worldwide. However, there is a lack of studies about strategic vision for the implementation of BIM when considering the construction industry. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify key issues related to strategic aspects of BIM in the building industry, focusing on political, procedural and technological facets, using the practical knowledge of lean implementation. }, author_keywords={BIM, Lean Construction, Strategic Planning, Strategic Alignment. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sarhan2016, author={Sarhan, Saad and Pasquire, Christine and Manu, Emmanuel and King, Andrew }, editor={ }, title={Are Tier 1 Contractors Making Their Money Out of Wasteful Procurement Arrangements?}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1259}, affiliation={PhD candidate, School of Arch, Design and Built Env, Nottingham Trent University, Burton St, NG1 4 BU, UK +44 1159 418418 Sarhan_com@hotmail.com ; Professor, School of Arch, Design and Built Env, Nottingham Trent University, Burton St, NG1 4 BU, UK +44 1159 418418, Christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Dr, School of Arch, Design and Built Env, Nottingham Trent University, Burton St, NG1 4 BU, UK +44 1159 418418 Emmanuel.manu@ntu.ac.uk ; Dr, School of Arch, Design and Built Env, Nottingham Trent University, Burton St, NG1 4 BU, UK +44 1159 418418 Andrew.king@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={The UK Government challenged construction to achieve 50% faster delivery and a 33% reduction of clients' capital costs by 2025 – prevailing business models won't meet these targets. Eliminating waste from construction design and delivery as advocated by lean ideals is therefore a necessary step towards these goals. However, waste understood simply as the improvement of current processes rather than fundamental system redesign will not be enough. Obtaining a better understanding and conceptualisation of waste in construction is therefore becoming more crucial. One aspect of this is to challenge the apparent coherence of prevailing procurement practices generated by the institutional, organisational, and commercial environments that surround the design and delivery of construction projects. This paper contributes to this by examining Tier 1 contractors and presents examples of practices that open debate on how to challenge prevailing procurement models for construction. Through literature review and interviews, the study discusses the factors influencing the ‘Principal-Agent’ relationship demonstrating how procurement arrangements often mirror institutional forces. These forces do not necessarily guarantee better value services, they are more likely to serve the interests of large industry players with the bargaining power to create new rules (North, 1994). A radically different delivery model, where the client intends to eliminate the management fees and confrontational behaviours of their Tier 1 contractors is described. }, author_keywords={Waste, procurement, business models, Tier-1 contractors, agency theory. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Oliva2016, author={Oliva, Carolina Asensio and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Ballard, Glenn and Melo, Reymard Savio de }, editor={ }, title={Assessing Suitability of Target Value Design Adoption for Real Estate Developers in Brazil}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1260}, affiliation={PhD Student, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON); Univ. of Campinas, Brazil. carol_oliva@yahoo.com.br ; Associate Professor, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON); Univ. of Campinas, Brazil. adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, 407 McLaughlin Hall, CA94720-1712, USA. gballard@berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, 407 McLaughlin Hall, CA94720-1712, USA. gballard@berkeley.edu }, abstract={Target Value Design (TVD) has shown positive results on schedule, budget and products’ delivery with higher benefits for the owner. Familiarity with basic requirements of its elements and collaborative business practices have been hallmarks of successful TVD adoptions, particularly in healthcare. However, there has been little discussion about the TVD suitability for the real estate market so far, particularly when the project is driven by developers as opposed to users. Furthermore, the Brazilian real estate context poses some characteristics that could challenge the adoption of the TVD benchmark successfully. Therefore, the research puts forward the proposition that the adoption of the current TVD benchmark for developing products for sale in the Brazilian real estate sector poses some challenges and opportunities for strengthening TVD benefits in this environment. The aim of the research is to discuss about the adoption process of the TVD elements, in order to provide benefits for real estate developers in Brazil. The authors also intend to raise new research questions to better guide its future adoption in this situation. Evidence from an exploratory case study in Brazil is used to support the claim that the benefits already gained on traditional TVD situations, i.e. where clients build for their own use, seems to be insufficient alone to motivate Brazilian property developers to change from traditional practices. Initial assessment shows that, among other TVD benefits, developers acknowledge the improvements for their competitive advantages as the main one, as real estate companies are facing fierce competition currently in Brazil. The findings generate initial discussion about the suitability of the current TVD process benchmark in this context and derive directions for future research. }, author_keywords={Target value design, target costing, integrated project delivery (IPD), Real estate, Property developers }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2016, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Mathinya, Lebohang }, editor={ }, title={Assessing the Feasibility and Use of Target Value Design in South African Construction}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1261}, affiliation={Associate Professor and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3089 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: femuze@cut.ac.za ; B. Tech Graduate, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3082 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: lpmalavi@gmail.com }, abstract={Target value design (TVD) is a management practice that is undertaken to deliver customer needs within agreed performance parameters. However, the norm in construction for many years has been the compilation of costing / estimation data after design is in place. This practice is evident in South Africa construction where the vicious cycle of design-estimate-construction-rework-estimate continues unabated. Thus, the need for this research stems from efforts to optimise the value delivered to clients without escalating project cost. The phenomenological research design for the study enabled the collection of data through face-to-face interviews of twenty-four construction professionals with a structured protocol. The study shows that aspects of TVD are already in use in South Africa, though not labelled as TVD. The concepts of TVD are not unknown in practical terms in South Africa. What is missing is the full implementation of the system so that the tide of cost overrun that is synonymous with projects will be reduced. }, author_keywords={Construction, Cost, Target Value Design, South Africa }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2016, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Azari, Rahman and Angeley, Jeff }, editor={ }, title={Benchmarking in Integrated Design Process: Uw-Arcf Case Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1262}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, College of Built Environments, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States (corresponding author), yongkim@u.washington.edu ; Senior Project Manager, Capital Planning and Development, University of Washington, angeley@uw.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Texas at San Antonio, Rahman.Azari@utsa.edu }, abstract={Integrated Design (ID) process has been recognized as an integrated approach to design process and prevailed in sustainable high performance building design. Though prevailing assumption is that a more integrated design process yields better performance results, measurement of integration is a largely unexplored area of research which can help participants in the ID process assess their integrated performance. In a previous publication, the authors investigated the relationship between the level of integration in the ID process and project performances using data from 55 LEED projects in which ID was employed. In this paper, the database and the assessment framework are used as a benchmarking tool to assess the ID process of ARCF (Animal Research Care Facility) project at the University of Washington Seattle campus. We expect that the research would contribute to the domain of ID process by providing an assessment tool to be used by project owners and service providers to evaluate their ID processes. }, author_keywords={Integrated design; benchmarking; Sustainable High-Performance (SHP) building }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tezel2016, author={Tezel, Algan and Tezel, Tezel and Koskela, Lauri and Koskela, Koskela }, editor={ }, title={Benefits of Visual Management in the Transportation Sector}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1263}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, B.A.Tezel@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, B.A.Tezel@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, B.A.Tezel@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, B.A.Tezel@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={information management strategy in the lean production system, in the transportation sector in England. Lean construction and VM have recently gained momentum in England’s transportation construction supply chain with high efficiency targets. VM in construction is a scarcely researched topic, particularly outside the building construction context with its quantitative and qualitative benefits. The recorded benefits of four different visual tools/systems (visual workplace structuring or the 5S, visual performance system, visual specification/indicator and visual control) from one highways construction and one metro station upgrade project in England were presented through an action and case study research effort. The findings show that VM systems can contribute to (i) increased self-management, (ii) increased coordination, (iii) increased PPC through better promises, (iv) easier control and (v) improved site conditions in transportation projects. Although both qualitative and quantitative data were collected to triangulate the findings, the main limitation of the research is in abstracting the benefits or contributions of a particular VM tool from an overall improvement in the projects’ performance. Some future research opportunities for VM in the transportation sector were also discussed in the paper. }, author_keywords={Visual Management, benefits, lean construction, transportation sector, England }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abou-Ibrahim2016, author={Abou-Ibrahim, Hisham and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={BIM: A TFV Perspective to Manage Design Using the LOD Concept}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1264}, affiliation={PhD. Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +961 3 900695, haa131@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, + 961 1 350000 ext 3616, fax: + 61 1 744462, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={The excitement to implement BIM in organizations usually faces a quick slump as implementation challenges come to surface. Developing projects on BIM platforms significantly defers from drafting them on 2D CAD, where different types of modeling responsibilities appear. Being object oriented, practitioners need to decide on graphical and non-graphical information of model elements to suit the needs of downstream users throughout the design process; a new task absent in traditional procedures. To face this issue, the industry created the notion of Level of Development (LOD) to guide the development of model’s content. LOD identifies the specific minimum content requirements for a model element and its authorized uses at five levels of completeness. However, LOD as it currently stands is more of a descriptive index used apart from the model to ensure common understanding of BIM deliverables among stakeholders, and to guide major contractual aspects. Moreover, the current classification of LOD spectrum is influenced by the traditional approach of design management that considers the development of design from less to higher detailing levels, which is basically the transformation view of design. In this context, this paper introduces a new formulation of LOD as a metric related to design context. Nonetheless, it investigates LOD as a tripod to the Transformation, Flow, and Value (TFV) view of design. The research builds on current LOD related literature and introduces three variables to describe LOD based on actual design status. Results highlight the importance of relating LOD to design context, and defining what LOD variables are contributing to the overall LOD value. They also strengthen the role of the new LOD understanding in better navigating design under the TFV approach and enhancing the overall project value. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling, Level of Development, Transformation, Value, Flow }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haiati2016, author={Haiati, Omid and Heyl, Jakob von and Schmalz, Sarina }, editor={ }, title={BIM and Sequence Simulation in Structural Work – Development of a Procedure for Automation}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1265}, affiliation={MSc. Omid Haiati, Development Engineer, Wolff & Müller Group, Germany ; Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Scientific Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, +49 711 685-66143, jakob.vonheyl@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de ; Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Scientific Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, +49 711 685-66160, sarina.schmalz@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de }, abstract={Sequence simulations are a very useful tool to increase the visibility of workflows, to identify potential conflicts in advance, to improve the communication between different trades and to assign tasks accurately. Hence, the entire construction process can be executed in a more efficient manner – saving time and costs. Building Information Modeling (BIM) enables the linking of schedules and 3D CAD models. This is widely understood as 4D-simulation. However, in practice the process of data entry is time-consuming, making the employment of this procedure cost-prohibitive. As consequence, it has not yet been established in practice. 4D-simulation has yet to show any noticeable simplification or improvement to the planning and scheduling process. The goal of this paper is to support the development of a procedure which automates the generation of a construction schedule from the data of a standard BIM model. Firstly, a demarcation of research will be done, as there are already several research approaches in the field of 4D simulation. Secondly, a system analysis of structural work will be executed in order to identify requirements for the procedure. An important criterion is that the construction schedule can be formulated and adapted in all project phases. Building on the results of the systems analysis, a process model can be formed in which the activities of a construction schedule can be constructed as a universal and project-independent template. For each of these activities, attributes are established which exactly describe the associated components of the BIM-model specific to any particular project site. The attributes of the activities from the process model must be tested for consistency with those from the BIM model. A case example is demonstrated to validate the developed procedure. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling (BIM), 4D-simulation, Scheduling, Visual Management, LPS }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vestermo2016, author={Vestermo, Aleksander and Murvold, Vegar and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lohne, Jardar and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={BIM-Stations: What It Is and How It Can Be Used to Implement Lean Principles}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1266}, affiliation={M.Sc., Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 928 41 916, aleksave@stud.ntnu.no ; M.Sc., Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 918 13 994, vegarmu@stud.ntnu.no ; Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)/Veidekke Entreprenør AS, Norway, +47 986 73 172, fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no ; Research scientist, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={Companies are starting to use BIM and Lean processes simultaneously to create predictable workflows. Contractors are taking BIM from the office and making it an on-site tool in the production phase. This is a relatively new approach to on-site production control, and there seems to be a lack of research regarding BIM-stations on-site. This paper explores 1) what a BIM-station is and 2) how it can be used to implement lean principles. The research is based on an extensive literature review and 10 general in-depth interviews of personnel from different management levels within five contractors. According to the research carried out, a BIM-station can best be characterized as an on-site information-tool. The BIM-station is set up so the project participants can use it for an easy and constant access to an up-to-date BIM-model and drawings. Using a matrix that links BIM-station functions with lean construction principles, 12 interactions have been identified. So far, very few projects have used BIM-stations, limiting the number of easily available cases. However, the analysis is presented so that it may be used to create a better understanding for companies wanting to implement BIM-stations and/or lean. }, author_keywords={Building information modeling, BIM-station, BIM on site, Lean principles, Implementation }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Harris2016, author={Harris, Britani N. and Alves, Thais da C. L. }, editor={ }, title={Building Information Modeling: A Report From the Field}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1267}, affiliation={Senior Project Engineer, Balfour Beatty Construction, San Diego, CA, USA, briharris@balfourbeattyus.com ; Associate Professor, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={Since its inception in the early 2000s, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has evolved from an emerging innovation to an integral part of the construction industry. Though the benefits of BIM during the preconstruction and coordination phases have been thoroughly researched and documented, investigation into the present status of BIM implementation at the construction phase has remained primarily theoretical. This article aims to record the current state of field level BIM use by General Contractors in order to gain insight on how BIM is being implemented at the construction site today. The data used for analysis was collected via a nationwide survey distributed to several internationally known General Contractors. Through this research, the goal is not only to understand the ways through which field level employees are using BIM on their projects, but also to determine the underlying structures of the field implementation processes, the employees’ comfort navigating the technology, the perception of BIM’s reliability, and the impact of Lean Construction on project sites through use of the BIM. From this article’s findings, it is the authors’ hope that companies can leverage the information to stimulate training, revise inefficient BIM implementation structures, and further the integration of BIM and Lean at the field level. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modelling, Collaboration, Continuous Improvement, Value }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ravik2016, author={Ravik, Kristin Mo and Haddadi, Amin and Bjørberg, Svein and Foss, Margrethe and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={ }, title={Characteristics That Enhance Value for Users of Offices—Focus on Buildings and Stakeholders}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1268}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 7A, Trondheim 7491, Norway. ; Ph.D. candidate, NTNU, Høgskoleringen 7A, Trondheim 7491, Norway ; Professor II, NTNU / OSCAR R&D project, Multiconsult, PB Skøyen, Oslo 0213, Norway ; Senior advisor/ OSCAR R&D project, Multiconsult, PB Skøyen, Oslo 0213, Norway. ; Research scientist, dr. art., NTNU, Høgskoleringen 7A, Trondheim 7491, Norway. }, abstract={The Norwegian research project OSCAR acknowledges a clear connection between how buildings are designed and operated and which values the business that uses these areas can produce (Bjørberg et al., 2015). This paper addresses what value is for end users of office buildings and how value creation can be optimized from as early on as the predesign phase. The research is based on a literature review, a case study of an office building, and interviews with two key actors within BREEAM in Norway. The case study includes a questionnaire that had 270 respondents and 8 semi-structured, in-depth interviews. The design of office buildings has an important impact on the health and productivity of people who work in offices. The study investigates which factors seem to be of most value to end users of office buildings. There are several tools and methods within the project management field that can be used in the predesign phase in order to enhance value for users. The focus in this paper will be on user involvement and sustainability-rating assessment tools. The research addresses why users should be involved in the predesign phase and what to be aware of when involving users. }, author_keywords={Value, collaboration, sustainability, office buildings, predesign }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salvatierra2016, author={Salvatierra, José L. and Funk, Regina and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Chilean Construction Industry: Workers’ Competencies to Sustain Lean Implementations}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1269}, affiliation={Research, Development and Innovation Manager, the Production Management Centre of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile - GEPUC. Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC, 3er piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7039, jsalvatierra@gepuc.cl ; Assistant Professor, School of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 3rd,Floor, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 5936, e-mail: rfunk@uc.cl ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Lean implementations, especially Last Planner System - LPS, are facing various barriers along time losing opportunities to visualize its complete impact. The previous situation could be associated with lacking a more holistic approach; companies commonly deployed Lean tools from an operational point of view, without a clear vision of the future in complementation with strategic objectives. In a group of seven Chilean construction companies doing research in collaboration with the Production Management Centre of the Catholic University of Chile we observed these conducts. Research activities included four workshops with General Managers and Human Resources Departments, and semi structured interviews with some key positions. The present research’s results provide competencies identification and definition for four key positions: Project Manager, Building Manager, Site manager and Technical Office, which will be part of a Competencies Dictionary. This instrument will work as a foundation for a training plan’s development that companies will use as a backing of Lean tools’ sustainability over time, especially Last Planner }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pikas2016, author={Pikas, Ergo and Koskela, Lauri and Treldal, Niels and Ballard, Glenn and Liias, Roode }, editor={ }, title={ Collaboration in Design – Justification, Characteristics and Related Concepts}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1270}, affiliation={Doctoral Student, Aalto University, School of Engineering, Otakaari 4, 00076 AALTO, Finland and, +372 56 455 953, ergo.pikas@aalto.fi. ; Professor of Construction and Project Management, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk. ; Doctoral Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark, nitr@byg.dtu.dk. ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory at the Univ. of California, Berkeley. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu. ; Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia. roode.liias@ttu.ee. }, abstract={The purpose of this article is to understand the academic landscape on collaboration in design, its characteristics and related concepts for promoting collaboration within in the project based production systems. We aim to answer to the following three questions: How to define collaboration in design and why individuals need to collaborate during design? What characterizes effective collaboration in design? Which concepts support the development of collaboration in design? For shedding light on this subject, a literature review is conducted and applicability to Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry and project delivery are discussed. In this study, it was found that collaboration is a complex phenomenon, which explains the diversity of views and many complimentary concepts in organizational and design literature. Collaboration requires the management of material and knowledge boundaries, in order to develop common goals, processes and product. Lean construction concepts, methods and tools have helped the teams to develop collaborative design and construction practices. }, author_keywords={Design collaboration, collaboration, boundaries, bridging boundaries, crossing boundaries. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomes2016, author={Gomes, Danilo and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={Collaboration Through Shared Understanding in Early Design Stage}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1271}, affiliation={PhD candidate in Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, danilo.gomes@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, Head of Department for Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, Dean, School of Art Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, m.kagioglou@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={The complexity of the collaborative design process is related to the nature of the product and the processes, and also involves the social interplay that ultimately generates design. This fundamentally, affects the way people work, in the purposeful action of designing together. Low levels of collaboration are identified especially at early design stages, where the collective design creation is hindered by the lack of ability of the team to build shared understanding, embracing a multitude of expertise in the task. In this context, the research focused on how the concept of shared understanding can potentially support better collaboration at early design stages. This is based on a deeper understanding of collaborative design as a dynamic system of social interplay, in which the process to build shared understanding for concerted actions can be described as a system that combines mediated coupling and coordinated perception, in a context where division of labour exist. Based on a literature review, lean approaches that claim to support shared understanding between project participants are investigated. This paper contributes in discussing how shared understanding, as a process, can be the basis of the collaborative act, and how components of this process can be addressed through lean approaches. }, author_keywords={Early design, Collaboration, Shared Understanding, Social Dynamic, Complexity }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aasrum2016, author={Aasrum, Josefine and Lædre, Ola and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lohne, Jardar and Plaum, Stefan }, editor={ }, title={Communication in Building Design Management: A Comparative Study of Norway and Germany}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1272}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +49 176 43424919, josefina@stud.ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, dr.ing., NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no ; Ph.D. Candidate, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway/Design Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, +47 986 73 172, fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no ; Researcher, dr.art., NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; Professor, Dr.-Ing., Stefan Plaum, RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Wiesbaden, Germany, +49 177 3888839, prof.plaum@t-online.de }, abstract={First-rate communication between design and construction site teams is imperative for the successful completion of architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) projects. Still, research carried out in Norwegian and German industry has identified a lack of literature and qualitative research in this area. Equally, there seems to be a tendency to underestimate the correlation between communication and efficiency in most construction projects. By addressing different factors affecting communication, reasons for communication, communication networks, communication channels and future needs in a comparative way, this paper aims to increase knowledge about and understanding of communication in the design-construction interface. An extensive literature review, a document study and in-depth interviews were carried out, according to a qualitative approach. The findings are limited to the investigated cases. However, they do imply that there is a need for a better understanding of communication both in Norway and in Germany. Additionally, the research revealed a lack of knowledge and training in the use of ICT tools and team frameworks. By increasing the awareness of the communication challenges that exists, this study can help AEC practitioners and academics to solve communication problems between design and construction site teams. }, author_keywords={Communication, Design, Production, Collaboration, Flow. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2016, author={Filho, João Bosco P. Dantas and Angelim, Bruno Maciel and Guedes, Joana Pimentel and Silveira, Sâmia Silva and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={Constructability Analysis of Architecture–Structure Interface Based on BIM}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1273}, affiliation={MBA, Master's Student, Federal University of Ceará. Architect, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará (IFCE), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99168-0846, arquibosco@gmail.com ; C.E., VDC/BIM Coordinator, FortBIM Engenharia S/S, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 98899-8589, bruno@fortbim.com.br ; Architect, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 98871-3620, joanapguedes@gmail.com ; Architect and Urban Planner, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), LEED AP O+M, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99991-0750, samiasilveira@hotmail.com ; DBA., Full Professor, Department of Structural Engineering and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99969-1871, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br }, abstract={One of the main factors responsible for the reduction of the overall performance and efficiency of buildings is poor project management. Studies have found the integration between design and construction processes has become an important requirement for improving project performance. Considering Lean philosophy has the potential to better integrate design and construction activities. This paper evaluates the request for information (RFI) associated with the interface between architecture and structure of a BIM model. Methodology was qualitative and research strategy was case study of a virtual construction of a residential building in Fortaleza, Brazil, with 15.925,67 m² of floor area and an estimated cost of $9, 2 million dollars. 260 RFI were analysed, 110 of which were associated with conflicts between structure, architecture and the MEP systems. That represents 42% of the total RFIs, the highest percentage among other RFI categories, such as plumbing systems, architecture vs. MEP, electrical systems, architecture, and fire protection and gas systems. This study aims to improve the architecture-structure design interface, and to assist virtual construction crews on what to watch for and how to identify design problems before they are taken to construction site. }, author_keywords={Constructability, VDC, BIM, RFI, Lean. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Engebø2016, author={Engebø, Atle and Lohne, Jardar and Rønn, Pål Egil and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Counterfeit Materials in the Norwegian AEC-Industry}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1274}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 905 71 902, atleen@stud.ntnu.no ; Research scientist, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; Research scientist, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; Research scientist, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no }, abstract={The literature states that counterfeit materials can have major implications in particular concerning competition between suppliers, between contractors as well as general challenges regarding cost, time, quality and safety. Counterfeited materials are defined as unauthorized materials which special characteristics are protected as intellectual property rights, patents and copyrights. This paper seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What does counterfeit materials mean in the context of the Norwegian AEC-Industry? 2. Does counterfeit materials exist in the Norwegian AEC-Industry? 3. What are the potential consequences of counterfeit materials? 4. Which methods are suitable to detect and mitigate counterfeited materials? This is a qualitative research study. The methodology consists of a review of literature and the research is carried out using explorative interviews with the purpose to gather experiences and examples of specific cases. This approach is chosen to encourage discussion with interviewees and thereby collect information that would otherwise go under the radar by more structured forms of interviews and surveys. Counterfeiting is a well-known problem, but there are limited literature addressing this phenomenon in the construction industry. This is a pilot study and the limitations include a limited number of interviewees. The nature of the counterfeit phenomenon limits the study in regards of accessibility, amount of previous research and literature addressing this phenomenon. By illuminating the scope of the problem possible consequences and evaluating the current strategies for dealing with the problem, this study could lead to an increased awareness within the industry. The study works as a basis for further research within the field. }, author_keywords={Counterfeit materials; Supply Chain Management; Safety and Quality; Anti-Counterfeiting Strategy }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Talebi2016, author={Talebi, Saeed and Koskela, Lauri and Shelbourn, Mark and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Critical Review of Tolerance Management in Construction}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1275}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; PhD Candidate, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; PhD Candidate, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; PhD Candidate, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. }, abstract={The current practice of Tolerance Management (TM) is still very ad hoc and reactive, despite increasing calls for waste reduction and an improved quality of buildings particularly within industrialised construction. This paper aims to identify the root causes of tolerance problems, the reasons why current methods have not been as successful as expected and why the industry still struggles with this issue. Having reviewed and interpreted the existing literature, it is apparent that tolerance problems fall into two categories defined by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Furthermore, the drawbacks of the existing methods for TM were analysed, and the findings show that none of the existing methods have been considered in a continuous and holistic process and they remain scattered. }, author_keywords={Tolerance Management, Root Cause Analysis, Industrialisation, Integrated Design and Construction }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kahler2016, author={Kahler, Danny L. and Brown, David and Watson,, Jason }, editor={ }, title={Delivering Projects in a Digital World}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1276}, affiliation={Principal, Kahler Engineering Group, 1244 Derby Drive, Suite 100, Richardson, Texas, 75080. Mobile (512) 983-3453, danny.kahler@kahlerengineering.com (corresponding author) ; Vice President, Parsons, 1776 Lincoln, Suite 600, Denver, CO, 80203. Mobile (303) 434-7408, david.brown@parsons.com ; Project Manager, Michael Baker International, The Halle Building, 1228 Euclid Avenue, Suite 1050, Cleveland, OH 44115. Mobile (216) 776-6624, jason.watson@mbakerintl.com }, abstract={A 2004 National Institute of Science and Technology study estimated that the value wasted in developing traditional analog construction documents with non-interoperable information is 40% to 60% of all design cost, or almost $16 billion per year in the US alone. So, if design processes in A&E firms are digital, and modern constructors have adopted digital modeling as an integral component of their construction management, why are projects still delivered from design to construction using traditional analog information? The purpose of this paper is to identify some of the professional and organizational barriers to implementation of Digital Project Delivery. Digital Project Delivery is, for the focus of this paper, defined as the legal transfer of all project information necessary to construct a project across the design/construction interface with a minimum of analog documents as the primary deliverable. This paper consists of first-hand observations of professional engineers who have practiced on projects where the delivery was digital, primarily design-build transportation projects where the constructor and designer are tightly coupled. A limitation is that these observations were not the result of controlled study, nor are they a cross section of the entire built environment. However, these observations are consistent enough to suggest that Digital Project Delivery would result in a reduction of the cost of producing and communicating non-interoperable information, an improvement of project quality through reduced errors and omissions, and improved morale due to higher reliability and usability of project information, all key components of Lean Construction. }, author_keywords={Digital, Delivery, Information, BIM, CIM, VDC }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fosse2016, author={Fosse, Roar and Spitler, Laurie and Alves, Thais }, editor={ }, title={Deploying BIM in a Heavy Civil Project}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1277}, affiliation={Regional Manager, Lean Construction, Skanska, Oslo, Norway, +4793444588, roar.fosse@skanska.no ; Customer Engagement Specialist, Autodesk, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA, +1 415 342-1073, laurie.spitler@autodesk.com ; Associate Professor, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={This paper explores the case of a heavy civil project that implemented a comprehensive BIM execution plan. Although BIM was not required in the tender documents, the bid was won partially due to the contractor’s proposal to use BIM to develop and manage the complex project. The paper presents a synopsis of the value proposition of BIM on this project and how it supported a number of Lean principles. An outline of project challenges, including design complexity, dispersed design team, and inexperience with BIM, is presented. Finally, through a research method consisting of interviews and site observations, the authors demonstrate that understanding people’s work routines and establishing the right level of BIM ambitions for the project allowed the project team to successfully exploit the opportunities BIM has to offer. Using the BIM functionalities list identified by Sacks et al.’s BIM-Lean interactions matrix, the authors identify the Lean principles that the specific functionalities implemented at the project enabled. The aim of this is to support previous research suggesting that there are specific synergies between different BIM functionalities and corresponding Lean principles, as well as document how they were implemented in a heavy civil project. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, visual management, BIM, heavy civil project }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Andersen2016, author={Andersen, Lars }, editor={ }, title={Design and Engineering – Material Order}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1278}, affiliation={Head of research. Dr. Philos. Mag.art. PhD. NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Trondheim. Norway. +047 92885305. Lars.Andersen@samfunn.ntnu.no }, abstract={The problem to be addressed in this paper is: why does the development of creativity based on interaction and dialogue between equal individuals stand opposed to an effective decision-making system that promotes process control and reduces design errors in the design process? The purpose of the research is to improve the new forms of design and engineering processes. The research method is a combination of formative process research, process tracking, and phenomenological analysis. The research case is the construction of a hospital. Construction in the oil industry (offshore) and shipbuilding are supporting cases. The empirical study confirms that reciprocal dialogue and the spirit of the partners' independence and equality contribute to increased creativity in the design process, but that there is still great potential for further development. The study also reveals that it is problematic to combine a strong dialogue orientation and collaboration in the design process with an efficient decision-making system. A proposition in this paper is that a satisfactory illumination of the problem to be addressed requires an extension of the existing lean discourse: The paper first discusses language action theory and the eighth flow approach in an extended theoretical and epistemological context. It then expands the discourse using modern organizational system theory and a material-technological approach. }, author_keywords={Design, complexity, collaboration, communication, materiality }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2016, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Munankami, Manish B. and Shepley, Mardelle M. and Fernández-Solis, Jose L. }, editor={ }, title={Development and Testing of a Lean Simulation to Illustrate Key Principles of Target Value Design: A First Run Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1279}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, tel: 979-845-4354, e-mail: zrybkowski@tamu.edu, ; Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, e-mail: mmunankami@gmail.com ; Professor, Design + Environmental Analysis, Associate Director, Cornell Institute for Healthy Futures, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850-4401, mshepley@cornell.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, e-mail: jsolis@tamu.edu }, abstract={Target Value Design (TVD) is increasingly being used for Lean-Integrated Project Delivery processes—especially in the healthcare facility sector. However, the basic principles of TVD take time to comprehend and can seem daunting when implemented for the first time on actual projects. The QUESTION this research sought to address is: Can basic principles of TVD be effectively taught via a relatively simple and brief simulation? The PURPOSE of this research was to develop and test a new simulation that would clearly illustrate basic principles of TVD. The RESEARCH METHOD used for this paper was the iterative development and testing a simplified simulation that modified and extended the “marshmallow challenge” game developed by Peter Skillman. The TVD simulation was tested by construction science students and design professionals in the US and Nepal. FINDINGS suggested the simulation offers an effective way to convey basic TVD principles such as Estimated Cost, Market Cost, Allowable Cost, and Target Cost, and designing to these parameters. The research had some LIMITATIONS, namely that it primarily addressed functional issues as criteria for design success and did not engage all aspects of TVD processes commonly used, such as A3 development, set-based design, or decision-making using Choosing by Advantages. However, the IMPLICATIONS and VALUE of this work are that the simulation appears to offer a simple, enjoyable, and effective way to introduce basic TVD principles and their impact to stakeholders who are engaging in the practice for the first time. }, author_keywords={Lean Simulation; Target Value Design; target cost; Integrated Project Delivery; Marshmallow TVD Simulation }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mollasalehi2016, author={Mollasalehi, S. and Fleming, A. and Talebi, A. and Underwood, J. }, editor={ }, title={Development of an Experimental Waste Framework Based on Bim/Lean Concept in Construction Design}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1280}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, Email: S.Mollasalehi1@edu.salford.ac.uk ; Fellow Higher Education Academy, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, Email: A.J.Fleming@salford.ac.uk ; PhD Candidate, School of Art, Design, and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, Email: j.underwood@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The construction industry faces many problems and challenges especially with the construction of housing which are due to the high level of non-value-adding activities (waste) that reduce the overall construction performance and productivity. In recent years, there have been investigations and research on improving the performance of construction. Lean construction is widely known as an effective process which aims to maximise customer value and the efficiency of the project by eliminating non-value-adding activities or waste. Moreover, the Building Information modelling (BIM) concept has been recognised as a collaborative process which aims to improve the overall project performance through its tools' capabilities. This paper intends to study the potential effects of integrating these two concepts in order to reduce construction waste. This paper presents a framework, named an Experimental Waste Framework based on the findings of this paper to explore how an integrated BIM and Lean concept can contribute to the practicable reduction of construction waste in the design process of construction. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Building Information Modelling (BIM), Waste. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fazinga2016, author={Fazinga, Wanessa Roberta and Saffaro, Fernanda Aranha and Isatto, Eduardo Luis and Kremer, Alessandro }, editor={ }, title={Difficulties in Work Design in the Construction Sector}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1281}, affiliation={MSc., Professor, Construction Department, University Campus –Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, ZIP 86051-990, Brazil, 43 371-4455, FAX 43 371-4082, wanessa@uel.br ; Dr., Assistant Professor, Construction Department, University Campus –Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, ZIP 86051-990, Brazil, 43 371-4455, FAX 43 371-4082, saffaro@uel.br ; Dr., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. isatto@ufrgs.br ; MSc., Master of Engineering - Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, State University of Londrina, Londrina-PR, ZIP 86051-990, Brazil, 43 371-4455, FAX 43 371-4082, engkremer@gmail.com }, abstract={Work standards are an essential component of lean production systems. The unique and one-of-a-kind nature of construction products adds an additional layer of complexity when designing work standards in such a particular context. This research focuses the process of designing work standards for construction. The purpose was to highlight the difficulties observed when designing the specifications that make up the standard. An in-depth case study was carried out in a company that had been struggling to meet a stable cycle time for the reinforced concrete structure phase of multi-story buildings. An analysis of the current process was undertaken and a literature review of the work standards was conducted in order to identify possible ways to specify the work elements. The study suggests that a large amount of time is spent on the work design owing to (a) the level of uncertainty (lack of productivity data to support the design of the work packages over the cycle time; frequent moving of the workers from one work package to another; lack of resources near the workstation); (b) a project being created very close to the start of the actual production and, therefore, suffering from conditions imposed by the decisions previously taken; and (c) a team of workers unaware of lean concepts. }, author_keywords={Standard, Work Design, Workflow }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wondimu2016, author={Wondimu, Paulos Abebe and Hosseini, Ali and Lohne, Jardar and Hailemichael, Eyuell and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Early Contractor Involvement in Public Infrastructure Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1282}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of civil and transport engineering (BAT), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway/Senior Engineer, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Norway, +47 901 11 814, paulos.wondimu@ntnu.no/ paulos.wondimu@vegvesen.no ; PhD Candidate, BAT, NTNU, ali.hosseini@ntnu.no ; Researcher, Dr.Art., BAT, NTNU, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, eyuell@student.chalmers.se ; Assoc. prof., Dr.Ing., BAT, NTNU, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={Advocates of lean construction recommend early contractor involvement (ECI) to further reduce waste. Waste reduction and flow, value generation and sustainability can be improved if some of the companies on a project use lean principles and methods. However, if the contractor is organizationally integrated in the early phases, there is a better chance that the product and process designs are consistent with one another. ECI can ensure better value for money by organizationally integrating contractors` knowledge to early phases of projects. This paper contributes to the knowledge about how to implement ECI in public projects. In addition to a literature study, a document study as well as fourteen semi-structured in-depth interviews with key informants from eleven Norwegian public bridge projects were carried out. The EU public procurement directive represents a challenge for public owners when they consider ECI in their projects. However, the studied bridge projects have used various approaches to implement ECI without violating the EU directive. Thirteen approaches are identified in this study. The conclusion is that there are several approaches to implement ECI in public projects, though the contractors’ contribution varies a lot depending on which approaches that are implemented. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, ECI, Project alliancing, Public procurement, Knowledge integration. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2016, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben }, editor={ }, title={Effects of Lean Work Organization and Industrialization on Workflow and Productive Time in Housing Renovation Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1283}, affiliation={Researcher, Delft University of Technology, Professor, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, +31639251420, r.vrijhoef@tudelft.nl }, abstract={This paper presents work aimed at improved organization and performance of production in housing renovation projects. The purpose is to explore and demonstrate the potential of lean work organization and industrialized product technology to improve workflow and productive time. The research included selected case studies that have been found to implement lean work organization and industrialized product technology in an experimental setting. Adjustments to the work organization and construction technology have been implemented on site. The effects of the adjustments have been measured and were reviewed with operatives and managers. The data have been collected and analyzed, in comparison to traditional settings. Two projects were studied. The first case implied am application of lean work organization in which labor was reorganized redistributing and balancing operations among operatives of different trades. In the second case industrialized solution for prefabricated installation of prefabricated roofs. In both cases the labor productivity increased substantially compared to traditional situations. Although the limited number of cases, both situations appeared to be representative for other housing projects. This has led to conclusions extrapolated from both cases applicable to other projects, and contribution to the knowledge to improve production in construction }, author_keywords={Lean methods, productive time, workflow, housing renovation, industrialization. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Spiten2016, author={Spiten, Tale Kleveland and Haddadi, Amin and Støre-Valen, Marit and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={ }, title={Enhancing Value for End Users—a Case Study of End-User Involvement}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1284}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Norway, +47 974 23 393, taleks@stud.ntnu.no ; Ph.D. Candidate, NTNU, Norway, +47 977 98 227, amin.haddadi@ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, NTNU, Norway, +47 918 97 967, marit.valen@ntnu.no ; Researcher, dr. art, NTNU, Norway, +47 735 94 670, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no }, abstract={This paper explores the understanding of value in university buildings and tries to identify how value for end users can be obtained through end-user involvement in the pre-design stage of university buildings projects through a case study. The results from Statsbygg’s (SB) customer satisfaction surveys from 2010 to 2014 have revealed decreasing customer satisfaction in the sector. Consequently, several lease agreements have not been renewed due to dissatisfaction with the building mass offered and lack of consultation with end users. The results of the case study show that value-enhancing elements of university buildings in Norway create optimal conditions for teaching, learning, and research. To achieve adaptability in the building, which is needed to meet rapid changes in academia, end-user involvement in the pre-design phase, with a focus on excellent communication, an understanding of end-user value, and innovation, is valuable and necessary. This study indicates that further studies implementing strategies such as including the use of Building information modeling (BIM) tools and appointing a user coordinator with technical competence are recommended to give a better understanding of the advantages of optimal end-user involvement. }, author_keywords={University buildings, value-enhancing elements, collaboration, end users, Lean Construction }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fuenzalida2016, author={Fuenzalida, Camila and Fischer, Benjamín and Arroyo, Paz and Salvatierra, Jose L. }, editor={ }, title={Evaluating Environmental Impacts of Construction Operation Before and After the Implementation of Lean Tools}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1285}, affiliation={Master Student, Construction Engineering and Management Dept., School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +569 56189350, cpfuenzalida@uc.cl ; Student, Construction Engineering and Management Dept., School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +569 56189350, befischer@uc.cl ; Assistant Professor. Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, +56 22354-4244, parroyo@ing.puc.cl ; Research, Development and Innovation Manager, the Production Management Centre of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile - GEPUC. Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC, 3er piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7039, jsalvatierra@gepuc.cl }, abstract={Construction industry has a fundamental role in the impact caused to the environment, both during construction and operation. In this research three Lean tools - Ishikawa Diagram, 5 whys, and A3 reports- were carry out at construction site during wall and floor ceramic installation. The aim was to investigate whether the application of Lean tools improved productivity in the activity execution, and measure the environmental benefits obtained. The research methodology included analysing video recordings of the activity execution, working groups with workers and management, and training for using Lean tools. From this, it was show that the principal perceived waste was rework and its cause was lack of control. Furthermore, it was prove that these Lean tools’ implementation reduces carbon dioxide emissions, for installing walls and floor ceramic, considering a reduction in the use of materials needed for the evaluated activity. In conclusion, Lean tools’ implementation allows reducing environmental impact by concentrating reduction efforts on the most important activity wastes. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, productivity, environmental impacts, wastes. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Costa2016, author={Costa, Dayana B. and Melo, Roseneia R. S. de and Álvares, Juliana S. and Bello, Angelo A. }, editor={ }, title={Evaluating the Performance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Safety Inspection}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1286}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering (PPEC), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), BA, Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br ; Civil Engineer, MSc Student, PPEC, UFBA, Brazil, roseneia.engcivil@gmail.com. ; BSc Student, BSC in Civil Engineering, UFBA, Brazil, angelobello@gmail.com ; BSc Student, BSC in Civil Engineering, UFBA, Brazil, angelobello@gmail.com }, abstract={The potential use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAS) has come to the attention of the construction industry. However, its use still demands investigations for a better understanding of how this technology can be fitted to construction management tasks. This paper aims to evaluate the application of UAS for safety inspection on site, focus on its utility, equipment performance and risks associated with the use of that technology. For this, two case studies were performed in Brazil. Data was collected from flight tests on site for visual assets gathering and regular meetings with project personnel for feedback were held. The safety inspection analysis was based on the visualization of the safety requirements in the visual assets collected. Document analysis and interviews with project personnel and workers were performed for supporting the performance evaluation. As a result, the application of UAV could provide the visualization of 87.2% (Project A) and 58% (Project B) of the safety inspections items selected, providing detailed information for safety monitoring on jobsites. Barriers such as meteorological factors and pilot training influence the technology use for safety inspection. Further studies are under development in order to evaluate the impact of the safety inspection with the support of UAV in a systematic way. }, author_keywords={Unmanned Aerial Vehicles/Systems (UAV/UAS); Safety inspection; Visual assets; Construction management. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Miron2016, author={Miron, L. and Talebi, S. and Koskela, L. and Tezel, A. }, editor={ }, title={Evaluation of Continuous Improvement Programmes}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1287}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Email: luciana.miron@ufrgs.br ; PhD Candidate, University of Huddersfield, UK, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, University of Huddersfield, UK, Email: l.koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, University of Salford, UK, Email: B.A.Tezel@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The study began with the problem posed by an organisation for a group of researchers in the UK. There was a need to carry out an in-depth study to evaluate the continuous improvement programmes in the context of Lean Construction, and the following question emerged: How to evaluate the continuous improvement programme? This paper aims to understand how the literature on continuous improvement, including quality circles (QCs), small group activities (SGAs), and continuous improvement cells (CICs), can help to conduct the evaluation of continuous improvement programmes. The paper includes a literature review to gain an understanding of the problem from a theoretical perspective. Continuous improvement techniques are assessed in the framework of the TFV theory, with the main focus on the flow and the waste concepts. A logic model framework is used to synthesize the literature review findings and to establish an initial proposal for the evaluation of continuous improvement programmes in the Lean Construction context. This paper does not include any empirical study or actual measure and cannot ascertain the definitive benefits of continuous improvement techniques. Also, the paper does not propose any definitive procedure on how to evaluate continuous improvement techniques. }, author_keywords={Quality Circle, Small Group Activities, Continuous Improvement Cells, Evaluation. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zhang2016, author={Zhang, Y. and Tzortzopoulos, P. and Kagioglou, M. }, editor={ }, title={Evidence-Based Design in Healthcare: A Lean Perspective With an Emphasis on Value Generation}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1288}, affiliation={Research fellow of School of Arts Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484 471 632, y.zhang2@hud.ac.uk ; Head of Department of Architecture, School of Arts Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484 472 281, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk ; Dean of School of Arts Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484 472 289, m.kagioglou@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Evidence-based design (EBD) has been discussed in the literature, including its potential benefits and its limitations for its isolated and fragmented knowledge application. This study is an attempt to integrate the currently fragmented EBD findings to guide decisions for better designing, building and adapting hospitals through Lean thinking with an emphasis on value generation. An EBD review and assessment was carried out to update the current developments in the field. The paper discusses the importance of applying EBD in an integrated way. This is achieved through the development of a conceptual holistic framework based on three data strands inspired through Lean thinking, namely: Building performance, life-cycle cost and user value related evidence. This is an initial attempt and the paper concludes by identifying the limitations and potential future studies. }, author_keywords={evidence-based design, healthcare, Lean, value, }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shou2016, author={Shou, Wenchi and Wang, Jun and Wang, Xiangyu and Chong, Heap-Yih }, editor={ }, title={Examining the Critical Success Factors in the Adoption of Value Stream Mapping}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1289}, affiliation={Ph.D. student, Australasian Joint research center for BIM, Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia, +61 9266 7486, wenchi.shou@postgrad.curtin.edu.au ; Ph.D. student, Australasian Joint research center for BIM, Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia, +61 9266 7486, jun.wang15@postgrad.curtin.edu.au ; Professor, Australasian Joint research center for BIM, Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia; Intern Scholar, Dept. of Housing and ID, Kyung Hee Univ., South Korea, +61 9266 7486, xiangyu.wang@curtin.edu.au ; Senior Lecture, Const. and Mgmt. Dept., Built and Envir., Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia, +61 9266 3766, heap-yih.chong@curtin.edu.au }, abstract={Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is a functional approach to reorganizing production system in line with lean vision. It has been applied in many sectors to improve performance. However, there are several factors that need to be considered while implementing VSM in practice. This paper presents a literature review of the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) in the implementation of VSM across five different sectors: manufacturing, healthcare, construction, product development, and service. The review covers the peer-reviewed journal articles on VSM in Scopus from 1999 to 2015. A four-stage search criteria is designed to refine the publications. 14 CSFs are identified through the deep analysis of the five sectors, and six of them are common success factors, namely, empowered inter-principle lean team, top management, organizational culture, theory refinement and integration, resource availability and communication. The differences of the factors in five sectors are also discussed in this paper. The main limitation of this study is related to the source of the selected papers because conference papers are excluded in this review. The findings of this study provide a good basis for industry practitioners to effectively implement VSM. }, author_keywords={Value stream mapping, critical success factor, cross-sector review }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Murvold2016, author={Murvold, Vegar and Vestermo, Aleksander and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lohne, Jardar and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Experiences From the Use of BIM-Stations}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1290}, affiliation={M.Sc., Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 918 13 994, vegarmu@stud.ntnu.no ; M.Sc., Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 928 41 916, aleksave@stud.ntnu.no ; Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)/Veidekke Entreprenør AS, Norway, +47 986 73 172, fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no ; Research scientist, dr. art., Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={BIM has gone from being a design-tool to being an important part of the production process. BIM-stations make 3D-models available for everyone, including all the workers on-site. This paper 1) reports on experiences from the use of BIM-stations on site and 2) suggests certain improvements to increase the benefit of the BIM-stations. Following a case study approach, it examines the production phase of a building project in Norway. Initially, a survey among 50 workers on-site was carried out. Both carpenters, plumbers and electricians conducted the survey. This was followed by semi-structured in-depth interviews with six key actors. Among the interviewees was the project manager, the BIM-coordinator on the project, and managers from the project owner’s organization. The research revealed that workers experience saving time with BIM-stations. They report higher productivity due to having the necessary information available at all time. The highest productivity increase appeared for the MEP workers. This study was carried out over a relatively short period, with limited access to measurements of cost and savings from the use of BIM-stations. Nonetheless, the findings are still very positive and can guide future implementation of BIM-stations in the production phase. }, author_keywords={Building information modelling, BIM on site, BIM-stations, visualization, on-site communication }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Toledo2016, author={Toledo, Mauricio and Olivares, Katherine and González, Vicent }, editor={ }, title={Exploration of a Lean-Bim Planning Framework: A Last Planner System and Bim-Based Case Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1291}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Director of Civil Engineering Dept., Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2770 3914, mauricio.toledo@unab.cl ; Student Construction Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, kath.olivares@uandresbello.edu ; Senior Lecturer, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ, +64 9 923 4106, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={Current Lean Construction and Building Information Modelling (BIM) research has been focused largely on the theoretical aspects related to their integration and synergies. But little attention has been paid to the development of BIM-Lean practical methods to manage projects and provide evidence of the opportunities for performance enhancement. In this paper, we attempt to bridge this gap by proposing a Lean-BIM planning framework by integrating the Last Planner System and BIM. The development of the proof of concept of the BIM-Lean planning framework was undertaken by comparing two case studies: one using only LPS and the other using LPS and BIM. We followed construction activities related to rough work in two comparable building projects as part of the field office staff. We gathered project data and analysed and compared planning procedures in both projects. Data collected included: weekly and lookahead planning meetings analyses; design requests for information (RFI); and LPS metrics. We then used flowcharts to document both planning processes and the improved planning proposal, and also, integrated the different planning levels. Results show that the coordinated use of LPS and BIM generates an increase in PPC, a decrease in reasons for non-compliance, a shortening of the meeting durations, and a decrease in the total number of design RFIs. The improved planning proposal combines LPS+BIM and facilitates the interaction of a larger and diverse number of project stakeholders around BIM manipulation in planning meetings. Project meetings become more effective and the communication of project planning improves as a result. }, author_keywords={lean-BIM, last planner system, RFI }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2016, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Joseph, Kirsten and Pretorius, Erich }, editor={ }, title={Exploring ‘Lean’ Opportunities for Improving Supply Chain Transaction Governance in South African Construction Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1292}, affiliation={Associate Professor and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3089 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: femuze@cut.ac.za ; B. Tech Graduate, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3082 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: kirstenojoseph@gmail.com ; B. Tech Graduate, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3082 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: erichpretorius@ymail.com }, abstract={Transaction governance dictates how members of a construction supply chain (SC) work together for the delivery of a project. This practice is the same in South Africa where many problems have stalled the achievement of expected value for the client. In an attempt to understand the problem better, an exploratory study that assessed ‘how do transaction governance structures between SC members affect project delivery in South African construction’ was conducted in 2015. Using a single case study research design that was underpinned by the review of relevant literature as a starting point, it was observed that project parties in the case project have not moved away from the practice where the contract data form the basis of interaction among them. The study shows that optimum risk allocation approach that is evident in profit / reward sharing and collaboration is hindered by traditional view of transaction governance that is plagued with mutual distrust and antagonism. In other words, there appears to be a major scope for the introduction of integrated (lean) project delivery method that will foster collaboration and a culture of teamwork that favours improved project performance in South Africa. }, author_keywords={Construction, Governance, Supply Chain, South Africa }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daniel2016, author={Daniel, Emmanuel Itodo and Pasquire, Christine and Dickens, Graham }, editor={ }, title={Exploring the Factors That Influence the Implementation of the Last Planner® System on Joint Venture Infrastructure Projects: A Case Study Approach}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1293}, affiliation={PhD Researcher/ Researcher Fellow, Dept. of Const. Mgt. NTU, UK. emmanuel.daniel@ntu.ac.uk ; Prof., Lean Project Management, Dept. of Const. Mgt. NTU, UK. christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Const. Mgt. Nottingham Trent University (NTU) UK. graham02dickens@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={There has been an increase in the use of joint venture (JV) especially in the delivery of infrastructure projects. There is also great pressure from the public sector clients for the use of lean techniques such as the Last Planner System (LPS) in the delivery of infrastructure projects in the UK for more certainty in delivery. Previous studies have explored factors that influence LPS implementation under various contracting structures and project types. However, no much study has explored the factors that influence LPS implementation on highways infrastructure project under JV contracting structure. In view of this, the study explored the factors that influence LPS implementation on JV highways infrastructure projects in the UK. Two in-depth JV case study projects on highways infrastructure construction were conducted over a 12 month period. Data was obtained via: document analysis, physical observation and semi-structured interviews. The study reveals that the early inclusion of the LPS practice in the contract and the long term relationship that existed among the supply chains and the main contractors in the JV were among the factors that supported the process. The study established that the JV platform and the LPS implementation synergise each other on the project. Poor promising was identified among the major blockers to LPS implementation on the projects. To overcome this, the study recommends that the five key elements of reliable promising identified should be adopted when implementing LPS on projects. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, collaborative contract, joint venture, highways infrastructure, success factor. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2016, author={Ballard, Glenn and Egebjerg, Christin and Bølviken, Trond and Endresen, Sigve and Ballard, Brittany }, editor={ }, title={Filmmaking and Construction: Two Project Production Systems}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1294}, affiliation={Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu; +1 4157105531. ; Assistant Professor, KEA Build, Copenhagen School of Design and Technology, christinegebjerg@gmail.com ; Director of Strategy, HR and HSE, Veidekke Entreprenør, Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no ; Sigve Endresen, Producer and Chairman of the Board, Motlys AS, sigve@motlys.com ; Brittany Ballard, Independent Filmmaker, brittany.ballard@gmail.com }, abstract={Both filmmaking and construction are project production systems, along with shipbuilding (air and sea), new product development, software engineering, performing arts productions (theater, dance, etc.), and more. Because they are similar in fundamental ways, there is potential for learning one from another, and for further developing the principles and methods peculiar to the project production systems through which all artifacts are created. This paper is the first product of design science research underway to improve both filmmaking and construction. Based on a review of the literature and the experience of the authors as practitioners in construction and filmmaking, the paper offers a comparison of the two project production systems, in an effort to understand key similarities and differences. From that comparison, a hypothesis has emerged; namely, that the future state proposed by advocates of lean construction already exists in filmmaking. Hypothesis testing and transfer of knowledge from filmmaking to construction will be reported in future publications. }, author_keywords={Culture, filmmaking, lean construction, production system design, relational contracts }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neeraj2016, author={Neeraj, Anush and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Fernández-Solís, José L. and Hill, Rodney C. and Tsao, Cynthia and Seed, Bill and Heinemeier, Dan }, editor={ }, title={Framework Linking Lean Simulations to Their Applications on Construction Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1295}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Dept. of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843 USA, +1 979-985-0609, anushnrj15@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, +1 979-845-4354 , zrybkowski@tamu.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843, +1 979-458-1058, jsolis@tamu.edu ; Professor, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843, +1 979-845- 7058, rhill@arch.tamu.edu ; Director of Lean Strategy, Consigli Construction, Boston, MA, USA, CTsao@consigli.com ; Transformational Achiever Coach, Strategic Solutions Incorporated, FL, USA, williamseed61@gmail.com ; Executive Director, Lean Construction Institute, Arlington, VA, USA, danh@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={The QUESTION this paper seeks to address is: Can the principles illustrated by Lean simulations be systematically linked to applications of those principles on actual projects? The PURPOSE of this research has been to ease the transition between theory and practice by aggregating published case studies as well as lean simulations and making links between them. The RESEARCH METHOD adopted for this study included: (1) prepare a systematic literature review sourced from LCI and IGLC databases; (2) collaborate with the Lean Construction Institute to construct an inventory of existing lean simulations and the principles they illustrate; (3) analyze published case studies and simulations for the lean principles they embody; and (4) develop a matrix to establish logic connections between simulations and case studies from actual projects. FINDINGS were assembled onto a Simulation/Case-study matrix. This research involved locating, translating, and organizing 23 years of published, organically developed, construction case studies from IGLC and LCI databases. Therefore one LIMITATION of this this research is that it included only those simulations and case studies that have been published. One IMPLICATION and VALUE of this research is that it offers a framework to assist lean educators and facilitators when teaching Lean Construction. This matrix can also serve as a “seed” for various international communities to extend and share how specific lean principles can be incorporated into their own cultural traditions within project delivery processes. }, author_keywords={Lean simulations, case studies, Lean Construction teaching, Simulation/Case-Study matrix, Lean principles }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Peñaloza2016, author={Peñaloza, Guillermina A. and Viana, Daniela Dietz and Bataglin, Fernanda Saidelles and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Bulhões, Iamara Rossi }, editor={ }, title={Guidelines for Integrated Production Control in Engineer-to-Order Prefabricated Concrete Building Systems: Preliminary Results}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1296}, affiliation={PhD student at NORIE/UFRGS - Built Environment Innovation Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99. Porto Alegre, 3o andar, RS, Brazil. CEP 90035-190. +55 51 33083518 arq.guillerminapenaloza@gmail.com ; PhD., Researcher at NORIE/UFRGS danidietz@gmail.com ; M.Sc. student at NORIE/UFRGS fernanda.saidelles@gmail.com ; Associate Professor at NORIE /UFRGS formoso@ufrgs.br ; PhD., Professor at Interdisciplinary Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99. Porto Alegre, 3o andar, RS, Brazil. CEP 90035-190. +55 51 33083518 ibulhoes@yahoo.com.br }, abstract={The use of prefabricated building systems has grown in several segments of the construction industry, especially in emerging economies, due to the need of reducing project duration and costs, improving safety, and dealing with the shortage of skilled labor. Most companies that operate in this market are engineer-to-order (ETO) organizations, in which there is a need to integrate the planning control processes concerned with design, manufacturing and site assembly. One of the approaches used to address these issues is to adopt hierarchical levels for planning and control, in which there are order confirmation points considering the lead-time of some tasks. The aim of this research project is to propose guidelines for integrated production planning and control in ETO prefabricated concrete building systems. It is based on two case studies carried out a leading company in this segment in Brazil. The research method involved interviews with different stakeholders, participant observation in planning meetings, and direct observations in two construction sites. The main contributions in this study are related to enhance the integration between plant and site assembly. Also, use of 4D BIM simulations for analysis of physical flows and evaluate and control the assembly process. }, author_keywords={integrated production control, prefabrication, lean construction }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haghsheno2016, author={Haghsheno, Shervin and Binninger, Marco and Dlouhy, Janosch and Sterlike, Simon }, editor={ }, title={History and Theoretical Foundations of Takt Planning and Takt Control}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, pages={53-62}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1297}, affiliation={Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-44124, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42168, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; M.Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650, simon.sterlike@gmail.com }, abstract={The use of Takt is one of the key methods applied in Lean Production. With the implementation of Takt into processes overproduction is prevented, lead times are reduced, and work processes are stabilized. Inventory and waiting times between work steps are reduced, transport is optimized through continuous flow and a higher production capacity is enabled. In Germany the method of Takt Planning and Takt Control for use in construction was developed approximately ten years ago in practice. In the last years these methods have also been discussed in the international lean construction research community. This paper brings together the development of the theoretical foundations for the use of Takt Planning and Takt Control on the basis of a literature review. Hereby the existing knowledge from the stationary production industries can be applied to the construction sector. Furthermore, practical experience gained by the authors from the application of Takt Planning and Takt Control has been incorporated. Along with the historical development of the use of Takt in production, the fundamental principles for implementation of Takt in construction processes are described. The theoretical foundations developed here provide a basis for future research to investigate the effectiveness of the use of Takt Planning and Takt Control systems. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2016, author={Ko, Chien-Ho }, editor={ }, title={Impact of the Buffer Size on Precast Fabrication}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1298}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, +886 8 770-3202, ko@mail.npust.edu.tw; President, Lean Construction Institute-Taiwan; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute-Asia. }, abstract={Buffer sizes between production stations are one factor that influences production performance. Current practices in precast production ignore buffer size between stations typically induce unfeasible production plans. Research questions for this paper are 1) how would buffer sizes between precast production stations affect precast production plans and 2) how could computational techniques help in arranging precast production plans? To answer those questions, a program that considers production resources and buffer size between stations is developed. Impact of buffer sizes on production makespan and delivery is analyzed using a case study. Experimental results show that buffer sizes between stations are crucial for acquiring reasonable and feasible precast production plans. A sufficient buffer size larger than the required buffer size could help achieve a better performance with a shorter makespan and lower costs. }, author_keywords={Process, production, waste, precast, buffer. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Milion2016, author={Milion, Raphael Negri and Alves, Thais C. L. and Paliari, José Carlos }, editor={ }, title={Impacts of Defects on Customer Satisfaction in Residential Buildings}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1299}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, São Carlos, SP 13.565-905, Brazil, +55 16 3351-9660, negri.r@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA, +1 619-594-8289, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil, +55 16 3351 9660, jpaliari@ufscar.br }, abstract={Impacts defects have on customer satisfaction are hard to quantify, but they should not be ignored because of poor understanding of the intangible costs related to quality may lead to poor decision-making. However, data about building defects and customer satisfaction surveys are not usually analyzed together. This study used a database of the technical assistance department in a Brazilian construction company and results from their customer satisfaction surveys. The study seeks to address the lack of in-depth analysis of issues concerning customer satisfaction and defects, and how they are related. By cross-analyzing data from the defects database and the customer satisfaction surveys, on a unit-by-unit basis, relationships between the occurrence of defects, the customer perception of these defects, and the impact they have in customer satisfaction were found. Results revealed that some customers can be dissatisfied with the building quality and are still satisfied with the project, which indicates that the overall satisfaction is a complex variable that is related to a number of features. Moreover, the occurrence of defects did not seem to impact the customer satisfaction negatively if defects were fixed under the warranty period, and the non-occurrence of defects had a positive impact on the customer satisfaction. }, author_keywords={Quality, defect, customer satisfaction, value, waste }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rossiti2016, author={Rossiti, Ivan S. M. and Serra, Sheyla M. B. and Lorenzon, Itamar A. }, editor={ }, title={Impacts of Lean Office Application in the Supply Sector of a Construction Company}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1300}, affiliation={Master in Civil Construction, Civil Engineer in company MRP Engineering, Tietê, São Paulo, Brazil, +55 15 3282-3623, ivanrossiti@hotmail.com ; Associate Professor, Civil Engrg. Dept., Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, +55 16 3351 8201, sheylabs@ufscar.br ; Assistant Professor, Civil Engrg. Dept., Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, +55 16 3351 9676, itamar@ufscar.br }, abstract={Studies considering the impacts of implementing the Lean Office in a supply sector are of high importance for construction companies, because such companies depend on the consolidation of their businesses and efficient management strategies; they also depend on suppliers of materials and services external to their organization. Thus, the use of Lean Office as a management tool gives construction companies a competitive edge in the present market situation. The purpose of this research is to apply Lean Office tools in a construction company - supply sector, evaluating the impacts in the sector after this implementation. The method used in this work was the case study research. A small construction company contributed with information required by this study. Initially, a description of the business is done with the preliminary design of the supply sector; from this, the current state value stream map is prepared. Then, the value stream map is created for the future state, applying the improvements identified while studying the company. The results led to the identification of faults and opportunities for management improvements. Action plans (Kaizen plans) were prepared aiming for the improvement of the production processes. This research is restricted to a specific company in the industry. One of the researchers is part of the company's staff and had access to information needed for the study. This work aims to contribute spreading the use of lean tools to improve the management of companies, regardless of size. After applying the kaizen plans in the supply sector, new indicators, such as cycle times, lead time and added value, were checked and compared to the previous state of the company. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean office, supply sector, Kaizen plans, Value Stream Map }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Damaj2016, author={Damaj, Omar and Fakhreddine, Mohamad and Lahoud, Makram and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Ergonomics in Construction to Improve Work Performance}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1301}, affiliation={Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +9613662187, omd05@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +9613903734, mhf13@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +96170146175, mfl03@mail.aub.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Traditional construction projects suffer from several productivity-related problems that result in delays and cost overruns; consequently, projects often fall short of owner set goals. The need for investigations into the causes of these inefficiencies is crucial as poor work conditions reduce the quality and efficiency of work processes. Ergonomics, defined as the study and optimization of workers’ efficiency in their work environment, brings about safety and productivity improvements through an enhancement of work conditions. However, Ergonomics has not been applied in the Middle East and specifically in Lebanon. Moreover, very little research has been performed on ergonomics planning in this region with a booming construction industry despite the pressing need to modify tools and tasks to fit workers’ needs. Data from field surveys and site visits from several construction sites were analyzed to assess the use of ergonomics. Despite the positive impacts that ergonomics planning can provide, contractors are reluctant to change and are held back by cultural and social barriers. The study highlights numerous difficulties faced on construction sites, analyzes the barriers that are preventing ergonomics from being implemented in Lebanon, and discusses potential solutions. This study can be used as basis for possible future implementation plans and further studies focusing on ergonomics in Lebanon and the Middle East. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Safety, Visual Management, Ergonomics, Lebanon }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kemmer2016, author={Kemmer, Sergio and Biotto, Clarissa and Chaves, Fernanda and Koskela, Lauri and Fazenda, Patricia Tzortzopoulos }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Last Planner in the Context of Social Housing Retrofit}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1302}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. Emails: Sergio.Kemmer@hud.ac.uk; sergiokemmer@gmail.com ; PhD Candidate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Email: Clarissa.Biotto@hud.ac.uk ; M.Sc., Architect, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Federal Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., CEP 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, nandajc_ufrgs@hotmail.com ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Email: L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Email: P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={The paper aims to investigate the implementation issues and benefits of utilising the Last Planner and 4D modelling in the context of retrofit of social housing. It presents initial results of an on-going research project carried out in Northern Ireland, which focuses on the retrofit of solid wall homes. The research project involves the proposal of a process in which BIM is used to evaluate what-if scenarios for the retrofit of social housing with a focus on reducing user’s disruption throughout the construction process. Both 4D and the Last Planner are used to ensure the retrofit works with the minimum disruption. A case study on the retrofit of a set of houses was carried out, which is part of a bigger research project entitled S-IMPLER. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews, participant observation in planning meetings, site visits and documental analysis. The study sheds light on a particular type of project that has not been well explored by the lean community, i.e. retrofits. It is argued that the results can be applicable to support the retrofit of a number of solid wall homes throughout the UK. }, author_keywords={Retrofit, disruptions, production, last planner system. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Knotten2016, author={Knotten, Vegard and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Lædre, Ola and Hansen, Geir }, editor={ }, title={Improving Design Management With Mutual Assessment}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1303}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology /Veidekke, Trondheim, Norway, +4791842758, Vegard.knotten@ntnu.no ; PhD candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology /Veidekke, Trondheim, Norway, +4798673172, Fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, dr.ing., NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, +4791189938, ola.laedre@ntnu.no ; Professor, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, +4795135520, geir.hansen@ntnu.no }, abstract={The Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry recognizes the understanding of the design process as a key to successful projects. With the background of Lean Construction efforts such as the Last Planner, Collaborative Planning in Design etc. the planning of the design process has improved significantly. A key part of Lean Construction is to involve the team in the planning and use metrics to check the results. Metrics and measurements in the AEC industry have traditionally focused on the performance of the project and not so much on the interpersonal relations of in the design team itself. In this paper, we elaborate on how the Mutual Assessment (MA) can help to improve the design process, by aligning the MA with experience and current relevant literature. Mutual Assessment (MA) is an approach for continuous improvement of the design team in a pre-planned setting. MA was developed by a Scandinavian contractor in order to improve client satisfaction. Through the use of a survey the design team evaluate each other, creating a common understanding of needed improvements. MA gives all major participants a chance to systematically assess the team, and creates room for dialogue and improvement. Improving the design teams helps align design and construction, and thereby to achieve success. The methodical approach of the research is a single case study, based on studied documents and semi-structured interviews with a large Scandinavian contractor. In addition, a literature review of metrics, design management and teams was carried out. The research is a qualitative study focusing on MA as an important tool for continuous improvement of the design team. The experiences from the case show that MA is an easy and accessible method to systematically improve the design team thus improving the design management process }, author_keywords={Lean construction, continuous improvement, collaboration, mutual assessment }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Awada2016, author={Awada, Mohamad A. and Lakkis, Bachir S. and Doughan, Ali R. and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={ }, title={Influence of Lean Concepts on Safety in the Lebanese Construction Industry}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1304}, affiliation={Undergrad Student, Civil and Environmental Engineer, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +96171471035, maa222@mail.aub.edu ; Undergrad Student, Civil and Environmental Engineer, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +96171340172, bsl01@mail.aub.edu ; Undergrad Student, Civil and Environmental Engineer, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +96170006345, ard08@mail.aub.edu ; 4Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +9611350000, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Lean management is a philosophy that aims at streamlining processes in the workplace to improve value and minimize waste. This paper examines the impact of implementing lean concepts on reducing work accidents in the construction industry in Lebanon. Three concepts will be studied and evaluated: the Last Planner System, Visualization, and the “Five S” Process. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was prepared and addressed to professionals in the field involved in different construction projects to display their opinion towards these concepts. The conducted study indicated that most engineers and managers are interested in implementing new construction management processes, while also maximizing value and minimizing waste on their projects. The majority of respondents agreed that there is a significant influence of lean concepts on safety in construction sites. The study also identifies that the lack of knowledge and understanding of the lean philosophy and concepts, and the lack of transparency among project participants act as a major constraint against implementing the three lean concepts, addressed in this study, in the Lebanese construction industry. }, author_keywords={Lebanon; Safety; Lean Management; Last Planner System; Visualization; Five S Process }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2016, author={Kim, Yong-Woo and Rezqallah, Khaled and Lee, Hyun Woo and Angeley, Jeff }, editor={ }, title={Integrated Project Delivery in Public Projects: Limitations and Opportunity}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1305}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, +1-206-948-8207, yongkim@uw.edu ; Graduate Student in Const. Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, And Project Manager in Power Generation Projects, Saudi Electricity Company, KSA, KmRezqallah@se.com.sa ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, +1-206-616-4937, hyunwlee@uw.edu ; Senior Project Manager, Capital Project Development, University of Washington, angeley@uw.edu }, abstract={One of the major challenges that the construction industry facing is how to improve the effectiveness and performance of construction projects which become more dynamic and uncertain. For this reason, more projects are adopting lean principles which focuses on collaboration and work flow reliability. Due to the limitations of current procurement practices including competitive bidding strategy and fixed price contracts, an innovative project delivery, so called integrated project delivery (IPD) or lean project delivery, has been adopted by project owners. However, most of public agencies have restrictions in choosing a project delivery. In fact, most procurement codes require public agencies to use competitive pricing and bidding, leading to difficulties in using IPD which encourages collaboration among project teams. In this paper, the researchers present the result of a survey aimed at investigating the benefits and restrictions experienced by project participants who have tried IPD or some principles of IPD in public projects. The research is expected to provide a practical view on the opportunities and challenges in applying IPD to their projects. }, author_keywords={Integrated project delivery (IPD), public projects, survey }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Olivieri2016, author={Olivieri, Hylton and Seppänen, Olli and Granja, Ariovaldo D. }, editor={ }, title={Integrating Lbms, Lps and Cpm: A Practical Process}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1306}, affiliation={PhD Student, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON); Department of Architecture and Building, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design; University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP), hylton.olivieri@gmail.com ; Professor of Practice, Civil and Structural. Engrg. Dept., Aalto University School of Engineering, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Associated Professor, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON); Department of Architecture and Building, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design; University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP), adgranja@fec.unicamp.br }, abstract={Despite the lean construction community criticism of Critical Path Method (CPM), it is impossible to ignore its widespread use. Furthermore, CPM is commonly considered a contractual requirement demanded by owners. On the other hand, Location-Based Management System (LBMS) and Last Planner System (LPS) have been successfully implemented in many construction projects. This article puts forward the proposition that there are synergies between these tools and their combined use could provide great benefits and fill some gaps. The aim of this paper is to propose a practical process for integrating LBMS, LPS and CMP, in an attempt to improve planning and controlling processes in general, besides filling gaps related to delay analysis. A constructive research was developed through a case study, collecting data of a planning and controlling system used by a large construction company, which applies CPM and LPS tools. The processes and the main decisions of the project team were systematized in an integrated model, taking into consideration the project phases. Two additional propositions were formed to be validated in future case studies. Firstly, the integrated sources of data will help professionals to support decisions. Secondly, the schedules created with this integrated approach are better able to model workflow. }, author_keywords={Location-based management, Last planner system, Critical path method, production, delays. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sakka2016, author={Sakka, Fatima El and Eid, Karl and Narciss, Tony and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Integrating Lean Into Modular Construction: A Detailed Case Study of Company X}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1307}, affiliation={Construction Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, fbe04@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, kse07@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, twn04@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, + 961350000 ext 3616, fax: + 61 1 744462, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Value stream mapping is a valuable tool in the lean toolbox that truly uncovers hidden waste in a process. Recent researches have focused on process improvement in various construction domains, but more research need to address precast concrete operations at the plant. This paper seeks to investigate the integration of lean principles in the fabrication phase of modular construction by using value stream mapping. The research focuses on the plant processes used to produce precast concrete pre-slabs and on means of improvement. It presents results from a case study of Company X’s precast plant. Data describing the current state of pre-slab casting was collected from plant visits, the current value stream map is drawn, and a future state map is then recommended. Indeed, alongside some effective lean concepts that are applied at the plant such as preventive maintenance and autonomation, some weaknesses are identified such as sizeable raw material storage, large batch sizes, considerable final product inventory and lack of “shine”. Appropriate remedial measures are recommended such as reducing batch and inventory size, creating FIFO lanes as well as applying 5S across the plant. }, author_keywords={Value stream mapping, lean principles, modular construction, precast operations }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{N2016, author={N, Raghavan and Delhi, Venkata S. K. and Mahalingam, Ashwin and Varghese, Koshy }, editor={ }, title={Introducing Lean Construction Philosophy in E-P-C Phases of a Large Industrial Project}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1308}, affiliation={Adjunct Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India – 600036 ; Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India – 400076, email: venkatad@iitb.ac.in, +91-2225765325 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai - 600036 ; Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai - 600036 }, abstract={A manufacturing organisation in India contemplated augmenting their capacity and took up a green-field expansion project in a new location. The internal construction division of the organisation decided to introduce Lean construction philosophy. A study was taken up to understand the impact of Lean on the engineering, procurement and construction phases where multiple stakeholders who are entrenched in traditional approaches are involved. A detailed case study and action- based approach was adopted. The data included both primary observation data collected by the researchers present in meetings and other data from various reports. . There were some interesting insights into the dynamics involved when groups with diverse approaches are brought together on a Lean construction journey. There was also a challenge of implementing Lean with multiple project teams all working in the same organisation and therefore with little or tacit contracts involved in the project. The initial attitudes of the people which ranged from enthusiasm to outright scepticism and engagement with reservations evolved progressively over time to embracing Lean in varying degrees and formats. The complexities present in the organisational structure contributed to the formation of institutional voids which were leveraged by the Lean group to promote Lean practices }, author_keywords={Big Room, Transformation, Change Management, Culture, Institutional voids }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2016, author={Tillmann, Patricia and Sargent, Zach }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner & Bim Integration: Lessons From a Continuous Improvement Effort}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1309}, affiliation={Project Manager, Director of Lean Integration, Superior Air Handling, patricia.tillmann@superiorairhandling.com, +1 408-630-1320 ; Vice President, Superior Air Handling, zach.sargent@superiorairhandling.com }, abstract={This paper discusses the benefits of adopting the last planner system and Building Information Modelling (BIM) from a Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing and Fire Protection (MEPF) perspective. The main objective of this research was to understand how to advance the integration of such practices as means to improve workflow in complex and fast-pace projects. The paper presents the anticipated benefits from such integration and the barriers identified to realize those benefits. The discussion is based on findings of an in depth empirical study in which the learning component of last planner was used to initiate a continuous improvement effort. A comparison is drawn between a desired state on BIM and last planner integration to a real case, followed by reflections on potential solutions to bridge the observed gap. The main contribution of this paper to practice is to understand how to advance the integration of BIM and last planner to improve MEPF coordination and workflow in any kind of construction project, independently from the method of delivery. Expected contributions to theory are related to further understanding how lean processes and technology can be used together as catalysts to increase collaboration in construction projects. }, author_keywords={BIM, Last Planner System, Production Flow, MEPF coordination }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2016, author={Arroyo, Paz and Valladares, Oscar }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner System: Implementation, Evaluation and Comparison of Results in the Construction of a Social Housing Project in Chile}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1310}, affiliation={Assistant Professor. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile, +5622354-4244, parroyo@ing.puc.cl ; CEO, Constructora OVAL, ovalladares@constructoraoval.cl . }, abstract={This paper shows a detail implementation and lessons learned from the Last Planner System (LPS) in the context of a social housing program of the government of Chile. Specifically the "Condominio Juanita Aguirre" (CJA) project in the commune of Conchali in Santiago, Chile, which includes the construction of 80 apartments of 56 m², in buildings of 4 stories high on a contractual period of one year. We followed the trajectory from the general contractor perspective, Oval Company, which has extensive experience in the construction of social housing. This company has obtained highly variable projects results in the past, and thus the company decided to implement the Last Planner System (LPS) in the CJA project. This research measures the results of the implementation throughout the construction process. Additionally, we make a comparison against previous projects of similar characteristics built by the same company with traditional management systems. Finally, the research shows that CJA project achieved significant improvements compared to previous projects, in the areas of: construction schedule, construction costs, safety, and final quality of housing. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Planning. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Castillo2016, author={Castillo, Tito and Alarcón, Luis F. and Salvatierra, José L. }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner System, Social Networks and Performance of Construction Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1311}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Researcher Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Ecuador, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile Phone +56 2 23547041, tocastillo@uc.cl ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Research, Development and Innovation Manager, the Production Management Centre of the Catholic University of Chile - GEPUC. Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC, 3er piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7039, jsalvatierra@gepuc.cl }, abstract={Last Planner System (LPS) has made significant improvements in project performance worldwide. It is assumed that LPS implementation improves communication among members of the organization. However, the way that LPS management practices and organization’s social networks are related to project performance is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to analyse the relations between LPS implementation, social networks metrics and performance in construction projects. A correlation analysis was applied to implementation levels of LPS, social network metrics and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in construction projects. The implementation levels of LPS practices were measured during LPS meetings. Social network data was collected by an on-site survey. The participant companies agreed to a KPIs report, encompassing nine projects over three months. This paper presents significant correlations tying project performance to social network metrics and to LPS implementation levels, in nine projects from two Chilean construction firms. Implementation level of LPS appears related to network average degree and density but that does not always mean better projects performance. The relations found are a tool that could be used to implement improvements in management practices and organizations. Identification of social networks’ optimum metrics related to project performance still requires further research. }, author_keywords={Management practices, Last Planner System; Social networks; Key performance indicators; Project performance. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hicham2016, author={Hicham, Habchi and Taoufiq, Cherradi and Aziz, Soulhi }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner® System: Implementation in a Moroccan Construction Project}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1312}, affiliation={Université Mohammed V, Ecole Mohammedia Des Ingénieurs (EMI) (Morocco - Civil Engineering Laboratory), h.habchi00@gmail.com ; Université Mohammed V,Ecole Mohammedia Des Ingénieurs (EMI) (Morocco - Civil Engineering Laboratory), tcherradi@gmail.com ; Ecole National Supérieur Des Mines De Rabat (ENSMR) (Morocco), soulhi@enim.ac.ma }, abstract={As Morocco is a North African country witnessing constant initiation of major development projects, this paper attempts to integrate the Last Planner System® (LPS), for the first time, in a Moroccan construction project. Our case study tackles the structural work of a 21 building-residential project consisting of 396 housing units with four floors each. Works were launched in the site in June 2015. This paper aims to describe the implementation steps of LPS into a Moroccan site, and to analyze the latter’s evolution. Given that this system is still considered as unfamiliar in Morocco, we will try to answer the following questions while trying to apply LPS procedures on the Moroccan platform: What are Moroccan specificities that can contribute to smooth integration of LPS? What limitations may hurdle implementing LPS in Morocco? Are there any recommendations that shall help to adapt and improve incorporation of LPS within the Moroccan construction atmosphere? As far as data collection is concerned, we organized weekly site meetings with all the involved stakeholders of the project. During these meetings, activities of the following weeks were planned, and PPC of the previous one was calculated. Meanwhile, the root causes of variance were analyzed. As for the work flow, we drew a future six-week plan to check the probability of any potential constraints, in order to deal with them proactively. This work will considerably contribute to developing LPS implementation data base. It is indeed an unprecedented trial of its kind as this paper is about describing its first implementation in Morocco, a French-speaking country. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Production Unit Control, Transformation Management, Workflow Management. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Johnsen2016, author={Johnsen, Cathrine Andrea and Drevland, Frode }, editor={ }, title={Lean and Sustainability: Three Pillar Thinking in the Production Process}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1313}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, + 993 81 946, cathrineaj@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Transport Engingeering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no }, abstract={The concepts of Lean Construction and Sustainable Development share certain fundamental objectives, such as reducing waste and increasing value. The aim of this research is to investigate the extent to which the use of lean construction principles can assure increased sustainability in construction projects. This paper will explore the commonalities of these concepts and determine indicators that can be used to express the impact of lean on all three pillars of sustainability: economy, society and environment. This work is executed as an explorative sample study of what are considered two of the leading companies in using lean construction approaches in the Norwegian construction industry. Semi-structured in-depth interviews of six key contributors were conducted. The work is limited to the production phase of a project, and focuses on sustainability in the process rather than of the product. The main finding is that lean construction can have a positive impact on selected indicators for sustainability. This impact is primarily related to reduced stress, less sick leave, increased productivity, more efficient use of resources and improved quality. Lean construction observably has an evident impact on all three pillars of sustainability, and it should be focused on equating the social, economic and environmental aspects of future work. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Lean and Green, Sustainability, Sustainable Development, Production Process }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lidelöw2016, author={Lidelöw, Helena and Simu, Kajsa }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction as an Emergent Operations Strategy}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1314}, affiliation={Associate professor, Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, SWEDEN, +46 70 33 40 766, helena.lidelow@ltu.se ; Adjunct Lecturer, Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, SWEDEN, +46 70 589 98 96, kajsa.simu@ltu.se }, abstract={All companies have an operations strategy; a pattern of decisions made in operations with the purpose to support the business strategy. Lean Construction can be seen as an operations strategy. Under the assumption that an operations strategy is emergent, it should be traceable on the tactical level of a company. The aim of this research is to detect the emergent operations strategy at construction companies and contrast it with existing research on decision categories. An interview study with nine middle managers at different Swedish contractors was organised. All respondents are active on the tactical level of their respective companies. The in-depth interviews were transcribed and the transcriptions analysed to identify categories that are focused in daily operational decisions. According to operations management literature, it is in the daily decision making that the operations strategy is created and enacted. The differences between companies with and without a Lean implementation were analysed. Some of the managers claiming to work according to Lean principles displayed many similarities with managers which are not. Furthermore, managers (and their companies) without a clear statement on Lean implementation still embrace many of the basic Lean principles. The emerging categories were compared to existing publications of decision categories. The result shows that Lean principles can constitute part of a construction company’s operations strategy without them having an acclaimed Lean implementation. Treating the operations strategy as emergent from daily actions is a successful way of detecting it. }, author_keywords={Operations, process, production, production system design, strategy }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Franco2016, author={Franco, Jéssica V. and Picchi, Flávio A. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Design in Building Projects: Guiding Principles and Exploratory Collection of Good Practices}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1315}, affiliation={Ms.C, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil. j.valejofranco@gmail.com ; Associated Professor, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON); Department of Architecture and Building, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design; University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP), and Vice-President, Lean Institute Brasil; fpicchi@lean.org.br }, abstract={In Construction, the application of lean thinking in design development comes as an innovation in the sector by bringing focus on what is waste and what is value. In this context, the aim of this paper is to, first, identify which are the guiding principles for lean product development, by literature review in different industries; and, second, based on these structured principles, perform an exploratory collection of good practices in building design projects. In order to identify the guiding principles a literature review was conducted and, after that, case studies were carried out in three Brazilian Construction and Architecture companies, plus one international Architecture company. The guiding principles showed to be a good structured way of collecting lean design good practices; additionally, in the case studies it was detected if and how lean design principles are applied in the companies. As a contribution, this work established structured lean product development guiding principles and gathered an exploratory collection of building design good practices. For future work, the evolution of the guiding principles in a framework for application, the adaptation of some lean principles for building design and more studies to test the application of related practices in the sector are suggested. }, author_keywords={lean product development, lean design, design management }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fosse2016, author={Fosse, Roar and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Lean Design Management in Practice With the Last Planner System}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1316}, affiliation={Regional Manager, Lean Construction, Skanska, Oslo, Norway, +4793444588, roar.fosse@skanska.no ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 415 710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Although mostly applied to planning of construction work, projects have also benefitted from adopting the Last Planner System® (LPS) to the design phase. This paper investigates how LPS applies lean principles in design management by presenting a case study of a project changing from traditional planning of the design process to using LPS. Before the transition, the project struggled with several common challenges in design and was in danger of not submitting the design proposal on time. After implementing LPS, performance significantly improved, with the design proposal not just submitted on time, but also performing very well in terms of customer requirements regarding cost and quality. It was clearly stated from the design team that they benefitted significantly from LPS. Better team alignment, clearer task description, better sequencing and increased process transparency were some effects, as well as potential problems better identified and solved in time through a weekly plan “check, correct and lookahead”-routine in design meetings. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the practical understanding of how LPS can be applied to design and what outcomes can be achieved. Previous research has established LPS’ potential to counter common challenges in the design process, and the authors hope this paper further strengthens this notion by contributing with additional empirical findings. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Lean Design, pull planning, PPC. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khaddaj2016, author={Khaddaj, Maggie B and Kachouh, Hussein and Halaby, Bassel and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Management Principles and Stigmergy}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1317}, affiliation={Master’s Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020,Lebanon, mbk17@mail.aub.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, kachouh.h@gmail.com ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, bnh04@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, Phone +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Stigmergy is a mechanism comprising a sensing agent that responds to the settings of the environment by performing an action. Lean is defined as a philosophy that aims at eliminating waste in production processes without compromising value. The two concepts appear in the literature as independent with little attempts to study a possible relation between them. The purpose of the paper is to explore synergies between two seemingly distinct concepts. This is performed by investigating both Stigmergy and Lean separately, transforming each notion into its dynamic functional system, and comparing the functions of each against one another. Findings reveal that the natural mechanisms of Stigmergy can facilitate the operations of a Lean environment. Organizations can enhance performance by realizing and implementing some of the overlapping features between Stigmergy and Lean. }, author_keywords={Lean management principles, Stigmergy, agents, environment, dynamics, actuators, sensors }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Binninger2016, author={Binninger, Marco and Dlouhy, Janosch and Oprach, Svenja and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Methods for Production Leveling – Transfer From Lean Production to Lean Construction}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1318}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-44124, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42168, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; M.Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650, svenja.oprach@gmx.de ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={Leveling of work packages is a basic requirement for production planning, and an important part of Lean Management. It offers the advantage of a steady utilization of resources and leads to a constant rhythm by using a defined sequence of work packages. Currently leveling of activities in construction processes is mainly applied by defining Takt units and by matching the required workload to the available workforce. Reasons for this are the traditional division of work into trades, interfaces regarding warranties, project based organization, outsourcing, or the lack of optimization of individual activities. Experience shows that apart from this, leveling of construction processes by currently used methods cannot adequately respond to unexpected disruptions. As a consequence resources are overloaded and project execution is delayed. In comparison to this stationary production industries are better equipped to react to disruptions with suitable tools such as the use of additional labor and supermarket delivery systems or through rotating work shifts using a qualification matrix. This article brings together the results of a theoretical analysis, which investigated the transferability of selected tools for leveling of work processes from stationary production industries to the construction industry. It is determined that a number of tools can be transferred to the construction industry. It is shown how these tools must be adapted to be effectively implemented, and which changes to the basic framework are required in order to achieve this. In the future the results of this analysis must be validated by case studies. For this the required theoretical basis is developed in this paper. The article shows furthermore the potential for increased reliability and a higher efficiency of production systems in the construction industry through a higher degree of leveling activities. }, author_keywords={Takt, work packages, leveling of work }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ibarra2016, author={Ibarra, José Villamayor and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Lima, Cicero and Mourão, Alexandre and Saggin, Angela }, editor={ }, title={Model for Integrated Production and Quality Control: Implementation and Testing Using Commercial Software Applications}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1319}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, josevillamayor86@gmail.com ; Ph.D., Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; R&D Manager, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, cicero@crolim.com.br ; Technical Director, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Lean&Green Coordinator, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, angela@crolim.com.br }, abstract={The literature has pointed out that a major problem in quality management systems is the lack of integration with production control. In fact, very often a task is considered to be completed in short-term control, but no quality checking has been performed. The aim of this research work is to propose a model for production control that integrates task completion and quality control, with the support of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). It is built on a previous version of the model, which was strongly based on the Last Planner System®. Thus, the model was further developed and tested through the use of commercial software packages, which has also enabled the use of BIM for visualizing control data. Besides monitoring quality conformance and the completion of tasks, the model can also be used for measuring some types of waste, such as making-do and unfinished work. Two empirical studies were developed in construction sites located in Brazil. In this paper, some of the results obtained from the instantiation of the model are briefly presented, as well as some suggestions for future research on this topic. }, author_keywords={Production control, quality control, unfinished work, informal work, making-do. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Al Hattab2016, author={Al Hattab, Malak and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Modeling Design Workflow: Integrating Process and Organization}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1320}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., American Univ. of Beirut, Riad El Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, +961 70 931272, mja28@aub.edu.lb ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., American Univ. of Beirut, Riad El Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={The advancement and increasing complexity of design requirements result in the rapid proliferation of information that needs to be properly integrated and coordinated among multidisciplinary parties. Inefficient planning, the ill-defined and iterative design nature, and poor communication disrupt design workflow, consequently creating waste such as increased cycle times, cost, rework, and errors. Sub-optimal design workflow has captured researchers’ interests who have developed frameworks tackling design task structuring, measuring flow, or understanding the organizational network involved. However, a formerly unexplored perspective is one that integrates both the process, i.e., flow of design information, and the social network, i.e., interactions among design teams. This integration and communication between teams enables the design intent to properly flow and be transformed into value adding output. Accordingly, this study approaches workflow at the intersection of the social and process aspects of design to understand, measure, and analyze information flow within communication networks. Agent-based modeling and social network analysis are used to dynamically capture the impacts of lean practices and Building Information Modeling (BIM) on communication. This novel design management strategy focuses, simultaneously, on interaction dynamics and information diffusion to assist design teams in enhancing design flow, knowledge transformation, and value generation while reducing wastes. }, author_keywords={Work flow, communication, lean design management, Building Information Modeling (BIM), Agent-based modelling (ABM). }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dave2016, author={Dave, Bhargav and Seppänen, Olli and Modrich, Ralf-Uwe }, editor={ }, title={Modeling Information Flows Between Last Planner and Location Based Management System}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1321}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering; Rakentajanaukio 4 A, P.O.Box 12100, 00076 Aalto, Finland +358 50 368 0412, bhargav.dave@aalto.fi ; Professor of Practice, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering; Rakentajanaukio 4 A, P.O.Box 12100, 00076 Aalto, Finland +358 50 368 0412, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Director of Process Integration, Webcor Builders, San Francisco, CA, rmodrich@webcor.com }, abstract={Production planning and control are two of the most important aspects that contribute towards the successful completion of construction projects. The Last Planner® System (LPS) and Location Based Management System (LBMS) have emerged as two popular methods for production planning and control. Previous research has shown that by combining LPS and LBMS there is an opportunity to improve production tracking, forecasting and control and described the process of how the systems can be combined. However the research has stopped short of developing specific information flows between the two systems. In particular, the use of LBMS forecasts in LPS lookahead planning and the use of LPS constraints in LBMS forecasting lack specific guidelines. Information can be moved in several different ways and research is needed to make sure that the integration adds value. The goal of this research is to evaluate alternative ways to integrate the information in LBMS and LPS systems. Thought experiments and simple scenarios were used to evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of different approaches. The result is an initial proof of concept that can be implemented manually or automated in LBMS and LPS software applications. }, author_keywords={Production Control, Last Planner System, Location Based Scheduling, Production Planning. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bekdik2016, author={Bekdik, Baris and Hall, Daniel and Aslesen, Sigmund }, editor={ }, title={Off-Site Prefabrication: What Does It Require From the Trade Contractor?}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1322}, affiliation={PhD Student, Management Engineering Dept., Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet Bygning 424, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, +45 2270 3677, barbe@dtu.dk. ; PhD Candidate, Civil and Environmental Eng Dept., Global Projects Center, Stanford University, Y2E2 Bldg, 472 Via Ortega, Suite 242, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA, dhall12@stanford.edu. ; Development Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør, Department of Strategy & Improvement, PO Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway, sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no. }, abstract={The purpose of the paper is to show what is required to industrialize a building process from the standpoint of the trade contractor. Rationalization of building processes has, over the years, caught the attention of numerous IGLC papers. Although significant contributions have been made to further understand and improve existing construction processes, relatively few contributions have focused on the opportunities for industrialization from the trade contractor’s perspective. This paper uses an in-depth case study to address the deployment strategy for off-site fabrication techniques and processes used for modular plumbing fixture carriers deployed on two large-scale hospital projects in the United States. Findings include the organizational and technological arrangement for prefabrication. The paper applies value stream mapping to visualize the process and improve it. Because this work looks at only one case study, the conclusions are limited in generalizability to other prefabrication operations. However, it represents an important in-depth case from the trade contractors’ perspective and will contribute to the growing body of research focused on industrialization and prefabrication in lean construction. . }, author_keywords={Lean construction, modularity, prefabrication, standardization, value stream mapping (VSM) }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Korb2016, author={Korb, Samuel and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={One Size Does Not Fit All: Rethinking Approaches to Managing the Construction of Multi-Story Apartment Buildings}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1323}, affiliation={PhD Student, Virtual Construction Lab, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, +972-4-829-2245, shmuel.korb@technion.ac.il ; Assoc. Prof., Virtual Construction Lab, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, +972-4-829-2245, cvsacks@technion.ac.il }, abstract={For multi-story apartment buildings, the “product” that customers value has two distinct components: shared (exterior and shared internal spaces) and private (individual apartments). The basic elements are the same (flooring, plumbing, etc.), and they are installed by the same trades using the same work methods. Yet the shared and private components are fundamentally distinct; the former entails repetitive work packages with stable design and process information, whereas the latter has high variation between products, for which information arrives in an unpredictable fashion as customers make final decisions about interior finishes. Although this dichotomy has been identified in the literature and its deleterious effects studied, construction management has ignored it and attempted to manage both project types within the same production system and by using similar management tools. In this paper, we explicate the shared/private delineation drawing on analogies from manufacturing processes (such the Mass vs. High-Mix, Low-Volume distinction) and discuss appropriate management tactics to address the inherently dual nature of the integrated final product. }, author_keywords={Construction management theory; High-mix, low-volume (HMLV); Information stability; Product mix; Production system design. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Beck2016, author={Beck, Sebastian and Schmalz, Sarina and Heyl, Jakob von and Binder, Florian }, editor={ }, title={Optimizing the Value Stream – Application of Bim in Fm. Status Quo in Germany}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1324}, affiliation={MSc.Student, Civil Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Germany, sebastian.beck@outlook.de ; Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Scientific Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, +49 711 685-66160, sarina.schmalz@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de ; Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Scientific Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, +49 711 685-66143, jakob.vonheyl@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de ; Dr.-Ing., BIM Manager, Ed. Züblin AG, Stuttgart, Germany, +49 711 7883-5288, florian.binder@zueblin.de }, abstract={Facility Management includes all services that are necessary to support the core business of a company in a building. Therefore, a lot of information is required, for example building elements, operational costs, contract types, room allocation, logistics or maintenance. This data is essential to organize all processes, both effectively and efficiently. However, a lot of data gets lost throughout the building lifecycle, due to the temporary participation of many different parties, e. g. planners, contracting companies, service providers or owners, and various interfaces between them. Retrieving this information is both arduous and time consuming, if even possible. In order to reduce this unnecessary effort, to eliminate waste and to enable a continuous improvement of all facility management processes, new methods and tools should be considered. Building Information Modeling, as a promising method to provide data not only in the planning and construction phases but throughout the whole lifecycle, can help to overcome the challenges described above. This paper aims to identify the area of application of BIM and its possible benefits in Facility Management. The integration of BIM in computer aided facility management tools in Germany will be illustrated and examined. In a single-case study, selected IT-applications will be further analyzed and development needs regarding standards for the implementation of BIM will be outlined. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling, Facility Management, Collaboration, Benefits Realization, Flow }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Korb2016, author={Korb, Samuel and Haronian, Eran and Sacks, Rafael and Judez, Pedro and Shaked, Ory }, editor={ }, title={Overcoming “But We’re Different”: An IPD Implementation in the Middle East}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1325}, affiliation={PhD Student, Virtual Construction Lab, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, +972-4-829-2245, shmuel.korb@technion.ac.il ; MSc Student, Virtual Construction Lab, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, +972-4-829-2245, haronian.e@gmail.com ; Assoc. Prof., Virtual Construction Lab, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng., Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, +972-4-829-2245, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Ind. Eng. and Master of Adv. Studies, PhD Candidate, Dept. of Eng. Presentation, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTECH (UPC), Spain, +34-679-848-109, pedro.judez@upc.edu ; CEO, C2 Construction Consulting, Ltd., +972-544-235-422, ory@ccce.co.il }, abstract={What are the key success factors and barriers that can be expected when implementing Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) for the first time in a traditional construction culture? We present an in-depth case study of the “Saxum” project under construction in Abu Ghosh, Israel, the first implementation of IPD in this traditional construction culture. The goal is to glean insight into the dynamics that support and/or subvert the required paradigm shift. The researchers interviewed the key participants, visited the site and reviewed source material from this and other IPD projects. Despite cultural and historical factors that were expected to prevent or weaken implementation of a collaborative approach like IPD, the key participants built the project according to the IPD framework. The insistence of the overseas project owner's representative that IPD be employed, coupled with the openness of the local partners to work differently, were found to be critical success factors. The participants' mindset and their behavior changed fundamentally with respect to their traditional roles, as did the character of the project (which was measured on a multi-factor sliding scale from “traditional” to “pure IPD”). Prior to this successful implementation, the opinion of local practitioners on IPD could be summed up as: “Nice in theory, but not applicable in our adversarial construction business culture.” Yet this project has shown that given the right combination of agents, it is not only feasible but also rewarding to adopt. While there are multiple accounts of IPD implementations, we focus here on viewing the case study through the lens of change management with an analysis of the local cultural barriers that were overcome. }, author_keywords={, , , , and }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bhaidani2016, author={Bhaidani, Noorien and Rybkowski, Zofia and Smith, James P. and Choudhury, Iftekharuddin and Hill, Rodney }, editor={ }, title={Percent Planned Complete: Development and Testing of a Simulation to Increase Reliability in Scheduling}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1326}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, e-mail: noorienbhaidani@tamu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, tel: 979-845-4354, e-mail: zrybkowski@tamu.edu *corresponding author ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science and Management, College of Architecture, Art and Humanities, Clemson University, Clemson SC 29634-0507, tel- 864-656-7473, e-mail: jps7@clemson.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, tel: 979-845-7000, e-mail: ifte.chodhury@gmail.com ; Professor, Department of Architecture, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-3137, e-mail: rhill@arch.tamu.edu }, abstract={This research responds to a perceived need to help construction management students and industry stakeholders develop a solid understanding of the impact of Percent Planned Complete (PPC) during their first exposure to the Last Planner System of Production Control™. Although the practice of implementing PPC is becoming more widespread, the benefits of its use are arguably not yet fully appreciated by industry practitioners. The QUESTION this research seeks to address is: How can the impact of PPC be clarified to those who are exposed to it for the first time? The PURPOSE of the research is to develop and test a new simulation to better understand how participants perceive the impact of using PPC as a tool to measure and subsequently improve reliability in planning. With respect to RESEARCH METHODS, a simulation was iteratively developed and a questionnaire was administered to participants both before and after playing the simulation to perceive any change in their understanding of the PPC method. The simulation was tested using students as subjects from two universities, as well as industry professionals, and questionnaire results were analyzed. RESULTS demonstrate that playing the simulation led to a 718% enhanced understanding of how applying PPC to schedule planning can lead to improved reliability of performance. LIMITATIONS include time constraints which necessitated a limitation in the number of test subjects, and the disregard of cultural differences in test subjects. Underlying the need for this work is the assumption that comprehending the impact of PPC helps facilitate application of it. IMPLICATIONS and VALUE of this work is that it has the potential to assist instructors and project managers to more effectively and efficiently transfer understanding of PPC and its capacity to measure (and therefore enhance) reliability, as part of the larger process of continuous improvement. }, author_keywords={Percent Planned Complete/PPC; Lean simulation; Last Planner System of Production Control; Teaching Lean Construction }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vatne2016, author={Vatne, Mats Erik and Drevland, Frode }, editor={ }, title={Practical Benefits of Using Takt Time Planning: A Case Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1327}, affiliation={Student M.Sc. Civil Engineering., NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 992 90 250, matserik@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no }, abstract={Takt time planning (TTP) aims to increase productivity by reducing waste. This is achieved by optimizing work packages and team sizes to fit the desired rate of production. Takt time planning has shown to reduce non-value adding time spent by work crews. This reduction makes workers produce more in less time, thus reducing the costs of construction. However, when performing TTP in practice, extensive plans have to be made in collaboration with subcontractors to make the process as smooth as possible. This, in combination with the time used to follow-up on the plans during the construction phase, takes time to perform and can be costly. Little documentation exists on the benefits of using TTP and exactly what kinds of efforts are worthwhile. The purpose of this research is to examine a practical application of TTP and evaluate the usefulness of the efforts made in the planning process. By doing this one can prioritize where to spend extra time or resources to optimize projects. This paper is a case study of a project from a major Norwegian contractor where TTP is being used. Methods used and experiences gained are compared to tried and tested methods to evaluate how TTP has affected the case project. The paper concludes that TTP has been beneficial to the case project in terms of completion time and worker comfort, but also identifies some obstacles that needs to be overcome before the true value of their method of TTP can be identified. }, author_keywords={Takt time planning, production planning, case study }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Blampied2016, author={Blampied, Nigel and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Product Versus Performance Specification for Wheelchair Ramp Construction}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1328}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Researcher, Project Production Systems Laboratory, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 (510) 479-7070, blampied@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@berkeley.edu }, abstract={Wheelchair ramps at street intersections are a simple product of construction. In California, the standards for these ramps are established by the State Architect and are common to all agencies that own public streets and build pedestrian facilities in the state. There are 541 such street-owning agencies. When 541 agencies produce a simple product to the same requirements, one might expect to find little difference in the cost of the product or the time taken to produce it. This proved not to be the case. A significant pattern of difference was found between the cost and time to produce ramps by the State Department of Transportation (DOT) as opposed to the cost and time to produce ramps by local cities. The differences appear to be rooted in historic practices which, in turn, are rooted in the procurement laws that govern to two types of agency. Those laws date back to 1875 and 1883 respectively, and they have led to the DOT adopting a more product-based form of specification while cities use specifications that emphasize performance. This difference in specifications drives the cost and schedule differences. The paper illustrates the use of benchmarking between agencies and the “path dependent” influence of historic practices. }, author_keywords={Theory, flow, set based design (SBD), product design, performance based design, transportation, wheelchair ramps }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Young2016, author={Young, Brendan K. and Hosseini, Ali and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Project Alliances and Lean Construction Principles}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1329}, affiliation={MSc Candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 944 31 715, brendan@stud.ntnu.no ; PhD Candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 913 09 166, ali.hosseini@ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 735 94 739, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={There is a trend in the construction industry of adopting more and more relational type contracting methods, for example, project alliancing. In addition to this trend, there is increasing adoption of the lean construction principles. This paper explores the inherent relationship between project alliancing and lean construction in an attempt to highlight the similarities between this project delivery method and the lean methodology. Based on the literature studied and the performed interviews, this study shows that alliancing does in fact inherently align with some key lean construction principles. Particularly in the area of customer focus, culture and people, waste elimination, and continuous improvement. An understanding of how and where alliancing aligns with lean can lead to a better insight into how the model can be improved. Such knowledge could be useful to practitioners looking at incorporating more efficiencies into the alliancing model by introducing lean concepts }, author_keywords={Alliancing, Lean Construction, Project Delivery Method, Contract, Value }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Peltokorpi2016, author={Peltokorpi, Antti and Seppänen, Olli and Noorizadeh, Abdollah }, editor={ }, title={Project Lifecycle Approach to the Perceived Value of Suppliers: A Study of a Finnish Contractor}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1330}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Eng., Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, FINLAND, +358 50 3716613, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi ; Professor of Practice, Dept. of Civil Eng., Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, FINLAND, +358 503680412, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; M.Sc. Doctoral candidate, Dept. of Civil Eng., Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, FINLAND, +358 468472797, abdollah.noorizadeh@aalto.fi }, abstract={Systematic supplier evaluation, benchmarking, and development are parts of successful construction. However, there is a possible bias in supplier evaluations as in the early phase of projects, higher uncertainty about project success makes contractors potentially more critical of suppliers. We investigate whether contractors tend to favor suppliers of late project phases over suppliers in early phases. The analysis of 1,374 supplier evaluations revealed that in all 13 variables ranging from safety and schedule to quality the performance of the supplier was perceived lower among suppliers in the early phase compared to the late phase of the project. The evaluators recommended 92.8 % of the suppliers of late phases whereas they recommended only 86.1 % of the suppliers of early phases. When 12 other variables were taken into account, the contractor still tended to recommend more often suppliers that were active in the late phase (p<0.01). The paper contributes to the research on supplier management in projects by revealing novel insights about the effect of project phase on perceived value of suppliers. Contractors can utilize the findings by improving the objectivity of supplier evaluation systems. More research is needed to generalize the findings and to investigate the mechanisms behind the phenomenon. }, author_keywords={Supply Chain Management, Supplier Evaluation, Perceived Value, Project Phase }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fernandes2016, author={Fernandes, Nádia Braga de Lima Saraiva and Valente, Caroline Porto and Saggin, Angela de Bortoli and Brito, Felipe Loiola and Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. do Amaral and Elias, Sérgio José Barbosa }, editor={ }, title={Proposal for the Structure of a Standardization Manual for Lean Tools and Processes in a Construction Site}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1331}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, nadiabragasaraiva@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Master Student, Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, carolinevalente@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, angela@crolim.com.br ; Technical Manager, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, felipe@crolim.com.br ; Technical Director, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Professor, UFC – Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, serglias@secrel.com.br }, abstract={ }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Antunes2016, author={Antunes, Ricardo and González, Vicente and Walsh, Kenneth }, editor={ }, title={Quicker Reaction, Lower Variability: The Effect of Transient Time in Flow Variability of Project-Driven Production}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1332}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Auckland, New Zealand, rsan640@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; Dean, SDSU-Georgia, San Diego State University, Tbilisi, Georgia, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={Based on the knowledge of dynamic systems, the shorter the transient response, or the faster a system reaches the steady-state after the introduction of the change, the smaller will be the output variability. In lean manufacturing, the principle of reducing set-up times has the same purpose: reduce the transient time and improve production flow. Analogously, the analysis of the transient response of project-driven systems may provide crucial information about how fast these systems react to a change and how that change affects their production output. Although some studies have investigated flow variability in projects, few have looked at variability from the perspective that the transient state represents the changeovers on project-driven production systems and how the transient state affects the process’ flow variability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of changes in project-driven production systems from a conceptual point of view, furthermore, measuring and correlating the transient response of five cases to their flow variability. Results showed a proportional relationship between the percentile transient time and flow variability of a process. That means that the quicker the production system reacts to change; the less the distress in the production output, consequently, lower levels of flow variability. As practical implications, lean practices focusing on reducing set-up times (transient time) can have their effects measured on project-driven production flow. }, author_keywords={Flow, variability, production, Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED), productivity function }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Korb2016, author={Korb, Samuel }, editor={ }, title={“Respect for People” and Lean Construction: Has the Boat Been Missed?}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1333}, affiliation={Respect for people, Toyota Production System (TPS), Lean Construction shortcomings, construction peculiarities, IGLC, literature review }, abstract={The Toyota Production System (TPS) is the powerful engine that has rocketed the Toyota Motor Company from a backwater operation in a war-torn country to the largest automobile manufacturer in the world. Lean thinking (as TPS has come to be known outside of Toyota) has been successfully applied to industries from across the spectrum of products and services, from technology start-ups to healthcare providers. The construction industry has also been lured in by the siren song of the benefits of a successful Lean implementation: more satisfied customers, greater profitability, and improved metrics across the board. But as the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC) celebrates its 24th annual conference and declares the field to be "on the brink of revolution," the question arises: has the promise of Lean Construction been fully realized? Toyota has long stressed that TPS stands on two pillars: Continuous Improvement, and Respect for People. The former brings with it the hoped-for results, but it is the latter that makes the former possible. Their motto is: "We make people before we make cars." Companies that have successfully implemented Lean consistently state that their achievements would not have been possible without sustained employee engagement and support at all levels of the organization. Have Lean Construction enthusiasts grasped the importance of the Respect for People principle? Have they recognized the crucial nature of employee engagement? Based on the literature, the answer is no. In this paper, I examine the dearth of focus on this topic in the field, examine case studies from other industries, and discuss what "Respect for People" could look like in light of the peculiarities of how Lean construction is currently practiced. }, author_keywords={Respect for people, Toyota Production System (TPS), Lean Construction shortcomings, construction peculiarities, IGLC, literature review }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2016, author={Arroyo, Paz and Gonzalez, Vicente }, editor={ }, title={Rethinking Waste Definition to Account for Environmental and Social Impacts}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1334}, affiliation={Assistant Professor. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. Phone +56 22354-4244, parroyo@ing.puc.cl. ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz. }, abstract={Onho´s types of waste have been used in lean construction as guidelines. However, we argue that the lean construction community should question and rethink the definition of waste, and update the types of wastes in order to account not only for the production/economic impacts from design and construction, but also their environmental and social impacts. This paper provides insights about this issue and a literature review pertaining types of environmental and social waste derived from the construction industry. We think that the transformation and value flow also needs to account not only for the products derived from the design and manufacturing process, but also needs to account for the inputs, such as energy and water as well as the by-products, such as air emissions, contamination of water, and soil. Finally, we think that more research is needed in this area, in order to extend the positive impacts of applying combined lean and sustainable principles in construction. }, author_keywords={te, sustainability, lean. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Trevisan2016, author={Trevisan, Guilherme and Viana, Daniela and Formoso, Carlos }, editor={ }, title={Role of Loading Plans in the Control of Work in Progress for Engineer-to-Order Prefabricated Building Systems}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1335}, affiliation={Master student at NORIE/UFRGS - Built Environment Innovation Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99. Porto Alegre, 3o andar, RS, Brazil. +55 51 33083518 arq.guillerminapenaloza@gmail.com ; PhD., Post-doc Researcher at NORIE/UFRGS danidietz@gmail.com ; Associate Professor at NORIE /UFRGS formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The benefits of pull production systems are well reported in the literature. Some authors argue that those benefits can be achieved through the control of work-in-progress (WIP) levels. However, when the construction project uses Engineered-To-Order (ETO) building systems, each production phase (namely design, fabrication, and site installation) may require a different batch size. The task of reducing batch size become more complex, since the production system needs a systemic view of the project flow. The paper discusses the concept of a pull system, based on the idea of controlling WIP, in a less repetitive environment. Design Science research was the methodological approach adopted in this investigation, in which an empirical study was carried out in partnership with a Steel Fabricator. Several sources of evidence have been used, such as participant observation, semi-structured interviews, document analysis, direct observation, and analysis of existing databases. The study revealed that the definition of the minimum batch in this context must consider both how the assembly process is carried out on site, and also how components are transported. The implementation of a method to control WIP in the plant contributed for reducing lead-times and inventory levels, and made project delivery more reliable }, author_keywords={Engineer-to-order, work-in progress control, prefabricated building systems }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kagioglou2016, author={Kagioglou, Michail and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Benefits Realisation: An Investigation of Structure and Agency}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1336}, affiliation={Professor of Process Management, Art, Design and Architecture, School., Dean, Univ. of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484472289, m.kagioglou@hud.ac.uk ; Professor of Integrated Design, Architecture and 3D Design, Depart., Head of Department and Director of the Innovative Design Lab, Univ. of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484472281, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={The last 3 decades have seen significant developments in all aspects of process management and New Product Development (NPD) in the Built Environment. Many of the characteristics of NPD models have been challenged and new key principles are emerging as necessary for success. The issue of delivering benefits rather than just tasks and processes has become more prominent also. Previous work related to NPD and Benefits Realisation has focused on the representational and process aspects of their implementation. This paper extends these notions and in particular introduces and explains ‘structure’ and ‘agency’ as they are understood in social sciences. In particular the notion of ‘structure’ will be presented as part of the overarching imperative for action and the actors involved in both undertaking and enacting processes. Finally, the paper concludes in describing how research should be undertaken within the particular context of benefits realisation. The Unique Adequacy (UA) requirement of methods is critical in researching benefits realisation. As such, researchers need to be competent (in theory and practice) of and in the context, which they investigate. Implications for future research are also identified. }, author_keywords={Benefits realisation, structuration theory, value, process, new product development }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2016, author={Alves, Thais da C. L. and Needy, Kim L. and Walsh, Kenneth D. and Chan, Deborah }, editor={ }, title={Understanding Inspection Challenges in the EPC Industry: A Simulation Approach}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1337}, affiliation={ Associate Professor, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Dean, Graduate School and International Education, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, kneedy@uark.edu ; Dean, San Diego State University, Tblisi, Georgia, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Undergraduate Student, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil, dkchan_4@hotmail.com }, abstract={How can the inspection task and its challenges be mimicked in a simulation? The purpose of the research was to use a simulation to highlight challenges and trade-offs faced by inspectors in the Engineering Procure Construct (EPC) industry. A literature review was conducted and results were shared and discussed with a group of subject matter experts (SMEs) who are part of Construction Industry Institute Research Team 308. A simulation was identified and modified to address important concepts related to the inspection process in the EPC industry. The simulation is more generic in nature to allow a broad-based audience to use it. Versions of the simulation were tested with students in a classroom setting and SMEs, their feedback was collected, and a final version of the simulation defined. Participants found the discussion about variables considered to be useful and the simulation to be a good representation of what happens in practice. Lean researchers often view inspection as a contributory or wasteful activity. However, inspection should be designed and managed like any other activity. }, author_keywords={Inspection, Simulation, Nonconformances }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heinonen2016, author={Heinonen, Aleksi and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Takt Time Planning: Lessons for Construction Industry from a Cruise Ship Cabin Refurbishment Case Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1338}, affiliation={Business Development Manager, I.S Mäkinen Oy, Tammitie 14, 21410 Vanhalinna, Finland. aleksi.heinonen@ismakinen.com ; Professor of Practice, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, Rakentajanaukio 4 A, P.O Box 12100, 00076 Aalto, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi }, abstract={Takt time planning has recently received a lot of attention in lean construction community. However, very few empirical results have been reported. This paper presents a takt time planning case study from a closely related industry, cruise ship cabin refurbishment. The results of lean implementation in the case company have been very good, including productivity increase to 380% of baseline, WIP decrease of 99%, quality defect decrease of 99% and project lead time reduction of 73%. The paper reviews the process used and compares and contrasts the takt time method implemented by case company and the process proposed for construction in previous lean construction conferences. The implemented takt time method was found to be similar to the method proposed in previous lean construction conferences but it includes several additional process steps such as explicitly considering material logistics and garbage collection and real-time data collection. The main differences between project types are in logistics setup and business drivers impacting desire to cut lead time over improving resource efficiency. Interestingly, cycle time reduction achieved both goals in the case company. The contribution of this paper is to show the benefits of takt time planning and to propose additional components to takt time planning process. }, author_keywords={Takt time planning, logistics, flow, work in progress }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frandson2016, author={Frandson, Adam G. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Takt Time Planning of Interiors on a Pre-Cast Hospital Project}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, pages={143-152}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1339}, affiliation={Adam Frandson, PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, Afrandson@berkeley.edu ; 2Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director, Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu }, abstract={This research presents a case study of Takt time planning developed for interior construction in a healthcare facility in Sacramento, California. This research uses design science to test the method of Takt time planning and answer the research question: how does a team develop a Takt time plan and what challenges exist during plan execution? Data was collected from a project, where one of the researchers worked the entire time during the planning and execution of the work. Evidence for the claims come directly from the scheduling data. The purpose of this research is to improve upon current practices of planning and project delivery during the interior phase of hospital construction. Findings from the research reveal how the Takt time planning process can help improve construction schedules with (1) smaller batches of work and/or (2) an improved understanding of the work contents. However, executing to a Takt time plan requires rapid feedback and problem solving in order to maintain the plan, depending on the pace of the job. As such, all aspects of the production system need to be aligned in order for a Takt time plan to be executed successfully. A limitation to the research is that it comes from a single case study. The implications from the research are that there may be types of projects or phases of projects where buffering with capacity alone may not make sense during interior construction, and early schedule data collected within the Last Planner system may provide that indication. The research contributes new research questions regarding the relationship between non-field and field production. The research also contributes insight into how to apply Takt time planning on a project. }, author_keywords={Takt time planning, Production Planning and Control }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kron2016, author={Kron, Christian and von der Haar, Rosa }, editor={ }, title={Target Costing for the Development of Office Buildings}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1340}, affiliation={Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Research Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, +49 (0)711 685 66159, christian.kron@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de ; M.Sc., Student, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany }, abstract={In the project development of office buildings, the project budget is set at a very early stage based on both the obtainable market rent as well as the profitability evaluation. The current approach in project development is wasteful and not value-oriented, as the calculation and allocation of the target costs does not follow a standardized process. The estimation of costs for realisation and follow-up costs is corporate-oriented and not carried out detailed enough in the early stages of the project development process. Although the approach of target costing has prevailed in product development for a long time, so far no implementation in the German construction and real estate sector can be observed. Target costing is necessary to integrate proper cost-planning, cost-management, and cost-controlling in the project development process to create valuable and user-oriented properties. The objective of this conference paper is to analyse the adoption and potentials for increasing values with target costing pertaining to an optimised cost-benefit-ratio for project development of office buildings. The lessons learned are transferred to an optimised method approach. The focus of this approach for practical application is on the determination and allocation of the component-level target costs in terms of specific requirements of users or project developers. In particular, due to the strict market orientation and focus on customer requirements, target costing provides support for project developers in developing properties of increasing value. }, author_keywords={Process, product development, target value design, target costing, cost planning }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neto2016, author={Neto, Hugo M. Morêda and Costa, Dayana B. and Thomas, Linda }, editor={ }, title={Target Value Design Approach for Real Estate Development}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1341}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, MSc in Construction Management, School of Engineering, Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering Department, Stevens Institute of Technology, NJ 07030, USA, hmoredan@stevens.edu ; Assistant Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Master of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, BA, Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br ; Professor and Program Director, Construction Management Program, School of Engineering, Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering Department, Stevens Institute of Technology NJ 07030, USA, lthomas2@stevens.edu }, abstract={In the delivery of major construction projects, the programming phase is often poorly managed. Additionally, there is often a lack of dialog among the stakeholders during the initial design phase, resulting in projects that are over budget, difficult to construct, and finishing later than desired. Rework, waste, and change orders also often occur. Target Value Design (TVD) is a management approach that utilizes features of Target Costing and adapts them to the construction industry. TVD’s focus is to make the client’s value a primary driver of design by improving the project definition during programming thus optimizing the design phase. Despite recent research praising TVD, there still remains a lack of information related to TVD applied to real estate development and construction. This paper reports on a study aiming to identify weaknesses in processes currently used to define construction projects in light of TVD theory for real estate and construction companies. The authors describe findings from exploratory case studies, various interviews and documents analyzed based on a theoretical framework obtained from a literature review of TVD theory. Consequently, recommendations supporting the application of the fundamental concepts of TVD to real estate projects are presented and discussed, furthering the current debate concerning the adaptation of TVD to the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design, Value, Collaboration, Project Definition, Real Estate Development }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2016, author={Alves, Thaís da C. L. and Azambuja, Marcelo M. and Arnous, Bander }, editor={ }, title={Teaching Lean Construction: A Survey of Lean Skills and Qualifications Expected by Contractors and Specialty Contractors in 2016}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1342}, affiliation={Associate Professor, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Construction, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois, azambuj@gmail.com ; Former graduate student, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, alarnous@hotmail.com }, abstract={Early studies conducted by researchers and Lean practitioners have reported strategies, methods, and content used to teach Lean Construction. However, none of the publications address the demands from the construction industry. What skills and qualifications are necessary to qualify for a job at companies that implement or are in the process of adopting Lean practices? What topics should be emphasized in the classroom? This study intends to answer these questions. Our main goal is to identify the set of Lean skills and qualifications that are considered important by construction companies. The researchers conducted a survey of job descriptions on the websites of general contractors and subcontractors listed as members of the Lean Construction Institute (LCI). Recent graduates from construction programs usually pursue jobs as project engineers, assistant project managers, project managers, schedulers, and superintendents. For this reason, only descriptions associated with these roles were collected and analyzed. The findings of this research identify major lean competencies required by the construction industry and provide guidelines for development or improvement of lean construction courses offered at universities. }, author_keywords={Teaching, Lean Construction, Lean skills and qualifications, survey, curriculum }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maris2016, author={Maris, Kelsey and Parrish, Kristen }, editor={ }, title={The Confluence of Lean and Green Construction Practices in the Commercial Buildings Market}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1343}, affiliation={Project Engineer, Holder Construction. Formerly: Student, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, kmaris@holder.com ; Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA, +1 480 727 6363, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu }, abstract={Lean and Green construction methodologies are prevalent in today’s construction industry. Green construction implementation in buildings progressed quickly over the last 10 years due to the popularity and development of building rating systems, such as LEED. Similarly, lean construction has become more popular as it often results in efficient construction and improved owner satisfaction. The goal of this study was to assess whether or not practitioners reported the same thoughts on the interaction, or lack thereof, of lean and green construction as reported in academic literature. The authors identified common elements of each methodology through semi-structured interviews with five construction industry professionals with extensive experience with lean and green construction. Interviewees report lean and green construction are different “flavours” of the industry; however, interviewees also state if implemented together, these processes often result in a high-performance building. The authors note that the number of interviewees is small by design – this small sample size allowed the authors to test this research method for validating academic findings reported in literature. This work also brings the practitioner perspective to the conversation about the confluence of lean and green. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, green construction, waste reduction, efficiency }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamzeh2016, author={Hamzeh, Farook and Kallassy, Jessica and Lahoud, Marvin and Azar, Ralph }, editor={ }, title={The First Extensive Implementation of Lean and LPS in Lebanon: Results and Reflections}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1344}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, + 961 1 350000 Ext. 3616, fax: + 961 1 744462, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, jfk06@mail.aub.edu ; Operation Engineer, MAN Enterprise, Beirut, Lebanon, marvin.lahoud@manenterprise.com ; Operation Coordinator, MAN Enterprise, Beirut, Lebanon, ralph.azar@manenterprise.com }, abstract={Lean construction as a philosophy and set of tools has been successfully implemented in construction to reduce waste and improve customer value. The Last Planner System (LPS) has enriched the construction industry with a production and planning system that aims at improving the reliability of construction planning and workflow. However, several developing countries have not started implementing lean construction or LPS. This paper presents a reflection on the first implementation of lean principles in general and the LPS in particular on a large scale project in Lebanon. The study employs case-study analysis to investigate the implementation process by the General Contractor’s team as well as the various subcontractors. Results highlight the team’s satisfaction despite the several challenges faced. Improvements to the reliability of planning and project’s progress are clearly presented through a longitudinal cross section of the main key performance indicators measured on the project. The paper also highlights the major barriers faced during implementation. This study serves as a reflection process for the general contracting company implementing lean and LPS while forming a basis for future implementations in Lebanon and the Middle East. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, implementation, Last Planner System, production planning and control. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2016, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. }, editor={ }, title={The FRAM as a Tool for Modelling Variability Propagation in Lean Construction}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1345}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Although the control of variability is a key concern for lean construction, there is a lack of tools for modelling how variability propagates throughout functions. This paper discusses how the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) can be useful for this purpose. So far, the FRAM has been used mostly by the resilience engineering community, which is concerned with safety management in complex systems. In order to support this discussion, an example of applying the FRAM to safety inspections carried out by government officers in construction sites is presented. This example draws on sources of data (e.g. participant observation) used by the author in a recent study of systems thinking applied to inspections. The case of safety inspections suggests that the FRAM can encourage managers to appreciate the variability of functions and agents apparently unrelated to the function in which the detrimental effects of variability are visible. Also, results point out that the FRAM might be useful for anticipating the impact of small intentional and non-intentional changes on the functions involved in a construction project. }, author_keywords={FRAM, variability, safety inspections, systems thinking }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2016, author={Schöttle, Annett and Arroyo, Paz }, editor={ }, title={The Impact of the Decision-Making Method in the Tendering Procedure to Select the Project Team}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1346}, affiliation={PhD Candidate. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), annett.schoettle@kit.edu, Advisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Fritz Gehbauer, M.S. ; Assistant Professor. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. Phone +56 22354-4244, parroyo@ing.puc.cl. }, abstract={Social interaction between the owner and the team starts with the tendering procedure. Many public owners use only cost to select the project team. Cost is easy to define and measure, but does not necessarily result in the best team. Some public owners use multiple factors (e.g. quality, expertise, technical capabilities) to find the best team based on a Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) method like Weighting Rating Calculating (WRC) or Best Value Selection (BVS). However, both methods have many shortcomings when helping owners in differentiating among proposals, such as mixing value and cost. We argue that there is a better way of evaluating proposals. We state that public owner should use Choosing By Advantage (CBA) to select the project team. The method is not used in the tendering procedures yet, but could be beneficial in helping owners discern relative value between proposals. CBA is a system, which uses well-defined vocabulary to ensure clarity in the decision-making process. Previous studies already illustrate that CBA provides benefits in order to differentiate between alternatives, because decisions are documented in a greater detail, with a higher level of transparency, and value and cost is separated. This paper builds on a previous research and presents sensitivity analysis on the data of a public project in San Francisco. }, author_keywords={Best Value Selection, Choosing By Advantage, Weighting Rating Calculating, selection, tendering procedure, project team }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haddadi2016, author={Haddadi, Amin and Torp, Olav and Lohne, Jardar and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={The Link Between Stakeholder Power and Value Creation in Construction Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1347}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 977 98 227, Amin.haddadi@ntnu.no ; PhD Candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 977 98 227, Amin.haddadi@ntnu.no ; Research Scientist, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, Jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, Ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={This paper presents a study on what effect stakeholder power has on value creation in construction projects. Fourteen main sources of power in organizations, described by Morgan, form the analytic framework. The ambition is to identify 1) how the distribution of power between the main stakeholders is, 2) which sources of power are most common in a construction project organization, 3) which effect the sources of power have on value creation in projects. The data is collected through semi-structured interviews. Experienced representatives from four main stakeholders in early phase of construction projects (owner, architect, design manager and project manager) were interviewed. The collected data through the interviews was coded, analyzed and linked to the literature study. The results reveals that 10 of 14 sources of power are identified as common sources of power in construction project organizations. Out of the ten, control of knowledge & information and formal authority are rated as the most influential sources of power. Apparently, all main stakeholders can possess these two sources. Rhetorical skills – which is not among the fourteen main sources described by Morgan – turn out to be an underrated and complex source of power. The LCI triangle model suggests that all project delivery systems have three basic domains whining which they operate i) organization, ii) the project´s “Operating system” and iii) the commercial terms binding the participants. These are equally important and should be aligned for the system to be coherent. Power is one of the main elements in organizational affairs that effect transparency and decision processes. There is a knowledge gap in how the power can affect the processes in project organization and which effects it can have on the projects´ overall value creation. }, author_keywords={Power, Organization, Value creation, Early phase, Rhetoric }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Weinheimer2016, author={Weinheimer, Nina }, editor={ }, title={The Process of Green Building Certification: An Examination Regarding Lean Principles}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1348}, affiliation={Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Research Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany, +49 (0)711 685 66161, nina.weinheimer@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de }, abstract={The United Nations Climate Change Conference in November 2015 resulted in the Paris Agreement where 196 countries agreed to the common goal of reducing the global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases during the second half of the 21st century to zero. The building sector has a large impact on the worldwide production of greenhouse gases as buildings are major consumers of energy from construction through to operations and finally, demolition. Consequently, this considerable potential for savings in emissions will have to be realized. Against this background, sustainable building will receive more attention. Green Buildings, with the emphasis on resource efficiency, comfort and high quality are very challenging for the project participants. In addition, these high demands are even increased due to the requirements of a certification system. This document is intended to provide insights into how to best meet the above. First, by using the example of the German Sustainable Building standard, the process of Green Building certification and its realization in practice are described. Second, after giving a theoretical overview of the principles of sustainability and Lean Thinking through literature review, a practice-oriented examination of the certification process is carried out. And third, sources of waste during the certification process are revealed and an approach for improvement regarding Lean Principles is proposed. }, author_keywords={Lean Thinking, process management, sustainability, Green Building certification. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Poshdar2016, author={Poshdar, M. and González, V. A. and O’Sullivan, M. and Shahbazpour, M. and Walker, C. G. and Golzarpoor, H. }, editor={ }, title={The Role of Conceptual Modeling in Lean Construction Simulation}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1349}, affiliation={PhD, Research fellow, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand (corresponding author). E-mail address: mpos814@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. E-mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, 70 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand. E-mail: michael.osullivan@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. E-mail: m.shahbazpour@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD, Associated Professor, Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, 70 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand. E-mail: cameron.walker@auckland.ac.nz ; PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. E-mail address: hgol431@aucklanduni.ac.nz }, abstract={Simulation can validate lean construction concepts prior to their field implementation. It enables efficient analysis of the impacts of lean construction theory on a project by supporting a variety of procedures including model sensitivity and scenario analyses. However, to date, the organization of the elements in lean construction simulation models has mainly followed the traditional perception of construction workarounds. They often assume the project will adhere to the work breakdown structure created by the planners before the execution phase. In order to implement the pull-driven approach, as one of the lean construction principles, managerial interventions during the project execution are inevitable and may include a change in the planned sequence of the work process. Hence, an efficient lean construction model has to explicitly capture the management feedback and decision linkages within the project. A review of the applied modeling approaches in lean construction simulation research indicates a weakness in this area. The methods do not apply a systematic framework that supports identifying the crucial elements of the project and includes the level of detail required in the model. This study investigates likely solutions to overcome the indicated shortage. It traces the roots of the deficiency back to the conceptual phase and investigates the implications of conceptual modeling in lean construction simulation research. It is demonstrated that undertaking a conceptual modeling stage can provide a good level of transparency about the elements that are necessary for abstracting the project reality. Therefore, this study suggests conceptual modeling as an effective solution to enhance the success of a lean construction simulation study. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dlouhy2016, author={Dlouhy, Janosch and Binninger, Marco and Oprach, Svenja and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Three-Level Method of Takt Planning and Takt Control – a New Approach for Designing Production Systems in Construction}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1350}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42168, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-44124, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; M.Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650, svenja.oprach@gmx.de ; M.Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650, svenja.oprach@gmx.de }, abstract={Due to the individualized design and construction of buildings, recurring processes are often not recognized. Because of this, potential improvements are not applied to future projects. With the use of Takt Planning and Takt Control, an effective method exists for identifying recurring processes and thereby adding stability to the construction process. Until now the focus has been on the optimization of the trade sequences during project execution whereby mostly one particular construction phase is considered. This paper describes a newly developed method for designing a Takt Planning and Takt Control system. This method is based on a model with a three level hierarchy to be used for defining Takt and the related workspace. The effectiveness of the method developed was analysed in a case study in a large-scale project. With application of this method, the building phases could be interlinked and the construction time could be reduced from the original eleven months down to five months. Additionally it could be shown that the division into three levels provides managers with the necessary transparency, helps them to make better decisions and to simplify controlling of a construction project. Furthermore, the method enables an improvement in the interlinking of construction phases with the operating phase of a building. The implementation of standardization across different levels allows a continuous improvement of processes from a multi-project perspective. With the help of the method used, the project won the “German Project Management Award 2015”. Building on the results presented in this paper, the method and its effectiveness need to be validated in further construction projects. }, author_keywords={Production system design, Takt planning and takt control, systematic approach, generic structure. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2016, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Bonnier, Knut E. and Ose, Arne O. }, editor={ }, title={Towards a Model for Planning and Controlling ETO Design Projects}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1351}, affiliation={Professor, Dr.Ing, School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Mobile +4797082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Research Assistant, M.Sc. School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, e-mail: knut.e.bonnier@uia.no ; Research Assistant, M.Sc. School of Business and Law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, e-mail: arne.ose@uia.no }, abstract={In the modern engineering environment design projects have become increasingly complex; this calls for an updated perspective on how to plan and coordinate design projects. This paper describes the identified premise that will lay the foundation of the development of a model for planning and controlling such projects. The premise includes principles, requirements, and methods derived from theories around subjects, such as, production theory, lean and agile. The distinctiveness of the design process has been central when setting the premise for the model. }, author_keywords={Design, coordination, control, complexity, ETO, maturity levels, Agile, LPS }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2016, author={Koskela, Lauri and Pikas, Ergo and Gomes, Danilo and Biotto, Clarissa and Talebi, Saeed and Rahim, Noraina and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Towards Shared Understanding on Common Ground, Boundary Objects and Other Related Concepts}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1352}, affiliation={Professor, Email: L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; Doctoral Student, Civil Engineering Dept., Aalto University, Tallinn University of Technology, Finland, Estonia, Email: Ergo.Pikas@aalto.fi ; PhD Candidate, Email: Danilo.Gomes@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; PhD Candidate, Email: Clarissa.Biotto@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; PhD Candidate, Email: Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; PhD Candidate, Email: Noraina.MdRahim@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. ; Professor, Email: P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. }, abstract={Since Aristotle, it has repeatedly been stressed that for engaging in meaningful discussion or debate, the discussion parties must share, besides a language, also knowledge, information, values and goals. What do we know today about this issue? How can that knowledge be used and advanced? The purpose of this paper is to consolidate our understanding on the many concepts that refer to preconditions for communication and collaboration in construction projects. The underlying research is conceptual by nature, and it is underpinned by a literature review. The findings show that currently there is a wide variety of terms and theoretical approaches that refer to the discussed phenomena. This situation invites for a conceptual synthesis and empirical research for its validation. }, author_keywords={Shared understanding, boundary objects, common ground, mediating artefacts, standardized methods, situational awareness. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bhatt2016, author={Bhatt, Yamini and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Kalantar, Negar and Fernández-Solís, José L. }, editor={ }, title={Trainathon Lean Simulation Game: Determining Perceptions of the Value of Training Among Construction Stakeholders}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1353}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843 USA, +1 669-226-1530, yam_karthik@tamu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843, +1 979-845-4354, zrybkowski@gmail.com (corresponding author) ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, +1 979-845-7075, kalantar@tamu.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843, +1 979-458-1058, jsolis@tamu.edu }, abstract={This research was prompted in part in response to a recent study by the Associated General Contractors (AGC) that there is a shortage of trained, skilled labor in the construction industry and this shortage is increasing. The QUESTION this paper seeks to address is: Why aren’t construction stakeholders perceiving the value of training and development of employees? The PURPOSE of the research is to develop and test a simulation that will help identify the way building stakeholders view the impact of employee training on their long and short-term profit margins. The RESEARCH METHOD used was two phased: (a) a preliminary phase involving the iterative development and testing of a 50-minute table-top simulation using readily available materials; (b) a mature phase where results from a “perfected” version of the game were subjected to statistical analysis from a larger participant pool. The trials each team went through financially at each round were recorded and results recorded via cash flow diagrams. FINDINGS suggest that players tend to underestimate the importance of upfront training and its impact on long-term cash flows. LIMITATIONS of this research include a restricted sample size that was tested during this phase. IMPLICATIONS and VALUE for this work are potentially larger than that of pure research—i.e. as an opportunity to serve as a change agent as well since a number of respondents suggested that the simulation made them think about the long-term value of training, illustrating the first principle of The Toyota Way. This dual-role for simulations fits easily within the culture of lean construction which historically has used simulations both to understand impacts of certain types of stakeholder behavior as well as transfer comprehension of specific lean principles. }, author_keywords={Lean simulation, training, long-term value, skilled-labor shortage }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Senior2016, author={Senior, Bolivar and Nafe, Bennett }, editor={ }, title={Transformation-Flow-Value Views of a Colorado School District’S Prototyping Strategies}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1354}, affiliation={PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Telephone (970) 491-7337. E-Mail: bolivar.senior@colostate.edu. ; MS, Colorado State University. Project Manager, Foothills Commercial Builders, Centennial, Colorado, USA. Telephone (720) 281-3138. E-Mail: BNafe@FootHillsBuilders.com. }, abstract={Key issues and strategies used by a school district in Colorado for the procurement and implementation of prototype designs for its buildings were examined in the exploratory study presented here. School construction prototyping involves the design and building of a project with the deliberate purpose of repeating it multiple times while allowing its constant improvement. The practice has been reported as having failed when attempted in several states, but it is currently a successful, standard practice of the researched school district. Issues were separated into those significant to the school district and those significant to the prototype designer. To clarify their taxonomy, issues were grouped into categories consequent to Koskela’s process paradigm of Transformation, Flow and Value. }, author_keywords={Standardization, customization, school prototypes, TFV paradigm. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2016, author={Filho, Antonio N. de Miranda and Heineck, Luiz F. M. and Costa, Jorge Moreira da }, editor={ }, title={Using Lean to Counteract Complexity}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1355}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Ph.D., CEO, Construtora Santo Amaro Ltda., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Senior Professor, Business Administration Department, Ceará State University (UECE), Brazil. freitas8@terra.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Portugal, jmfcosta@fe.up.pt }, abstract={Based on a literature review and drawing from the experience of lean implementation in multiple construction projects, this paper explores the notion that simplicity and integrality might be crucial for any production system seeking to develop competences against variations derived from both internal and external sources. A discussion using different systems thinking approaches is conducted to provide a better understanding of the volatile behaviour of complex organizations. The aim is to encourage initiatives that address organizational simplicity and integrality in construction projects and, more important, to highlight the important role of lean tools and principles for this endeavour. }, author_keywords={Systems thinking, organizational complexity, production system design, lean tools }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2016, author={Filho, João Bosco P. Dantas and Angelim, Bruno M. and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={Virtual Design and Construction Leaner Than Before}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1356}, affiliation={MBA, Master's Student, Federal University of Ceará. Architect, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará (IFCE), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99168-0846, arquibosco@gmail.com ; C.E., VDC/BIM Coordinator, FortBIM Engenharia S/S, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 98899-8589, bruno@fortbim.com.br ; DBA., Full Professor, Department of Structural Engineering and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99969-1871, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br }, abstract={Virtual design and construction is turning into a more essential service to develop construction designs. Builders-developers are demanding virtual design and construction even in pre-BIM design processes. In this context, companies specialized in virtual construction need to get ready to meet its increasing demand. The aim of this study is to identify how virtual design and construction process works to suggest improvements from lean construction tools. Based on a qualitative methodology and through lean construction diagnostic tools to collect data, process structure elements are described, stream mapping are designed, cycle times are analyzed, restriction are identified, process changes are suggested. Through feedback from case study respondents, this research has concluded that there would be a meaningful improvement in global productivity and decrease in total amount of time. }, author_keywords={Value Stream Mapping, virtual design and construction, VDC, BIM, Lean construction. }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tezel2016, author={Tezel, Algan and Aziz, Zeeshan and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Visual Management Condition in Highways Construction Projects in England}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1357}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, B.A.Tezel@salford.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, Z.Aziz@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, University of Huddersfield, UK, L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, University of Huddersfield, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Lean construction has recently gained momentum in England’s highways construction supply chain. The literature indicates that the current view to Visual Management (VM) within those lean implementations is limited to some VM tools. This paper explores the condition of VM, which is a fundamental sensory information management strategy in the lean production system, in the highways sector in England. VM in construction is a scarcely researched topic, particularly outside the building construction context. The existing VM research focuses generally on the application of a specific VM tool rather than the VM strategy itself. The paper identifies the current VM condition with its realization means (VM tools), drivers, barriers and future implementation opportunities in England’s highways construction supply chain through five case studies and a focus group research effort. The main findings are; (a) the current implementation of VM, particularly on English highways construction fields, is limited, and (b) along with many drivers and implementation opportunities for VM, (c) there are also some significant barriers before VM. The main limitations of the research are that the paper discusses the issue mainly for the construction phase and limited amount of data were collected from operational site staff. }, author_keywords={Visual Management, big room/obeya, lean construction, transportation sector, highways }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2016, author={Valente, Caroline P. and Pivatto, Marinna P. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Visual Management: Preliminary Results of a Systematic Literature Review on Core Concepts and Principles}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1358}, affiliation={Msc. Student, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, +55 (85) 98816.3444, carolinevalente@gmail.com ; Undergraduate Student, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, +55 (51) 9878.6678, marinna_pp@hotmail.com ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, +55 (51) 9284.0346, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Visual management (VM) is one of the core categories of practices of Lean Production systems, providing the foundation for other improvement approaches to be implemented and, therefore, may be adopted as one of the first steps of a continuous improvement program. However, there are some challenges regarding the implementation of VM in construction sites: these are usually very large and changing environments, teams and equipment are often spread in large areas, etc. The fact that VM practices and tools are very intuitive hinders the explicit presentation on papers of concepts and principles behind this approach. Therefore, a more robust and comprehensive understanding of the term, its concepts and associated principles is necessary. Moreover, there is a gap in knowledge about the understanding of VM in construction from other knowledge areas such as visual languages, design, infrastructure, mechanics of human visual perception, among others. This paper is part of a wider research project and presents preliminary results of a systematic literature review on core concepts and principles of VM. The aim of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of VM, by collecting information from other relevant research areas. }, author_keywords={Visual Management, Transparency, Systematic Literature Review }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Covarrubias2016, author={Covarrubias, Andrés and Mourgues, Claudio and Arroyo, Paz }, editor={ }, title={VSM for Improving the Certificate of Occupancy Process in Real Estate Projects – a Chilean Case Study}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1359}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Construction Project Management Program, Engineering Dept. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; acovarrubias@uc.cl ; Assistant Professor. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. Phone +56 22354-4244, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl ; Assistant Professor. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. Phone +56 22354-4244, parroyo@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Obtaining a Certificate of Occupancy (CO) for real estate projects in Chile is a bureaucratic and confusing process, which often causes delays in the final reception of projects, postponing the occupation by future owners, and impacting the financial flow of developers. This research aims to reduce the duration of the city´s CO process for housing projects in Chile. The research questions are: (1) what are the most relevant inefficiencies in the CO process? (2) What improvement strategies can be used to reduce its duration? (3) Can lean methods be used to reduce this duration? The research method is based on 3 stages: (1) conduct surveys to practitioners involved on the CO process of Chilean housing projects to collect the current inefficiencies and potential improvement strategies, (2) develop a current and future state Value Stream Mapping (VSM) considering the survey information, and (3) implement the future state in a case study through action research. This research´s first contribution to knowledge is a list of inefficiencies and improvement strategies related to the CO in Chilean housing projects. The second contribution is to provide evidence that VSM can be successfully used to reduce the duration of this process in housing projects. The study is limited to housing industry under the Chilean regulatory framework. However, the authors believe that similar results can be obtained in other types of projects dealing with administrative processes such as permitting, and other city and regulatory agency approvals. }, author_keywords={VSM, Value Stream Mapping, Project Management, Reception Process, Certificate of Occupancy, Real Estate Projects, LEAN Management, LEAN Project Delivery }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aslesen2016, author={Aslesen, Sigmund and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={What “Makes” the Last Planner? A Typology of Behavioral Patterns of Last Planners}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1360}, affiliation={Research & Development Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, PO Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, NORWAY, sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director, Project Prod. Systems Lab. (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper explains the role of the Last Planner and behavioral patterns observed in Last Planner meetings. We focus on the Last Planner as the person who serves as the coupling point between planning and production, whose key to success lies in the fine art of balancing what he or she really wants with the ways and means actually available for achieving it. We apply a sociological approach by introducing and discussing a typology of four types of planning behavioral patterns, the Game Player, Gang Pusher, Yes Man, and Last Planner. These types are derived from observing Last Planners on many projects and categorizing their behavior according to (1) the observed individual’s apparent level of commitment to using the Last Planner planning process vs. (2) the degree of conceptual understanding of the Last Planner System that they appear to exhibit. We conclude that no matter how good (or bad) the upstream planning is the real-time adaptation of and commitment to a plan strongly depends on the judgment, communication skills, and choices made by the Last Planner. Knowing what “makes” the Last Planner can be fundamental to the success of system implementation. By assessing patterns of planning behavior, focused training can be offered to help individuals and teams become more knowledgeable and fully-committed Last Planners. }, author_keywords={Production planning and control, Last Planner® System, people, culture and change }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Musa2016, author={Musa, Muktari M. and Pasquire, Christine and Hurst, Alan }, editor={ }, title={Where Lean Construction and Value Management Meet}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1361}, affiliation={PhD Research Student, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK, +44(0)7990412973 muktari.musa2012@my.ntu.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, and Director Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, UK, +44(0) 115 848 2095 christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Projects, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, UK, +44(0) 115 848 2878 alan.hurst@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={The lean construction (LC) community’s key vision and goal is to provide value, yet they are increasingly challenged with understanding and dealing with the concept of value, with reports that value is one of the weakest points. Regardless of the previous studies and contributions already made on the concept of value in LC, the absence of a consistent understanding of value has resulted in misperceptions and indistinct boundaries with other construction value-related disciplines. Without a consistent understanding of value, the full potential of applying value-established concepts will not occur. Thus, the study of different concepts in construction will open new opportunities to deliver value in the future. Literature reviewed only revealed a small number of interdisciplinary comparisons of Lean manufacturing and LC with value management (VM)/value engineering (VE) on value. Secondary data was used to present an in-depth comparison of the principal points of the current practice and theories of LC and VM, which are seen as ways to improve the delivery of value to clients and building users. The study revealed a range of similarities at a high level, which could easily point to an early conclusion that LC and VM are interchangeable, leading to the same goal of value delivery and shared misapplication of cost reduction techniques. However, a more detailed examination indicates significant differences in the philosophy and scope in different areas, including project timing, practitioner duties, and areas of practice which could complement each other. Also the study identified that LC is a broader philosophy which covers more aspects than VM, it is evident that LC has advanced over the years towards discussions on the concept of value. The current work in LC on value relies less on other construction value-related disciplines such as VM, VE and partnering. Furthermore, LC literature still views value as a confusing concept associated with different interpretations, forming the basisof its understanding. The study established that value plays a central role in both LC and VM. Their combination could offer great synergy regarding the concept of value. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Value Management, Value, Value-related disciplines, Integration }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bølviken2016, author={Bølviken, Trond and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Why Hasn’T Waste Reduction Conquered Construction?}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1362}, affiliation={Director of Strategy, HR and HSE, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo; email: trond.bolviken@veidekke.no ; Professor of Construction and Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom; email: l.koskela@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Waste and waste reduction are some of the main concepts that differentiate lean thinking from other approaches to production planning and control. Since its introduction in the West in the 1980s, the concept of waste reduction has had a major impact in manufacturing. But not so in construction. This paper raises the question of why this is the case. Possible answers are sought not only in the mainstream theories of production and construction management but also in the specific characteristics that distinguish construction from manufacturing. Eight possible answers to the question are identified and discussed. The paper concludes by arguing that many of the identified reasons are in fact being addressed by newly developed Lean Construction concepts. }, author_keywords={Waste, Construction, Manufacturing }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Spitler2016, author={Spitler, Laurie and Wood, Nathan }, editor={ }, title={Work Structuring at the Boundary of Realization: A Case Study Analysis}, journal={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={24th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2016}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1363}, affiliation={Customer Engagement Specialist, Autodesk, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA, +1 415 342-1073, laurie.spitler@autodesk.com ; Chief Executive Officer, SpectrumAEC, Denver, CO 80211, USA, +1 650 454 5334, Nathan@spectrumaec.com }, abstract={Work structuring as a method of managing handoffs has been extensively investigated as it applies to supply chains within a project. Work structuring techniques help teams manage the supply chain and improve project delivery. Existing case study research, however, tends to focus on particular silos within a project, such as curtain wall or doors, frames, and hardware. The authors hypothesize that work structuring techniques can also be effectively applied at a project-scale to improve overall project delivery. In every project, there is Boundary of Realization, or transition from completion of design intent to “make ready” for construction. This Boundary of Realization period is characterized by a multitude of formal informational hand-offs between design and construction stakeholders, dictated by contract obligations and ingrained behaviours. The authors use case studies to examine the implementation of work structuring techniques at a project scale, the set-up of contractual requirements, and the patterns and methods of communication. With an understanding of contractual relationships and work structuring techniques used to manage a project’s informational supply chain, the authors diagram methods for structuring informational hand-offs at the Boundary of Realization. }, author_keywords={Boundary of Realization, Work Structuring, Work Chunk, Production Unit, Hand-off }, address={Boston, Massachusetts, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chitla2003, author={Chitla, Vijay R. and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. }, editor={ }, title={Comparing Process Improvement Initiatives Based on Percent Plan Complete and Labour Utilization Factors}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1364}, affiliation={Graduate Student Research Assistant, 9 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: chitlavi@msu.edu ; Assistant Professor, 207 Farrall Hall, Construction Management Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323. Email: tabdelha@msu.edu }, abstract={The Last Planner System® is a process-based system developed to enable production planning and control under a lean construction paradigm. The Percent Plan Complete (PPC) is a metric that reflects the effectiveness of production planning and the reliability of workflow from one trade to another. Process improvement initiatives are identified when 100% PPC is not achieved. In contrast to this system, conventional construction management derives its production process improvement initiatives from productivity improvement studies that use metrics of non-utilization such as non-productive time or Labor Utilization Factors (LUF) as the metric of superior production performance. This paper investigates the differences, if any, in process improvement initiatives predicated on PPC compared to those predicated on LUFs. This was accomplished by conducting a study in a Manufactured Housing plant where workers’ utilization at 10 production stations were measured using productivity ratings while also measuring PPC at the same stations. The average LUF for the 10 stations was 52% and the average PPC for the same was 78%. Attempts to improve PPC through constraint analysis techniques revealed more fundamental problems than those revealed by trying to improve LUF. In addition, the PPC metric exposed the ‘hidden-factory’ despite that the production goals were being met. The study confirms that PPC is a global measure of production system planning efficiency while LUF is a measure of local production activation. A linear regression analysis was also performed revealing that PPC and LUF are not strongly correlated (r = 0.4, p-value = 0.3) in non-lean production systems. Thus, the only viable way to increase workflow reliability in production systems is to increase PPC. KEY WORDS }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Manufactured Housing, Percent Plan Complete (PPC), Labor Utilization Factors (LUF) }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kankainen2003, author={Kankainen, Jouko and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={A Line-of-Balance Based Schedule Planning and Control System}, journal={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={11th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2003}, pages={132-143}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1365}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2100, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland, E-mail jouko.kankainen@hut.fi ; PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Helsinki University of Technology. Technology Manager Dynamic System Solutions Inc., Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 21B, FIN-00100 Helsinki, Finland, E-mail olli.seppanen@dynassol.com, website www.dynassol.com }, abstract={This paper describes a line-of-balance based schedule planning and control system, and its connection with lean construction methods, using a commercial software package called DYNAProject™. DYNAProject™ has been developed in collaboration with the Finnish construction industry. The main principle is that constraints on schedule tasks are taken into account as early as possible during the project-planning phase. Line – of – balance allows the planning of the workflow between trades so that interruptions are minimized. The procurement schedule is integrated very early on with the master schedule so that constraints on material availability, labor, contracts, and engineering are taken into account. The probability of interruptions is checked by running a Monte-Carlo simulation of the line-of-balance schedule and the results are used in refining the schedule. During the implementation phase, control features in DYNAProject™ allow easy input of actual completion data and forecasting of future problems. DYNAProject™ is the first comprehensive line-of-balance tool in the market and has been widely tested in Finland. Benefits of the system include allowing the user to plan a feasible schedule that is not sensitive to disturbances. Managers can see graphically the trade-off between schedule duration and sensitivity to disturbances. Buffers can be planned to minimize the effect of workflow variability. During the implementation phase, the schedule can be implemented as planned. Effects of deviations can be assessed immediately and the effectiveness of available control actions can be evaluated. The fast adoption of the system in Finland proves its added value compared with earlier scheduling systems. }, author_keywords={Line of balance, schedule planning, schedule control }, address={Virginia, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Samir O.2007, author={Samir O., Mikati and Roller, Timothy G. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Khanzode, Atul }, editor={Pasquire, C.L, Christine L. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Priority Conversations: A Case Study on Priority Walls}, journal={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={15th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2007}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1366}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, smikati@berkeley.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, timroller@gmail.com ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, http://p2sl.berkeley.edu/, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, FAX +1 (510) 643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Business Analyst, DPR Construction, Inc., 1450 Veterans Blvd., Redwood City, CA 94063, and Graduate Student, Civil and Envir. Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford CA, atulk@dprinc.com }, abstract={This paper presents and analyzes work structuring and collaboration efforts of the general contractor and specialty contractors working together as a team to implement lean practices during construction of a medical facility. We describe the team’s focus specifically on ‘priority walls’ as a driver for coordinating work among contractors. We then elaborate on the tools the team used to support their language (“priority conversations”) and action, as well as on the successes and failures of their approach. Success of this effort stems from the team’s willingness to experiment, collaborate, and learn; use of an owner-provided incentive sharing plan; and other lean practices including use of the ‘big room’ (‘oba’ or ‘oobeya’ in Japanese), development of a Building Information Model (BIM) that allowed for integration and coordination of trade-specific design details, promotion of reliable planning, as well as use of standardization combined with offsite fabrication and assembly. The paper illustrates how this combination of lean practices changed the nature of the conversation specialists have in the course of development of a project and yielded value to all project participants as well as to the project as a whole. }, address={East Lansing, Michigan, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Laine2017, author={Laine, Enni and Alhava, Otto and Peltokorpi, Antti and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Platform Ecosystems: Unlocking the Subcontractors’ Business Model Opportunities}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={177-184}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1367}, doi={10.24928/2017/0325}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, enni.laine@aalto.fi ; Chief Technology Officer, Fira Oy otto.alhava@fira.fi ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi ; Professor of Practice, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi }, abstract={Platform ecosystems facilitated by the internet are changing the way market mechanisms work. The platform ecosystem business model, using data and network effects, creates new rules for how value is created and delivered. The viral growth characteristic to platform ecosystems has already caused disruption in several industries. The purpose of the research is to explore business opportunities facilitated by the platform ecosystem business model in the construction sector through an example case of a residential building construction. The key concepts and underpinning logics of the platform ecosystem business model are defined. Interactions between the five lean principles and the platform ecosystem concept are reviewed. Finally, an example case of implementation }, author_keywords={Lean, platform ecosystem, business model design, network effect, construction industry }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Samad2017, author={Samad, Ghali El and Hamzeh, Farook R. and Emdanat, Samir }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner System – the Need for New Metrics}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={637-644}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1368}, doi={10.24928/2017/0218}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, ghe02@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +961350000 ext 3616, fax: +961 1 744462, farook.hamzeh@aub.edu.lb ; Director of Management Services, Ghafari Associates, LLC, 17101 Michigan Avenue, Dearborn, Michigan 48126, semdanat@ghafari.com }, abstract={Several metrics have been used to evaluate the planning performance within the Last Planner System (LPS). Percent Planned Complete (PPC), which measures the reliability of weekly work planning, is the most commonly used metric. However, studies have shown the need to complement PPC with other metrics to measure performance. Researchers have developed many metrics to assess the makeready process, workflow reliability, and weekly work planning. Many of those metrics were either inconsistently used, showed no correlation with the overall project performance, or required data that was too difficult and time-consuming to collect. This paper offers an overview of the various metrics proposed in the literature. It also proposes new metrics and details their calculation method to measure aspects not yet supported by a measurement metric. This paper is useful for last planners who can employ the newly suggested metrics to assess weekly work planning performance taking into account activity characteristics. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, Workflow, Planning Reliability, Metrics }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zeng2017, author={Zeng, Ningshuang and König, Markus and Teizer, Jochen }, editor={ }, title={Off-Site Guarding: Look-Ahead Supply Scheduling for Risk Indication With BIM}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={877-884}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1369}, doi={10.24928/2017/0172}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany, ningshuang.zeng@rub.de ; Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany, koenig@inf.bi.rub.de ; Senior Lecturer and Researcher, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany, jochen.teizer@rub.de }, abstract={Modern Information and Communication Technology (ICT) make it possible to re-organize the information flow and enhance the physical flow of the Construction Supply Chain (CSC). Considering the resource status and potential risks that exist in the CSC, this paper first explores the current CSC re-organization caused by the application of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and related beneficial conditions created by ICT. It then tackles the problem of controlling risk effectively by off-site guarding the upstream of the CSC. Based on the selected approach, the concept and basic mode of a look-ahead supply schedule is proposed. Finally, results to a use case demonstrate the applica }, author_keywords={Look-ahead schedule, CSC, ICT, BIM, off-site guarding. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Spitler2017, author={Spitler, Laurie and Talbot, Laura }, editor={ }, title={Design Thinking as a Method of Improving Communication Efficacy.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={437-444}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1370}, doi={10.24928/2017/0270}, affiliation={Customer Engagement Specialist, Autodesk, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA, +1 415 342-1073, laurie.spitler@autodesk.com ; Customer Engagement Specialist, Autodesk, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA, +1 415 342-1073, laura.talbo@autodesk.com }, abstract={Construction projects can be framed as a network commitments as defined by Linguistic Action Theory. With each project, varied requirements, designs, stakeholders, personalities, and countless other factors create new, indeterminate sets of issues whose resolution will be unique and determined by the linguistic actions of stakeholders. Because of this complexity, project definition and execution can be classified as “wicked problems”, or problems that are undefined in nature and defy a rational solution. “Design Thinking” is a method of creative problem solving that is useful in addressing wicked problems through its use of divergent brainstorming followed by convergent solution development. This paper first uses a case study to demonstrate how one team used Design Thinking to analyze and improve communication between stakeholders, and then proposes how Design Thinking can be added to the lean tool kit as a method of driving continuous improvement. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, computing, mixed reality, template, instructions. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gehbauer2017, author={Gehbauer, Fritz and Ballard, Glenn and Leonova, Margarita }, editor={ }, title={How Research Can Help Transform the Construction Industry}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={293-300}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1371}, doi={10.24928/2017/0240}, affiliation={Professor Emeritus, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 9554631, fritzgehbauer@ t-online.de ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, 407 McLaughlin Hall, CA94720-1712, USA. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Ph.D. Student, Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ehitajate tee 5, 419086 Tallinn, Estonia., +372 5845 4946, margarita.leonova@ttu.ee }, abstract={According to its website, the International Group for Lean Construction is dedicated to the radical renewal of AEC practice, education and research. As is the way with academic researchers, that objective has been pursued with little explicit coordination. Without expecting everyone to become part of a big machine, this paper presents the benefits expected from collaboration on a high level research program aimed at removing the obstacles to radical renewal. Obstacles to that transformation are proposed, culminating in an appeal for collabration to remove those obstacles. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, industry transformation, obstacles, paradigms, research }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leonova2017, author={Leonova, Margarita and Ballard, Glenn and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={ }, title={Strategies That Can Help Transform the Construction Industry}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={333-340}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1372}, doi={10.24928/2017/0241}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia., +372 5845 4946, margarita.leonova@ttu.ee ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, 407 McLaughlin Hall, CA94720-1712, USA. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor Emeritus, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 9554631, fritzgehbauer@ t-online.de }, abstract={This paper is an appeal to the various stakeholders committed to lean transformation of global construction to coordinate their efforts, and to recruit others not yet committed. Both opponents and advocates of industry transformation are identified; those who live off the waste are in one corner and those who suffer from unsafe, defective, late and costly construction are in the other. A case is made for an alliance of advocates to develop and coordinate the manifold initiatives that together constitute a strategy for transformation. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, industry transformation, research strategies, research areas }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2017, author={Alves, Thais da C. L. and Desai, Panthil and Needy, Kim L. and Hegwood, Ashleigh and Musick, Sean }, editor={ }, title={Impact of Supplier Evaluation on Product Quality}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={11-18}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1373}, doi={10.24928/2017/0268}, affiliation={Associate Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Engineering, San Diego State University, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Engineering, San Diego State University, USA, panthildesai@gmail.com ; Dean, Graduate School and International Education, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, kneedy@uark.edu ; Industrial Engineer, Former University of Arkansas student, Fayetteville, USA, ashleigh.hegwood@gmail.com ; Director, Performance Excellence, MEI Technologies, Inc. (MEIT), Houston, TX, USA seanmusick@gmail.com }, abstract={Supplier evaluation and engagement are regular topics in the Lean literature at large. It is well known that Toyota extensively works with suppliers to develop their work and capabilities, and provides challenges and feedback to suppliers so that they can achieve the quality requirements defined by the company. In the construction industry, companies conduct evaluations of suppliers, but practitioners cite numerous reasons why supplier evaluations are not constantly shared with suppliers. Moreover, the topic of supplier evaluation and how suppliers’ ratings affect the delivery of products free of defects to construction projects has not received much attention by the IGLC community. This paper presents results of a study, which underscores the importance of conducting supplier evaluation as a means to assure quality products are delivered to construction projects. Findings show that suppliers with low ratings, or who are not evaluated, are assigned more hours of inspection, as are suppliers who subcontract portions of their work. This practice translates not only into additional budgets required to inspect suppliers, but also additional management-related costs. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, supplier evaluation, nonconformances, quality. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2017, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Lidelöw, Helena }, editor={ }, title={Development of a Materials Management Strategy to Enable Continuous Work Flow on-Site.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={853-860}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1374}, doi={10.24928/2017/0331}, affiliation={Director of Lean Strategy, Consigli Construction Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA, ctsao@consigli.com and Owner, Navilean, Brookline, MA, USA, research@navilean.com. ; Associate Professor, Div. of Industrialized and Sustainable Construction, Dept. of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, helena.lidelow@ltu.se }, abstract={When project teams are pressured to limit internal or external Lean coaching due to budgetary concerns, Lean coaches may not have sufficient time to guide project teams in materials management to support milestones. Consequently, while organized project teams will make the time to develop a strategy for managing key materials that impact the critical path, disorganized project teams will more likely manage most materials on an ad-hoc basis. This lack of a materials management strategy then leads to unrealized profits and hidden wastes on projects. As a result, this research seeks to investigate how to develop a basic materials management framework to help project teams begin determining which bulky materials should be: (1) Using a pull system (e.g., through the use of Kanban cards or milk runs) to coordinate deliveries, (2) Kitted off-site vs. on-site, and (3) Organized into prefabricated assemblies. Specifically, this paper will identify various questions, calculations, and artefacts (e.g., equipment for handling and staging materials, signage used to make the materials management strategy transparent to all project participants) that contribute to establishing a comprehensive materials management strategy. In particular, space management emerges as an important tool to organize the flow of materials to match job-site installation rates. }, author_keywords={Materials Management, Space Management, Floor Plan Boards, Procurement, Prefabrication }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Binninger2017, author={Binninger, Marco and Dlouhy, Janosch and Oprach, Svenja and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Learning Simulation Game for Takt Planning and Takt Control}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={227-233}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1375}, doi={10.24928/2017/0088}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; Team Lean Construction, BMW AG, Germany, svenja.oprach@bmw.de ; Professor, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={The methods of Takt Planning and Control are applied in many companies. When conducting trainings with employees, subcontractors and clients the topic of Lean Construction is often imparted. The difficulty often lies in teaching abstract concepts to participants in a way that is clear and that reflects reality. A simulation game supports teaching, by its simplified description of real processes and helps transfer the method into practice. A good example is the Villego™ simulation game for the use of the Last Planner System. At Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) a learning simulation game comprising three rounds was developed. Presenting Takt Planning and Control in a production facility, it includes a scale model of a real project. In addition to tasks for the construction manager and various trades, roles for the client, health and safety manager and quality manager were integrated. This article describes the development, the game instructions and the empirical evaluation of the benefits in using Lean in the simulation game. It has been successfully tested multiple times and implemented for training by a number of companies. It offers the potential to make the method of Takt Planning and Takt Control more accessible and easier to understand. }, author_keywords={Learning Simulation Game, Lean Game, Takt Planning, Takt Control. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pollesch2017, author={Pollesch, Paul and Rovinsky, Alexander and Alvarado III, Raul and Alves, Thais da C. L. }, editor={ }, title={House of Cards – A Simulation of Lean Construction Principles}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={373-380}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1376}, doi={10.24928/2017/0212}, affiliation={Civil Engineer Corps, United States Navy. Currently enrolled as a graduate student at San Diego State University. paul.pollesch@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer Corps, United States Navy. Currently enrolled as a graduate student at San Diego State University. arovinsky@sdsu.edu ; Graduate Student, San Diego State University, raul3rd@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Engineering, San Diego State University, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={The "House of Cards" simulation was developed to stimulate discussion and improve the application of lean production concepts (5S, flow, waste, kaizen, transparency, and collaboration) to construction engineering and management. It is a simple, scalable, hands-on exercise that enables a facilitator to lead teams to intuitively grasp lean concepts and their benefits to construction processes. The simulation requires minimal resources for each team: 3-4 players, a deck of playing cards, a timer, and a playing surface. “House of Cards” presents six phases of gameplay, and progresses from a worst-case scenario to an optimized ideal. The objective is to play the cards as quickly as possible to construct a 13-story building. As in construction, there is a logical sequence of work required. Lower floors must be built before upper floors, structural work must precede mechanical, and mechanical must precede finish work. This simulation was developed with a construction project context, but can easily be adapted to other industries. The analogies can be tailored to meet other industrial processes, and the floors can be changed to different parts of assembly or production lines. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, simulation, continuous improvement, 5S, flow improvement. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cândido2017, author={Cândido, Luis Felipe and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={Features, Roles and Processes of Performance Measurement in Lean Construction}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={243-250}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1377}, doi={10.24928/2017/0290}, affiliation={Professor, Christus University Center (UNICHRISTU), Brazil, luisfcandido2015@gmail.com ; Professor, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br }, abstract={The development of an adequate performance measurement system represents a challenge for all modern companies, including those applying Lean Construction (LC) principles. LC companies adopt a broader scope that focuses not only on traditional financial performance but also on process improvement and value creation. Thus, management should evolve to embrace different performance criteria and related indicators. However, in spite of advances in other industries, in the construction sector, as well as LC, it is slow. Thus, this paper aims to analyse the performance measurement process in lean construction context through a multiple case study. This paper is expected to contribute to efforts undertaken by practitioners and academics because the framework and the gaps identified provide guidelines to what works and to what does not work when implementing performance measurement systems especially in LC projects. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Performance Measurement, Performance Indicators, Metrics, Strategy }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Stifi2017, author={Stifi, Ahmed and Gehbaue, Fritz and Gentes, Sascha }, editor={ }, title={Lean Anti-Corruption Toolkit}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={445-452}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1378}, doi={10.24928/2017/0154}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany, ahmed.stifi@kit.edu ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany, sascha.gentes@kit.edu }, abstract={When the Lean Construction revolution started about 25 years ago, it may have not have considered the issue of corruption. The paper argues that corruption in construction forms a barrier in the implementation of Lean Construction. On the other hand, Lean Construction has the potential to combat corruption. Based on this contradiction, this paper shows how Lean Construction can be protected from corruption using something similar to a human immune system which includes Lean stem cells: transparency, accountability and integrity. Then paper shows how Lean Construction can play a vital role in combating corruption in construction via a Lean Anti-Corruption Toolkit. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Corruption, Integrity, Transparency, Accountabilit }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2017, author={Gomez, Christy P. and Rajk, Abdulazeez U. }, editor={ }, title={Investigating Organizational Capability Vis-à-Vis Human Action to Minimize Post-Contract Transaction Costs in D&B }, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={27-34}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1379}, doi={10.24928/2017/0283}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, cpgomez21@gmail.com ; Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria, abdulazeezraji@hotmail.com }, abstract={This paper examines the role of human action for benefits realization (BR) with respect to minimizing post-contract transactions costs (PTCs) in D&B construction projects. PTCs are commonly associated with monitoring and control, dispute resolution, and implementation activities during the construction phase of projects. This is also an attempt to reaffirm the innovative potentialities of the D&B procurement approach. Viewing BR as an emergent phenomenon, the relationship between the independent constructs of contractors’ team-competency and teamcommitment with the dependent construct PTC in Malaysian D&B projects are examined by means of hypothesis testing. Questionnaire survey data from a sample of major D&B contractors in Malaysia was analysed using SmartPLS 3 to test the two main hypothesis. The questionnaire survey was designed based on collation of past literature findings and validated using a Delphi study undertaken with D&B experts. Results indicate that contractor team-commitment has an overall positive and significant influence on minimizing PTCs whilst team-competency has a strong positive and significant influence. The findings also confirm that affective commitment of D&B contractors' team to be the most significant factor. These findings establish the extent to which human agency within its interplay with structure can impact on construction project performance in D&B projects. }, author_keywords={Benefits realization, competency, post-contract transaction costs (PTCs), design & build projects }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rendek2017, author={Rendek, Adam }, editor={ }, title={Re(de)fining Project Delivery With Life Cycle BIM}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={381-388}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1380}, doi={10.24928/2017/0307}, affiliation={BIM/ Engagement Manager, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA, USA, adamre@dpr.com }, abstract={This paper explores a shift in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction (AEC), and Capital Facilities Industries in which all stakeholders of the building life cycle unite around forming common goals. We are witnessing changes in these industries due to recent economic, cultural, and technical development, and these changes provide an opportunity to re-think and re-define project delivery more efficiently. We will review influencing stakeholder groups and their relationships or the lack of. The paper will also offer specific examples where BIM (Building Information Modeling) can directly support greater collaboration and promote the complete building information life cycle. The assumptions are based on the experiences of working on large capital projects in California, although the references to literature from the past few years highlight international trends as well. Assumptions and conclusions in this paper are based on action research and interviews with stakeholders of large public organizations during the implementation of building owner side BIM programs. }, author_keywords={Project delivery, collaboration, BIM, communication, complete building information life cycle. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rischmoller2017, author={Rischmoller, Leonardo and Dong, Ning (Tony) and Fischer, Martin and Khanzode, Atul }, editor={ }, title={Improving On-Site Meeting Efficiency by Using an Automated Model Breakdown Tool}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={397-404}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1381}, doi={10.24928/2017/0217}, affiliation={DPR BIM Manager, DPR Construction LeonardoR@dpr.com ; DPR R&D Manager TonyD@dpr.com ; Center for Integrated Facility Engineering, Stanford University, Director Fischer@stanford.edu ; DPR Technology Group Director AtulK@dpr.com }, abstract={ Integrating Building Information Modelling (BIM) to on-site meetings in the construction phase has been a challenge to general contractors mainly due to the inflexibility of the current practice in grouping and organizing models to facilitate rapid, on-the-spot model queries. We have developed an automation tool that supports the automatic grouping of models according to a certain model breakdown structure (MBS), which reflects a breakdown structure of a project. This enables a model navigator to identify the relevant model contents on the fly in a meeting thus drastically reducing the coordination latency in resolving an issue. This paper introduces two case studies to explain a non-intrusive process of introducing federated models produced by the automation tool to the meetings. The results of surveys to the meeting participants prove that the non-intrusive process as well as the models reflecting multiple MBS's changed the meeting participants' behaviour and enhanced their coordination, communication, and collaboration, thus improving the overall outcomes of the meetings. }, author_keywords={Building Information Model (BIM), Model Breakdown Structure (MBS), Coordination Latency }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bolpagni2017, author={Bolpagni, Marzia and Burdi, Luciana and Ciribini, Angelo Luigi Camillo }, editor={ }, title={Integration of Lean Construction and Building Information Modeling in a Large Client Organization in Massachusetts.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={79-86}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1382}, doi={10.24928/2017/0311}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, marzia.bolpagni@polimi.it ; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, lburdi@wpi.edu ; Full Professor, Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy, angelo.ciribini@unibs.it }, abstract={Recently the construction industry has started to study and implement together Lean Construction (Lean) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) to better manage projects. Previous research findings suggest that several changes in the work practice and business processes are needed to fully take advantage of BIM and Lean. Even if the client's role is very important to drive the entire process, the literature lacks of comprehensive examples of client's implementation. The paper shows how a large client organization is integrating Lean and BIM in real projects and how it is possible to measure it thanks to a Maturity Matrix. The research is based on a case study involving both active participation and interviews. The main results indicate that a) internal change is needed in the client organization; b) clients need to drive the process in order to maximise benefits; c) BIM does not fit in the traditional procurement process; and d) existing contracts need to be modified to support BIM and Lean. Research findings are useful for large client organizations that would like to integrate BIM and Lean in their operational strategy as well as for researchers. Further studies could be done to compare the work of different client organizations. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Lean, Building Information Modeling, BIM, Large Client Organisation }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Drevland2017, author={Drevland, Frode and Klakegg, Ole Jonny }, editor={ }, title={A Taxonomy of Client Product Value in Construction Projects}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={491-498}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1383}, doi={10.24928/2017/0292}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no ; Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, ole.jonny.klakegg@ntnu.no }, abstract={The goal of construction projects is to deliver value for the customers. In this paper, we look at what is valuable to one of those, the paying client. Classification schemes, such as taxonomies and typologies, are in many fields used to better understand the terrain in which one is operating. We argue that having such as scheme for the client value in construction projects would be beneficial for better understanding what is valuable for the client. In this paper, we present one that has been made using abductive reasoning based on a scoping study of relevant literature. The paper starts out by presenting different kinds of classification schemes and their characteristics. Then, a set of guiding principles for value classification schemes are introduced, followed by a critique of existing classification schemes considering these. Afterwards, a taxonomy of client value is presented with the reasons for the chosen breakdown structure. Finally, the goodness and completeness of the taxonomy is discussed. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, value, value taxonomy }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dlouhy2017, author={Dlouhy, Janosch and Grobler, Willem and Binninger, Marco and Haghshen, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Lean Equipment Installation – Potentials of Using Takt Planning}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={721-728}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1384}, doi={10.24928/2017/0091}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; Project Leader Equipment Insallation, BMW AG, willem.grobler@bmw.de ; Research Fellow, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; Professor, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={One of the major OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacture – Car Manufacture) in the automotive industry has successfully implemented Takt planning in several of their plant construction projects. This has allowed them to do quicker handovers as well as the possibility to do partial handovers. The efficiency and transparency of this process can even be further improved when the installation of production equipment follows the same method, this enables the OEM to reduce the overall time required for the project delivery. This paper shows the advantages of using Takt Planning in the equipment installation phase. A case-study shows the first experience using Takt Planning and the existing connections to the building construction site. This paper is focused on Takt planning and highlights the potentials of lean equipment installation as well as showing the first results of an implemented real case. }, author_keywords={Takt Planning, Production System, Equipment installation, production, client. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Murata2017, author={Murata, Koichi and Tezel, Algan and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={An Application of Control Theory to Visual Management for Organizational Communication in Construction}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={185-191}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1385}, doi={10.24928/2017/0346}, affiliation={Associate Professor, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Chiba, JAPAN, murata.kouichi30@nihon-u.ac.jp ; Researcher, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, A.Tezel@hud.ac.uk ; Professor of Construction and Project Management, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Insufficient process transparency is one of the main reasons for process waste, quality deviations and safety non-conformances in construction. Lean Production frequently resorts to a range of visual communication strategies called Visual Management (VM) to increase the level of process transparency and to support continuous improvement at the workplace. Although VM is a fundamental part of the Lean toolbox, theoretical or empirical studies on the role of VM in team activities are scarce. This study explores VM in construction through a block diagram used in control theory. Two VM tools for construction teams from construction companies in the UK and Japan are analysed in detail. The initial findings suggest that VM can and must cover various communication levels in construction organizations in order to break the barriers for information flows and to share valuable and newest knowledge. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Visual management, Communication, Control theory }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2017, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Masoga, Tebatjo and Sebetlele, Cornelius }, editor={ }, title={Lean Opportunity Assessment of Contractor's Supply Chain in South Africa}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={789-796}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1386}, doi={10.24928/2017/0052}, affiliation={Associate Professor and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3089 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: femuze@cut.ac.za ; B. Tech Graduate, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3082 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: tcmasoga344@gmail.com ; B. Tech Graduate, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3082 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: sebetlelecl@gmail.com }, abstract={Although lean construction is now widely known and practiced by contractors in the developed world, contractors in developing countries such as South Africa are either unaware of it or just beginning its implementation. However, the application of lean construction practices is reported to occur with a gap between training/teaching and the actual reality of a company. To bridge this gap, a lean opportunity assessment (LOA) is usually used as a start. This paper is about LOA that was conducted among five contractors in the Free State province of South Africa. The aim of the multiple case study research design was to perform the LOA so that areas in which lean practices are in need of enhancement can be established and motivated. The study adopted an LOA protocol from the “lean supply chain and logistics management” book by Paul Myerson and then conduct further interviews to obtain more views on the LOA variables. The variables include internal communication, visualisation and workplace organisation, operative flexibility, continuous improvement, mistake proofing, quick changeover, quality of inbound and outbound materials, supply chain, balanced flow of work, total productive maintenance (TPM), pulling tasks on site, and standardized work. The data suggest that the five contractors have to address weak continuous improvement, physical construction activities, mistake proofing, and performance measurement practices in their companies. }, author_keywords={Assessment, Contractors, Construction, Lean, Supply Chain }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Binninger2017, author={Binninger, Marco and Dlouhy, Janosch and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Technical Takt Planning and Takt Control in Construction.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={605-612}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1387}, doi={10.24928/2017/0297}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; Professor, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={This paper is the counterpart to the paper Collaborative Takt Time Planning of Non-Repetitive Work of Iris Tommelein. Both paper describe Takt approaches in two different geographical and project contexts. A follow up paper is planned and will compare the described approaches and assesses their applicability and success. This Paper describes the German Takt approach, called Technical Takt Planning and Takt Control. The authors used this method in on several projects in construction. It describes the historically development of Takt in construction in German and leads to the current state of the theoretical method used at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). The third part of the paper gives a practical example of the KIT approach. The contribution of this paper is that it offers a characterization of the Takt approach that is used in Germany in several construction projects. The researchers try to give with the KIT Method an overview in science for the German Takt Planning and Takt Control approach. The method is for Takt integration in make to order production. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Production System, Takt Planning and Takt Control }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Laurent2017, author={Laurent, Jean E. and Leicht, Robert M. }, editor={ }, title={Cross-Functional Project Teams in Construction: A Longitudinal Case Study}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={317-324}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1388}, doi={10.24928/2017/0063}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, jzl6016@psu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Director of Partnership for Achieving Construction Excellence (PACE), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, rmleicht@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={For many years traditional project delivery methods have been utilized in the construction industry, but new delivery systems such as IPD are being developed to answer the need for more integrated approaches. Studies have been conducted to assess the impact of project delivery method on project performance, but few focus on the effect of team composition and organization. However, many factors influence the need for evolving cross-functional project teams (CFPTs) as project needs change and there are additions of new participants to the project. This research presents a case study of an IPD project delivered at the Pennsylvania State University for a mixed-use laboratory, office and classroom building. The objective is to demonstrate the composition and evolution of the CFPTs organization, from the beginning of the design through early construction. This study shows that three main causes impacted the organization of CFPTs. First, the on-boarding of new project participants necessitated new CFPT organization to better fit members into specific groups. Second, certain CFPTs were created in order to achieve a specific task, leading to the dissolution of the team once the task is achieved. Third, CFPTs can show low performance related to their original goals requiring the project team to adjust the CFPT organization. The IPD structure showed unique organizational flexibility as CFPTs, leaders and members were replaced or exchanged to better fit the project needs when new members are added to the team, or if a member was not effective in meeting changing project needs. }, author_keywords={Cross-Functional Project Teams, Lean, IPD, Integrated Projects }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bolpagni2017, author={Bolpagni, Marzia and Burdi, Luciana and Ciribini, Angelo Luigi Camillo }, editor={ }, title={The Implementation of Building Information Modelling and Lean Construction in Design Firms in Massachusetts}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={235-242}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1389}, doi={10.24928/2017/0310}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, marzia.bolpagni@polimi.it ; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, lburdi@wpi.edu ; Full Professor, Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy, angelo.ciribini@unibs.it }, abstract={It is not easy to evaluate Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Lean Construction (Lean) capabilities of design firms. The paper investigates the level of BIM and Lean implementation at representative design firms in Massachusetts. A survey was given to the principal design firms working for a large public client. First, answers were analysed and discussed. Second, results from the same design firm were compared to detect possible inconsistencies. Main results show that there is still not a clear definition of BIM and Lean; BIM training is not done consistently within design firms; and there is not a common understanding of BIM and Lean within each design firm, even though most designers affirmed that they have internal standards. Results of the survey could be useful for designers to develop internal standards and establish training courses for the design firm and clients to better understand designers’ approach to BIM and Lean. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modelling, Lean Construction, Design Firm }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Eke2017, author={Eke, Gerald and Elgy, John }, editor={ }, title={Testing the Value of Best Value: Evidence From Educational Facilities Projects}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={19-26}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1390}, doi={10.24928/2017/0090}, affiliation={School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Aston University, Aston Express Way, Birmingham B4 7ET. Email: ekegue@aston.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer of School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Aston University, Aston Express Way, Birmingham B4 7ET. Email: j.elgy@aston.ac.uk }, abstract={Contractor selection is one of the most important step in ensuring the success of any construction project. Failing to adequately select the winning contractor may lead to problems in the project delivery phase such as bad quality and delay in the expected project duration; which ultimately results in cost overruns. This paper presents an approach by which a what-if scenario can be analysed in educational facilities projects in the UK; therefore if the client selected the best value contractor for a project whose submitted price is not the lowest price, a what-if scenario was conducted to show how the lowest priced contractor would have fared had he/she been awarded the contract instead. This was done by analysing historic data of projects that have selected the lowest priced contractor. Then correlations were derived between variables; which was then be inputted into a Monte Carlo Simulation to analyse 3 real educational facilities projects that used a best value selection method. Using Monte Carlo Simulation allowed us to see all the possible outcomes of cost, and duration. It was concluded that selecting the best value contractor in educational facilities projects may not be necessary in terms of cost. }, author_keywords={Educational facilities projects, Contractor selection, Best value contractor, lowest priced contractor, Monte Carlo simulation. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rossini2017, author={Rossini, Francesco Livio and Novembri, Gabriele and Fioravanti, Antonio }, editor={ }, title={BIM and Agent-Based Model Integration for Construction Management Optimization}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={111-118}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1391}, doi={10.24928/2017/0267}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, in Engineering-based Architecture and Urban Planning - Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, ITA, francesco.rossini@uniroma1.it ; Aggregate Professor, Dept. of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering, Sapienza - University of Rome, Rome, ITA, gabriele.novembri@uniroma1.it ; Aggregate Professor, Dept. of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering, Sapienza - University of Rome, Rome, ITA, antonio.fioravanti@uniroma1.it }, abstract={The current necessity of manage complexity in the field of building process management push to provide process' figures of construction methodologies and tools capable to support them in a proficient way. With the scope to define in advance the places occupied by workers to accomplish a task, is defined a methodology and related tools to integrate Building Information Modeling (BIM) with an Agent-Based simulation of workers activities. The goal is to know at early project phases where it is possible to work in a more effective and safer way, how it is possible to be more efficient placing in the same working space different working phases and when it is possible to allow the continuity of building operations. The outcome of the system is predicting how much resources are involved in a project, identifying and minimizing wasted time. }, author_keywords={BIM, Project and Construction Management, Lean construction, Agent- Based Simulation }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mollasalehi2017, author={Mollasalehi, Sajedeh and Rathnayake, Anushka and Aboumoemen, Ahmed Adel and Underwood, Jason and Fleming, Andrew and Kulatunga, Udayangani and Coates, Paul }, editor={ }, title={How BIM-Lean Integration Enhances the Information Management Process in the Construction Design}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={531-538}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1393}, doi={10.24928/2017/0130}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, s.mollasalehi1@edu.salford.ac.uk ; PhD Candidate, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, prasadini88salford@gmail.com ; PhD Candidate, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, a.a.aboumoemen@edu.salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, j.underwood@salford.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, a.j.fleming@salford.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, u.kulatunga@salford.ac.uk ; Fellow Higher Education Academy, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, s.p.coates@salford.ac.uk 539 }, abstract={The construction industry faces significant challenges due to insufficient processes. Design phase is a key process of construction project lifecycle in which many problems and challenges occur. Most of the issues within the design process are mainly due to poor information management process. Therefore, it is important to adopt new innovative technologies and processes to improve information management. Over the last decade, the number of projects implementing innovative and technological processes such as BIM and Lean has been increased. However, rather applying BIM and Lean independently, integration of BIM features with lean principles would bring more benefits to the design process in terms of improving information management. This paper studies the potential benefits of integrating BIM and Lean to improve information management in terms of reducing construction design problems associated with information management challenges. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Building Information Modelling (BIM), Information management (IM) }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saggin2017, author={Saggin, Angela de Bortoli and Mota, Taynah Ramos and Brito, Felipe Loiola and Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. Amaral }, editor={ }, title={Standardized Work: Practical Examples in a Brazilian Construction Company}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={713-720}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1394}, doi={10.24928/2017/0128}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Lean & Green Coordinator of C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Brazil, angela@crolim.com.br ; Undergraduate Student of Civil Engineering, Intern of C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Brazil, taynah@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Manager of C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Brazil, felipe@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Director of C. Rolim Engenharia Ltda., Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br }, abstract={ }, author_keywords={Lean construction, standardization, production, job-sequencing, continuous improvement }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bamana2017, author={Bamana, Flora and Lehoux, Nadia and Cloutier, Caroline }, editor={ }, title={Just in Time in Construction: Description and Implementation Insights}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={763-770}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1395}, doi={10.24928/2017/0064}, affiliation={Master Student in Industrial Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Laval University, CA, flora.bamana.1@ulaval.ca ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Mech. Eng., Laval University, CA, Nadia.Lehoux@gmc.ulaval.ca ; Lecturer, Dept. of Mech. Eng., Laval University, CA, Caroline.Cloutier@gmc.ulaval.ca }, abstract={The construction industry has long been plagued with productivity and waste management issues on construction sites, unmet deadlines, and client dissatisfaction over the quality of the construction delivered. Having greatly aided the manufacturing industry, this paper investigates how the JIT philosophy could help with these difficulties. The paper illustrates four scenarios of JIT implementation in construction according to the level of coordination required, on-site management, and information sharing. The methodology which consists of a systematic literature review on JIT in construction confirms the need to adapt this philosophy for an adequate deployment in this industry. It also confirms the close ties between JIT, lean construction, and prefabrication for successful construction project management. }, author_keywords={Just in time in construction, lean construction, prefabrication, systematic literature review }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kjesbu2017, author={Kjesbu, Nina Eklo and Engebø, Atle and Lædre, Ola and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={ }, title={Counterfeit, Fraudulent and Sub-Standard Materials: The Case of Steel in Norway}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={805-812}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1396}, doi={10.24928/2017/0124}, affiliation={MSc Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. nkjesbu@gmail.com +4799582750 ; Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. atle.engebo@ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. ola.ladre@ntnu.no ; Research Scientist, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. jardar.lohne@ntnu.no }, abstract={The international construction industry is subject to several types of crime. Among the least researched is the exposure to counterfeited, fraudulent and substandard (CFS) materials. The study presented in this paper examines the presence of these materials in the Norwegian construction industry and the characteristics of the construction industry that that render it vulnerable. A survey was sent out to different stakeholders within the industry, collecting experiences and knowledge about these types of materials. More than half of the respondents (9 of 17) stated that they pose a threat to the industry to a high or very high degree. To investigate the presence of these steel products, 3 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with key actors. The data shows the occurrence of these materials in the industry. The interviewees all believed that CFS steel products exist in the Norwegian construction industry, and examples were given of the occurrence of it. The interviewees believed that the industry is vulnerable to this threat because it is easily accessible for temporary and dishonest actors, and it has a high degree of trust combined with a certain lack of controls. Further work can result in recommendations for possible countermeasures. }, author_keywords={materials, steel, construction industry safety, quality assurance, supply chain management }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bølviken2017, author={Bølviken, Trond and Aslesen, Sigmund and Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={A Balanced Dashboard for Production Planning and Control.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={621-628}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1397}, doi={10.24928/2017/0245}, affiliation={Director of Strategy, HR and HSE, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, Norway; also Professor II, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway; email: trond.bolviken@veidekke.no ; Head of Research and Improvement, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, Norway; email: sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no ; Professor, Dr. Ing, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway; e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Professor of Construction and Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom; email: l.koskela@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={The paper proposes a concept for a dashboard to be used as part of Last Planner based production planning and control. The dashboard is constructed to be used, not primarily by management, but by the last planners. For this reason the dashboard has to be simple (it should focus on some few but important metrics), and it has to be balanced (it should give a holistic view of the status of the process and where it is heading). It is proposed that the dashboard should consist of three sections: planning, production flow and outcome. Each of these three sections should comprise one or a few metrics, put together so as to and provide a consolidated overview of both status and direction. We present a specific dashboard consisting of six metrics in all. This dashboard will be tested in a forthcoming case study. }, author_keywords={Dashboard, Scorecard, Metrics, Measurement, Last Planner. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Carneiro2017, author={Carneiro, Juliana Quinderé and Carneiro, André Quinderé and Machado, Vitor Arruda and Cândido, Luis Felipe and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={Lean Metric System: Proposal for a Performance Measurement System for Construction Projects.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={629-636}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1398}, doi={10.24928/2017/0306}, affiliation={Civil Engineer at Aval Engineering, Brazil, juliana@avalengenharia.eng.br ; CEO, Aval Engineering, Brazil, andre@avalengenharia.eng.br ; CEO, Aval Engineering, Brazil, vitor@avalengenharia.eng.br ; Professor, Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Brazil, luiscandido2015@gmail.com ; Professor, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={The application of Information Technology (IT) for the constructions management is mentioned as an important success factor. Improved IT management tools can help reduce important issues such as information gathering, misrepresentation, and lack of process standardization. These issues are related to the information flow and transparency, one of the principles of Lean Construction (LC), which will be explored in this research. This paper aims to present the development of a Performance Measurement System (PMS) with IT application, named Lean Metric (LM). Developed for the application of construction projects, LM uses concepts of hierarchical planning to monitor the constructions term and cost, based on information collected at the construction site. The LM was developed and tested in the last three years by a consulting company of planning and control of constructions in Fortaleza city. Its creation was crucial to increase the company's competitiveness, reducing operational costs and increasing confidence in the collected data. In addition, indicators are automatically calculated in real time, resulting in transparency in project results. }, author_keywords={Project Control, Lean Construction, Project Management }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zanotti2017, author={Zanotti, Nero Lenotti and Maranhão, Flávio Leal and Aly, Vitor Levy Castex }, editor={ }, title={Bottom-up Strategy for Lean Construction on Site Implementation}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={325-331}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1399}, doi={10.24928/2017/0304}, affiliation={Civil Engineer and M.Sc. Candidate, Escola Politecnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, nerozanotti@outlook.com ; Professor, Escola Politécnica, Department of Construction Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo; Professor, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil, flavio.maranhao@poli.usp.br ; Professor, Escola Politécnica, Department of Construction Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo;, São Paulo, Brazil, vitor.aly@usp.br }, abstract={This paper shows a Lean Construction method being implemented with a bottom-up strategy, using spontaneous improvement as a tool for the implementation. To introduce the changes, all workers were trained on how to manage and identify the 8 types of waste, and presented to a simplified A3 thinking approach as a problem-solving technique. The implementation occurred on a large infrastructure project with a total extension of 83 km, using the construction of a water pipeline as an example, studying it for six months. To measure the results, the labor productivity rate and the average production-per-day rate were introduced as performance indicators, to analyse whether the implementation was successful or not. By the end of the study, it was possible to observe a correlation between the number of improvements made, the labor productivity rate, and the average production-per-day rate, which implied a successful implementation of the lean philosophy. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, site implementation, kaizen, spontaneous improvement }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dlouhy2017, author={Dlouhy, Janosch and Binninger, Marco and Weichner, Lisa and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of Lean Construction in Client Organizations – an Analysis of the Status Quo in Germany}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={275-282}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1400}, doi={10.24928/2017/0089}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42168, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-44124, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; M.Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650, lisaweichner@gmail.com ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={Lean Construction is a management approach that is not only relevant for construction companies but also for their clients. The goal of this paper is to present the current status of strategies for implementation of Lean Construction within client-side organizations in Germany. A significant foundation principle in Lean Construction is the definition of value from the perspective of the client. Value is predominantly defined through the design and functional quality of a building as well as keeping to the defined time and cost objectives. In construction, the developer as a client has several tasks to fulfil which have a significant impact on the success of a project. Some developers seek to actively contribute to defining and managing meeting of their own client wishes. This requires using the approach and tools of Lean Construction, and these efforts have resulted in implementation strategies. Analysis of the status of implementation within client-side organizations was completed through interviews with eight companies in Germany. This paper will explain the method of data collection, the structure of the organizations surveyed. The implementation strategies will be described for each organization and classified according to the applicable framework conditions. The results determined that the companies use various approaches which are at different stages of implementation. This paper thereby provides a preliminary empirical overview of the situation regarding implementation of Lean Construction by development companies in Germany, and can be used by other developers as a basis for their first steps in implementing Lean Construction. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, computing, mixed reality, template, instructions. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maxwell2017, author={Maxwell, Duncan W. and Aitchison, Mathew }, editor={ }, title={Design-Value in the Platform Approach}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={349-356}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1401}, doi={https://10.24928/2017/0033}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Innovation in Applied Design Lab, Faculty of Architecture, Design and Planning, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, duncan.maxwell@sydney.edu.au ; Associate Professor, Innovation in Applied Design Lab, Faculty of Architecture, Design and Planning, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, m.aitchison@sydney.edu.au }, abstract={Lean production has responded to low-level customisation, but for residential construction, earlier customer input is required. The development of the ‘platform approach’ to industrialised house building has enabled high-level masscustomisation. Focus has been applied to ‘hard’ improvements regarding production efficiency, with less emphasis on ‘soft’ values associated with the intangible nature of design. Platform-thinking has demonstrated that new possibilities are emerging which may enable producers of industrialised housing to effectively deliver designvalue to end-users. This paper contributes to the developing platform approach, by investigating design-value for industrialised house building from an architectural perspective. Through an understanding of the product platform approach developed within the Swedish context, selected case-studies from outside construction demonstrate the possibilities that the platform-thinking concept holds, to address the research question; how can design-value be achieved in industrialised house building? Much design-value originates from interaction between designer and user, which has been overlooked in the development of the platform approach, yet by considering its conceptual basis of platform-thinking, new possibilities emerge for the delivery of design-value in product and process. The findings will enhance the development of platforms for industrialised house building. }, author_keywords={Lean design, platforms, platform-thinking, design-value, architecture }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Correa2017, author={Correa, María Gabriela and Arroyo, Paz and Mourgues, Claudio and Flager, Forest }, editor={ }, title={Comparing Choosing by Advantages and Weighting, Rating and Calculating Results in Large Design Spaces}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={259-266}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1402}, doi={10.24928/2017/0248}, affiliation={Master Student, Construction Engineering and Management Dept., School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +569 56189350, mgcorrea1@uc.cl ; Assistant Professor, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +56 22354-4244, parroyo@ing.puc.cl ; Assistant Professor, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +56 22354-4244, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl ; Research Associate and Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Califoria, United States, +1.415.728.7197, forest@standford.edu }, abstract={Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) projects are complex systems that are evaluated based on many factors. Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods are used to support AEC project teams in this process. Traditionally, these decisions are made using the Weighting, Rating and Calculating (WRC) method. Recent literature shows benefits of the Choosing By Advantages (CBA) method compared to WRC. However, these studies have been made in the context of comparing and ranking a small number of design alternatives (2-10). This research presents a case study in which CBA and WRC are applied to a large design space. The results show that CBA allowed for a more complete comparison of design alternatives. In addition, CBA enabled decision makers to explicitly evaluate performance versus cost, which led to more transparent and Pareto optimal decisions considering all alternatives in the design space. }, author_keywords={Choosing By Advantages, CBA, WRC, Large Design Spaces, Multi-Disciplinary Optimization. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Collinge2017, author={Collinge, Bill and Connaughton, John }, editor={ }, title={Mobilizing Bim in a Collaborative Project Environment}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={251-258}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1403}, doi={10.24928/2017/0008}, affiliation={Researcher, Construction Management & Engineering, Whiteknights, University of Reading, Reading, UK, will.collinge@reading.ac.uk ; Professor of Sustainable Systems in the Built Environment, Construction Management & Engineering, Whiteknights, University of Reading, Reading, UK, j.connaughton@reading.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper reports on the application of BIM methods an innovative project in the UK that is pioneering a new form of project insurance (Integrated Project Insurance) that joins project partners together as a virtual company. The paper examines the processes put in place to optimize BIM usage whilst reviewing the problems and issues encountered; the observations of a researcher being combined with the reflections of the BIM Information Manager. It is noted that mobilizing a comprehensive BIM-centric system is a complex and difficult undertaking, with new roles and responsibilities needing to be created, that put extra pressures on project partners. The positive results of using BIM in a collaborative environment are noted as the findings suggest inclusive contractual arrangements facilitate enhanced BIM use. The insights inform understanding of mobilizing BIM in a collaborative project environment as it is argued that only a fully collaborative project environment can realise the full benefits of BIM. }, author_keywords={BIM, collaboration, Integrated Project Insurance, organization }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Li2017, author={Li, Shan and Ma, Qiuwen }, editor={ }, title={Barriers and Challenges to Implement Integrated Project Delivery in China}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={341-348}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1404}, doi={10.24928/2017/0119}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, sli222@cityu.edu.hk. ; Ph.D. student, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, qiuwenma2-c@my.cityu.edu.hk. }, abstract={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) improves construction project performance. In China, though IPD is known due to its theoretical advantages and benefits, effective implementation of IPD in construction projects is rare. This may be caused by some existing barriers and problems. The purpose of this study was to explore the barriers to adopt IPD in Chinese construction. Critical factors of IPD implementation were reviewed, and face-to-face interviews with experts were carried out to collect industry views. Nanjing, China was selected as the location to carry out the research. The results revealed that the confidence of using IPD is not strong. In particular, adversarial relationships, legal issues, and lack of owner willingness may block the implementation of IPD in China. It is suggested to adopt positive mechanisms to push for the early involvement of diverse participants. In terms of the contract mechanisms, future studies should involve a standard framework, gradual project procurement process, collaboration-oriented risk and rewards system, and necessary techniques to improve integrative operations. }, author_keywords={Integrated project delivery, barriers, Nanjing-China. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Engebø2017, author={Engebø, Atle and Drevland, Frode and Lohne, Jardar and Shkmot, Nawras and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Geographical Distribution of Interest and Publications on Lean Construction}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={285-292}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1405}, doi={10.24928/2017/0121}, affiliation={Scientific assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 905 71 902, atle.engebo@ntnu.no ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no ; Research scientist, dr. art., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, Jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; Co-Founder & CFO, Paramount Decisions, San Francisco, USA, +47 41409992, nawras@paramountdecisions.com ; Associate Professor, dr. ing., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={It is a common view that certain countries show more interest in Lean Construction Principles than others. Some researchers within the Lean Construction community publish more and are more cited than others. The paper address the following research questions: 1) Where do those who show interest in Lean Construction come from? And 2) Is there any connection between geographical distribution of academic publications and where those who show interest in Lean Construction come from? The research is based on empirical data collected from analysis of data traffic from the IGLC web page and the Lean Construction Blog. It also consists of a registration of what countries the authors at IGLC’s annual conference and in the Lean Construction Journal come from. The analysis of the data collected validates that specific countries show more interest in lean construction than other. When publications and web-traffic were corrected for number of inhabitant's country-bycountry, the findings shows that there was a strong positive connection between the two parameters. This study could serve as a good basis for further studies on why some countries are more open to new ideas regarding construction and construction management. }, author_keywords={People, Culture and Change; lean expansion; mapping; web traffic }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Smith2017, author={Smith, James P. and Ngo, Khoi }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of Lean Practices Among Finishing Contractors in the US}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={421-428}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1406}, doi={10.24928/2017/0182}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, School of Technology, Department of Construction and Facilities Management, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA, james_smith@byu.edu ; Masters Degree Student, Department of Construction Science and Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA, ngominhkhoi@gmail.com }, abstract={Lean principles have been successfully implemented by contractors over recent years. Various studies have shown improved efficiency in terms of cost and time as well as other criteria (McGraw Hill 2013). In a relatively comprehensive report, McGraw Hill (2013) stated that 84% of lean practitioners reported that adopting lean led to higher quality projects, 74% reported reduced project schedule, and 80% reported greater customer satisfaction. In the niche of building finishing, contractors are often smaller and may have limited knowledge and training with lean practices. According to the North American Industry Classification System Association (NAICS) code #2383, "Building Finishing" contractors includes the following specific trades: drywall, insulation, painting and wall covering, flooring, and finish carpentry. The portion of a construction job that is related to building finishing, especially in the commercial and residential industry, can be relatively time consuming and costly. In the average single family house, the interior finishes cost nearly 30% of the total construction (Taylor 2014). In the average apartment complex, building finishes average around 12% of the total project cost (RSMeans 2015). The application of lean principles in various areas of the construction process has been well-documented in the literature. However, research regarding the implementation of lean practices among building finishing contractors is lacking. The purpose of this research project was to analyze the current level of lean implementation among building }, author_keywords={Lean construction, finishing contractors, subcontractors, lean implementation }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salazar2017, author={Salazar, Ralph T. and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={An Exploration of Compatibility of U.S. Army Culture and Lean Construction}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={405-412}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1407}, doi={10.24928/2017/0199}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-3137 USA, ralph.salazar@tamu.edu (corresponding author) ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, 77843-3137, Ph :+1-979-845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, 77843-3137, Ph :+1-979-845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu }, abstract={The culture of the United States Army has evolved significantly over the course of the service of the present generation of Soldiers. Through the implementation of Lean Management practices, and Six Sigma measurement and analysis tools, Army leaders are more able to competently perform a mission or accomplish a business goal. Through careful case study of previous missions, effort spent building learning organizations, and cultivating a culture of respect, leaders have discovered a formula to optimize unit performance. The keys to unlocking the benefits of Lean’s historically proven efficiency methods lie in changing the attitude and mindset of the Army’s workforce to effectively apply lean methods to the myriad projects and tasks that the citizens of the United States ask its Soldiers to perform every day. Cultural transformation must occur, however, in an unforgiving environment that poses significant threats to our national security, leaving very little margin for error in applying the new managerial methodology to both state-side and war-side operations. Using as its framework Jeffrey Liker’s Principles of Management described in The Toyota Way, this paper will explore the ways in which the U.S. Army is already equipped to implement lean, and those areas where more cultural evolution must take place to take full advantage of the philosophy. Viewing the Army culture as a whole, and then discussing more specifically Health Facility Development and Military Hospital Construction, the authors’ contention is that the U.S. Army and Lean Construction are more compatible than may appear at first glance. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Military Culture, Military Decision Making }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomes2017, author={Gomes, Danilo and Tzortzopoulos, Patrícia and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={Socio-Constructivist Account of Collaboration in Concept Design}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={301-308}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1408}, doi={10.24928/2017/0300}, affiliation={PhD candidate in Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK danilo.gomes@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, Head of Department for Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, Dean of the School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, m.kagioglou@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={In a collective design situation, participants usually have limited understanding of how other designers operate in the project and how their work has interdependencies with other design tasks. Most commonly, misunderstandings between team members will emerge around vague design representations and undocumented decisions, creating negative iterations in design. Collaboration at concept design includes actions to build shared understanding of product and process concepts amongst the design team. In this paper, it is suggested that the wicked nature of concept design requires collaboration to be conceptualised in terms of collective creative actions within team interactions. Through a synthesis of the literature, a model to study collaboration in concept design is suggested. The model proposes that collaboration is determined by the group’s ability to perform collective-reflective actions. Further development on the proposed model will provide ways of measuring and improving collaboration within multidisciplinary design teams. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, Multidisciplinary Team, Concept Design, Shared Understanding, Socio-constructive interactions }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2017, author={Pasquire, Christine and Ebbs, Paul }, editor={ }, title={Shared Understanding: The Machine Code of the Social in a Socio-Technical System}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={365-372}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1409}, doi={10.24928/2017/0342}, affiliation={Professor of Lean Project Management; Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK. christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Research Fellow; Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK paul.ebbs@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={The emergence of the explicit need for shared understanding as an underpinning flow in lean construction has generated some debate and exposed a need to provide a better explanation. Following an investigation comprising of a total of 27 interviews and several workshops, the data identifies and connects the relationship between inappropriate understanding and constraints to flow - represented through a conceptual model. The research further identified that introducing lean construction concepts associated with the Last Planner® System caused the participants to realise the importance of a shared understanding when previously they had not raised it as a source of constraint or problem. The research concludes that a shared understanding is critical to the social aspects of a sociotechnical system and needs to be precise and project specific to achieve the desired outcomes. In this way, a shared understanding can be considered to be the equivalent of a machine code in an operating system - if the understanding breaks down then so does the project delivery system. }, author_keywords={8th flow; common understanding; shared understanding; lean construction }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Segarra2017, author={Segarra, Lluís and Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Alarcón, Luis F. and Pellicer, Eugenio }, editor={ }, title={Knowledge Management and Information Flow Through Social Networks Analysis in Chilean Architecture Firms}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={413-420}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1410}, doi={10.24928/2017/0244}, affiliation={Master student, Department of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Valencia, España, segarra.lluis@gmail.com ; PhD student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Professor of School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile, Researcher - GEPUC, Santiago, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl ; Professor, Ph.D., Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Professor, Ph.D., Department of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Valencia, España, pellicer@upv.es }, abstract={In the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector, information flow and knowledge management influence how companies organize, work and produce, which can be represented in a social network analysis (SNA). Information flows are a critical activity for the work done in architecture firms. The objective of this study is to analyse the social structure of architecture firms to determine how to address information flow and knowledge management. The study is part of benchmarking research related to SNA, management practices and Key Performance Indicators (KPI) in architectural offices. After an extensive literature review, a survey was implemented to develop the SNA. Findings show network type shown by the office depends on its organizational infrastructure. There are also behavioural patterns; it is possible to observe that as the firm’s size increases, the density of the work-related connections in the network decreases and the average length of the path between the nodes within the network increases. Therefore, we can conclude that when offices have more human resources, as well as a pyramid structure and defined hierarchy, information flow is concentrated in small groups. }, author_keywords={Social network analysis, architecture firms, survey, organizational structure, knowledge management and information flow }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pikas2017, author={Pikas, Ergo and Koskela, Lauri and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Design Management in a Design Office: Development of the Model for 'To-Be'}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={555-562}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1411}, doi={10.24928/2017/0317}, affiliation={Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, ergo.pikas@aalto.fi and Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ergo.pikas@ttu.ee ; University of Huddersfield, School of Art, Design and Architecture ; Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering }, abstract={As the third paper on design management in a series of three, design science research activity was carried out. Based on the problems identified within the first paper and the knowledge base established in the second paper, theoretical and practical design process and management models were developed. Within the language of two-step abductive reasoning, the theoretical model served as a solution concept for developing a practical solution. This research reports the first cycle of design science research. The result is the description of "to-be" to facilitate the change management within the case study organization. }, author_keywords={Root causes, design model, design management }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pikas2017, author={Pikas, Ergo and Koskela, Lauri and Liias, Roode }, editor={ }, title={Design Management in a Design Office: Development of the Knowledge Base}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={539-546}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1412}, doi={10.24928/2017/0316}, affiliation={Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, ergo.pikas@aalto.fi and Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ergo.pikas@ttu.ee ; University of Huddersfield, School of Art, Design and Architecture ; Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering }, abstract={In this second paper in a series of three, the aim is to develop a theoretical knowledge base for design science research (DSR) activity within the next paper. This is primarily a literature review based paper, inspired by the problems summarized in the first paper. The paper starts with a description and justification of the prototheory of design and design rhetoric. It has been argued that the design science has been concerned with the artefact rather as a technical than a social phenomenon. It is opportune to propose that the proto-theory of design and design rhetoric represent different, yet related dimensions of a productive act (techne). These concepts provide the necessary prescription for the root cause analysis of the problems addressed within the first paper and practical design and design management conceptualization within the third paper. }, author_keywords={Design, proto-theory of design, rhetoric, design rhetoric }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pikas2017, author={Pikas, Ergo and Koskela, Lauri and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Design Management in a Design Office: Solving the Problem of Relevance}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={547-554}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1413}, doi={10.24928/2017/0315}, affiliation={Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, ergo.pikas@aalto.fi and Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, ergo.pikas@ttu.ee ; University of Huddersfield, School of Art, Design and Architecture ; Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering }, abstract={In this study we contend that the conceptual foundations of conventional construction design and design management are obsolete, and these need to be substituted by a more comprehensive theoretical basis. As the first paper in the series of three, the main objective of this study is to justify the research by determining the significant problems and challenges related to the design management in a case study organization. Design science research methodology is chosen to develop a scientifically grounded solution with practical relevance. Based on surveys, interviews, database analysis and observations, we conclude that there are significant problems with the design management practice. The major issue with design management is related to the poor and simplistic conceptualization of the design task. The problems summarized in this study facilitate the quest for the proper theoretical understanding and developing a knowledge base for designing a new process model. }, author_keywords={Design, design management, design science research, design management problems }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lidelöw2017, author={Lidelöw, Helena and Jansson, Gustav }, editor={ }, title={The Effect of Pre-Engineering on Design Management Methods}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={523-530}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1414}, doi={10.24928/2017/0107}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Division of Industrialized and Sustainable Construction, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resource Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, helena.lidelow@ltu.se ; Assistant Lecturer, Division of Industrialized and Sustainable Construction, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resource Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, gustav.jansson@ltu.se }, abstract={Several methods exist for design management such as Agile project management, the Last Planner System ®, and configuration in diverse variants. Construction can be realized using different degrees of pre-engineering i.e. different production strategies, which can affect the design management method. The research aim is to describe different design management methods and discuss their capacity to function in existing production strategies in construction. Data was collected as secondary data from earlier publications on Agile project management, the Last Planner ® system, configuration, and visual planning. Agile project management has a strong focus on customer value and lends itself well to situations with little pre-engineering. The Last Planner System ® in design has a strong focus on the co-creation of flow and coordination of actions. In industrialised housing a dialect of Last Planner System ® named KI-VP is implemented drawing upon predefinition of design tasks through standardized work. Configuration is the ultimate predefined design stage, where everything can be automated based on product variants. }, author_keywords={Agile, Last Planner System ®, Production strategies, Visual planning }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fosse2017, author={Fosse, Roar and Ballard, Glenn and Fischer, Martin }, editor={ }, title={Virtual Design and Construction: Aligning BIM and Lean in Practice}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={499-506}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1415}, doi={10.24928/2017/0159}, affiliation={Regional Manager, Lean Construction, Skanska, Oslo, Norway, +4793444588, roar.fosse@skanska.no ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 415 710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA 94305, USA, fischer@stanford.edu }, abstract={The construction industry has experienced many inspiring improvements. Especially two movements have introduced innovative design and construction practices: The advancement of lean thinking and tools and maturity in applying BIM and related concepts and technologies. Although Lean and BIM often thrive in the same culture, have many similar properties and strong potential synergies, they are often considered separate initiatives and unfortunately provide only partial benefits when applied on their own. Based on empirical findings of a general contractor, this paper shows how collaborative lean methods and BIM-related technologies can be implemented in an integrated way in practice. }, author_keywords={VDC, BIM, Last Planner, ICE, Big Room, metrics }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abou-Ibrahim2017, author={Abou-Ibrahim, Hisham and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Design Management: Metrics and Visual Tools }, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={465-473}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1416}, doi={10.24928/2017/0234}, affiliation={PhD. Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +961 3 900695, haa131@mail.aub.edu. ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, + 961 1 350000 ext 3616, fax: + 61 1 744462, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb. }, abstract={The iterative and multidisciplinary nature of design complicates its management. Nonetheless, the lack of adequate tools that can be used to manage design dynamics negatively affects the design process as well as the quality of the final design deliverables. In this regard, this paper introduces new metrics to measure information flow in BIM projects, and elaborates on the Level of Development (LOD) concept to reflect the design maturity of model elements in the corresponding design context. Moreover, a metric is developed to reflect the design maturity of the entire BIM model or part of it. The study also employs visual tools to plan and control design tasks based on the developed metrics. Results highlight that quantifying and visualizing the design progress helps design managers better assess the design status, streamline information flow among parties, and control the generation of corresponding design information. }, author_keywords={Lean design, Visual Planning, BIM, LOD. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2017, author={Filho, João Bosco P. Dantas and Lima, Mariana M. Xavier de and Heineck, Luiz Fernando M. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={Waiting Times in Design Process: A Case Study}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={483-489}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1417}, doi={10.24928/2017/0294}, affiliation={Architect, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Researcher of the GERCON, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, arquibosco@gmail.com ; Adjunct Professor, Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Coordinator of the Design Course, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, lima.mmxavier@gmail.com ; Lecturer, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, freitas8@terra.com.br ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk ; Full Professor, Department of Structural Engineering and Civil Construction, Leader of the GERCON, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br }, abstract={This research focuses on identifying waiting time in design process. This comprised the application of value stream mapping to identify existing flows and design waiting times. From this diagnosis, it was possible to propose recommendations reducing identified waste of time. This study demonstrates the viability of using the value stream mapping and to improve architectural designs process.ed technologies can be implemented in an integrated way in practice. }, author_keywords={Design process, Lean design, wait. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Uusitalo2017, author={Uusitalo, Petteri and Olivieri, Hylton and Seppänen, Olli and Pikas, Ergo and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Review of Lean Design Management: Processes, Methods and Technologies}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={571-578}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1418}, doi={10.24928/2017/0224}, affiliation={Doctoral Student, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering; Rakentajanaukio 4 A, P.O. Box 12100, 00076 Aalto, petteri.uusitalo@aalto.fi ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, hylton.olivieri@aalto.fi ; Professor of Practice, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Doctoral Student, Civil Engineering Dept., Aalto University, Tallinn University of Technology ergo.pikas@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi }, abstract={ Lean Design Management (LDM) has been used by lean practitioners to manage the design process in construction. Several methods, processes and tools have been successfully implemented, such as the Last Planner System (LPS), Target Value Design (TVD), Set-Based Design and Design Structure Matrix. However, despite the increased use of LDM, many attributes are still applied in an isolated manner. Thus, there is a lack of an integrated framework which takes into account possible combinations of LDM methods, processes, and technologies used by designers and construction companies. The aim of this paper is to analyse design management attributes based on a literature review, case studies and interviews with practitioners, in three countries (Finland, Norway and United States), which have previously reported advanced lean design management implementations. Three new attributes were identified based on the case studies and interviews: Location-Based Design Management, Level of Detail and Real-time cost estimation. The completed list of attributes was presented to three Finnish contractors, and each selected a different combination of tools for their project which will be used as case studies in future research. Future research will test new combinations of LDM tools and evaluate their interactions and benefits to the project teams. }, author_keywords={Lean Design Management, Lean Construction, Last Planner System, Virtual Design and Construction, Collaboration }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kpamma2017, author={Kpamma, Zoya E. and Adjei-Kumi, Theophilus and Ayarkwa, Joshua and Adinyira, Emmanuel }, editor={ }, title={Strategic Considerations for Applying Choosing by Advantages in Design Process.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={507-514}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1419}, doi={10.24928/2017/0239}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, Sunyani Technical University, Sunyani, Ghana, evanskpamma@yahoo,co.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, tadjei-kumi@yahoo.com ; Professor, Department of Building Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana , ayarkwajosh@yahoo.com ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Building Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, rasadii@yahoo.com }, abstract={The design process is fraught with a myriad of decision points. The outcome of these decision points is significant in discovering and generating value in the construction project delivery process. Application of a collaborative decision system, such as choosing by advantages (CBA), on these decision points, has been established to enhance value generation by enhancing participation, transparency and respect among stakeholders. However, little attention has been given to identifying strategic considerations for operationalizing CBA application across the design process spectrum. This paper combines knowledge from the case application of CBA, on selected design decisions, with theories on design process management and lean design in identifying these strategic considerations. Significant findings, among others, is the need to stratify the design process into identifiable decision frames to form the basis for applying CBA across the design process spectrum; the use of boundary objects to enhance communication among stakeholders in CBA application in design process; and the need for clearly established project requirements at the project definition phase to provide a sound basis for the CBA process. Findings of this study should provide a practical guide for CBA application in design process towards lean design implementation. }, author_keywords={Choosing by advantages, design process management, value, lean design, decision frames. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zhang2017, author={Zhang, Y. and Tzortzopoulos, P. and Kagioglou, M. }, editor={ }, title={How Evidence-Based Design Supports Better Value Generation for End-Users}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={579-586}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1420}, doi={10.24928/2017/0202}, affiliation={Research fellow of School of Arts Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484 471 632, y.zhang2@hud.ac.uk ; Head of Department of Architecture, School of Arts Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484 472 281, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk ; Dean of School of Arts Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484 472 289, m.kagioglou@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Interest in evidence-based design (EBD) has been growing extensively. Proper design decisions can, not only maximise the occupants’ health benefits, but also, improve service delivery. There is a clear link between the concept of EBD and that of value generation to guide decision-making for better healthcare design. Through an extensive literature review, a conceptual framework is presented, illustrating important decision-making steps, considering EBD as a means, with an emphasis on how it helps increase the end-user’s value generation. The paper concludes by identifying limitations and potential future studies. }, author_keywords={value, healthcare building, evidence-based design }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2017, author={Tillmann, Patricia A. and Do, Doanh and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={A Case Study on the Success Factors of Target Value Design}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={563-570}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1421}, doi={10.24928/2017/0324}, affiliation={Senior Lean Manager, University of California San Francisco, California, +14152799102, patricia.andretillmann@ucsf.edu ; Co-founder, Paramount Decisions, California, +17146229754, doanhqdo@gmail.com ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, California, +1415- 710-5531, gballard@berkeley.edu }, abstract={Target Value Design (TVD) has extensively been adopted in Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) environments in the U.S. Drawn from a profit planning approach used in the manufacturing industry called Target Costing (TC), TVD supports integrated project teams to plan and deliver projects for an agreed target cost. Research on TVD has revealed the success rate for delivering a project at or below the agreed target varies, and the results does not always meet expectations. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to report on lessons learned from an in depth case study that can contribute to advance the knowledge and improve the practical application of TVD on IPD projects. The research reported in this paper is part of an overarching research effort to improve the adoption of lean construction methods in the context of IPD-ish type of projects for the public sector in California. As multiparty agreements is not an option available for organizations in the public sector, this research effort focuses on understanding the underlying mechanisms of IPD in addition to contextual elements that can influence the successful application of TVD. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design, Target Costing, Integrated Project Delivery }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lidelöw2017, author={Lidelöw, Helena }, editor={ }, title={The ER Design Simulation Game: Experience and Reflect}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={515-522}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1422}, doi={10.24928/2017/0106}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Division of Industrialized and Sustainable Construction, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resource Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden, helena.lidelow@ltu.se }, abstract={ }, author_keywords={Design simulation, Lean games, Lean simulation, Reflection }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cunha2017, author={Cunha, Thaís and Lima, Mariana M. X. }, editor={ }, title={Analysis of the Influence of Lean Construction and Leed Certification on the Quality of Construction Sites}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={887-894}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1423}, doi={10.24928/2017/0197}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, M. Sc. Student, Department of Structural Engineering and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, thaisdemelo11@gmail.com ; Professor, Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, mariana@dau.ufc.br }, abstract={Adequate planning of construction sites guarantees better efficiency, productivity, quality on the development of all work activities, optimization of the physical available space, workers' safety and motivation in performing their duties. The objective of this paper is to verify the influence of Lean Construction and LEED Certification on the quality of construction sites. The aspects analyzed were Temporary Facilities, Safety, Material Handling and Storage at construction sites by using a checklist developed by Saurin and Formoso (2006). Forty construction sites in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza (MRF), Brazil, were analyzed. The results pointed to a direct relationship between the implementation of Lean Construction and LEED Certification and the overall quality of work at construction sites. The concepts of Lean Construction are linked to a better quality of material handling and storage, temporary facilities and safety at construction sites. Also, the LEED Certification influences to a better quality of material handling and storage. Those two aspects combined make the construction site safer and more efficient, reduce material waste and cost, as well as increase the quality of the services executed. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction. LEED Certification. Construction Sites. Construction Quality. Construction Safety }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Peñaloza2017, author={Peñaloza, Guillermina A. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Saurin, Tarcisio A. }, editor={ }, title={Principles for Safety Performance Measurement Systems Based on Resilience Engineering}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={903-910}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1424}, doi={10.24928/2017/0326}, affiliation={PhD student at NORIE/UFRGS - Built Environment Innovation Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99. Porto Alegre, 3o andar, RS, Brazil. CEP 90035-190. +55 51 33083518 arq.guillerminapenaloza@gmail.com ; Professor at NORIE /UFRGS formoso@ufrgs.br ; Assistant Professor at NORIE /UFRGS saurin@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The emergence of new technologies and new types of risks, in which the relationships between people and technology are complex and dynamic, challenge the models and techniques that have been used to measure safety performance. Traditional approaches are usually reactive and have little predictive value. Thus, this study discusses the design of safety performance measurement systems based on the Resilience Engineering paradigm, so that these are capable of monitoring and managing risks continuously throughout the life-cycle of the system. Resilience Engineering is relevant from the Lean perspective because it is useful to devise ways to balance safety and efficiency pressures, which otherwise can contribute to wastes and accidents. This paper presents the preliminary results of a systematic literature review of principles for designing safety performance measurement systems based on the Resilience Engineering paradigm. Five principles were identified: management commitment, awareness, anticipation, continuous learning and flexibility. }, author_keywords={safety performance measurement, resilience engineering, systematic literature review }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Young2017, author={Young, Brendan K. and Hosseini, Ali and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={A Comparison of Project Alliancing and Lean Construction}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={61-68}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1425}, doi={10.24928/2017/0196}, affiliation={Graduate Research Assistant, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 944 31 715, brendan@stud.ntnu.no ; PhD Candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 913 09 166, ali.hosseini@ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 735 94 739, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={As the adoption of both alliancing and lean in the construction industry has started becoming more prevalent, knowledge of the alignment of Lean Construction with alliancing could be valuable to practitioners looking at adopting lean project delivery. This paper contributes to addressing this issue by providing insight into the relationship between the alliancing project delivery method and Lean Construction project delivery through the review of a literature review, interviews and a document study. A major driver of alliancing is to deliver value for money to the client, so it comes as a surprise that, to this date, alliancing has yet to fully capitalize on the Lean Construction operating system to drive the pursuit of maximum value. The inclusion of a lean operating system would require only minor changes to the existing structure of a standard project alliancing agreement. Alliancing could essentially remain the same, both structurally and commercially, while incorporating Lean Construction methods and tools into its operating system. In the right circumstances, this combination could be used to deliver greater value to the client. }, author_keywords={Alliancing, Lean Construction, Operating System, Organisation, Commercial. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Namadi2017, author={Namadi, Sa’id A. and Pasquire, Christine and Manu, Emmanuel }, editor={ }, title={Discrete Costing Versus Collaborative Costing.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={3-10}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1426}, doi={10.24928/2017/0341}, affiliation={PhD Research Student, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK, +44(0)7592030388 sa’id.ahmednamadi2015@my.ntu.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, and Director Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, UK, +44(0) 115 848 2095 christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Projects, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK, +44(0) 7735083823 emmanuel.manu@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={The UK construction industry has witnessed a recent shift towards integrated and collaborative approaches. Such collaborative efforts include the use of integrated systems like BIM, lean and innovative procurement options which are now reshaping project delivery systems. However, in the UK, most efforts have focused primarily on the conventional project management system, which is coherent and contract-based and has brought the separation in the processes of costing/design and production. In fact, cost and design processes are still treated as independent and separate functions which are carried out discretely within the current project delivery system. This neglect, and the lack of a holistic and collaborative approach in costing, arguably accounts for much of the cost overrun that is still prevalent in the UK industry. Traditionally, cost management has been the chief duty of Quantity Surveyors (QSs) in the UK. Recently, Target Value Design (TVD) has emerged as a management approach under the lean philosophy that aims to deliver exactly what the customer needs in terms of value within stipulated project constraints. The technique is aimed at making the budget become an input in the design and decision making process rather than an outcome of a design. The growth of collaborative approaches such as TVD opens new opportunities for project participants to deliver more value for clients and work collaboratively. This paper reports on the literature review that aimed at developing a framework to improve the current cost management practice towards a more collaborative system against the existing discrete form of costing that inhibits collaboration. }, author_keywords={Keywords: Discrete Costing, Collaborative Costing, Target Value Design, Cost Management, Quantity Surveying. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Broft2017, author={Broft, Rafaella }, editor={ }, title={Exploring the Application of Lean Principles to a Construction Supply Chain}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={771-779}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1427}, doi={10.24928/2017/0125}, affiliation={SCM Consultant and part-time Research Student, The Bartlett School of Construction & Project Management, University College London, London, UK, r.d.broft@gmail.com }, abstract={The characteristics known in construction are often seen as peculiarities of the industry and prevent the attainment of flows as efficient as in manufacturing. The construction industry knows two typical problems resulting from high levels of fragmentation and low levels of repetition: lack of control and decreasing performance. Despite the critical role of a client, parties on the supply side – the lower tiers of the construction SC – are believed to be able to develop into more integrated systems, independently from the demand. Contractors are willing to develop closer relationships, but implementing SCM seems a long-term, complex process and requires a certain level of understanding and therefore learning throughout the supply chain. Some characteristics of the industry are even believed and described a non-suitable base for implementing SCM. This paper sets out to explore possibilities and examines the results of a step towards successful SCM in construction. It describes the advantages of the application of some important Lean principles, by presenting the differences within the processes needed to produce one construction 'product' in two different ways – with a product- and project-focus. The two cases involve a supply chain, operating in the Dutch construction industry and representing long-term agreements between one main contractor and its most critical suppliers in housing. With the analysis, the paper provides the reader with the necessary insights to take an important step in implementing SCM in construction. }, author_keywords={Supply chain Management, lean construction, lead time reduction, value stream thinking, flow }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Masood2017, author={Masood, Rehan and Gonzalez, Vicente and Lim, James B.P. }, editor={ }, title={Value Stream Mapping - a Case Study of Cold-Formed Steel House Framing for Offsite Manufacturing Supply Chain}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={829-836}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1428}, doi={10.24928/2017/0071}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, rmas769@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, james.lim@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={Offsite manufacturing (OSM) has the potential to help reduce the housing shortfall by increasing the supply of housing stock. The poor performance of the construction supply chain is the main reason for the low uptake of OSM. OSM supply chain characteristics such as configuration, information flow and material flow are different for OSM technologies. Furthermore, there are inefficiencies in the supply chain causing waste, which also varies with OSM technology. A case study of the OSM supply chain for structural framing for cold-formed steel (CFS) houses is mapped and assessed using value stream mapping (VSM). From the VSM it is possible to understand current performance and determine opportunities for improvement. Such information can help foster further adoption of OSM of CFS in housing. }, author_keywords={Offsite manufacturing, Supply chain management, Value stream mapping, Housing, Cold-formed steel framing }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Melo2017, author={Melo, Luane A. P. and Lima, Victor F. C. de and Melo, Reymard Savio S. de }, editor={ }, title={Value Stream Mapping: A Case Study in Structural Masonry}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={755-762}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1429}, doi={10.24928/2017/0167}, affiliation={Graduate Special Student, Graduate program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil, luane_paiva@hotmail.com ; Graduate Special Student, Graduate program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil, victorfclima@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil, smelo@ct.ufrn.br }, abstract={There is a growing interest in the Lean Thinking (LT) principles due to the high levels of waste in construction. Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is as an important tool for a systematic implementation of the LT. Few studies have addressed the application of VSM for improvements related to the execution of structural masonry, therefore this article presents an exploratory case study that aims to propose improvements for this process. Data was collected in a residential project, where the execution of structural masonry is the activity of greatest impact in the budget and schedule. From field observations, interviews and analysis of administrative documentation, the VSM of the current state was elaborated and analyzed through the LT. Improvements in the future VSM focused mainly in the elimination of transport and excess (inventory) wastes. A reduction of 45.5% in cycle time and an increase in Value Aggregation Time (VAT) from 32.45 to 60.55% is estimated. The VSM provided a systemic view of the value chain of the process, facilitating the identification of wastes, their origin and the proposition of improvements. }, author_keywords={Value Stream Mapping, Structural masonry, Lean Thinking }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{El Sakka2017, author={El Sakka, Fatima and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={3d Concrete Printing in the Service of Lean Construction.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={781-788}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1430}, doi={10.24928/2017/0246}, affiliation={Master’s Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, fbe04@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, + 961350000 Ext 3616, fax: + 61 1 744462, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={With the current conventional construction practices, the application of lean thinking is deemed challenging. Yet the introduction of 3D printing to the construction industry seems to bolster the lean philosophy goals. The literature, however, has not yet sufficiently addressed the correlation between 3D concrete printing and lean construction. Thus, this research aims at uncovering the complementary relationship between the two. The study is based on mapping the value stream of the construction process of a residential house using data extracted from an actual project. Value stream mapping is conducted for both methods of construction, the conventional method and 3D concrete printing. Comparing the value stream maps revealed a 60% reduction in the production lead time. Further analysis unveiled reduction in construction cost, especially labour cost, minimization of different types of waste as well as improvement of quality. Such achievements satisfy the essential goals of a lean process including higher quality, lower cost, and shorter lead time. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, 3D concrete printing, traditional construction, value stream mapping }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2017, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. }, editor={ }, title={Removing Waste While Preserving Slack: The Lean and Complexity Perspectives }, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={209-216}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1435}, doi={10.24928/2017/0099}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br }, abstract={In complex socio-technical systems such as construction projects, the lean emphasis on waste reduction can contribute to the depletion of necessary slack for managing unexpected variability. This risk is amplified by the absence of a solid lean theory on slack and on how to manage the trade-off between slack and efficiency. Furthermore, lean focuses on managing slack in terms of time and inventories. Thus, a broader approach that accounts for a wide variety of slack resources is necessary. In this paper, the complexity science´s and lean´s views of slack are laid down and compared based on eleven criteria. Commonalities and conflicts between both approaches are identified, and proposals for future research related to slack management in lean complex systems are presented. }, author_keywords={Slack, buffers, complexity, waste, lean }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Korb2017, author={Korb, Samuel and Sacks, Rafael and Alhava, Otto }, editor={ }, title={A Portfolio/Process/Operations (PPO) Analysis of a Meta-Project Production System in Renovation Projects}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={161-168}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1437}, doi={10.24928/2017/0322}, affiliation={PhD Student, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, shmuel.korb@technion.ac.il ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Otto Alhava, M.Sc. (Tech.), Chief Technology Officer, Fira Group Oy, Vantaa, Finland, otto.alhava@fira.fi }, abstract={The Portfolio/Process/Operations (PPO) model is a novel approach to understanding the elements that impact production systems in the world of construction. Building on prior work such as the "Transformation-Flow-Value" (TFV) theory, the PPO model adds a multi- and meta-project view through its consideration of the total "Portfolio" of projects and partners in which each company in the industry is engaged. Fira Palvelut is a Finnish contractor specializing in the refurbishment of bathrooms in the aging Finnish mass housing market. This paper examines Fira's efforts to improve their operations and finds that by addressing each of the elements of the PPO model, they have managed to build a robust and successful production system that dramatically outpaces the industry standard for project lead time. In the renovation sphere, this means customers must be out of their houses for significantly less time while the work is performed. In this paper, we give a background to the PPO model and Fira Palvelut's operations, and analyze their success through the lens of each element of the model. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, PPO model, case study, linked projects }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Baladrón2017, author={Baladrón, Cristóbal and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Assessing the Impact of Lean Methods in Mining Development Projects}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={137-144}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1439}, doi={10.24928/2017/0272}, affiliation={MSc Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, cbaladr1@uc.cl ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={One of the main challenges that developing countries face is the need to increase productivity. In Chile, the most important productivity gap in both mining and construction industries is the lack of operational efficiency, caused mainly by the low adoption of advance management methods. Hence, considering the need to increase productivity through operational efficiency, lean production emerges as a management system with the objective to create value while eliminating waste, and continuously seek operational excellence. This research evaluates the impacts of the implementation of lean methods in an underground mining development project in the execution phase, which will help to better understand to what extent these methodologies can affect the performance of this type of projects. This research indicates that the implementation of lean methods in an underground mining development project had a statistical significant improvement of the mean for all indicators studied. Likewise, the implementation produced a statistically significant reduction of the variability for some indicators; moreover, there is a considerable reduction in the coefficient of variation (CV), which indicates more stable processes. In addition, this research demonstrates that there is a statistically significant correlation between the percent of plan completed and its coefficient of variation. }, author_keywords={lean construction, lean mining, mining development project, percent of plan completed (PPC), variability }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shou2017, author={Shou, Wenchi and Wang, Jun and Wu, Peng and Wang, Xiangyu and Song, Yongze }, editor={ }, title={Application of Lean Production With Value Stream Mapping to the Blasting and Coating Industry}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={217-224}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1440}, doi={10.24928/2017/0308}, affiliation={Ph.D. student, Australasian Joint Research Center for BIM, Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia, wenchi.shou@postgrad.curtin.edu.au ; Ph.D. student, Australasian Joint Research Center for BIM, Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia, jun.wang15@postgrad.curtin.edu.au ; Senior Lecture, Australasian Joint Research Center for BIM, Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia, peng.wu@curtin.edu ; Professor, Australasian Joint Research Center for BIM, Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia, xiangyu.wang@curtin.edu.au ; Ph.D. student, Australasian Joint Research Center for BIM, Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia, yongze.song@postgrad.curtin.edu.au }, abstract={Lean production involves a variety of principles and techniques, all of which aim to eliminate waste and non-value-added activities at every production or service process. To stay competitive, many Australian owners in the blasting and coating industry have sought to improve their production process productivity and human performance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of existing lean principles by using Value Stream Mapping (VSM) in the blasting and coating industry. A real case is selected as a model, both current and future states of shop-floor production scenarios are discussed using value stream concepts. This is analysed along with calculations of cycle time, work-in-process inventory, and waiting time. A framework of lean improvement is proposed which includes: (1) waste elimination by using techniques of standardisation, supermarket, and pull scheduling system; (2) workforce involvement; and (3) client integration. The results showed that the product delivery rates could be significantly increased through lean implementation. }, author_keywords={lean production, value stream mapping (VSM), blasting and coating industry, production management, pull scheduling }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Reed2017, author={Reed, Dean and Ashcraft, Howard and Khanzode, Atul and Fischer, Martin and Rischmoller, Leonardo and Berg, Peter }, editor={ }, title={Integrating Delivery of a Large Hospital Complex}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={201-208}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1441}, doi={10.24928/2017/0348}, affiliation={Organizer for Lean and Integrated Project Delivery, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA. deanr@dpr.com ; Partner, Hanson Bridgett, San Francisco, CA, hashcraft@hansonbridgett.com ; Director for Technology and Innovation, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA, atulk@dpr.com ; Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and (by Courtesy) Computer Science and Director, Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, fischer@stanford.edu ; Business Process Analyst, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA, leonardor@dpr.com ; Project Executive, DPR Construction, Phoenix, AZ, peterb@dpr.com }, abstract={Building a high performing building requires project teams to integrate their knowledge, their organization and their information, leveraging metrics, models (energy, BIM, cost and schedule), co-location and collaboration, and production management. This model, the “Simple Framework for Integrating Project Delivery” was validated in action on the UCSF Mission Bay Hospitals project. The senior project leaders created an integrated community that employed Lean and Virtual Design and Construction methods to create solutions in the best interest of the project. }, author_keywords={Simple Framework, integration, leadership, collaboration, capabilities }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hatzigeorgiou2017, author={Hatzigeorgiou, Alexandros and Manoliadis, Odysseas }, editor={ }, title={Assessment of Performance Measurement Frameworks Supporting the Implementation of Lean Construction}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={153-160}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1442}, doi={10.24928/2017/0073}, affiliation={Civil Engineer A.U.Th., M.B.A. U.O.M., MSc "Engineering Project Management", School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patra, Greece, alexhatz1973@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece, omanolia@civil.duth.gr }, abstract={Construction companies can perceive significant benefits of Lean Construction management, although cannot clearly identify the extent and origin of the obtained benefits. Frameworks, consisting structured tools suitable for business management, find wide application in the field of Performance Measurement, in most of the industries. The role of contemporary, process-oriented, Performance Measurement frameworks, like the European Foundation for Quality Management Excellence Model, the Balanced Scorecard and Key Performance Indicators, in supporting Lean Construction is examined in this study. The contribution of Performance Measurement Systems developed upon such frameworks, in the implementation of basic Lean Construction principles, like waste/variability reduction, operation simplification and benchmarking, is demonstrated by reviewing a number of related studies from the literature and identifying their basic characteristics regarding the adopted Performance Measurement frameworks and the involved Lean Construction principles. The presented studies indicate that the use of these frameworks, and especially Key Performance Indicators, can assist the }, author_keywords={lean construction principles, performance measurement frameworks }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nascimento da Silva2017, author={Nascimento da Silva, Michelle and Miron, Luciana Inês Gomes }, editor={ }, title={Hierarchy of Value Perceived by Groups of Users About Their Neighbourhood}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={193-200}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1443}, doi={10.24928/2017/0186}, affiliation={PhD Student, Programa de pós-graduação em Planejamento Urbano e Regional (PROPUR) Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, michelly_nds@yahoo.com.br ; PhD, Associate Professor, School of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, luciana.miron@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The value perceived by the client is a concept that has attracted a growing interest among Lean Construction researchers. The perceived value, associated with the Means-End Chain Model and the laddering technique, has allowed for the understanding of the personal values influence on the users’ perception of value. The application of this concept regarding the built environment on the neighbourhood, scale has the potential for contributing to the concept of value consolidation. The aim of this paper is to identify and compare the perception of value of two user groups of a neighbourhood. The research strategy adopted was case study. The main study contributions refer to the contribution of the perception of value knowledge in the complex relationship between users and the built environment. }, author_keywords={perceived value, personal values, means-end chain, laddering, neighbourhood. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Drevland2017, author={Drevland, Frode and Lohne, Jardar and Klakegg, Ole Jonny }, editor={ }, title={Ethical Dilemmas in Value Delivery: Theoretical Conditions}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={145-152}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1444}, doi={10.24928/2017/0276}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, frode.drevland@ntnu.no ; Research Scientist, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; Professor, Department of Civil and Transport Environmental, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, ole.jonny.klakegg@ntnu.nomailto:jardar.lohne@ntnu.no }, abstract={Delivering value for the customer is one of the core tenets of lean construction. However, anyone who is affected by a project is considered a customer of the project. Often, different customers of a project will be at odds with each with regards to what constitutes value for them. This could potentially lead to ethical dilemmas for the project delivery team. This is a subject that has so far been given little attention in literature. In this paper we set forth a theoretical framework for investigating ethical dilemmas in value delivery that will form the basis for future empirical research on ethical issues related to value delivery. More precisely we examine fundamental reasons for ethical dilemmas occurring in the context of value delivery. We theorize that ethical dilemmas in construction projects typically arises when there is misalignment of value between project stakeholders. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, ethics, value, value delivery }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2017, author={Koskela, Lauri and Pikas, Ergo and Niiranen, Jarkko and Ferrantelli, Andrea and Dave, Bhargav }, editor={ }, title={On Epistemology of Construction Engineering and Management.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={169-176}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1445}, doi={10.24928/2017/0336}, affiliation={University of Huddersfield, School of Art, Design and Architecture, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering and Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering ; Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering ; Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering ; Aalto University, Department of Computing }, abstract={In philosophy of science, there have been two different starting points for epistemology: Platonism and Aristotelianism. These two alternative starting points have played a major role also in the formation of fundamental ideas of engineering and management generally as well as in relation to construction. It is contended that an overly Platonic influence on engineering and management has created a number of problems. For solving these problems, beyond mere patching, a more balanced take on Platonism and Aristotelianism is needed }, author_keywords={Epistemology, Construction Engineering, Construction Management. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Delhi2017, author={Delhi, Venkata S. K. and N, Raghavan and Mahalingam, Ashwin and Varghese, Koshy }, editor={ }, title={Initial Euphoria to Sustained Change - Mainstreaming Lean Culture}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={267-274}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1446}, doi={10.24928/2017/0288}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, venkatad@iitb.ac.in ; Professor of Practice, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India nraghavan@iitm.ac.in ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India, mash@iitm.ac.in ; Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India koshy@iitm.ac.in }, abstract={In line with the trend of spread of Lean Construction concepts in the recent past, Lean construction philosophy was introduced in a large industrial project of a leading organisation about two years back. The drive by the top management, augmented by efforts of the Lean champions in the project team, helped the project team to transition from the conventional project delivery method to the Lean Construction method. The present study looks at the developments in Lean implementation in the Project over time, based on observations on such dynamics and understanding the strategies which might help to mainstream Lean philosophy introduction in other similar organisations and construction projects. A detailed case study based approach was adopted to this end. The mentoring coach closely observed the behavioural developments of the Project team over time. Data for analysis included primary observations by the mentoring coach, minutes of the various meetings of the project team under study and one- on- one interactions with various team members. The analysis gave some significant insights on how to continue the initial momentum gained towards sustained Lean implementation on construction projects and in organisations. }, author_keywords={Sustained Lean Practice, Lean Culture, Transformation, Behaviour change, Human resources. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hackler2017, author={Hackler, Cory and Byse, Erika and Reed, Dean and Alves, Thais da C.L. }, editor={ }, title={Building a Lean Culture.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={309-316}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1447}, doi={10.24928/2017/0301}, affiliation={DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA. CoryHa@dpr.com ; DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85034, ErikaB@dpr.com ; DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA. DeanR@dpr.com ; Associate Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Engineering, San Diego State University, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={To accelerate understanding and implementation of Lean throughout a large general contracting company, the Lean leadership group, with the support of management at all levels, shifted from training employees on tools and solutions, to educating them about Lean principles as an overarching way to run their projects. This industry paper describes the work that the company has and is currently doing to train professionals in all its business units. It explains why and how the effort started, the feedback received from participants who have attended a new course in Lean leadership, and the plans to expand this program to increase and sustain Lean implementation. The paper provides a contribution to the literature on Lean implementation and change management and underscores the importance of creating a culture based on solid understanding of the Lean vocabulary, principles, and goals to create a critical mass across projects. }, author_keywords={Lean leadership, Lean education, Lean culture. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nesensohn2017, author={Nesensohn, Claus }, editor={ }, title={A Lean Construction Maturity Model for Organizations.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={357-364}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1448}, doi={10.24928/2017/0293}, affiliation={CEO and founder, Refine Projects AG, Schelmenwasenstraße 34, 70567 Stuttgart Germany, +49 179 9789624, claus.nesensohn@refineprojects.com }, abstract={At IGLC 2014 a Lean Construction Maturity Model (LCMM) was introduced and at IGLC 2015 its validation was presented. The LCMM offers organizations in the AEC Industry to obtain a systemic and holistic overview of their current state of LC maturity and provides them with support in their maturation. This paper intends to motivate its implementation in practice in order to test and demonstrate the whole range of benefits and implications of the LCMM. Therefore, this paper proposes a self-assessment template of the LCMM with a two-step procedure to obtain the current maturity level of any organization with regards to Lean Construction (LC). It will enable practitioners to measure the gap between where they currently are as well as develop an improvement plan to improve their LC maturity. }, author_keywords={Process improvement, Lean Construction Maturity, LCMM, Maturity model, Organizational assessment }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Carvalho2017, author={Carvalho, Bruno Soares de and Scheer, Sergio }, editor={ }, title={Analysis and Assessment for Lean Construction Adoption: The DOLC Tool}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={429-435}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1449}, doi={10.24928/2017/0117}, affiliation={PhD Student, PPGECC - Post Graduation Program in Construction Engineering. Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil. bruno@aiza.com.br ; Professor, Civil Engineering Research Center. Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil. scheer@ufpr.br }, abstract={Construction companies have difficulties to measure the performance of their efforts regarding the use and application of the Lean Construction philosophy. To serve as support for this development, a tool called DOLC was created to analyze and assess the degree of Lean Construction of a construction company. Based on the 11 principles of Koskela (1992), the DOLC performs the analysis involving 5 (five) different stakeholders: directors, engineers, construction workers, suppliers and designers of a construction company. This tool generates an index for the establishment of improvement by the analyzed constructors. In this paper, 35 case studies are presented between 2008 and 2016, in which the tool was used in Brazil, applied by different researchers and presented in published papers. Based on this research, an overview on the conditions of use of Lean Construction in Brazil is presented. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, DOLC, Degree of Lean Construction. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thameem2017, author={Thameem, Muzafar and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Smith, James P. }, editor={ }, title={Delivery Methods and Social Network Analysis of Unethical Behavior in the Construction Industry}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={453-460}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1450}, doi={10.24928/2017/0213}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, muztheem@tamu.edu ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, Ph :+1-979-845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu ; Assistant Professor, School of Technology, Department of Construction and Facilities Management, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA, james_smith@byu.edu 461 }, abstract={The construction industry accounts for about one-third of gross capital formation and is ranked as one of the most corrupt. It is a multifaceted industry with unregulated transactions in which illicit behavior can be difficult to detect. The effects of corruption go beyond demoralization associated with bribery, it can lead to substandard quality of infrastructure and insufficient funds available for project maintenance. There are a multitude of reasons identified as possible causes for unethical conduct. A few researchers cited corruption as a result of an unethical decision. Prior research concerning corruption in construction has called for several main strategies: enhanced transparency, ethical codes, project governance, and audit and information technology. However, strategies to combat corruption may not be sufficient. This research first presents an overview of unethical conduct in the industry. Then it examines the ethics in the industry followed by types of relationships and their structure which may be conducive to unethical conduct within the framework of different delivery methods. Finally, an argument is made regarding the importance of strength of relationships in curbing unethical conduct. }, author_keywords={Unethical behavior, Relational Contracting, Lean Construction }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rischmoller2017, author={Rischmoller, Leonardo and Dong, Ning (Tony) and Fischer, Martin and Khanzode, Atul }, editor={ }, title={Automation of the Building Information Model Breakdown Structure.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={389-396}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1451}, doi={10.24928/2017/0216}, affiliation={DPR BIM Manager, DPR Construction LeonardoR@dpr.com ; DPR R&D Manager TonyD@dpr.com ; Center for Integrated Facility Engineer, Stanford University, Director fischer@stanford.edu ; DPR Technology Group Director AtulK@dpr.com }, abstract={ Breaking down project information via different breakdown structures has been a successful way of managing and controlling construction projects with levels of efficiency and effectiveness otherwise unimaginable to achieve over the past decades. However, the current practice of grouping and organizing building information models from multiple project participants does not reflect such breakdown structures well. This gap renders it a challenge to introducing Building Information Modelling (BIM) to on-site meetings in the construction phase, such as daily subcontractor huddle and pull planning meetings, in which on-the-spot-requests to query federated models are prevalent. This paper introduces the underlying concepts of a method that allows automatic grouping of models so that the model breakdown structure (MBS) matches a certain breakdown structure within a project. An automation tool has been developed accordingly and tested in two case studies, which prove that the proposed method enables project participants without extensive trainings of BIM the rapid identification of the desired model contents. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modelling (BIM), breakdown structure, model breakdown structure (MBS) }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Olivieri2017, author={Olivieri, Hylton and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Real-Time Tracking of Production Control: Requirements and Solutions}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={671-678}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1452}, doi={10.24928/2017/0177}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University School of Engineering, Espoo, Finland, hylton.olivieri@aalto.fi ; Professor of Practice, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University School of Engineering, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University School of Engineering, Espoo, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi }, abstract={Production control in construction has been mainly discussed within the scope of Lean Construction, through tools and methods such as Last Planner System (LPS), Location-Based Management System (LBMS), and Takt Time Planning (TTP). However, despite the increasing use of these systems, information about the use of equipment, labour, and materials is still gathered through manual data collection, if at all. Real-time process information about these production factors is missing. This paper proposes an intelligent system for real-time production control (iCONS), which has been developed based on the requirements set by construction professionals from four countries, the existing technical solutions that have been used in real-time tracking, and on the proposed new solutions that can fulfill the requirements. Four types of requirements were identified based on interviews: 1) safety management, 2) monitoring process information, productivity and waste, 3) material logistics, and 4) location-based information on pull basis. The proposed system fills the key requirements by sharing and integrating real-time information between materials tracked with RFID tags, labour and equipment tracked by Bluetooth beacons, communicating with location-based gateways and iCONS app through a cloud-based solution. Project teams can use this system to improve production efficiency, management of suppliers, and safety conditions. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, production control, tracking, resources, communication systems }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bascoul2017, author={Bascoul, Audrey M. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Visualizing Daily On-site Space Use}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={597-604}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1453}, doi={10.24928/2017/0258}, affiliation={ PhD candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA, AudreyBascoul@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720- 1712, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu }, abstract={Visual Management (VM) is integral to the lean philosophy. For example, an Andon makes a light flash in the case of a deviation in the process of assembly or in the product assembled, a Kanban triggers the production of units in order to fill a customer's demand, shadow boards used in 5S help workers to locate their tools easily. What is lacking in the construction industry is simple, cost- and time-effective programs that support the understanding of the work schedule, foster transparency in daily coordination of work space among subcontractors, and facilitate production control. To address these needs, this paper presents a space scheduling program called LOSite developed for a case study project, and demonstrates that space use visualization is possible on large scale projects and can be inexpensive yet worthwhile using. The researchers prototyped LOSite in one week to help visualize the work being done during a project's interiors phase. LOSite was tested over the course of a month. Limitations to the full adoption of LOSite by the team are discussed in this paper. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Visual Management, space use, space scheduling, subcontractor coordination. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Modrich2017, author={Modrich, Ralf-Uwe and Cousins, Bruce C. }, editor={ }, title={Digital Kanban Boards Used in Design and 3d Coordination.}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={663-670}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1454}, doi={10.24928/2017/0345}, affiliation={Sr. Project Manager WEBCOR BUILDERS, 710 N. McDonnell Rd SFO T1-BAB Project T. 510-825-0358 ; Principal, Sword Integrated Building Solutions, 125 2nd Street #606 Oakland, CA 94607 Phone (510) 309- 2003 }, abstract={The hypothesis of this research is that the Last Planner System® (LPS) in combination with the Kanban Method is better suited than conventional project production planning and controls to manage the design phase. In the Toyota Production System (TPS) the Kanban (sign board) is attached to the material or product and is pulled through the manufacturing process. In design and product development the Kanban is attached to the information or knowledge and is pulled through the design process. In the presented case studies, the authors developed several prototypes of a Kanban board. One is used in architectural design and in pre-construction processes to manage the 3D design and 3D coordination process and another is used to manage the design issues in an integrated and concurrent design process. The physical Kanban board displays each stakeholders’ tasks across multiple swim lanes, so the team can readily assess the task assignment and work in process (WIP), of team members in one glance. The physical boards are kept up to date with digital Kanban Boards. These Kanban applications facilitated “real time” synchronization among stakeholders for monitoring of both current and future activities (look ahead) and delivering promised design decisions for information required by upstream customers. In two of the case studies the LPS was used as the initial planning tool to develop a phase pull plan to define milestones, develop a design cycle plan and establish a design phase constraint log. The combination of LPS metrics with Kanban board metrics resulted in eliminating schedule uncertainty and improved information flow including less latency of the delivery of designbuilder’s work. The Kanban method was also found to be more agile than purely the LPS for managing the circular iterations of design decisions. These benefits also resulted in acceptance by design professionals to use a Lean design management approach. }, author_keywords={Kanban, work in process (WIP), agile, burn-down-chart, communication systems, design management, design/build, integrated project delivery, IPD, concurrent design }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Erol2017, author={Erol, Huseyin and Dikmen, Irem and Birgonul, M. Talat }, editor={ }, title={A Construction Delay Analysis Approach Based on Lean Principles}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={645-653}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1456}, doi={10.24928/2017/0175}, affiliation={ , , PhD Student, Construction Management and Engineering Division, Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, huseyinerol@yahoo.com ; Professor, Construction Management and Engineering Division, Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, idikmen@metu.edu.tr ; Professor, Director of the Construction Management and Engineering Division, Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, birgonul@metu.edu.tr }, abstract={Delay is a quite common problem for construction projects. The existing practice of construction management is usually based on assessment of delays, liabilities and claims. However, this approach does not serve to remove the underlying causes of delay problems. In addition to estimation of delays, there is a need for a systematic method that will prevent delays in projects. Lean construction has tools and techniques that can serve for this purpose. However, a formal delay analysis procedure does not exist in lean practices since CPM adaptation is not well accepted. This paper advocates that integrated utilization of CPM and lean principles can help assessment of existing delays and minimization of delays in forthcoming stages. The methodology proposed in this study has not been applied on a real project, however, in this paper, its implementation steps are demonstrated using real project data. The proposed methodology is expected to help construction practitioners in delay analysis and when lean principles are applied appropriately, it can prevent delays, enhance schedule accuracy, and improve communication between the parties. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, delay analysis, last planner system, critical path method, pull scheduling. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ribeiro2017, author={Ribeiro, Flora Seixas and Costa, Dayana Bastos and Magalhães, Pedro Antunes }, editor={ }, title={Phase Schedule Implementation and the Impact for Subcontractors}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={687-694}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1457}, doi={10.24928/2017/0183}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Master Student, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, floraseixasribeiro@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, dayanabcosta@ufba.br ; Civil Engineer, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, pedroamagalhaes@hotmail.com }, abstract={The hiring of subcontractors for construction is widely adopted in the construction industry, so a good relationship between the subcontractors and contractors is essential for the success of the project. However, there is still a need to analyze how the subcontractors can improve their performance based on a collaborative planning process and their relationship with all participants in the project. This paper aims to discuss the impact of the Phase Schedule in the production planning and control focusing on the subcontractor’s viewpoint and how this process assists their performance and participation. To do that, an in-depth case study was developed from April to November 2016, involving the implementation of the Last Planner System focusing on the Phase Schedule technique, including cycles of monitoring through performance measures, as well as data collection through interviews, focusing on the perception of subcontractor’s and contractor’s concerning the impact of using Phase Scheduling in the planning process. The results show the reinforcement of teamwork and the sense of collaboration identified during the implementation lead to a positive participatio }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Phase Schedule, Subcontractor, Collaboration }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rizk2017, author={Rizk, Lynn and Hamzeh, Farook and Emdanat, Samir }, editor={ }, title={Introducing New Capacity Planning Metrics in Production Planning}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={679-686}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1458}, doi={10.24928/2017/0203}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, lar07@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, + 961 1 350000 Ext. 3616, fax: + 961 1 744462, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb ; Director of Management Services, Ghafari Associates, LLC, 17101 Michigan Avenue, Dearborn, Michigan 48126, semdanat@ghafari.com }, abstract={The need for proper and reliable planning is essential for project success. Capacity planning has received good attention in the construction community but few metrics exist to assess its performance. Since it is impossible to improve what cannot be measured, the goal of this paper is to introduce new capacity planning metrics that will help visualize and understand the current state of capacity planning on construction projects. Is there an overloading or under loading of resources? The new metrics developed in this research, will attempt to help in assessing the state of equilibrium in choosing the weekly load of tasks to match the existing capacity, or at least, to minimize the gap between the two as much as possible. These new metrics, in theory, will achieve the goal of informing planners and last planners about the status of load vs. capacity, the matching between the two, and the reliability of capacity planning on a project. }, author_keywords={Last Planner SystemTM, lean construction, planning and scheduling, capacity planning, capacity planning metrics, matching load to capacity. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2017, author={Ballard, Glenn and Vaagen, Hajnalka }, editor={ }, title={Project Flexibility and Lean Construction}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={589-596}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1459}, doi={10.24928/2017/0156}, affiliation={Dr. Ballard is Research Director for the Project Production Systems Laboratory at the University of California Berkeley. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Dr. Vaagen is Associate Professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, dept. of Ocean Operations and Civil Engineering. Hajnalka.vaagen@ntnu.no }, abstract={The Last Planner system was initially focused only on production control functions, trying to improve the match between SHOULD and CAN, CAN and WILL, and WILL and DID. A partial specification of SHOULD was introduced into Last Planner practice in 1998 with the pull planning of phase schedules. The next logical extension of Last Planner is to the planning of master schedules and the project execution strategies of which they are a part. One of the key elements in that extension is managing variation, both negative and positive (risks and opportunities). This paper offers a framework for managing variation. Subsequent papers will apply that framework in processes for producing project execution strategies and master schedules. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Uncertainty, Flexibility }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2017, author={Valente, Caroline and Brandalise, Fernanda and Pivatto, Marinna and Formoso, Carlos }, editor={ }, title={Guidelines for Devising and Assessing Visual Management Systems in Construction Sites}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={695-702}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1460}, doi={10.24928/2017/0095}, affiliation={Msc. Student, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, carolinevalente@gmail.com ; Undergraduate Student, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, fernandampbrandalise@gmail.com ; Production Engineer, Cassol Pré-Fabricados, Brazil, marinna_pp@hotmail.com ; Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Visual Management (VM) has gained a prominent place in the Lean Production Philosophy, and is strongly connected to the core principle of increasing process transparency. However, the use of VM in construction sites is still relatively limited, and there is not much literature on the implementation of this principle. This paper proposes guidelines for devising and assessing VM systems in construction sites. It is based on a set of benchmarking studies, and on an empirical study conducted in a housebuilding firm that is widely recognised as a leading company in the implementation of Lean Construction in Brazil. Initially, an overall assessment of the VM system implemented in one construction site was conducted. Then, a more focused analysis was made on the installation of drywall internal partitions. The main contributions of this investigation are related to the need of integrating visual devices in the managerial routines of the company, as well as to the difficulties of providing autonomy to the production crews, and the need of decentralized production controls. }, author_keywords={Visual Management, Transparency, Production Planning and Control }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Binninger2017, author={Binninger, Marco and Dlouhy, Janosch and Steuer, Dominik and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Adjustment Mechanisms for Demand Oriented Optimisation in Takt Planning and Takt Control }, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={613-620}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1461}, doi={10.24928/2017/0086}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; Employee, BMW AG, Germany, dominik.steuer@bmwgroup.com ; Professor, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={Takt Planning and Takt Control is a crucial method utilised in Lean Construction. It has however recently undergone criticism due to its scheduling rigidity during construction and hindrance to adjustments during the course of a project. Generating a takted time plan is done at the beginning of a project and is not necessarily fixed during its whole lifetime. The Takt Plan offers a framework for a stable project execution and increased transparency throughout the construction process. In case of disruptions or changes of the framework conditions, the consequences can be visualised and managed in a targeted way. The Takt Plan can then be adjusted in accordance. The long-term goal is to reduce the required adjustments and increase the accuracy of predictions. This is done by increasing the experience of practitioners within the method by applying it and through a greater control over the construction process. During the execution of a project various adjustment mechanisms can be applied. These adjustment mechanisms can be flexibly implemented depending on the circumstances and the desired approach. The aim of this article is to introduce and categorise possible adjustment mechanisms within the scope of Takt Planning and Takt Control. In total 31 adjustment mechanisms are identified. Based on the experience of the authors, their effects and consequences are additionally presented. Using examples, a selection of the five adjustment mechanisms most used in current projects are explained in detail. }, author_keywords={Production Schedule, Takt Planning, Takt Time, Takt Control, Adjustment Mechanism }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Florez2017, author={Florez, Laura and Cortissoz, Jean C. }, editor={ }, title={Probability Density Function for Predicting Productivity in Masonry Construction Based on the Compatibility of a Crew}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={655-662}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1462}, doi={10.24928/2017/0261}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK, NE18ST, laura.florez@northumbria.ac.uk ; Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, jcortiss@uniandes.edu.co }, abstract={During the different phases of a masonry project, contractors collect detailed information about the labor productivity of its workers and the factors that influence productivity. Information includes quantitative data such as hours, activities, and tasks, and qualitative data such as ratings and personality factors. Personality factors have been found to be a key aspect that influences the compatibility of a crew and the productivity in masonry construction. This paper proposes a mathematical framework to determine how the compatibility between the workers in a crew can be used to predict productivity. A standard method for quantifying personality is used to determine the compatibility of a crew and empirically define a probability density to predict productivity. The probability density determines, for a given compatibility, the average productivity for a crew. The most interesting part of this probability density is that it accounts for variations in the productivity, resulting from the interaction and the relationships between the workers in a crew. The proposed probability distribution can be used to make more realistic predictions, by calculating confidence intervals, of the productivity of masonry crews and to better estimate times of construction, avoid crew conflicts, and find practical ways to increase production. }, author_keywords={masonry construction, productivity, process improvement, crew formation, probability density }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Popovic2017, author={Popovic, Djordje and Schauerte, Tobias and Johansson, Jimmy }, editor={ }, title={Prefabrication of Single-Family Timber Houses – Problem Areas and Wastes}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={837-844}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1463}, doi={10.24928/2017/0133}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Industrial engineering and management, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden, djordje.popovic@ju.se ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden, tobias.schauerte@lnu.se ; Associate Professor, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden, jimmy.johansson@lnu.se }, abstract={Industrialization of house building has shifted the activities traditionally done at building site to the off-site assembly. The design, manufacturing processes and on-site assembly in industrialized house building are defined and documented to form a process platform, but these must be evaluated and improved to constantly develop better and more efficient practice. Lean production and philosophy are still not well understood concepts at the shop floor and wasteful activities that decrease production efficiency are often overseen. Current waste categorizations and descriptions seem not to be addressing problem areas and occurrence of waste in prefabrication of single family timber houses. The research aim is to define problem areas that occur during the prefabrication of wall modules, associate them to eight types of waste and identify key problem areas for possible development and improvement. The study was based on secondary data from five case studies that primarily focused on identifying and proposing possibilities for development of productivity. Four problem areas were identified and the future improvement efforts for the prefabrication of single family houses can be placed on developing the processes of the assembly system problem area. The possible future study can aim at quantifying these problem areas. }, author_keywords={Waste categorization, off-site production, wall modules }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Liu2017, author={Liu, Jing and Lu, Ming }, editor={ }, title={Optimization on Supply-Constrained Module Assembly Process}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={813-820}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1464}, doi={10.24928/2017/0104}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Hole School of Construction Engineering, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, jing.liu@ualberta.ca ; Professor, Hole School of Construction Engineering, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, mlu6@ualberta.ca }, abstract={As off-shore prefabrication continues to gain momentum, supply chain management becomes increasingly complex for industrial modular construction projects and delays commonly occur to prefabricated modules. In order to make efficient utilization of limited module assembly resources (e.g., crews and bays) and reduce the waiting waste of materials on the module yard, a systematic optimization approach is desired to derive an optimal module assembly plan in coping with the dynamic supply chain and limited resource availability. By synthesizing information from the logistics management system, contract documents, and resources availability, a constraint programming based optimization algorithm is proposed. A case project abstracted from a real project is presented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed optimization approach. The information on module assembly start time, duration, and expected delivery time is generated to guide operations on the module yard. The minimum of total waiting time of materials on the module yard is derived for decision-making support. In conclusion, the proposed methodology seamlessly integrates principles of lean construction and constraints of resource scheduling into a constraint programming optimization formulation. This research potentially lends effective decision support to both crew work planning and materials logistical planning, ultimately leading to improvement on both construction productivity and logistical efficiency. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, project scheduling, waiting waste reduction }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ying2017, author={Ying, Fei and Tookey, John }, editor={ }, title={Key Performance Indicator for Managing Construction Logistics Performance}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={869-876}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1465}, doi={10.24928/2017/0013}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Built Environment, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, fei.ying@aut.ac.nz ; Professor, Department of Built Environment, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, john.tookey@aut.ac.nz }, abstract={Construction logistics is an essential part of lean construction for both project management and cost aspects. The quantum of money that is embodied in the transportation of materials to site could be 39 to 58% of total logistics costs and between 4 to 10% of the product selling price for many firms (Coyle, Bardi et al. 2003). However, limited attention has been paid to this issue in the New Zealand construction industry. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge about managing transportation costs by setting a Key Performance Indicator based on the number of vehicle movements to the construction site. A case study approach was adopted with on-site observations. Observations, including vehicle movements and material delivery patterns, were performed from the start of construction until “hand-over” to the building owner. Data analysis of vehicle movements suggested that construction transportation costs can be monitored and managed. The identified number of vehicle movements as a key performance indicator offers a significant step towards logistics performance management at the operational level in construction projects. It provides a basis for benchmarking that enables comparison, learning and improvement and thereby continuous enhancement of best practice. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, construction logistics, KPI, New Zealand }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aka2017, author={Aka, Adefemi and Emuze, Fidelis and Das, Dillip }, editor={ }, title={Mapping Waste in the Structural Design Process in South African Projects }, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={475-482}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1466}, doi={10.24928/2017/0053}, affiliation={PhD Researcher, Unit for Lean Construction and Sustainability, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3915 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: aka.femi@futminna.edu.ng ; Associate Professor and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3089 Fax: (051) 507 3254, E-mail: femuze@cut.ac.za ; 3 Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3647 Fax: (051) 507 3254, Email: ddas@cut.ac.za }, abstract={ Non-Value Adding Activities That Are Otherwise Called ‘Waste’ In The Lean Terms Have Continue To Hinder Efficient Project Delivery In The Construction Industry. As Such, The Types Of Waste And Their Impact Are Subject Of Many Studies. However, Much Have Not Been Done Regarding Waste In The Structural Design Process (Sdp). This Paper Reports On An On-Going Action Research Study On Waste In The Sdp. To Understand The Waste Types And Their Effects, The Lean Tool, Value Stream Mapping (Vsm), Has Been Deployed In The Doctoral Study. To Make Use Of The Tool For Sdp, A Purposively Selected Sample Of Consulting Structural Engineers, Practicing In Bloemfontein Were Interviewed In 2015. After That, A Vsm Depicting The Current State Of The Sdp And The Waste In The Process Was Compiled. The Vsm Tool Was Used To Analyze And Design The Flow Of Information. Major Waste Types Include Waiting Time, Excessive Motion, Excessive Production, And Excessive Inspection. The Eradication Of These Waste Influenced The Design Of A Proposed Future State Vsm Wherein All The Identified Problems Are Adequately Addressed. The Applicability And Usefulness Of The Vsm As It Enables Structural Designers To Perceive The Various Activities That Could Be Trimmed In Each Phase Of The Sdp Is Supported By The Results Of The Study, Although The Credibility Of The Future State Vsm Is Currently Being Examined By The Consulting Engineers. }, author_keywords={Construction, Design, Value Stream Mapping, Waste }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bataglin2017, author={Bataglin, Fernanda S. and Viana, Daniela D. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Bulhões, Iamara R. }, editor={ }, title={Application of Bim for Supporting Decisionmaking Related to Logistics in Prefabricated Building Systems}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={71-78}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1467}, doi={10.24928/2017/0278}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, fernanda.saidelles@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Interdisciplinary Department, CLN, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, danidietz@gmail.com ; Professor, School of Engineering NORIE, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Assistant Professor, Interdisciplinary Department, CLN-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, iamara.bulhoes@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Managing industrialised construction requires an accurate synchronisation of design, manufacturing and assembly processes. Considering the high uncertainty and the interdependences between different processes on site, it is important to consider the status of the construction site in the planning and control process. Understanding the demands of site assembly in terms of components is a key step for integrating fabrication and site assembly. One possible approach is to use Building Information Modelling (BIM) for planning the logistics operations of prefabricated building systems. The aim of this paper is to describe an application of BIM 4D modelling for supporting the planning and control process of logistics operations for Engineer-toorder (ETO) concrete prefabricated structures. Design Science Research was the methodological approach adopted in this investigation, which involved an empirical study carried out in partnership with a company that design, produces and assemble prefabrication concrete structures. The main contribution of this investigation is on how to increase the reliability of information exchanges by concentrating product and process information in a BIM model. Also, some guidelines on how to plan loading and unloading operations, and how to use BIM to assess changes in production plans, considering the logistics impacts. }, author_keywords={Industrialised construction, logistics process, 4D BIM simulation, planning loads, lean construction. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Biotto2017, author={Biotto, Clarissa and Kagioglou, Mike and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Comparing Production Design Activities and Location-Based Planning Tools }, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={705-712}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1468}, doi={10.24928/2017/0176}, affiliation={PhD candidate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, Clarissa.Biotto@hud.ac.uk ; Dean, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, M.Kagioglou@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={What are the differences between production system design and work structuring? And between phase scheduling and work structuring? Which lean planning tool is better suited for each one of these design processes: line of balance, takt-time planning or flowline? This paper aims to answer these questions through a comparison and deeper understanding of production design processes, as well as the potential uses of location-based tools for production planning and control in each design effort. The method used is the literature review analyses on main lean terms and tools applied for production system design. With a better comprehension of the terms and tools, it is expected that academics and lean practitioners will be able to apply lean construction in a more aware and sensible manner. The results will also support researcher’s decision about the most suitable lean tool to apply in the case studies in different production design processes. }, author_keywords={Production design, phase scheduling, work structuring, line of balance, flowline, takt-time planning }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2017, author={Howell, Gregory and Ballard, Glenn and Demirkesen, Sevilay }, editor={ }, title={Why Lean Projects Are Safer}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={895-901}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1469}, doi={10.24928/2017/0116}, affiliation={Gregory Howell, Research Associate, Project Production Systems Laboratory at the University of California Berkeley. gah2343@gmail.com ; Glenn Ballard is Research Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory at the University of California Berkeley. ballard@ce.berkeley.edu; +1 4157105531. Corresponding Author ; Sevilay Demirkesen is a post-doc at the Project Production Systems Laboratory at the University of California Berkeley. sevilaydemirkesen@berkeley.edu }, abstract={Some evidence exists that lean projects are safer, but we don’t understand why. Providing an explanation is one of the objectives of the Construction Safety Research Group formed by the Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL). In this paper, we describe the research program of the group and its findings in year one of three, including an explanation why lean projects are safer that is grounded in the principle: Respect for people. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Human Error, Research, Respect for people, Safety }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hsu2017, author={Hsu, Pei-Yuan and Aurisicchio, Marco and Angeloudis, Panagiotis }, editor={ }, title={Supply Chain Design for Modular Construction Projects }, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={797-804}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1470}, doi={10.24928/2017/0193}, affiliation={PhD Student, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, UK, p.hsu15@imperial.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, UK, m.aurisicchio@imperial.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Imperial College London, UK, p.angeloudis@imperial.ac.uk }, abstract={The construction sector is currently undergoing a shift from stick-built construction techniques to modular building systems. If construction supply chains are to support this transformation, they need to be modified and strengthened using an adapted logistics system. The aim of this study is to establish a mathematical model for the logistics of modular construction covering the three common tiers of operations: manufacturing, storage and construction. Previous studies have indicated that construction site delays constitute the largest cause of schedule deviations. Using the model outlined in this paper we seek to determine how factory manufacturing and inventory management should be adapted to variations in demand on the construction site. We propose a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model that captures construction scenarios with demands for modular products that are either foreseeable or abruptly disrupted. The use of the model is illustrated through a case study of bathroom pods for a building project. The model outputs include supply chain configurations that reduce total costs across a range of scenarios. The model could serve as a decision support tool for modular construction logistics. }, author_keywords={Logistics, modular construction, inventory, supply chain, mixed integer programming }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ibrahim2017, author={Ibrahim, Michael W. and Berghede, Klas and Thomack, David and Lampsas, Panos and Kievet, Dave and Hanna, Awad S }, editor={ }, title={A Framework of Five-Stream Production System for Megaprojects}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={729-736}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1471}, doi={10.24928/2017/0179}, affiliation={Doctoral Student, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, 2256 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706. E-mail: mwwilliam@wisc.edu ; Senior Production Manager, The Boldt Company, Western Operations, 2150 River Plaza Drive, Suite 255, Sacramento, CA 95833. E-mail: klas.bergheded@Boldt.com ; Vice President and General Manager, The Boldt Company, 455 Market Street, Suite 1670, San Francisco, CA 94105. E-mail: david.thomack@Boldt.com ; Regional Program Manager, Sutter Health, 1200 Van Ness Ave, San Francisco, CA 94109. E-mail: lampsasp@sutterhealth.org ; Division President for Western and Southern Division at The Boldt Company, 2525 N. Roemer Road, Appleton, WI 54911. E-mail: dave.kievet@boldt.com ; Professor and Chair, Construction Engineering and Management, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, 2320 Engineering Hall, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706. E-mail: ashanna@wisc.edu }, abstract={Construction projects, particularly megaprojects, tend to frequently fail in satisfying their budget, schedule, quality, and safety objectives. Two of the most notable systems that have been developed to enhance project performance are the Last Planner® System and Location-Based Management System. This paper builds on combining these two systems through proposing an integrative production system that can play a significant role in enhancing project performance, especially in the case of megaprojects. The proposed production system incorporates five cohesive streams: production planning, material flow, Built in Quality (BIQ)/Information flow, tracking flow, and safety flow. This paper discusses each of these five streams, at five different implementation levels throughout the project lifecycle, in the context of an ongoing successful megaproject. Finally, the paper concludes by listing four main success pillars that are needed for the proposed production system to flourish. }, author_keywords={Lean construction; Production system; Megaprojects; Case study; Integrated Lean Project Delivery® (ILPD) }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lagos2017, author={Lagos, Camilo Ignacio and Herrera, Rodrigo Fernando and Alarcón, Luis Fernando }, editor={ }, title={Contributions of Information Technologies to Last Planner System Implementation }, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={87-94}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1472}, doi={10.24928/2017/0255}, affiliation={Msc student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Researcher - GEPUC, Santiago, Chile, clagos@gepro.cl ; PhD student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Professor School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile, Researcher - GEPUC, Santiago, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={ The Last Planner System (LPS) has been in use for over 20 years; however, some of its components remain at a basic level of implementation. This paper seeks to identify improvements in the level of implementation of those components with the use of Information Technologies (IT). In addition, correlation analysis between those components and the Plan Percent Complete (PPC) was performed to determine which components aided by IT use are correlated to the PPC. Results were obtained from a sample of 18 construction projects in which the level of implementation of 16 LPS components and their PPC were measured. Results showed that the group of 10 IT supported projects had a significant improvement in 6 of the components and in the overall level of implementation of the methodology. Also, correlative analysis between the level of implementation of each component and the PPC allowed to identify a positive correlation between 7 components and the PPC, and between the overall implementation level and the PPC. Finally, two components were found to be both correlated to the PPC and improved using IT. These components are the standardisation of the planning and control process, as well as the analysis and systematic removal of constraints. }, author_keywords={: Last Planner System, Information Technologies, Implementation Level }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Germano2017, author={Germano, Andrezza V.C. and Fonsêca, Nayara Jhéssica M. and Melo, Reymard Sávio S. and Moura, Artur }, editor={ }, title={Value Stream Mapping: Case Study in Columns Concreting}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={821-828}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1473}, doi={10.24928/2017/0168}, affiliation={Master's Student, Graduate program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil, andrezza.coutinho@hotmail.com ; Master's Student, Graduate program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil, jhessica_marques5@hotmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil, smelo@ct.ufrn.br ; Civil Engineer, Construtora Constel, Natal, RN, Brazil, arturmoura@constell.com.br }, abstract={Based on the principles of lean thinking, originated from the automobile industry, which seek to eliminate waste, practice continuous improvement and add value to the product from the perspective of the customer, some adaptations have been made to apply the philosophy of lean production in construction. Thus, this paper aims to propose improvements in the concrete placing process using Value Stream Mapping. Therefore, the research strategy adopted was the exploratory case study. The results suggest that the columns concreting process lead time could be potentially reduced from five hours and nineteen minutes to two hours and four minutes. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, continuous flow, value stream mapping }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Martinez2017, author={Martinez, Eder and Tommelein, Iris D. and Alvear, Ariana }, editor={ }, title={Integration of Lean and Information Technology to Enable a Customization Strategy in Affordable Housing}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={95-102}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1474}, doi={10.24928/2017/0136}, affiliation={PhD, Global Process Manager, Hilti AG, Feldkircherstrasse 100, Schaan, Liechtenstein, email: edermartinezv@gmail.com ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, email: tommelein@berkeley.edu ; MS Engineering and Project Management, Assistant Project Manager, Webcor Builders, San Francisco, CA, email: ariana.alvear@gmail.com }, abstract={Affordable housing developers in Latin America would benefit from moving away from mass housing construction and expanding the variety of choice they offer to their customers in order to create greater customer satisfaction. Admittedly, offering variety poses operational challenges that may increase cost and extend construction time, so the challenge is for developers to find the means to deliver variety without significantly affecting housing affordability. Firms outside of the construction industry have made long-term investments to integrate Lean thinking and Information Technology (IT) into production systems aiming to deliver variety with efficiency. However, such investments may be hard to replicate in the construction industry, in which investment in process innovation and technology tends to be limited. This paper presents the experience of an Ecuadorian developer who integrated Lean and IT to support a customization strategy in affordable housing delivery. The developer faced several operational challenges as a result of allowing customers to select different features of housing units. The authors describe such challenges and present the development of a novel IT tool to enable Lean construction delivery. The evaluation demonstrates that Lean with IT integration improved internal communication enabling a faster response to meet customer choices. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, affordable housing, information technology, housing customization, Latin America }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mirzaeifar2017, author={Mirzaeifar, Saeed and Dave, Bhargav and Singh, Vishal }, editor={ }, title={Development of Systematic Construction Logistics Using ‘Intelligent Products’ }, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={103-110}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1475}, doi={10.24928/2017/0295}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Structural Engineering Dept., Aalto University; Finland. +358 44 9755377, Saeed.mirzaeifar@aalto.fi ; Senior Researcher, Computer Science Dept., Aalto University; Finland. +358 50 4364717; bhargav.dave@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Structural Engineering, Aalto University; Finland; vishal.singh@aalto.fi }, abstract={ A cost-effective transfer of materials and tools from supplier location to construction site along with efficient information flow is defined as systematic construction logistics. Development of appropriate IT mechanisms plays an essential role for simplified production planning and elimination of wastes from broken resource. The contribution of this study in construction supply chain is to design and develop an innovative logistics management framework using context-aware and autonomous product centric system. More specifically, the proposed framework is responsive to real-world circumstances by demonstration of autonomous behaviour, and support several lean principles to improve resource and information flows. This paper addresses (i) an innovative solution for overcoming the construction logistics information flow challenges based on the intelligent product concept, (ii) a requirement analysis phase using “Quality Function Deployment” to turn the product requirements into technical specifications and (iii) implementation of a logistics management framework prototype to develop a first proof-of-concept. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, computing, mixed reality, template, instructions }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Plusquellec2017, author={Plusquellec, Titouan and Lehoux, Nadia and Cimon, Yan }, editor={ }, title={Design-Build and Design-Bid-Build in Construction- a Comparative Review}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={35-43}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1477}, doi={10.24928/2017/0057}, affiliation={Graduate Student, CIRCERB, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; titouan.plusquellec.1@ulaval.ca ; Associate Professor, Ph.D. CIRCERB; CIRRELT; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Nadia.Lehoux@gmc.ulaval.ca ; Professor, Ph.D. CIRRELT; Faculty of Business Administration, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Yan.Cimon@fsa.ulaval.ca }, abstract={This paper aims at synthesizing relevant findings about the Design-Build (DB) construction delivery system from previous studies. It focuses especially on cost, schedule, quality, and various sustainability aspects associated with a construction project, as they are widely used as performance indicators in this industry. This work has been done through a literature review and a content analysis, focusing on papers comparing Design-Build to the classical Design-Bid-Build delivery system. The results of the literature review show that Design-Build outperforms Design-Bid-Build in terms of cost and schedule growth as well as in terms of delivery speed, all for a similar quality. Furthermore, it may suggest that Design-Build could help in reaching highly sustainable goals while being a key step in the implementation of lean construction. This study might allow owners to save time in their investigation about the performance of Design-Build, and even lead them to reconsider their project delivery system choice when planning for new project launches. }, author_keywords={Design-Build; Design-Bid-Build; Construction Delivery Systems; Comparative Review }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ritter2017, author={Ritter, Chelsea and Zhang, Youyi and Dupuis, Roger and Al-Hussein, Mohamed }, editor={ }, title={Simulation of Production Line Improvement in Modular Home Manufacturing}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={737-744}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1478}, doi={10.24928/2017/0232}, affiliation={MSc Student, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, critter1@ualberta.ca ; MSc Student, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, youyi@ualberta.ca ; Safety – Quality – Continuous Improvement Manager , Kent Homes, Bouctouche, New Brunswick, Canada, dupuis.roger@kenthomes.com ; Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, malhussein@ualberta.ca }, abstract={The production of modular homes is highly variable, where the production time for a single home can vary significantly. Because there is a large amount of variation and customization in the home models built, operation time on the production line varies greatly, and considerable effort is needed for production line flow balancing. Simulation not only allows the manufacturer to identify areas of potential improvement on the line, but also helps to measure the likely success of proposed changes before investment in or implementation of these changes. In this paper, a case study is presented which uses simulation to evaluate the current-state performance of a wall panel production line, and to validate several proposed changes in terms of whether or not they will be effective and should be implemented. }, author_keywords={Production line performance, Simulation, Lean, Modular home manufacturing }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2017, author={Schöttle, Annett and Arroyo, Paz and Haas Georgiev, Christine }, editor={ }, title={Applying Choosing by Advantages in the Public Tendering Procedure}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={45-52}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1479}, doi={10.24928/2017/0303}, affiliation={PhD Candidate. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), annett.schoettle@protonmail.com, Advisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Fritz Gehbauer, M.S. ; Assistant Professor. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. Phone +56 22354-4244, parroyo@ing.puc.cl. ; Senior Counsel, Real Estate & Construction, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 654 Minnesota Street, San Francisco CA 94143, USA. +1 415.514-3553, Christine.HaasGeorgiev@ucsf.edu. }, abstract={Schöttle and Arroyo (2017) and demonstrate that the implementation of choosing by advantages (CBA) in the tendering procedure is beneficial for i) achieving transparency; ii) clarifying what an owner truly values in a project, and iii) creating value, prior to requesting proposals and receiving responses. Furthermore, CBA allows decision-makers to separate the value of the technical proposal versus the cost of the proposal; thus, a bad technical proposal cannot be compensated by a low bid. This paper explains how CBA can be applied in the tendering procedure and also how to adjust the CBA tabular method for public procurement. The authors explain the process steps of the method and outline what the owner needs to define before requesting and evaluating proposals. Finally, based on the constructed case of Schöttle et al. (2015) the procedure is analyzed and discussed. }, author_keywords={Choosing by advantages, project team, selection, tendering procedure }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Singh2017, author={Singh, Jyoti and Mangal, Mohit and Cheng, Jack C.P. }, editor={ }, title={IT for Lean Construction - a Survey in India}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={119-126}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1480}, doi={10.24928/2017/0321}, affiliation={Research Postgraduate Student, Dept. of Civil and Environment Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China, +852 5106 4954, jsinghab@connect.ust.hk ; Research Postgraduate Student, Dept. of Civil and Environment Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China, +852 5980 1108, mmangal@connect.ust.hk ; Associate Professor (Corresponding Author), Dept. of Civil and Environment Engineering, The Hong Kong University, of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Chinamailto:f.n.bosche@hw.ac.uk, +852 2358 8186, cejcheng@.ust.hk, +852 2358 8186, cejcheng@.ust.hk }, abstract={Construction is a complex and challenging process consisting of various kinds of waste resulting in client dissatisfaction, cost and time overrun. Waste is defined as a non-value adding component which uses project resources and efforts without achieving any objective. Factors leading to waste in construction are termed as "causes of waste". Current construction practices are unable to eliminate these "causes of waste" due to limited use of technology. This paper presents an IT based methodology to eliminate various "causes of waste" to support lean construction and thereby making the construction process efficient. A questionnaire survey was carried out to investigate major "causes of waste" in the Indian construction industry. 30 major "causes of waste" were identified in the design process, construction planning and site management process, and mal-administration. Literature review helped us identify 13 available IT applications for lean construction. This study aims to link the identified IT applications with relevant "causes of waste" through the developed relationship matrix to mitigate waste causing activities. It was observed that 23 out of the 30 identified major "causes of waste" can be eliminated from 13 identified IT applications. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Information Technology, Survey }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tezel2017, author={Tezel, Algan and Koskela, Lauri and Aziz, Zeeshan }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction in Small-Medium Sized Enterprises (Smes): An Exploration of the Highways Supply Chain}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={845-851}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1481}, doi={10.24928/2017/0328}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, a.tezel@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK, Z.Aziz@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Lean Construction (LC) is under the spotlight to improve the overall performance of civil construction projects in England. A strategic target of public clients is to effectively extend the current LC efforts, which have been mainly led by large companies to date, across small-medium sized enterprises (SMEs). This paper presents a summary of the initial findings of a research effort aimed at understanding the current condition of and future directions for LC at the SMEs in England’s highways supply chain. The research comprises of 20 interviews with senior managers, of which the initial findings were summarized in this paper, and a comprehensive survey study with 110 responses across the highways supply chain. 31 points for the current condition and 40 action items for the future of LC in the highways SMEs were presented and discussed. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, SMEs, highways, civil, deployment, implementation }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2017, author={Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Collaborative Takt Time Planning of Non-Repetitive Work}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={745-752}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1482}, doi={10.24928/2017/0271}, affiliation={Professor, Engrg. and Project Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Lab., University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper describes an approach for takt time planning (TTP) that was developed and tested on a pilot project in California. A companion paper by other authors describes their approach for TTP that they applied in a different project type-, commercial-, and geographical context. The aim of these papers is to articulate TTP methods used so as to allow for comparison, refinement, and improvement. The here-described approach was piloted on the gut-and-remodel of a small healthcare project. The owner chose to deliver this project using an Integrated Form of Agreement (IFOA) contract. Accordingly, the project team members working together as trade partners were driven to explore opportunities to use lean practices. The researchers offered the IFOA team an action research opportunity to study together, not so much if-, but rather how takt time might be used to plan and execute their work because, at first glance, units of repetitive work were not obvious. The researchers embedded with the team developed a TTP approach on the basis of “work density” and then successfully used it on two project phases. The contribution of this paper is that it presents a characterization and proposes a formalization of a method for collaborative TTP of non-repetitive work. This may inform the use of TTP on other projects, as well as serve as a basis for comparing and contrasting takt time- and other planning methods. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, collaborative planning, takt time planning (TTP), work structuring, work density, Last Planner System (LPS) }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Weinheimer2017, author={Weinheimer, Nina and Schmalz, Sarina and Müller, Daniela }, editor={ }, title={Green Building and Lean Management: Synergies and Conflicts}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={911-918}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1483}, doi={10.24928/2017/0242}, affiliation={Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Scientific Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, nina.weinheimer@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de. ; Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Scientific Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, sarina.schmalz@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de. ; B.Sc., Student of Real Estate Engineering and Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany }, abstract={The construction industry is one of the largest, most important and resource-intensive economic sectors, and at the same time one of the largest environmental polluters. About 30% of greenhouse gas emissions, approx. 40% of primary energy consumption and approx. 50% of waste is attributable to the building stock (DGNB 2013). In the future, the implementation of sustainable building concepts will gain more importance. The construction industry needs to improve resource efficiency, productivity, waste production and customer value. The aim of this thesis is to present approaches considering the contribution of Lean methods in the context of Real Estate sustainability }, author_keywords={https://10.24928/2017/0242 }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wernicke2017, author={Wernicke, Brian and Lidelöw, Helena and Stehn, Lars }, editor={ }, title={Flow and Resource Efficiency Measurement Method in Off-Site Production}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={861-868}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1484}, doi={10.24928/2017/0094}, affiliation={PhD student, Dept. of Civil, Envir. and Natural Resources Engrg., Div. of Industrialized and Sustainable Construction, Luleå Univ. of Technology, Sweden, brian.wernicke@ltu.se ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil, Envir. and Natural Resources Engrg., Div. of Industrialized and Sustainable Construction, Luleå Univ. of Technology, Sweden, helena.lidelow@ltu.se ; Professor, Dept. of Civil, Envir. and Natural Resources Engrg., Div. of Industrialized and Sustainable Construction, Luleå Univ. of Technology, Sweden, lars.stehn@ltu.se }, abstract={Although the focus remains primarily on high resource efficiency, the significance of flow efficiency in construction is continuously increasing. Flow and resource efficiency describe two competing target viewpoints, which focus on reducing non-value adding activities and maximizing resource utilization, respectively. Recent research has shown that balancing both perspectives provides a viable solution. However, the exact measurement of flow and resource efficiency in construction remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this work is to evaluate a possible flow and resource efficiency measurement method in the off-site production context of volumetric element construction, and assess the industrial relevance thereof. Work sampling has been used to collect data from a building project flowing through the off-site production system. The validity of the method has been checked statistically, through a focus-group workshop and with calculation figures from the case company. Work sampling allows flow and resource efficiency measurements in an off-site production system. The method delivers current status figures of companies, yielding a balance between flow and resource efficiency. }, author_keywords={House building, Industrialized construction, Performance measurement, Volumetric element, Work sampling }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wondimu2017, author={Wondimu, Paulos Abebe and Lohne, Jardar and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Motives for the Use of Competitive Dialogue}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={53-60}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1485}, doi={10.24928/2017/0146}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of civil and environmental engineering (IBM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway/Senior Engineer, Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA), Norway, +4790111814, paulos.wondimu@ntnu.no/ paulos.wondimu@vegvesen.no ; Researcher, Dr.Art., IBM, NTNU, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no ; Assoc. prof., Dr.Ing., IBM, NTNU, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={Competitive dialogue (CD) is a seldom-practised procurement procedure in Norway. The Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) plans to use it in complex and mega infrastructure project in the future. This study investigates how CD has contributed to the implementation of lean in the public sector by answering the following two research questions: What are the motives for using CD?; and How was the CD carried out (timeline, main activities etc.)? With a supporting literature study, four cases were studied by conducting a document study and semi-structured in-depth interviewees with eight key informants. Several motives why CD has been used in the target projects were identified. However, none the identified motives were to directly implement lean. Furthermore, eleven major activities of CD and two project implementation models that have used CD were identified in the case projects. The motives behind implementing CD are found to be comparable to the motives for implementing lean construction principles. In addition, the dialogue phase is found to be at the core of the process and could contribute to reducing significant waste. The findings provide a contribution of how CD can be used to implement lean in public procurement. }, author_keywords={Lean, Competitive dialogue, CD, Early contractor involvement, ECI public procurement, waste. }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{von Heyl2017, author={von Heyl, Jakob and Teizer, Jochen }, editor={ }, title={Lean Production Controlling and Tracking Using Digital Methods}, journal={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={25th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2017}, pages={127-134}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1486}, doi={10.24928/2017/0238}, affiliation={Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing., Scientific Assistant, Institute of Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, jakob.vonheyl@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de ; Ph.D., Dipl.-Ing., Chair of Computing in Civil Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, jochen.teizer@rub.de }, abstract={Lean construction projects are understood as temporary production systems that eliminate waste, allow collaboration and optimize structures of the value added chain. Remaining crucial challenges in construction are the coordination of the involved trades and the tracking of construction progress. Current research in Lean Construction Management (LCM) targets automated digital methods that support work package planning and make inferences about states of progress. The scope of the presented work focuses on closing the feedback loop of lean construction planning, progress tracking, and status control by using 4D information from Building Information Modeling (BIM) as well as Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology for reporting actual progress. }, author_keywords={Production Planning and Control, Last Planner System, Takt Planning and Takt Control, Information Management, Building Information Modeling, Information and Communication Technologies, Automated Progress Tracking }, address={ Heraklion, Greece }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seymour1999, author={Seymour, David }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction: Towards an Agenda for Research Into Systems and Organisation}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={381-398}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1487}, affiliation={School of Civil Engrg., University of Birmingham, UK, seymour@civ-fs1.bham.ac.uk }, abstract={The first part of the paper presents a draft proposal for research intended to find out what is needed at the levels of systems and organisation to facilitate the implementation of Lean Construction (LC). The ethnographic study of ‘specification’— to refer to the way organisational concerns and features are represented— is taken to be the key theme of the research. The second part raises the question of what any findings may look like. It is argued that they will not look like what conventional organisation theory in the rationalist tradition has sought to provide. They will look more like those from the political tradition, insofar as a major concern there has been with how action is controlled in the way it is symbolically represented. Accepting a practical implication from this latter body of work, the need to recognise the constraining effects of the ‘old’ epistemology and the need to gain acceptance of a new one is highlighted. In recognition of having to work within the existing situation, thorough understanding is needed of how it is constituted through the methods used to describe it— documentation, charts, maps and other kinds of representation. It is argued that care must be taken not to confuse descriptive and prescriptive purposes. It is suggested that attention to specification provides a promising conceptual link between tasks, systems and organisation. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, theory, organisation, specification, ethnography }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mecca1999, author={Mecca, Saverio }, editor={ }, title={As Sequences Flow: Proposal of Organizational Rules for ‘Lean Construction’ Management}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={399-410}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1488}, affiliation={Associate Professor of Construction Management at the University of Calabria, Dipartimento di Strutture, Facoltà di Ingegneria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy, lucat@fu.penteres.it }, abstract={The reliability of building processes is related not only to the level of performance required but also to their organizational structure. Conditions of turbulence in which constructors operate on site closely interact with the performance of the construction process and particularly with the risk of non-conformance of a building to the performances required. Interaction is characterised by the stability of the organisational structure or its capacity to adapt to environmental variability. A technical risk organisational factor analysis in construction processes can lead construction management to design organisational structures capable of reacting to environmental conditions in which “on site” production operations develop, and also able to increase the reliability of the building process. Working on organisational interfaces can lead not only to changes in detail design, but also in performances required to each operator, in order to obtain higher efficiency levels. Based on case studies conducted on sequential organisational structures of the building process, a set of organisational rules is proposed for implementation in experimental “lean construction” processes. Organisational rules based on risk organisational factors analysis can lead to the designing of a “lean” organizational structure of construction processes. }, author_keywords={Construction, organisational design, sequential process, uncertainty }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hirota1999, author={Hirota, Ercilia Hitomi and Lantelme, Elvira Maria Vieira and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Learning How to Learn Lean Construction Concepts and Principles}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={411-422}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1489}, affiliation={MSc, Senior Lecturer at Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), PhD candidate at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS/NORIE), Brazil, ercilia@vortex.ufrgs.br ; MSc, Lecturer at Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), PhD candidate at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS / NORIE), Brazil, lantelme@upf.tche.br ; PhD., Senior lecturer at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS / NORIE), Brazil, formoso@vortex.ufrgs.br }, abstract={This paper discusses some theoretical issues concerning an ongoing research project which aims to develop directions for learning Lean Construction concepts and principles. Among the reasons for carrying out this study is the need to introduce such concepts and principles into construction practice, in order to foster the development of a Lean Construction theory. The concept of learning is discussed and an overview of some theories on the learning process is presented, focusing on adult education and organizational learning. Some approaches to improve learning processes on Lean Construction concepts and principles are presented: a tool to expose and negotiate meanings, concepts from organizational learning, and experimentation with action and reflection on action. }, author_keywords={Concepts, lean construction, learning, organizational learning. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Garnett1999, author={Garnett, Naomi A. }, editor={ }, title={Developing Lean Thinking in Construction: A Naturalistic Enquiry}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={423-432}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1490}, affiliation={Postgraduate Researcher, Dept of Construction Management & Engineering, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO BOX 219, Reading, RG6 2BU, United Kingdom, N.A.Garnett@reading.ac.uk }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to describe a research methodology and interim findings concerning the investigation, through ethnographic case-based research, of the impact within a construction project of the partial implementation of a value stream approach. It is intended that by undertaking research of this nature, a contribution can be made to the understanding of the cultural aspects of both lean construction and associated construction process theory. The research was undertaken within the wider context of the Movement for Innovation in the UK and in particular as one of a number of demonstration project trialling the ideas expressed by the Construction Industry Task Force in 1998 (DETR 1998). It traces the development of a model for identifying and implementing the value stream approach during project implementation, mapping planned construction processes and subsequently comparing planned with actual for the purposes of developing a target baseline for continuous process improvement. Through a pilot study to test the model, a qualitative analysis methodology is used and some propositions put forward relating to culture, the value stream framework and process mapping. It is intended to develop these through a major ethnographic case study. }, author_keywords={Value stream, process mapping, culture, social constructivism, qualitative analysis }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Powell1999, author={Powell, James A. }, editor={ }, title={Action Learning for Continuous Improvement and Enhanced Innovation in Construction}, journal={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={7th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={1999}, pages={433-444}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1491}, affiliation={Eur Ing, OBE, DSc, CEng., B.Sc., M.Sc, PhD, AMIST, FIOA, FIMgt., FCIOB, FASI, MIOD, Professor, Director of the Academic Enterprise, University of Salford, M54WT, England, M5 4WT, j.a.powell@enterprise.salford.ac.uk , 0161 295 5464 , fax: 0161 295 5553. Academic Enterprise is the third major arm of a University activity that is endeavouring to reach out and support industry and commerce to enable it to flourish. }, abstract={Action Learning (AL) for Continuous Improvement and Enhanced Innovation in Construction is a research programme of Academic Enterprise, University of Salford. The aim of the project was to find out how effective action learning might be in developing more innovative working methods in small and medium-sized building businesses in the construction industry. Four construction based AL SETs have been set up in different parts of the UK; a SET is a group of people, normally between 6-8 people with complementary problems, who band together as “partners in adversity” to discuss how they might learn from their own actions as they attempt to resolve key and complex issues. Each of our Construction AL SETs is in a different phase of its development, but the progress made by them all is exciting. Members of such SETs first seem to gain a systemic confidence of the new construction tasks in front of them and then become more innovative and creative in their resulting every day actions. They begin to explore new possibilities for change and seem to be able drive improvement from the “ashes” of their own site problems, issues, and failures. The innovations they come up with are typically fairly small scale to begin with, but soon grow, and often combine with others to have a fairly large impact on the productivity of their organisation. Our evidence suggests AL does seem to be able to create the sort of deep-seated cultural change needed by the construction. The AL process is initially heavily dependent upon the support of skilled SET Advisors who facilitate necessary changes in attitude and behaviour. This early facilitation is essential if it is to work successfully, however, SETs soon learn to look after themselves, growing from strength to strength in confidence and then develop creative responses to their own real site problems and issues. The AL process is initially extremely intensive in facilitator support costs, however, video conferencing has been shown to help make this form of construction. }, author_keywords={Action Learning, innovation, continuous improvement, kaizen }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Akel2004, author={Akel, Nadia G. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Boyers, J.C. }, editor={Bertelsen, Sven and Formoso, Carlos T. }, title={Application of Lean Supply Chain Concepts to a Vertically-Integrated Company: A Case Study}, journal={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1493}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, P.E., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, TEL/FAX 925/465-4655, nadia@astound.net ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Department, 215-A McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, 510/643-8678, FAX 510/643-8919, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Corporate Alliance Team Operations Manager, Butler Manufacturing Company, 700 Karnes Blvd. (64108) P.O. Box 419917, Kansas City, MO, 64141-0917, 816/968-3914, FAX: 816/968-4385, jcboyers@butlermfg.com }, abstract={This study applies lean supply chain concepts to a vertically-integrated pre-engineered metal building manufacturer, Butler Manufacturing. The paper shows how a flow perspective can be used to highlight non-value adding activities in business processes. Specifically, the study illustrates the application of value stream mapping tools to identify opportunities for reducing cycle time in the Butler order process. While value stream mapping tools have been used before in construction cases, this paper presents an analysis for a different context (that of a project order) as well as a different industry sector. In addition to the value stream analysis, the paper discusses specific supply chain metrics that are used in this case study to analyze order data that cover Butler’s in-house supply chain from order taking to shipment. The overall aim of this research is to assist in determining to what extent vertical integration is appropriate for Butler to entrench itself in the pre-engineered metal building market. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, lean production, vertical integration, value stream mapping, pre-engineered metal building systems, change order }, address={Helsingør, Denmark }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Raghavan2018, author={Raghavan, N and Varghese, Koshy and Mahalingam, Ashwin and Delhi, Venkata S.K. }, editor={ }, title={Simulation Exercise for Collaborative Planning System / Last Planner System (COLPLASSE)}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1002-1012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1494}, doi={10.24928/2018/0429}, affiliation={Professor of Practice, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India nraghavan@iitm.ac.in ; Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India koshy@iitm.ac.in ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India, mash@iitm.ac.in ; Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, venkatad@iitb.ac.in }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) is becoming popular for project management all over the world. Though the practitioners are able to follow the concepts quite well, they sometimes find it difficult to develop the required processes and templates, particularly in organisations and environments where systematic planning practices are not that prevalent. Structured templates, simulations, or games for LPS are also not freely available in the open domain. A simulation exercise, COLPLASSE (COLlaborative PLAnning System Simulation Exercise), has been developed to cater to this felt need. COLPLASSE is based on simple Excel spreadsheets and uses work plans for developing Look Ahead Plans and Weekly planning over the many weeks required for project completion. It has provisions to simulate random delays due to inclement external environmental conditions or variations in productivity due to various causes. It computes PPC automatically and simultaneously draws continuous charts for PPC and Root Cause Analysis over the Project completion period. It is simple to use and with further improvements being planned, can develop into a powerful tool for training or simulation or actual use along with LPS. Further research is proposed to be done using this simulation with various groups to evaluate its capabilities for helping early practitioners to use LPS. }, author_keywords={Collaborative Planning System, Simulation, Excel spreadsheet, Work plans template }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Murphy2018, author={Murphy, Zach and Saripally, Durga and Dhakla, Sahil and Trujillo, Rudy and Luttmann, Eric and Sreekumar, Aiswarya }, editor={ }, title={Leveraging Advanced VDC Methods and Reality Capture to Increase the Predictability for Prefabrication}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={101-111}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1495}, doi={10.24928/2018/0443}, affiliation={Director, v Construct Private Limited, Pune, India, +1- 6504741450, ZachM@dpr.com ; Operations Manager, vConstruct Private Limited, Pune, India, +91- 8446001611, durgas@vconstruct.in ; Project Engineer, v Construct Private Limited, Pune, India, +91- 9464955401, sahild@vconstruct.in ; Design Manager, Digital Building Components, Phoenix, Arizona, +1- 6023294255, rudyt@digitalbuilding.com ; BIM Project Engineer, Digital Building Components, Phoenix, Arizona, +1- 2159138611, ericlu@digitalbuilding.com ; Sr. Project Engineer, v Construct Private Limited, Pune, India, +91- 8826367246, aiswaryas@vconstruct.in }, abstract={Construction processes happen in partially controlled environment; resulting in prefabricated components being vulnerable to variances resulting from deviation in quality of work put in place. However, wider adoption of VDC methods and advances in Reality Capture technology has opened up avenues for adopting prefabrication in construction projects by enhancing predictability using two methodologies. First, the use of advanced VDC methods to create highly detailed and coordinated models. Second, incorporating deviations in installed/existing building components using as-built 3D models created from laser scans of the construction site. This paper focuses on case studies of commercial projects in the USA that have prefabricated interior wall partitions, resulting in higher productivity and quality. Further, it would outline the processes and workflows used by a global team, located in the USA and India; concluding with quantitative and qualitative benefits observed on these }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Prefabrication, Reality Capture, VDC, digital fabrication, assembly }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2018, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Forbes, Lincoln H. and Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. }, editor={ }, title={The Evolution of Lean Construction Education (Part 1 of 2): At US-Based Universities}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1013-1023}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1496}, doi={10.24928/2018/0447}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-3137, USA, +1 979 845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu ; Adjunct Professor, Florida International University and East Carolina University, USA, +1 305 546- 6239, lhforbes@gmail.com ; Owner, Navilean, Brookline, MA 02445, USA, Phone +1 510 593-4884, research@navilean.com }, abstract={Effectively transferring lean knowledge and skills to owners, architects, engineers, and constructors (OAEC) requires behavioral changes within an industry that has been legitimately criticized for entrenched practices and low productivity. Documenting how successful that knowledge transfer is taking place can be helpful to those wishing to efficiently introduce lean into their own OAEC organizations. Lean educational efforts within academic settings have been brought to light through earlier publications. This research identifies the content of lean construction courses from five US-based universities to add to the seven previously documented. Tabulated results revealed that: (a) the content of lean curricula is evolving as grading formats, types of readings, and numbers and types of simulations have grown; and (b) lean curricula as defined by the Associated General Contractors (AGC) lean certification program is starting to permeate academic coursework. This may be a testament that AGC lean certification is providing some advantage in career placement for students. Investigation of the evolution of lean education within academia helps us better understand a driver of change as students enter the OAEC industry following graduation. The intent of this paper is to document this moment in time, as well as to raise a question about the potential impact of curriculum standardization on future continuous improvement initiatives with respect to lean construction philosophy, methods, and tools, in the OAEC industry. }, author_keywords={Lean construction education, lean in academia, US-based universities, lean certification }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Forbes2018, author={Forbes, Lincoln H. and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. }, editor={ }, title={The Evolution of Lean Construction Education (Part 2 of 2): At US-Based Companies}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1024-1034}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1497}, doi={10.24928/2018/0463}, affiliation={Adjunct Professor, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; and Lean Researcher, Harding Associates Inc., Miami, FL, USA, lhforbes@gmail.com +1 305 546-6239. ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-3137, USA, +1 979 845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu ; Owner, Navilean, Brookline, MA 02445, USA, Phone +1 510/593-4884, research@navilean.com }, abstract={The benefits of lean projects such as reduced schedules and budgets are well documented; construction organizations accomplish lean project delivery through the practices of project teams, yet the backgrounds of many participants have relatively little involvement with lean methodology due to its relative newness. Many participants in the lean movement such as members of the Lean Construction Institute (LCI) attribute project success to the training that is typically conducted to create an awareness and capability among participants and align the team with the priorities of the project. A study of leading firms was undertaken to examine this linkage by reviewing how training is provided for project teams, including the work force. A cross-section of established construction firms, design firms, and consultants were surveyed to determine the best practices that are currently in use. These organizations are all members of LCI or the Associated General Contractors (AGC). Many important lessons were learned, including: the successful approaches taken by AGC to provide industry training; the best practices of the companies surveyed; and future opportunities for improvement in lean training at the industry level. Notably, some of the approaches used in academia such as simulations, were used, but some companies were developing their own training, emphasizing leadership over tools. }, author_keywords={Lean construction education, Lean Construction Institute, Associated General Contractors, CM-lean certificate, leadership. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nguyen2018, author={Nguyen, Thi Qui and Waikar, Sharath Sridhar }, editor={ }, title={A Relook at Plan Reliability Measurements in Lean Construction and New Metrics From Digitized Practical Implementation}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1037-1046}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1498}, doi={10.24928/2018/0216}, affiliation={R&D Manager, Lean Station Ptd. Ltd., 73 JTC LauncPad Ayer Rajah Crescent, #02-27, Singapore, S139952, +6587483827, qui@leanstation.com ; CEO, Co-founder, Lean Station Ptd. Ltd., 73 JTC LauncPad Ayer Rajah Crescent, #02-27, Singapore, S139952, +6597508940, sharath@leanstation.com }, abstract={Lean construction is increasingly being adopted in many countries as a means to improve construction project performance and productivity. Measuring the various improvements towards achieving the outcomes of reliability, preparedness, commitment and collaborative culture is crucial for a sustained successful practical implementation of Lean. Among various Lean techniques and tools, the Last Planner System (LPS) method has been widely used in construction projects for its simplicity and applicability to the construction environment. With LPS, the plan reliability is measured by Percent Plan Complete (PPC). The PPC as a single metric has been found to be insufficient in providing actionable information in understanding the root cause of challenges faced in different projects nor in improving the reliability nor in getting valid commitment of key project parties. It is also ineffective to symbolize as the metric to represent the preparedness, capacity or performance of the different sub-contractors. This paper aims to provide an in-depth review of PPC and other reliability measurements and their advantages and shortfalls for practical implementation. It reviews the symbolic representation of PPC to improvement through the application of Lean methods in construction from a planning and management perspective. From these analysis, this paper introduces a framework for practical implementation of Lean construction. It also proposes new metrics to supplement PPC to accurately represent plan reliability for better understanding of the root causes. The proposed indices are validated using data obtained from the digital application of Lean construction processes using Lean PlanDo. Lean PlanDo is digital tool embedded with Lean principles for construction planning and management based on LPS with a key emphasis on Value Stream Mapping (VSM) and constraint management. The proposed indices will provide the project teams with practical measurements and to build upon their understanding of Lean, measure the effectiveness of planning and the application of Lean methods in the project. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, percent plan complete (PPC), construction productivity, digital construction, data analysis, reliable planning, valid commitment }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mathew2018, author={Mathew, Anup and Pooniwala, Mehernosh }, editor={ }, title={Digitization for Customer Delight in Ready Mix Concrete Business in India}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1047-1057}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1499}, doi={10.24928/2018/0427}, affiliation={Senior Vice President and Business Head - Godrej Construction, Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co Ltd, Mumbai, India; +91- 9820080896; apm@godrej.com. ; Senior General Manager - Godrej Construction, Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co Ltd, Mumbai, India; +91- 9820159462; pmn@godrej.com }, abstract={The concrete industry in India is subjected to challenges such as aggressive work schedules, space constraints and requirement of concrete with high strength and quality which has created an increasing awareness of Ready Mix Concrete (RMC) due to its many advantages. However, RMC Industry has been always being plagued by issues such as ensuring proper understanding of customer requirements, tracking of product delivery during transit from manufacturing plant to site, unceasing follow ups, and planning error free concrete pours. Improper handling of these issues leads to losses in man-hour, time and quality and cause customer dissatisfaction. In this age of digitization, a leading RMC company felt the need to formulate a customer service oriented mobile based application (App) for addressing customer concerns. In order to make the App relevant with real-time updates, the organisation mapped customer issues. This paper elaborates the journey for the development of RMC App and explains how it serves as a virtual assistant to enhance the customer experience by easy tracking and real-time product updates right from the concrete booking to delivery at project sites. The approach for App development based on Lean principles is brought out in the paper, covering strong orientation for customer value creation, innovative approach for operational efficiency and waste minimization by continuous improvement etc. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Collaboration, Continuous Improvement, Digitization, customer value creation }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wang2018, author={Wang, Frank L. and Rischmoller, Leonardo and Reed, Dean and Khanzode4, Atul }, editor={ }, title={Ad Hoc Data Analytics and Business Intelligence Service Framework for Construction Projects}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1058-1068}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1500}, doi={10.24928/2018/0535}, affiliation={Business Intelligence Lead, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, Frankwan@dpr.com ; Business Analyst, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, LeonardoR@dpr.com ; Lean/Integration Advocate, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, DeanR@dpr.com ; Technology and Innovation Leader, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, AtulK@dpr.com }, abstract={This paper presents a framework of an ad-hoc data analytic and Business Intelligence service tailored to a construction project. Mandates of delivering integrated information solutions and effective reporting are commonly required nowadays in large capital projects. Due to the nature of construction projects with schedule and budget constraints, poorly defined business problems prohibited the team to deploy full scale data analytic and Business Intelligence (BI) services on site. On the other hand, the increasingly complex data coming from multiple applications and organizations on projects requires more powerful data integration tools and techniques. The proposed framework outlines an agile and ad hoc best practice for job site data analytics and effective reporting based on a real use case from a large pharmaceutical project. Processes in the framework include data alignment, Level of Detail (LoD) data articulation and analytical model establishment. It also illustrates how to resolve complex data analytic challenges for unforeseen cost disputes and how to deliver solutions within a short period of time. }, author_keywords={Integration, waste, customization, complex, Integrated Information, Data Analytics }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Babu2018, author={Babu, P.R. Surendhra and Babu, N. Hayath }, editor={ }, title={Using Technology to Achieve Lean Objectives}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1069-1078}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1501}, doi={10.24928/2018/0543}, affiliation={Head-Digital Engineering, Larsen & Toubro Limited, Chennai, India, prs-ecc@Lntecc.com ; Head-BIM Implementation, Larsen & Toubro Limited, Chennai, India, hayathbabu@gmail.com }, abstract={The construction industry is facing increased challenges and becoming more and more complex due to number of factors. Whether it is constructing a Building, Infrastructure or Industrial plant, the challenges remain there in every type of the project. This results in delays, waste, overruns and claims. So we need to develop new ways of doing things to manage the construction process. Adopting lean manufacturing principles in construction industry is an effective approach to bring improvements in design, procurement and construction to reap benefits and add value to the project. Using Technology is critical in the advancement of Lean Construction. This paper aims to discuss the need of Lean for our construction business and how technology is used within our organisation to achieve lean principles. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, BIM, Leveraging Technology, Augmented Reality, Value additions }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Engebø2018, author={Engebø, Atle and Andenæs, Erlend and Kvande, Tore and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={ }, title={Governing Flat-Roof Constructions: A Case Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1079-1089}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1502}, doi={10.24928/2018/0314}, affiliation={Ph.D. student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +4790571902, atle.engebo@ntnu.no ; Ph.D. student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, erlend.andenas@ntnu.no ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, tore.kvande@ntnu.no ; Research scientist, dr. art. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no }, abstract={A lean construction process depends on reliable procuring and governing of materials. This paper examines the case of flat roof constructions. It is based on an assumption that current practice might lead to a risk of premature roof failures. Within the case of flat roof constructions, we seek to answer the following research questions:  What are the main threats to the value for the client in the case of flat-roof constructions?  How does the client govern in order to oversee that requirements are met regarding construction materials- and assembling? The research was explorative in nature and limited to the Norwegian context; based on a scoping literature study and seven semi-structured in-depth interviews with experienced industry actors. The findings show that in a short-term perspective, the divergence of stakeholder interest and premature roof failures present a great threat to the value of the building. Poor procuring and handling threatens the construction process. It is a source of disputes between the contractor and the client. Furthermore, it constitutes an obstacle in creating long-term value for the client. Flat-roof constructions are particularly exposed. We propose that clients should implement a more structured approach to overseeing that client requirements are met. To ensure a lean project delivery and maximizing value, mitigating unwanted events related to suppliers and materials are crucial. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Value, Waste, Supply chain management, governance, safeguarding problems }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Giridhar2018, author={Giridhar, R and Gaikwad, Deepak and Lad, Jayadatta }, editor={ }, title={Knowledge Management and Its Application in Developing Lean Culture}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1090-1100}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1503}, doi={10.24928/2018/0415}, affiliation={Executive Director (Technical), Afcons Infrastructure Ltd, India, giridharr@afcons.com ; Dy. General Manager, Afcons Infrastructure Ltd, India, deepak@afcons.com ; EA to Executive Director (Technical), Afcons Infrastructure Ltd, India, jayadatta.lad@afcons.com }, abstract={Construction projects generate a lot of learning during their lifecycle. However, it is common to see this learning go underutilized in subsequent projects. If an organization learns to control the “waste of knowledge” during the project lifecycle and utilize this knowledge in subsequent projects, it can form a significant competitive advantage for the organization. Knowledge management (KM) is defined as the process of capturing, managing, and disseminating the knowledge of an organization. This paper presents our experience of implementing of an award-winning knowledge management system for construction projects and explores how knowledge management activities facilitate and enable to build lean culture within an organization. It shows how our KM system allows for “information pulling” by project team members to get the correct information, to the right people, in the relevant form, at the appropriate time. We show how different facets of KM aid in promoting Lean Principles and through examples from our projects, how Lean Culture can be developed by sharing best practices and learning from past projects. }, author_keywords={Knowledge management, Lean Culture, Lean Principles, Knowledge Enterprise }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalyan2018, author={Kalyan, Vaidyanathan and Pratap, Vasipalli and Singh, Srikanth Chouhan }, editor={ }, title={Building a Lean Culture Into an Organization}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1101-1110}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1504}, doi={10.24928/2018/0439}, affiliation={CEO, Nadhi Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd., 22 Venkatraman Street, T. Nagar, Chennai 600017. India, +91 97910 41483, kalyanv@nadhi.in ; Consultant, Nadhi Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd., 22 Venkatraman Street, T. Nagar, Chennai 600017. India, +91 98841 12759, pratapv@nadhi.in ; Senior Consultant, Nadhi Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd., 22 Venkatraman Street, T. Nagar, Chennai 600017. India, +91 86527 00139, srikanths@nadhi.in }, abstract={The Indian construction industry is in need for a change; a change that can help its people and organizations discard the conventional project management approach of ‘Command and control’; a change that can create better collaboration between project teams and reduce blame games. Lean construction and the Last Planner System™ is a potent and proven solution that offers the change. This paper suggests/proposes an approach for an organizational lean transformation. The approach is based on real life experience of the authors working with both Owner and Contractor organizations. The approach is based on building experience in lean tools at the site level that can be scaled across projects as a bottoms-up model. This is complemented with a top down approach that builds awareness, empathy, and knowledge at the leadership level. Together, the goal is to build capability and confidence in the organization to adopt and adapt lean into the organization. This paper explains in detail about the program and evolution of it from Indian experience. The authors will share their experience and their learning making the change in organizations. They will share the successes and the limitations of the approach. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Indian Construction, Lean Implementation, Last Planner System, Organisational Culture. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Etges2018, author={Etges, Bernardo Martim Beck da Silva and Pereira, Bruno Bronzatto and Silveira, Thiago José Salgado da }, editor={ }, title={A Lean Approach to Improve Productivity in a Coke Oven Refurbishment Project: A Case Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1112-1121}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1505}, doi={10.24928/2018/0254}, affiliation={M.Sc. Eng, Project Manager, Steinbock Consulting, Etges Engenharia, Porto Alegre, Brazil; bernardo.m.etges@gmail.com ; Mechanical Eng., RIP-Kaefer, Indaiatuba, Brazil; bruno.bronzatto@kaefer.com ; Lean Coordinator., RIP-Kaefer, Indaiatuba, Brazil; thiago.silveira@kaefer.com }, abstract={This paper presents a 3-phased Lean Construction Project (LCP) implemented in a specialized and integrated service company. The purpose of the LCP was to increase productivity and to re-structure Production Planning and Control routines. It was undertaken by a group of internal and external consultants for a period of four months of workshops and more four months of sustainability on-site. The construction project focused by the LCP was the refurbishment of a Coke Oven in a Brazilian Steel Mill. The three workshops regarding the Lean Construction background were: (a) Analysing the construction activities and support process (Planning, Contract Management, Supply, Warehouse, Safety); (b) Redesigning Production Planning and Control tools, routines and responsibilities; and defining a new Work plan schedule regarding takt-time; and (c) a Productivity Workshop implemented through wastes identification, activities reorganization and work provision. For all these workshops, a work group was formed covering consultants, managers, engineers, team-leaders and front-line workers. Finally, the workshop results were assessed through comparison of the productivity indicators with the base-line defined in the Analysis Stage. After the LCP, the project achieved its main objective with the walls assembly productivity improvement by 20%. This result was reached with fewer people performing more efficiently (less time). Moreover, the operational efficiency improvement guaranteed a 46% increase in the gross margin of the contract. }, author_keywords={Production Planning and Control, Productivity, Lean Construction }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elmaraghy2018, author={Elmaraghy, Ahmed and Voordijk, Hans and Marzouk, Mohamed }, editor={ }, title={An Exploration of BIM and Lean Interaction in Optimizing Demolition Projects}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={112-122}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1506}, doi={10.24928/2018/0474}, affiliation={MSc Student, Integrated Engineering Design and Management Program (IEDM), Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, +20 10 2222 6978, ahmedelmaraghy92@gmail.com ; Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, Twente University, The Netherlands, + 31 53 489 4214, jtvoordijk@utwente.nl ; Professor of Construction Engineering and Management, Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt, +20 2 35678425, mm_marzouk@yahoo.com }, abstract={Construction and demolition wastes have an adverse environmental impact. The demolition wastes are resulted from the linear economic behaviour that the Construction industry is currently adopting. IT-enabled processes like BIM have been used to eliminate wastes in Construction Projects. The alignment of these processes with Lean Construction principles was seen to reap high benefits. This research investigates the possibility of extending BIM functionalities to support deconstruction processes in alignment with Lean Principles. Based on the existing interaction matrix between BIM functionalities and Lean Principles and its subsequent extensions, the synergies between BIM and Lean are explored from a deconstruction perspective. The evidence of using BIM capabilities in deconstruction projects is mainly interpreted from research in addition to the current initiatives in the demolition and renovation projects in The Netherlands. The main aim is to integrate discrete efforts in industry and academia towards leveraging the recovery rate of salvaged elements. The evidence is then validated against Lean principles and the results reveal a major conformity between BIM and Lean. This exploratory research may contribute to the adoption of a structured framework in deconstruction projects that exploits BIM and Lean capabilities towards achieving a circular economy. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Building Information Modelling (BIM), Pull, Deconstruction, Waste }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Karanjawala2018, author={Karanjawala, Kaezad and Baretto, Diamond }, editor={ }, title={Project Delivery Through Lean Principles Across All Disciplnes of Construction in a Developing Country Environment}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1122-1132}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1507}, doi={10.24928/2018/0420}, affiliation={Associate Vice President – Godrej Construction, Godrej & Boyce Mfg Co. Ltd, Vikhroli, Mumbai, India; +91- 9820509237; kaezad@godrej.com ; Assistant General Manager - Godrej Construction, Godrej & Boyce Mfg Co. Ltd, Vikhroli, Mumbai, India; +91- 9819345312; diamond@godrej.com }, abstract={Construction Industry has to counter many challenges and research studies have indicated that large projects across various asset classes typically take longer to finish than scheduled and tend to overshoot the budgeted cost. Improving labour productivity in all trades of construction has been found to be very challenging as compared to the manufacturing industry due to migrant labour, low skills and lower penetration of technology and mechanisation at the work sites. The high percentage of wastes generated in construction projects also puts tremendous pressure on natural and human resources. In order to mitigate the above-mentioned challenges and risks and to improve our way of working, an organization embarked on the Lean journey starting with its Residential Towers using Partnering and other Lean principles for multiple stakeholder management across all our projects. Also, to make the planning process predictable and create commitment based culture the organization amalgamated Lean into Critical Path Method by creating a Milestone Schedule given by the Top management. The Phase Schedule is derived from the Milestone Schedule and further broken down for weekly tracking into Look Ahead Plans (LAP). The LAP is prepared by field teams and is reviewed using Last Planner Meetings (LPS) and other lean tools and methodologies. This paper portrays an organisation’s Lean journey from residential to industrial projects using case studies with key learnings to explain how the success of Lean implementation is possible only when there is a cultural change brought among all the project stakeholders to strengthen team spirit and drive improvement initiatives with strong support from the Top Management. A focussed approach and imbibing the cultural changes in the organisation help to overcome all the barriers faced in the Lean Journey. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, collaboration, value stream, Last Planner, customer delight }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Binninger2018, author={Binninger, Marco and Dlouhy, Janosch and Müller, Mathias and Schattmann, Marco and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Short Takt Time in Construction – a Practical Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1133-1143}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1508}, doi={10.24928/2018/0472}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, marco.binninger@googlemail.com ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, janosch.dlouhy@bmw.de ; Site Manager, weisenburger bau gmbh, Germany, mathias.mueller@weisenburger.de ; Department Leader, Heinrich Schmid GmbH&Co. KG, Germany, m_schattmann@heinrich-schmid.de ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={Takt Planning and Takt Control (TPTC), as a method of Lean Construction, has been developed over years and has increasing applications in construction practice over the last years. The collective understanding is that this method can only be implemented when there is a high level of repetition in the structure of a building project and in fact it is frequently used in such kind of projects. A case study shows how this method was implemented on a construction site with no obvious repetition in the structure. Takt Time was reduced to a level of one hour and the single room construction site was split into small areas. A high collaborative approach of the TPTC was used. The completion time was reduced from over ten days to three days. This paper documents the steps of the implementation, the integration of the team and subcontractors and also compares the typical approach before the optimization with the results after the Takt Time integration. }, author_keywords={Takt Time Reduction, Takt Planning, Takt Control }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cleary2018, author={Cleary, John and Munoz, Anthony }, editor={ }, title={Reaping the Rewards of Production Tracking}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1144-1149}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1509}, doi={10.24928/2018/0494}, affiliation={DPR Construction, 4665 MacArthur Court, Newport Beach, Ca. JohnCl@dpr.com ; DPR Construction, 4665 MacArthur Court, Newport Beach, Ca. AnthonyM@dpr.com }, abstract={Traditionally, project controls translate to “monitoring results.” In a true lean project, it is redefined as “making things happen,” with a measured and improved planning process to assure reliable workflow and predictable project outcomes (Lean Construction Institute). By monitoring productivity, a Project Team can more effectively identify and respond to “hot topics” that may hinder flow and predictability. The consistent communication of this information provides the transparency needed for decentralized decision-making, empowering the Project Team to take action and maximize value. Through an Integrated Form of Agreement on a Southern California healthcare project, self-performing Constructors tracked and reported productivity. This information was used to provide real-time updates to schedule, production planning, and budget forecasting. These metrics were compared to the original rates, serving as key performance indicators. Underperforming critical activities would be earmarked to conduct a Deming Cycle for improvement. Activities with high measures would be assessed to identify factors contributing to their success or if the baseline was ill defined. Ultimately, this information was used for Continuous Improvement with a goal of reducing overall schedule in productivity improvements, reducing overall budget by way of production savings, and contributing to and maintaining a positive work environment. }, author_keywords={production planning controls, Integrated Form of Agreement, job-sequencing, target cost, team morale }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tiwari2018, author={Tiwari, Saurabh and Pawar, Girish and Luttmann, Eric and Trujillo, Rudy and Sreekumar, Aiswarya }, editor={ }, title={Visual Planning for Supply Chain Management of Prefabricated Components in Construction}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1150-1159}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1510}, doi={10.24928/2018/0419}, affiliation={Director, vConstruct Private Limited, Pune, India, +91- 8446001610, saurabht@vconstruct.in ; Sr. Project Engineer, vConstruct Private Limited, Pune, India, +91- 9403976679, girishp@vconstruct.in ; BIM Project Engineer, Digital Building Components, Phoenix, Arizona, +1- 2159138611,ericlu@digitalbuilding.com ; Design Manager, Digital Building Components, Phoenix, Arizona,+1- 6023294255, rudyt@digitalbuilding.com ; Sr. Project Engineer, vConstruct Private Limited, Pune, India, +91- 8826367246, aiswaryas@vconstruct.in }, abstract={One of the challenges in the supply chain management of prefabricated components is the communication gap between the jobsite and the fabrication shop to coordinate on the deliveries. The context is the supply chain of light gauge metal stud panels that are digitally fabricated using BIM and CNC Robots in the US construction industry. The solution implemented was a cloud-based ordering application. the superintendent in the field interface with the BIM of Metal Stud Panels on an iPad, sequences the panels in the order he/she wishes to install. The order placed by the superintendent is received by the fabrication shop, which then initiates the fabrication of the panel from the same BIM, in the same sequence using the CNC robots. Once fabricated, the panels are divided into batches and transported to the site for installation. This helps in prioritizing fabrication, assembly and shipping of panels as per the needs of various jobsites. The just-in-time fabrication and delivery enables lean workflow of construction material, and minimizes waste in over-production, transportation and inventory. The paper will focus on the process in detail and benefits from this approach }, author_keywords={flow, visual management, job sequencing, logistics, supply chain management }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2018, author={Filho, João Bosco Pinheiro Dantas and Neto, José de Paula Barros and Mourão, Alexandre and Rocha, Andréa Benício da and Luccas, Andre Vieira and Saggin, Angela }, editor={ }, title={Respect for People’S Well-Being: Meditation for Construction Workers}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1160-1169}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1511}, doi={10.24928/2018/0256}, affiliation={Architect, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Researcher of GERCON, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, arquibosco@gmail.com ; Full Professor, Department of Structural Engineering and Civil Construction, Leader of the GERCON, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Director of C. RolimEngenharia Ltda., Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Yoga and meditationinstructor, Ayurveda therapist, Espaço Tenda, Fortaleza, Brazil,dea_benicio@hotmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Researcher of GERCON, Fortaleza, Brazil,andreluccas90@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Lean & Green Coordinator of C. RolimEngenharia Ltda., Brazil, angela@crolim.com.br }, abstract={Stressful environments are often found in construction industry which makes important to study the relation between stress and work. Alcohol or illicit drugs were reported to be common short-term alternatives to reduce anxiety in male-dominated industries and have long-term implications for health and well-being. "What countermeasures can be used by construction workers?" A set of emotion-focused coping strategies is identified, such as physical exercise, recreational activities and meditation. According to the Brazilian Ministry of Health, meditation is an instrument of physical, emotional, mental, social and cognitive strengthening that promotes concentration, stimulates well-being, relaxation, reduces stress, hyperactivity and depressive symptoms. "But would construction workers be willing to meditate?" The purpose of this paper is to assess the initial perceptions of construction workers under meditation training. This research has a qualitative approach and its strategy is a unique case study. Four meditation sessions were applied at the construction site during lunch break. Multiple sources of evidence were used: interviews and videos. The data analysis was qualitative. The results indicate: (1) construction workers consider that meditation values them and (2) they also recommend its implementation. This research gives some information that there is viability for meditation in construction. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Safety, meditation, workers’ health, well-being }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Spencley2018, author={Spencley, Rodney and Pfeffer, George and Gordon, Elizabeth and Hain, Fritz and Reed, Dean and Marosszeky, Marton }, editor={ }, title={Behavior-Based Quality, Case Study of Closing the Knowing-Doing Gap}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1170-1181}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1512}, doi={10.24928/2018/0532}, affiliation={Director for Quality, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, RodneyS@dpr.com ; President, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, GeorgeP@dpr.com ; Quality Leader, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, ElizabethG@dpr.com ; RISQ Group Leader, DPR Construction, 2000 Aerial Center Parkway, Suite 118, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA, FritzH@dpr.com ; Lean/Integration Advocate, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, DeanR@dpr.com ; Managing Director, Marosszeky Associates P.L., 40 Maligan Lane, Mandalong NSW 2264, Australia, marton@marosszekyassociates.com }, abstract={This is a case study of a large US general contractor’s efforts to rethink and implement a new behavior-based approach to quality to achieve zero errors, zero defects, zero rework, and zero surprises. This GC has a long history of building a culture of Behavior-Based Safety and has approached quality the same way. Recognition of upstream behaviors that resulted in quality issues and unpredictable results during construction led to a focus on changing the mindset and behaviors of all project stakeholders to enable the team to achieve the intended results. While owners and designers have an indirect connection to safety results, their behavior and actions directly affect quality outcomes. Although developed independently of Quality Function Deployment (QFD), this GC’s approach is similar. Its approach focuses on understanding the customer’s expectations and what is required technically in detail from suppliers to achieve them. It focuses on understanding and describing in technical terms what are the ‘distinguishing’ features of the work from each stakeholder’s perspective, and on aligning its teams on measurable acceptance criteria to achieve customer expectations. This process for making knowledge explicit in order to agree on what quality means to the customer allows the team to fabricate and install its products correctly in such a way as to close the ‘knowing-doing’ gap that plagues most companies and projects. }, author_keywords={Quality, workflow, indicators, Behavior-Based Safety (BBS), Behavior-Based Quality (BBQ), Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Rework }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Monyane2018, author={Monyane, Thabiso G. and Emuze, Fidelis A. and Crafford, Gerrit }, editor={ }, title={Identification of Lean Opportunities in a South African Public-Sector Projects Cost Management Framework}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1185-1194}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1513}, doi={10.24928/2018/0207}, affiliation={Doctoral candidate, Built Environment Dept., CUT, FS - Central Univ. of Technology, Free State, RSA, +2751 507-3537, tmonyane@cut.ac.za ; Associate Professor, Built Environment Dept., CUT, FS - Central Univ. of Technology, Free State, RSA, +2751 507-3089, femuze@cut.ac.za ; Associate Professor, NMU – Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, +2741 504 2153, gerrit.crafford@nmu.ac.za }, abstract={The prevalence of cost overruns in public sector construction projects in South Africa has been observed. This has been attributed to ineffectual approaches to cost management within these projects. The prior study by the authors has made sense of these observations an understanding of existing cost management approaches. Accordingly, this study seeks to identify Lean opportunities from existing cost management practices. Such opportunities will enable identification of effective cost management during project delivery. Adopting a qualitative case study research design, the study relies on data obtained from a purposively selected list of interviewees from a cadre of cases, i.e., recently completed public sector construction projects in South Africa. These interviews will be juxtaposed with evidence from project-related documents. Based on the data, the study will provide a vignette of lean-led cost management frameworks applied to these projects. Encompassing various stages of the project delivery lifecycle, this vignette will enable an identification lean lead cost management on these projects. Subsequently, the vignette will be validated by interviewees. The expectation is that findings from this study will provide a brief picture of cost management frameworks and enable the introduction of probable lean-based solutions to reverse this unbecoming trend. }, author_keywords={Construction Projects, Cost Management, Public Sector, Vignette, South Africa }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ghossaini2018, author={Ghossaini, Bassem M. and Dehaini, Kazem Y. and Alruzz, Mustafa A. and Eddine, Najib A. Fakhr and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={ }, title={SyncLean: An Application for Improved Lean Construction Practice}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1195-1205}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1514}, doi={10.24928/2018/0242}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, bmg05@mail.aub.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, kyd01@mail.aub.edu ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, mar26@mail.aub.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, naf14@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Phone +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, Farook.Hamzeh@mail.aub.edu }, abstract={Visual management (VM) is instrumental in implementing lean construction philosophy and principles. The lack of communication and sharing of information among construction professionals in construction projects hinders workflow. Visual management improves the performance of workers and optimizes workflow. This paper introduces a mobile application, Synclean, inspired by the virtual Obeya room of Toyota Production Systems (TPS) to ease the transfer of information between site personnel. Synclean will boast a user-based task manager, showing the weekly tasks schedule, covering task descriptions and constraints while including a Kanban-like notification system that addresses tasks for each participant. SyncLean provides the needed platform for signalling the end and start of tasks to those responsible directly, all while holding accessible information in the cloud associated with these tasks like drawings and work methods. These and other features will ensure Synclean is relevant to the very last planner on construction sites and will support collaborative value-adding, wasteminimizing work. The application mobile interface was tested by users and the impact of this application was tested by surveying site personnel of various positions for the application’s necessity. Results show the need for a visual tool like Synclean to bridge the communication and information sharing gap between site personnel. }, author_keywords={SyncLean, lean construction, application, Information Technology (IT), visual management (VM) }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bhat2018, author={Bhat, Vaibhav and Trivedi, Jyoti Sneha and Dave, Bhargav }, editor={ }, title={Improving Design Coordination With Lean and BIM, an Indian Case Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1206-1216}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1515}, doi={10.24928/2018/0479}, affiliation={Masters Student, Centre for Environment Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad: India Phone +91 9818442856;vaibhav.bhat.mtech16@cept.ac.in ; Assistant Professor, Centre for Environment Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad: India Phone 079- 26302470-311;jyoti@cept.ac.in ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953431; B.Dave@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Lean construction principles have been used independently as significant methods to construction process improvement. Their combination presents challenges and opportunities in implementation, especially when applied in the field. This study explores two perspectives, firstly identifying factors and issues in design coordination of construction projects; secondly, applying lean and BIM functions simultaneously to overcome some of the problems in design coordination. Relative Importance Index (RII) method was adopted to identify major critical factors of design coordination and their effect on the three categories viz; design management, time management and cost management. Subsequently, BIM and lean functions such as 4D simulation integrated with Look ahead planning, Quantity take off, Clash detection during look-ahead and weekly work planning, to reduce change orders and RFIs for additional value to customer were applied in an integrated fashion. This improvised BIMLean process facilitates the design co-ordination during construction phase for all project stakeholders. Finally a matrix is drafted based on previous research that shows integration of Lean Principles and BIM functionalities adopted for the case study. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Building Information Modelling (BIM), Request for Information (RFI), Clash Detection, 4D Scheduling }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mollasalehi2018, author={Mollasalehi, Sajedeh and Aboumoemen, Ahmed Adel and Rathnayake, Anushka and Fleming, Andrew and Underwood, Jason }, editor={ }, title={Development of an Integrated BIM and Lean Maturity Model}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1217-1228}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1516}, doi={10.24928/2018/0507}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, University of Salford, UK, s.mollasalehi1@edu.salford.ac.ukAnon ; PhD Candidate, University of Salford, UK, a.a.aboumoemen@edu.salford.ac.uk ; PhD Candidate, University of Salford, UK, prasadini88salford@gmail.com ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, a.j.fleming@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, j.underwood@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={The level of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Lean adoption has been rapidly increased. The benefits of integrating these two approaches have also been identified. However, to achieve the maximum benefits of the interaction of these two approaches, there needs to be assessment tools to analyse their performances collectively. Because understanding and analysing the performances of these approaches would provide value to the entire project in terms of lessons learned, more value generation, and continuous improvements. Therefore, this paper aims to propose an integrated BIM and Lean Maturity Model based on reviewing the literature around current maturity models. This paper proposes an Integrated BIM and Lean Maturity Model named “IDEAL” which could serve as a basis in terms of assessing the performances of the projects implementing BIM and Lean together. }, author_keywords={Maturity Models, Maturity Assessments, Lean Construction, Building Information Modelling (BIM) }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vilventhan2018, author={Vilventhan, Aneetha and Rajadurai, R }, editor={ }, title={Application of 4D Bridge Information Model as a Lean Tool for Bridge Infrastructure Projects: A Case Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1229-1239}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1517}, doi={10.24928/2018/0508}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Warangal, aneetha@nitw.ac.in. ; M.Tech Construction Engineering and Management student, SRM University, rajadurairc@gmail.com. }, abstract={Construction projects require the coordination of multiple organizations. The production flow of these projects is often hampered through sources of wastes such as improper utilization of the skills of the labours and lack of coordination with the multiple organizations involved in these projects. Bridge information modelling provides a powerful platform for visualizing work flow and collaboration between organizations throughout the life cycle of the project. In this paper, 4D bridge information models for a concrete bridge (flyover) construction project was built through integrating 3D BrIM model with the schedule. The developed 4D bridge information model enabled value addition through improved visualization, co-ordination and communication among project participants. This study provides a practical contribution by showing that project stakeholders can use 4D BrIM models as a lean tool to prevent undesirable situations and reduce the overruns, rework and improve the effective utilisation of labours in Bridge construction projects. }, author_keywords={Lean tool, bridge information modelling, visualisation, coordination, 4D BrIM model }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Singh2018, author={Singh, Abhishek Raj and Delhi, Venkata Santosh Kumar }, editor={ }, title={‘Site Layout Planning Waste’ Typology and Its Handling Through AR-BIM Concept: A Lean Approach}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={123-133}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1518}, doi={10.24928/2018/0475}, affiliation={Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India, arsingh@iitb.ac.in ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India, venkatad@iitb.ac.in }, abstract={Site layout planning (SLP) aims at the efficient placement of temporary facilities on a construction site. Improper planning can lead to tremendous wastes in terms of unnecessary transport of materials and other resources around the site. A plethora of research has presented SLP as an optimization problem, but a few have focused on the wastes involved and that occur due to an improper layout of the construction site. To develop the ‘SLP waste’ typology, a comprehensive literature review was done, and the experts of SLP were interviewed. The identified wastes were found to be resulting due to inefficient layouts, improper coordination and collaboration among the project stakeholders and conflict of their interest. The interviewed experts highlighted the inefficiency of two-dimensional (2D) drawings and requirement of three-dimensional (3D) visualization that can aid in envisioning the future site scenarios. Therefore, utilizing Augmented Reality (AR) integrated Building Information Modeling (BIM), a conceptual tool ‘AR-BIM’ is proposed, and the anticipated working is briefed out in this study. The tool is under development and is expected to ease out the planning of site layouts and will aid in enabling lean, along with value generation in construction projects. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction Sites, Site Layout Planning, Team Collaboration, Waste Elimination }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mossman2018, author={Mossman, Alan }, editor={ }, title={What Is Lean Construction: Another Look - 2018}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1240-1250}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1519}, doi={10.24928/2018/0309}, affiliation={Director, The Change Business Ltd, 19 Piccadilly, Stroud, GL5 1HB, UK; +44 7968 485 627; alanmossman@mac.com }, abstract={There is no agreed definition of lean construction. This is a problem for some and not for others in the lean construction community and beyond. Answers to the question “what is lean construction?” from a simple survey reported here, on the web and in the formal and informal literature reveal a diversity of views. The purpose of the survey was to get a sense of the definitions-in-use in the lean construction community. Some of the implications for the community are outlined and suggestions made for further study. }, author_keywords={lean construction, lean, definition }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daramsis2018, author={Daramsis, Alaa and Faour, Karim and Ahad, Lynn Richa Abdel and Salami, Ghadeer and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={A Lean E-Governance Approach to Mitigate Corruption Within Official Processes in the Construction Industry}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1251-1260}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1520}, doi={10.24928/2018/0210}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Phone +961 71 637 393, akd12@mail.aub.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Phone +961 71 112 886, knf03@mail.aub.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Phone +961 3 538 176, gjs08@mail.aub.edu ; Undergraduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Phone +961 70 425 750, lar09@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Phone +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, Farook.Hamzeh@mail.aub.edu }, abstract={Delays in construction projects lead to litigation-related issues and waste of money, in addition to rescheduling task and deliveries to fit the newly delayed plan, which is no easy task to accomplish given the hundreds of activities on a typical construction site. One of the factors that subject the schedule to delays is the official processes performed at the public sectors. Lebanon is a country that has been plagued by corruption; official processes run at suboptimal levels and delay the day-to-day activities of citizens and projects across all industries. The concept of applying lean methods to mitigate this corruption is promising; as this is the first study in Lebanon to address this issue by employing a lean perspective. The aim of this paper is to analyze, assess, and formulate frameworks of official processes based on interviews conducted with professionals in the field who have experienced unexplained delays in their construction documents. In addition, this study develops a tailored e-governance strategy that would effectively lead to a lean revamp in the public sector in terms of service quality, transparency, and reliability. Moreover, it serves as the theoretical foundation for the transformative shift in the official processes in the Lebanon. }, author_keywords={E-Governance; Lean IT; Work flow; Standardization, Work Structuring }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Torp2018, author={Torp, Olav and Knudsen, Jens Biermann and Rønneberg, Ingeborg }, editor={ }, title={Factors Affecting Implementation of Lean Construction}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1261-1271}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1521}, doi={10.24928/2018/0234}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 226 73, olav.torp@ntnu.no ; Assistant Construction Manager, Backe Entreprenør Holding AS, Oslo, Norway, +47 476 06 270, jens.biermanknudsen@backe.no ; Assistant Construction Manager, Backe Entreprenør Holding AS, Oslo, Norway, +47 934 97 227, ingeborg.ronneberg@backe.no }, abstract={Research has shown advantages an organization can obtain by implementing lean methodology. However, when implementing new philosophies like Lean Construction, there are always some challenges to overcome. Examples could be lack of basic knowledge about the theory/philosophy behind lean, lack of willingness to change, implementation process in an organization, lack of clear objectives/visions with the implementation and top management involvement. The authors of this paper have worked with implementation of lean principles in a Norwegian contractor company. The contractor is split into several sister-companies, acquired over the past 40 years. Some of the sister-companies have succeeded in implementing lean, while others have not succeeded well. The authors will evaluate how the organization have planned to implement lean in an efficient and sustainable way, and what factors that have affected the implementation. The research methodology used is case study, where the different sister-companies are the cases. Research from the case study of lean implementation will give a better understanding for similar cases. It will also address how to overcome challenges related to the implementation process in similar cases. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Implementation, factors of success, organizational transformation }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ahmed2018, author={Ahmed, Sa’id N. and Pasquire, Christine and Manu, Emmanuel }, editor={ }, title={Evaluating Why Quantity Surveyors Conflict With Collaborative Project Delivery System }, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1272-1282}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1522}, doi={10.24928/2018/0391}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK, +44(0)7592030388, said.ahmed@ntu.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, and Director Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, UK, +44(0) 115 848 2095, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Projects, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK, +44(0) 7735083823, emmanuel.manu@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={The recurring poor performance and lack of collaborative culture in the UK construction industry has been a topic of debate for many years now. This has triggered an industry wide demand for performance improvement and innovation in the construction sector. Several studies over the years have reported and linked these concerns to fragmentation, deep-seated cultural resistance and negative commercial behaviours among project participants. Traditionally, Quantity Surveyors (QSs) within the UK system are popularly known for their commercial management functions i.e., contract advice and cost related roles. But, the lack of evidence on collaborative practice across the commercial roles often performed by the QSs in practice has revealed a separation within the construction model where QSs are formulated outside the core project production team (client, designers, and constructors). This continues with further practical implications like process waste, value loss, conflicts among others. However, recently, there were calls for industry-wide modernisation with an appeal specifically on QSs to create positive link within the value chain as against being a burden to it. Based on a literature review and a case study approach, the study further discovered other commercial factors deterring collaborative practice that is emanating from QSs position outside the production system. These factors among others are: commercial background &training, customer &safeguarding practice, excessive monthly reporting & commercial governance and balancing standards with innovation. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, collaboration, collaborative production system, quantity surveying }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2018, author={Ko, Chien-Ho and Kuo, Jiun-De }, editor={ }, title={Lean Formwork}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1283-1290}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1523}, doi={10.24928/2018/0211}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, +886 8 770-3202, ko@mail.npust.edu.tw; President, Lean Construction Institute-Taiwan; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute-Asia. ; MS, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan. }, abstract={Formwork materials and worker payments are one of the main expenditures in reinforced-concrete structures. Formwork engineering is thus one main factor impacting project success. In current practice, formwork construction including non-value-adding activities results rework and inventory waste. The aim of the paper is to adopt the lean manufacturing ideas to reduce unnecessary waste in the formwork engineering. A lean formwork construction model is developed to achieve this goal. In the lean formwork construction model, an on-site quality control culture is established by using Andon. Using the Andon system, form workers could receive support right away when problem occurs. Moreover, using Andon, operations in formwork engineering are pulled using the Kanban system to lower mold inventory level and create a continuous formwork construction flow. To validate the feasibility of the lean formwork model, a real case is tested. Experimental data demonstrate the developed method could banish unnecessary worker-hours in the formwork’s operational flow and enhance formwork’s value. }, author_keywords={Formwork, lean manufacturing, kanban, andon. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ramalingam2018, author={Ramalingam, Shobha }, editor={ }, title={Mapping of BIM Process for Teaching Lean}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1291-1301}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1524}, doi={10.24928/2018/0258}, affiliation={Ph.D, Assistant Professor, National Institute for Construction Management and Research (NICMAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India. Email: sramalingam@nicmar.ac.in }, abstract={Value Stream Mapping (VSM), a Lean tool and Building Information Modelling (BIM) are two contemporary approaches that aim to reduce waste and enhance collaboration in the realization of construction projects. While the principles and practices of both are found to benefit construction processes; there are limited studies that elucidate their synergies and demonstrate the value for teaching lean in construction management programs. VSM visually maps a process and identifies areas for possible improvement. However, it is directly applicable on assembly line operations in a manufacturing industry, an environment which the civil engineering students may not be familiar with, and therefore require experiential learning. To this end, the process of conversion of 2- dimensional (2D) design drawings to a 3D building information model of a construction project was foremost captured through VSM technique in an experimental study consisting of 4 student teams. The action learning methodology allowed the teams to generate the current state map, identify wastes in the process and aim for an ideal future state through kaizen efforts and brainstorming sessions. The experiment helped to reinforce the VSM technique in teaching lean and allowed the students to present appropriate opportunities for improvement. Lessons learnt can further act as a stepping stone to benefit professionals in actual practice. }, author_keywords={Value stream, Process improvement, Lean construction, Action learning, Teaching }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wondimu2018, author={Wondimu, Paulos Abebe and Klakegg, Ole Jonny and Lædre, Ola and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={A Comparison of Competitive Dialogue and Best Value Procurement}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={13-22}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1525}, doi={10.24928/2018/0248}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DCEE) , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway/Senior Engineer, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Norway, +47 901 11 814, paulos.wondimu@ntnu.no/ paulos.wondimu@vegvesen.no ; Professor, DCEE, NTNU, ole.jonny.klakegg@ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, DCEE, NTNU,ola.ladre@ntnu.no ; Professor, DCEE, NTNU/Professor DCEE, University of California Berkeley glenn.ballard@ntnu.no /ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Competitive Dialogue (CD) and Best Value Procurement (BVP) are two different approaches to early contractor involvement (ECI) in public projects. However, it is not clear which approach is best suited for what kind of project situations, and which is better for implementing lean in public procurement. The purpose of this paper is to explore the similarities and differences of these approaches to develop recommendations for how to match approach with project situations. In addition to literature study, two large infrastructure projects were studied through 12 in-depth semi-structured interviews and review of documents. The findings from this study indicate that the two approaches have several similarities; e.g., both give a better result when they are used together with a design-build contract than design-bid-build contract, and they give clients possibilities to meet suppliers and clarify projects before contract signing. However, they also have a number of differences such as the number of competitors that develop a project and a supplier selection premises varies. The study concludes that BVP is a more effective procurement process than CD as regards procurement phase. However, CD gives more room for the clients to influence supplier solutions than BVP. }, author_keywords={Best value procurement (BVP), competitive dialogue (CD), lean, early contractor involvement (ECI), public procurement }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Østnor2018, author={Østnor, Torstein and Faanes, Sigbjørn and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Laminated Timber Versus on-Site Cast Concrete: A Comparative Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1302-1312}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1526}, doi={10.24928/2018/0313}, affiliation={Student M.Sc. Civil Engineering., Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 958 59 145, E-mail: torstein.ostnor@veidekke.no ; Project Developer/ Design Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør Trøndelag, Trondheim, Norway, E-mail: sigbjorn.faanes@veidekke.no ; Associate Professor, Dr. Ing., Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, E-mail: ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={Laminated-timber is a relatively new construction material for multi-story buildings. With this type of structural engineered wood product, timber is glue laminated to increase its constructive strength. Laminated-timber represents an opportunity to lower GHGemissions, while traditional on-site cast concrete is believed to be cheaper. The study examines differences between construction in laminated timber and cast concrete, and pros and cons associated with construction in laminated timber. The study began with a literature review. Then the construction of two neighboring apartment buildings that used Last-Planner during both design and construction were studied. Takt-planning was used in the production planning. Twelve interviews represent the main source of data and was supplemented with a study of documents and direct observations in design meetings. Use of laminated timber requires more resources in the design phase compared with the use of cast concrete. Fire and acoustic regulations, in particular, demand new construction guidelines. However, use of laminated timber saves time and provides a cleaner working environment during construction. Under the right circumstances, laminated timber appears to outperform on-site cast concrete. This study suggests Lean measures for contractors that want to benefit from the advantages of laminated timber and improve such construction. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fireman2018, author={Fireman, Marcus C.T. and Saurin, Tarcísio A. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={The Role of Slack in Standardized Work in Construction: An Exploratory Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1313-1322}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1527}, doi={10.24928/2018/0213}, affiliation={PhD Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. marcus@climbgroup.com.br ; Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br. ; Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br. }, abstract={Standardized work (SW) is a type of action-oriented procedure that sets a basis for continuous improvement in the Toyota Production System. However, the usefulness and applicability of this practice to construction is still unclear. Furthermore, while some studies have addressed the key elements of SW, the role played by the concept of slack as a fundamental element of operations design is rarely discussed in an explicit way. This is a drawback since slack resources allow for the system to cope with variability from different sources. Considering the context of the construction industry, the aim of this study is to carry out an exploratory investigation of the role played by slack in SW. This analysis is mostly based on a matrix that checks strategies for the deployment of slack resources against sources of variability in construction. Results indicate that SW, in construction, should account for a broader range of slack resources in comparison to what is accounted for in manufacturing. In addition, we propose that slack resources and the corresponding variability sources be explicitly anticipated when designing SW for construction operations. }, author_keywords={Slack, Standardized Work, Variability. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Etges2018, author={Etges, Bernardo Martim Beck da Silva }, editor={ }, title={Value-Adding Activities Level in Brazilian Infrastructure Construction Companies - 9 Cases Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1323-1333}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1528}, doi={10.24928/2018/0252}, affiliation={M.Sc. Eng, Project Manager, Steinbock Consulting, Etges Engenharia, Climb Consulting, Porto Alegre, Brazil; bernardo.m.etges@gmail.com }, abstract={This paper presents an approach to answer the question of what is the level of valueadding activities that infrastructure projects usually operates. Considering the Lean Construction concepts, waste definitions and Value Stream Mapping, added to an Operational Excellence perspective, the paper bring the result of nine infrastructure projects conducted by a consultancy company in seven Brazilian Construction Companies. In the presented analysis, eight projects took place in Brazil and one in Trinidad and Tobago. The methodological analysis here presented consists of two standard phases of the referred consultancy projects where on-site and data analysis, construction value stream mapping, and “gemba-walk” are used to understand the project and quantify the level of value-adding activities and wastes in the construction process. The Multi Moment Analysis will be used to measure wastes and value added in operations performed on-site. The results show a low level of value-adding activities, representing, in the general analysis, 26% percent of the total available time. The results are also divided for project and type of operation, i.e. earthworks, steel assembly, pre-fab, for example. That analysis brings the possibility to understand specifics characteristics of each project product and different approaches towards planning and production control and a new managing attitude in each company. This understanding was hold in those construction companies and may be a great improvement opportunity for the infrastructure construction sector. }, author_keywords={Value-adding activities, Gemba, Value stream map, Multi Moment Analysis }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dlouhy2018, author={Dlouhy, Janosch and Ricalde, Miguel and Cossio, Bernardo and Januncio, Carlos }, editor={ }, title={Large Scale Project Using Takt Planning and Takt Control-Creating and Sustaining Multitasking Flow}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1334-1343}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1529}, doi={10.24928/2018/0503}, affiliation={Process Specialist, Construction Department, BMW AG, Munich, Germany, Janosch.dlouhy@bmw.de ; Lean Construction Specialist, AECOM, Mexico, San Luis Potosi, miguel.ricalde@gmail.com ; Lean Consultant, ITN Mexico, Mexico City, bcossio@itnmexico.com ; Lean Construction Specialist, AECOM, Brasil, carlosjanuncio@gmail.com }, abstract={Takt planning and Takt control (TPTC) is a production system approach that is most commonly used in individual construction projects. The approach has not yet been implemented systematically in a large-scale project, like a Greenfield automotive plant (complete new plant from scratch) with all facilities. Furthermore, its use has not been documented in construction in Mexico. Most projects describing TPTC in research are single contractor projects, implemented by a single construction company. This paper describes a real project with over 15 different facilities using Takt planning and Takt control (TPTC), in a large scale green field automotive plant with 5 main general contractors collaborating together with the client. It shows the demands and the effects of large scale projects using the method of TPTC within a Lean philosophy and describes the system that was designed and implemented. As the main contribution from this paper, a system and its results for creating a Lean culture, collaboration, transparency, planning and overall project control within a multitasking flow is described and validated. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Takt planning, Takt control, Collaboration, large-scale projects. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Antunes2018, author={Antunes, Ricardo and Poshdar, Mani }, editor={ }, title={Envision of an Integrated Information System for Projectdriven Production in Construction}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={134-143}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1530}, doi={10.24928/2018/0511}, affiliation={The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, +64 20 40 12 4793, rsan640@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; Lecturer, The Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, +64 921 9999 ext. 8956, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz }, abstract={Construction frequently appears at the bottom of productivity charts with decreasing indexes of productivity over the years. Lack of innovation and delayed adoption, informal processes or insufficient rigor and consistency in process execution, insufficient knowledge transfer from project to project, weak project monitoring, little crossfunctional cooperation, little collaboration with suppliers, conservative company culture, and a shortage of young talent and people development are usual issues. Whereas work has been carried out on information technology and automation in construction their application is isolated without an interconnected information flow. This paper suggests a framework to address production issues on construction by implementing an integrated automatic supervisory control and data acquisition for management and operations. The system is divided into planning, monitoring, controlling, and executing groups clustering technologies to track both the project product and production. This research stands on the four pillars of manufacturing knowledge and lean production (production processes, production management, equipment/tool design, and automated systems and control). The framework offers benefits such as increased information flow, detection and prevention of overburdening equipment or labor (Muri - 無 理 ) and production unevenness (Mura - 斑), reduction of waste (Muda - 無駄), evidential and continuous process standardization and improvement, reuse and abstraction of project information across endeavors }, author_keywords={Lean construction, SCADA, machine learning, LiDAR, BIM. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Singhal2018, author={Singhal, Rohan and Maheswari, J. Uma and Charlesraj, V. Paul C. and Pal, Aritra }, editor={ }, title={MDM-Based Buffer Estimation in Construction Project}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1344-1353}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1531}, doi={10.24928/2018/0530}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India, rohanssinghal@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India, umapaul@civil.iitd.ac.in ; Associate Professor, RICS School of Built Environment, Delhi NCR, India, vpcharlesraj@ricssbe.edu.in ; Assistant Professor, RICS School of Built Environment, Mumbai, India, aritra.pal.1989@gmail.com }, abstract={Schedule delay and cost overrun are the two major challenges for the successful project delivery in construction. It has been reported that significant delays in construction projects are caused by rework and there are several reasons for rework. A framework has been proposed to assess the delay due to two primary reasons for rework, (i.e. design changes and non-conformances), using Multiple Domain Matrix (MDM), a matrix-based technique. This methodology would help the project planners to create an as-adjusted schedule that is more appropriate compared to as-planned or as-built schedules. Further, it is possible to arrive at a meaningful estimate of activity buffer time in order to account for delays due to rework. Eventually, this would lead to successfully implement one of the key principles of lean, namely, elimination of time-related “waste” that is due to defect and/or delay. }, author_keywords={Buffer, delay assessment, job-sequencing, multiple domain matrix, waste }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neve2018, author={Neve, H.H. and Wandahl, S. }, editor={ }, title={Towards Identifying Making-Do as Lead Waste in Refurbishment Projects}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1354-1364}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1532}, doi={10.24928/2018/0236}, affiliation={ PhD Student, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, +45 28791838, hn@eng.au.dk ; Professor, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, +45 41893216, swa@eng.au.dk }, abstract={Refurbishment projects have shown declining productivity in the last decades. At the same time, refurbishment activity is increasing rapidly worldwide to achieve a more sustainable built environment. Thus, understanding reasons for the low productivity is a key aspect to reach environmental as well as economical sustainability. The aim of this research has been to identify Making-Do in refurbishment projects and the reasons behind it. A case study research approach has been used to collect data by actively participating in weekly Last Planner System meetings, observing work in progress on-site on three projects and conducting work sampling studies on six trades. The research showed that Making-Do is highly likely to be both the prevailing and lead waste form in all of the three cases, and that insufficient management of production was the main cause. This was found by firstly identifying an overlap between known impacts of Making-Do from literature and the most occurring negative impacts observed in the cases. Secondly, finding that talking generally contained the biggest potential for being reduced and that this potential had an apparent correlation with Making-Do. This research is an important step towards understanding Making-Do in refurbishment projects and how to detect and reduce lead waste in refurbishment, and to improve construction productivity. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Refurbishment, Work Sampling, Waste, Making-Do }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dlouhy2018, author={Dlouhy, Janosch and Binninger, Marco and Oprach, Svenja and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Mastering Complexity in Takt Planning and Takt Control - Using the Three Level Model to Increase Efficiency and Performance in Construction Projects}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1365-1374}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1533}, doi={10.24928/2018/0476}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42168, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-44124, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608- 44124,svenja.oprach@kit.edu ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={When scheduling a construction project, resource consumption, efficiency of the trades, external influences and the possible changes within the construction process must be taken into account. Hence, the complexity of the construction schedule and an exact planning is difficult. So often the time buffers are balancing the unexpected events. That’s the reason the full potentials of the construction project are often missed. The approach of Takt Planning and Takt Control (TPTC) offers a possibility to dimension buffers and schedule them transparently. This approach is often seen as a rigid and complicated procedure. The planning has to be adapted with a huge effort to changes in the construction process and therefore often does not show the real image of the construction site. The three-level model tries to structure the method for all participants. This paper aims to improve the simplicity of dimensioning value, time and activities in Takt Planning. Performance indicators can provide information about the dimensioning and its adaptation to the construction process. Thus, TPTC can be seen as a flexible method for controlling the complexity of construction planning and excellerate efficiency of the hole project. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Takt, three-level model, complexity }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shahparvari2018, author={Shahparvari, Mehdi and Fong, Daniel }, editor={ }, title={The Review of Rework Causes and Costs in Housing Construction Supply Chain}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1375-1384}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1534}, doi={10.24928/2018/0514}, affiliation={PhD Student, Division of Construction, Property & Surveying, School of Engineering and the Built Environment. London South Bank University, SE1 0AA, United Kingdom, +44 (0) 77 53 444 327, shahparm@lsbu.ac.uk ; Associate Professor, Division of Construction, Property & Surveying, School of the Built Environment and Architecture, London South Bank University, SE1 0AA, United Kingdom, fongd@lsbu.ac.uk }, abstract={Rework in construction projects can cause significant waste of cost and time. Within lean construction practice, rework minimisation is of most interest among project managers. However, less attention has been paid to investigating rework reduction or avoidance in the housing supply chain. Given the increasing costs incurred due to rework generation, innovative approaches to reduce and avoid rework throughout the housing supply chain has never been more urgently required. Elaborating the root causes of rework is essential as it clearly highlights the role of various supply chain contributors. This paper investigates the root causes of rework in construction projects in general and in housing projects in particular. More specifically, the impact of rework on the entire housing supply chain will be explained. }, author_keywords={Rework reduction, Housing Construction, Lean Construction, Housing Supply Chain, Lean Strategies. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Devkar2018, author={Devkar, Ganesh and Trivedi, Jyoti and Pandit, Devanshu }, editor={ }, title={Teaching Choosing by Advantages: Learnings & Challenges}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1385-1394}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1535}, doi={10.24928/2018/0445}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India, +919099010303, ganesh.devkar@cept.ac.in ; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India, +919925009609, jyoti@cept.ac.in ; Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India, +919909956661, devanshu@cept.ac.in }, abstract={Choosing by Advantages (CBA) is a promising lean tool for fostering collaboration, value generation, cost optimization and reduction of waste in the design phase of construction project. This paper describes the experience with teaching of this tool to the students of masters programme in Construction Engineering and Management in an Indian university. As part of the exercise of Choosing by Advantages, the students were asked to select design problems for a construction project. The students group comprised of engineers and architects, which facilitated the role play of real life industry stakeholders - contractor, designer and client. A participant observation of the role play was conducted to understand their learning from this CBA exercise. The analysis indicated that the students learned about necessity of collaboration, design complexity and systematic decision making. Although, the concepts can be articulated in much better manner after overcoming the cognitive barriers and perceptions about prevailing construction industry environment. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, choosing by Advantages (CBA), collaboration, action learning }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{S2018, author={S, Anandh K and K, Prasanna and K, Gunasekaran and S, Aravinth K }, editor={ }, title={An Exploratory Study on Lean Teaching Adoption Rate Among Academia and Industry in Indian Scenario}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={1395-1404}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1536}, doi={10.24928/2018/0498}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India. +91979074077, anandh.k@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur , India. +919444455715, prasanna.k@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in ; Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur India. +919443353507, gunasekaran.k@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in ; Deputy Project Manager, Land Transport Authority, Singapore. +6597964037, aravinthks@live.com }, abstract={Construction sector is undergoing a paradigm shift with the adoption and implementation of new technologies concepts. One among these concepts is Lean Construction, which improves productivity, allocation of construction drawings, detailing, time management, costs control, people management and safety at construction sites. For the effective adoption of Lean construction, professionals require basic understanding of the concepts. To facilitate this, construction and engineering management programs need to introduce Lean concepts in their curriculum, educating students about relevant thoughts and philosophy. The Lean approaches would take them a notch higher concerning productive future career prospects in the construction industry. For this study, data has been collected from various colleges and universities of South India. Research data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires in addition to semi-structured interview. Results of this study provided extraordinary views which is beneficial for curriculum designers and even the top management of construction. The main aim of the study is to determine the current scenarios of Lean teaching and practicing in the industry and demand rate/ awareness about the Lean Teaching. This paper helps in understanding the current status of Lean adoption in academia and also in construction industry. }, author_keywords={Lean Theories, Teaching, Construction Management, Engineering education, Game learning }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Matta2018, author={Matta, Gabriela and Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Baladrón, Cristóbal and Giménez, Zulay and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Using BIM-Based Sheets as a Visual Management Tool for on-Site Instructions: A Case Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={144-154}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1537}, doi={10.24928/2018/0520}, affiliation={BIM/Lean Project Consultant, Master student, Production Management Consulting – GEPRO, Santiago, Chile, gmatta@gepro.cl ; PhD candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile, +56 9 4413 2109, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl ; BIM/Lean Project Consultant, M.Sc., Production Management Consulting – GEPRO, Santiago, Chile, cbaladron@gepro.cl ; PhD candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Professor, Civil Engineering, Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela, zmgimenez@ing.puc.cl ; Professor, Ph.D., Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={In recent decades, design and construction have had to specialize, which has gradually fragmented the industry. This scenario is relevant in hospital projects, where a large number of specialties interact, especially when the operation of the center must be guaranteed. For this reason, it is essential to reduce the communication time between workers and decision-makers to respond quickly to unexpected problems. The purpose of this article is to describe the use of Visual Management using Building Information Modeling (BIM) to deliver task instructions in the field. A case study of a Chilean healthcare center is described, whereby through the active participation of the consulting team, the use of BIM-based sheets as visual instructions was gradually implemented, taking as input the BIM product and process models. The most relevant results were the fulfillment of the initially estimated deadlines without the delays that historically occurred in these types of projects and the reduction of response times for requests for information. It can be concluded that the use of these BIM-based sheets directly addresses the root causes of information management problems in construction and that it is essential to use technology within a Lean collaborative methodology. }, author_keywords={Visual Management, BIM, on-site instructions, Lean, healthcare }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2018, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Dijkstra, Jan Tjerk and Koutamanis, Alexander }, editor={ }, title={Modelling and Simulating Time Use of Site Workers With 4d BIM}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={155-165}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1538}, doi={10.24928/2018/0536}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, Delft University of Technology, and Professor, Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, +31639251420, r.vrijhoef@tudelft.nl ; Master Graduate, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, +31639251420, J.T.Dijkstra@student.tudelft.nl ; Associate Professor, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, +31639251420, A.Koutamanis@tudelft.nl }, abstract={This paper presents a research endeavouring to model site work in a 4D BIM model. Next simulations are performed with this model in 5 scenarios including specific interventions in work organisation, notably changing positons of facilities for site workers. A case study has been done in a construction project in the Netherlands. The research has showed the possibility to model time use of site workers in 4D BIM. Next the research has showed potential to perform and calculate specific interventions in the model, and prospect realistic changes in productive time use as a result. }, author_keywords={BIM, time use, simulation, site work, labour optimisation }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Talebi2018, author={Talebi, Saeed and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Tolerance Compliance Measurement Using Terrestrial Laser Scanner}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={166-176}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1539}, doi={10.24928/2018/0539}, affiliation={Lecturer and PhD Researcher , School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) provides remote sensing and a quick and comprehensive technique for deviation analyses. Its application for precision surveying purposes is becoming a common practice. There are many interdependent parameters that determine whether the accuracy obtained during the data collection and registration is appropriate to perform deviation analyses. Also, the accuracy of deviation analyses is reflected on visualisation/demonstration of results. However, the focus of previous research works has often been on either data acquisition, data registration, deviation analyses, or visualisation of results. The research described in this paper consolidates and formalises the existing methods in the literature and practice for data acquisition and data processing. In doing so, the aim is to develop a holistic method termed Tolerance Compliance Measurement (TCM) using TLS to obtain results from deviation analyses with the desired accuracy. Moreover, unlike the previous research works that mainly focus on assessment of flatness of surfaces, the appropriateness of the most common algorithms for assessment of different types of geometric variation is explored. The results show that the application of TLS and commercially available software are versatile although not complete for analyses of different types of geometric variation. }, author_keywords={Laser scanning, deviation analyses, data acquisition, data registration, visualisation of deviation maps, demonstration of deformation analyses, geometric variations, enabling Lean with IT. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Korb2018, author={Korb, Samuel and Ballard, H. Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Believing Is Seeing: Paradigms as a Focal Point in the Lean Discourse}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={177-186}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1540}, doi={10.24928/2018/0208}, affiliation={PhD Student, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, shmuel.korb@technion.ac.il ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, mailto:ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={In many ways, the transition from traditional modes of management thinking and behavior to Lean approaches is what Kuhn referred to as a “paradigm shift”. Not only surface artifacts like behavior are different in a Lean organization – the most basic assumptions and patterns of thought are fundamentally different than those that have guided organizations for decades. The resulting paradigm gap between traditional thinkers and Lean thinkers may help to explain the conceptual disconnect between the two groups; the two have no common assumptions on which to base a productive dialogue about what degree of organizational excellence is possible. In this paper, we explain what paradigms are and why Lean management represents a paradigm shift. We then apply lessons learned from successful paradigm shifts in other fields to suggest what the Lean Construction community can do to nurture an industry-wide paradigm shift to Lean. By discussing this topic, we hope to bring the concept of paradigms to a position of greater prominence in the Lean discourse, in part helping Lean enthusiasts to understand why those mired in the traditional management paradigm just can’t seem to “get it” no matter how hard the latter group tries to explain. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Lean management, paradigms, paradigm shift }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hatoum2018, author={Hatoum, Makram Bou and Mustapha, Reina El and Nassar, Christelle and Zaheraldeen, Hayyan and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Lean Methods to Improve End User Satisfaction in Higher Education Buildings}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={187-198}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1541}, doi={10.24928/2018/0250}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, mnb23@mail.aub.edu ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department. American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, rse33@mail.aub.edu ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, cjn07@mail.aub.edu ; ; }, abstract={End user satisfaction is one of the major indices that attest to the success of a project in terms of adding value to the client. Therefore, in order to rate the overall functions of a facility, the fulfilment of end users' needs is to be taken into consideration during the whole project phase (i.e. design through operation). Many clients believe that allocating more resources to the project automatically guarantees the success of the project. What they fail to realize is that in most cases, success, which should be translated in end user satisfaction, relies more on how the project was thought of, planned, constructed and delivered. This paper presents the case study of a high-budget engineering complex. In this study, different end users of the facility were prompted to fill a comprehensive survey about the overall quality of the complex. Interviews were also conducted with the client representative and other parties who were involved during the design/construction phases. After results were analysed and compared, an evident contradiction was detected: end user satisfaction rates were relatively low whereas client’s representative overall satisfaction was optimistically high. Lean methods and tools were suggested that could be used to improve the design and delivery of similar facilities and establish a higher end user satisfaction rate. }, author_keywords={Post-Occupancy Evaluation, End User Satisfaction, Higher Education, Lean Construction, Building Performance }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dlouhy2018, author={Dlouhy, Janosch and Wans, Stephan and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Evaluation of Customer Value by Building Owners in the Construction Process}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={199-208}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1542}, doi={10.24928/2018/0393}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42168, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; M.Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-163-249-7705, stephan.wans@alumni.kit.edu ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={Lean Construction is mainly linked to the creation of value for the client/customer. Rarely do construction publications address methods or models to understand, determine, or define the core concept of this value. This paper gives an overview of existing approaches outside the construction sector and their applicability to the construction process is analyzed. The Means-End Model – widely used in scientific customer studies outside the Lean Construction context – is then investigated further and the Customer Value in the construction process is structured according to it. }, author_keywords={Value, Customer, Client, Building Owner, Value Management, Means-End Model. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khan2018, author={Khan, Sheriz and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Using Design Science Research and Action Research to Bridge the Gap Between Theory and Practice in Lean Construction Research}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={209-219}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1543}, doi={10.24928/2018/0409}, affiliation={PhD (Architecture), University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, Telephone: +1 (321) 674-0309, sherizkhan@yahoo.com ; Professorof Integrated Design/Associate Dean of Research and Enterprise, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom. Fax: (+44) 01484 472440, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={The descriptive approaches, like case study, interview, survey, observation and document analysis, widely used by the lean construction community to investigate managerial problems in the construction industry, typically provide explanations of problems and not solutions to them, leaving a gap between theory and practice. Two prescriptive approaches—design science research and action research—are therefore recommended. Design science research and action research offer alternative approaches for studying, understanding and solving practical problems and testing innovative solutions in design and construction management, for bridging the gap between theory and practice and for making academic research more relevant to practice.They can be used to develop and/or test solutions to managerial problems in the construction industry and generate new knowledge and/or theory.The purpose of this paper is to describe design science research and action research and discuss three cases of lean construction research in which these approaches were used effectively. }, author_keywords={Design Science Research (DSR), Action Research (AR), Lean Construction (LC), the Last Planner System (LPS), Benefit Realization }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Drevland2018, author={Drevland, Frode and Gonzalez, Vicente }, editor={ }, title={Determining Benefit - Understanding Buildings as Production System Assets}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={220-230}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1544}, doi={10.24928/2018/0484}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={Maximizing the client value delivered from construction projects is to large degree a matter of maximizing the benefit in use of the built asset. To do so, we must be able to accurately assess the benefits of a proposed solution at the time of design. While some authors have looked at simulation solutions for examining this issue, we believe that this research is putting the proverbial cart before the horse. A more fundamental understanding of what answers we seek is needed before considering how this technically speaking could be done. In this paper, we first develop an understanding of buildings as production assets from a production theoretical point of view by reviwing relevant production theory in the context of buildings. Therafter, we discuss what questions we must be able to answer to optimize building as production assets in light of the previously developed theoretical foundation. Finally, we discuss how these questions can principally be answered through different evaluation approaches. }, author_keywords={Fitness for purpose, theory, value }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Narmo2018, author={Narmo, Mikkel and Wondimu, Paulos Abebe and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Best Value Procurement (BVP) in a Mega Infrastructure Project}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={23-33}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1545}, doi={10.24928/2018/0285}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)/Project Engineer, Veidekke AS, Phone +47 99415674, narmo@live.no ; PhD Candidate, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway/Senior Engineer, Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA), Norway, +4790111814, paulos.wondimu@ntnu.no/ paulos.wondimu@vegvesen.no ; Assoc. prof., Dr.Ing., NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, +4791189938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={The Norwegian Government recently established a new public company called New Roads with the aim to create more value for money within road investment. To meet government expectations, New Roads has started to use Best Value Procurement (BVP) in mega infrastructure projects. BVP emphasizes contractor selection and risk management from the beginning of the project to add value and reduce waste in all project phases. The purpose of this research is to explore the experience of client and vendor personnel with the implementation of BVP so recommendations can be given for future application. In addition to a literature review, one of the first BVP projects was studied through 11 in-depth semi-structured interviews with key informants. Both client and vendor applauded the approach. Three significant shared positive experiences with the method were found: better risk management, realistic performance expectations, and efficient procurement procedure. BVP is one of several approaches that can be used to award contracts based on qualification rather than price. In addition, the method brings risk management to the beginning of the project. }, author_keywords={Best Value Procurement (BVP), Public Procurement, Infrastructure projects, Lean, ECI }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ankomah2018, author={Ankomah, Emmanuel N. and Ayarkwa, Joshua and Agyekum, Kofi }, editor={ }, title={Conceptual Framework for Capability and Capacity Building of SMEs for Lean Construction Adoption }, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={231-239}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1546}, doi={10.24928/2018/0495}, affiliation={Lecturer, Building Tech. Dept., Sunyani Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana, +233 244 590 709, bd310nsiah@gmail.com ; Professor, Building Tech. Dept., KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233 246 010 870, ayarkwajosh@yahoo.com ; Lecturer, Building Tech. Dept., KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, +233 246 761 879, agyekum.kofi1@gmail.com }, abstract={Lean construction (LC) is a production system with the potential to deliver exceptional performance within any organisation. LC is possible solution to the many problems faced by construction Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). However, Construction SMEs lack the needed resources which constraint their lean implementation efforts. A conceptual framework for capability and capacity building of Construction SMEs is developed based on the Toyota Way model. This research was conducted using systematic review of literature. The review suggests there is the need to build the capability and capacity of SMEs to fully adopt the LC philosophy. SMEs provide a challenging context for the implementation of LC due to their lack of the needed resources. The outcome of this study is to focus attention on building the capability and capacity of Construction SMEs to fully adopt LC. This will help reduce the incidence of high failure rates of LC implementation recorded amongst SMEs. Previous works have concentrated on what SMEs can and should do within their limited capacity. However, the use of the isolated tools and practices fail because lean is a system that has to be implemented holistically. A conceptual framework for building the capability and capacity of SMEs for LC adoption is therefore proposed. }, author_keywords={SMEs, Lean Construction, Capability and Capacity Building, Process, Value }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rischmoller2018, author={Rischmoller, Leonardo and Reed, Dean and Khanzode, Atul and Fischer, Martin }, editor={ }, title={Integration Enabled by Virtual Design & Construction as a Lean Implementation Strategy}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={240-249}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1547}, doi={10.24928/2018/0521}, affiliation={Business Analyst, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, LeonardoR@dpr.com ; Lean/Integration Advocate, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, DeanR@dpr.com ; Technology and Innovation Leader, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, AtulK@dpr.com ; Kumagai Professor of Engineering and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Director, Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, fischer@stanford.edu }, abstract={This theory paper probes the intersections of Lean, Mass Production and conventional Construction, Lean Construction, the Simple Framework for Integrating Project Delivery model, and Virtual Design and Construction (VDC). The authors argue that Toyota recognized that integration was necessary to achieve the goal of global optimization in design and production and that this imperative confronts Lean Construction today. They briefly describe the Simple Framework for Integrating Project Delivery as a system model to achieve the high level of integration required to deliver a valuable, highperforming building. Then they focus on how VDC fits within and enables the Simple Framework model, explaining each element of VDC and how project teams can leverage it to consistently deliver high-performing buildings. }, author_keywords={Theory, production, Lean Construction, Simple Framework for Integrating Project Delivery, Virtual Design &Construction }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2018, author={Koskela, Lauri and Tezel, Algan and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Why Visual Management?}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={250-260}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1548}, doi={10.24928/2018/0527}, affiliation={Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Lecturer, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, a.tezel@hud.ac ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={From early on, visual management (VM) has been an intrinsic ingredient of the Toyota Production System (TPS) and its derivatives like lean production. Akin to the evolution of most other parts of the TPS, it has been developed through practitioner efforts rather than being propelled by theoretical insights. Recently, scholars have started to create a theoretical knowledge base for VM. Besides taxonomies of visual devices and their functions, there is only one fully fledged theory of VM, based on the concept of affordance. It is contended here that the scholarly field of visual management has been too narrowly defined. In fact, research on (or bearing on) visual devices has been carried out in several other, mostly small fields, often with little mutual awareness. A review on the theoretical explanation of VM is provided, based on this wider literature. The concept of affordance has been used in this context already in early 1990s. This focuses attention especially to the human cognitive capabilities and corresponding features of visual devices. Generally, VM is argued to provide a more rapid and reliable mode of communication in comparison to traditional alternatives. VM is thus compatible with the lean tenets of time compression and variability reduction. This explains its central role in lean production. }, author_keywords={Visual management, lean production, cognition }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Drevland2018, author={Drevland, Frode and Tillmann, Patricia A. }, editor={ }, title={Value for Whom?}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={261-270}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1549}, doi={10.24928/2018/0533}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no ; Senior Lean Manager, University of California San Francisco, California, +14152799102, patricia.andretillmann@ucsf.edu }, abstract={Designing, building and optimising projects as production systems producing value can be said to be the aim of construction management from an engineering perspective. However, the question is whose value are we optimising the system for? The lean philosophy tells we should deliver value to all the projects customers. However, here anyone that is impacted by the project is considered a customer, not just the paying client. Do all customers matter and is delivering value for all of them of equal importance? In this paper, we explore this matter by first looking into the literature on stakeholder management. Finding no suitable answers there we attack the question by considering the motivations for delivering value by a literature review and interviews with industry professionals. Finally, we discuss the implications that considering the perspective of multiple stakeholders brings to project management. The paper argues that the key to deciding whose value matter lies in understanding the motivation for why valueis delivered. However, to what degrees different factors motivates someone will be highly dependent on their philosophical outlook, thus making the matter of value for whom a philosophical question. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, value, theory, value philosophy, stakeholder management }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Broft2018, author={Broft, Rafaella D. and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Supply Chain Management in Construction From a Production Theory Perspective}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={271-281}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1550}, doi={10.24928/2018/0538}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, The Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, University College London, United Kingdom, r.d.broft@gmail.com ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Production management in construction is moving away from conventional construction management. The correctives to this model have been explicitly or implicitly based on flow and value principles. Supply Chain Management (SCM) is often presented as suitable for efficient management of construction production, but its successful implementation in the industry remains limited, particularly at the lower tiers of the construction supply chain. This paper takes a closer look at SCM – an analysis from the production perspective might help to create a better understanding of the concept and the key principles presented could be prescriptive in the further development of SCM in construction. }, author_keywords={Construction management, supply chain management, production theory, key principles }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Patel2018, author={Patel, Vyoma Vipul and Karia, Nimitt and Pandit, Devanshu }, editor={ }, title={Identifying Value Enhancing Factors and Applicability of Visual Management Tools}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={282-293}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1551}, doi={10.24928/2018/0239}, affiliation={Undergraduate student, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, India, +91 99785 01302, vyoma.v.patel@gmail.com ; Managing Partner, development2020 and visiting professor, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, India, +91 98797 99213, nimittkaria@gmail.com ; Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, +91 7698987575, devanshu@cept.ac.in }, abstract={A significant amount of capital has been invested in AECO industry for many decades to support public and private initiatives. Therefore, getting reasonable value from the investment is pivotal for any developing nation. Interpretation of the value varies according to the importance and influence of the stakeholders in the project hence knowing its perception is significant. Maximising value is one of the foundations of the lean construction approaches. On the other hand, as Indian construction industry is gearing up for lean construction and its applications, understanding the meaning of the value in local context become significant. Moreover, visual management and its applications in construction have shown promising results. Therefore, how well they can address value maximization in Indian construction context is answered via conducted research. This paper helps to understand the perception of the value in the Indian construction industry through semi-structured interviews of construction professionals. Additionally, value increasing factors are identified in the construction phase of the project, subsequently; lean visual tools are applied to identify factors. The results demonstrate that the visual management tools have potential to increase value in the construction phase of Indian construction projects. }, author_keywords={Value, Visual Tools, Construction phase, Factors, Indian construction projects }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bordin2018, author={Bordin, Mateus F. and Dall'Agnol, André and Dall'Agnol, Alexandre and Lantelme, Elvira M.V. and Costella, Marcelo F. }, editor={ }, title={Kaizen - Analysis of the Implementation of the A3 Reporting Tool in a Steel Structure Company}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={294-304}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1552}, doi={10.24928/2018/0265}, affiliation={Master's student in Civil Engineering, Faculdade Meridional IMED, mateus-bordin@hotmail.com ; Master's student in Civil Engineering, Faculdade Meridional IMED, andre.dallagnol@medabil.com.b ; Master's student in Civil Engineering, Faculdade Meridional IMED, ale@intelldesign.com.br ; Phd in Civil Engineering, Faculdade Meridional IMED, elvira.lantelme@imed.edu.br ; Phd in Production Engineering, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (UNOCHAPECÓ) and Faculdade Meridional IMED, costella@unochapeco.edu.br }, abstract={The A3 report is a Kaizen tool that must contain, on one side of an A3 paper sheet, a context, the current situation, the objective, an analysis, countermeasures, an action plan, the monitoring and an upgrade regarding the situation to be improved. This study seeks to analyze the post-implementation effects of the A3 tool, which is part of the Kaizen method. The research method consisted in the collection and evaluation of A3 reports produced in the past seven years in a company of pre-fabricated steel structures. Among the 154 developed A3 reports, it was observed that 76% were drafted by the engineering and manufacturing departments, which converged on the improvement of processes, services and innovative solutions. The manufacturing and assembly sectors had 60% of the improvements implemented by the A3 tool, but the impacts with the greatest economic significance for the company were found in other sectors, such as sales and logistics. The conclusion is drawn that the A3 report was effective in the deployment of Kaizen, resulting in the improvement of services and processes, and consequently in the direct reduction of the cost of the finished product. In addition, it influenced market and business expansion strategies throughout the company. }, author_keywords={Kaizen, A3 report, Optimization of Services and Processes }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Malaeb2018, author={Malaeb, Zeina and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={A Lean Perspective of Stakeholder Integration in Public Private Partnerships}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={3-12}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1553}, doi={10.24928/2018/0217}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, +96176701078, zmm17@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, +96170680523, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={The Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) is the party representing the private sector in a Public Private Partnership (PPP), and combines a number of stakeholders including equity shareholders, designers, contractors, and service providers under one umbrella. Consequently, the key to ensuring successful project delivery is achieving an efficient integration of the different SPV stakeholders involved, to deliver the project as a unified entity. However, the SPV’s stakeholder management role is highly under-investigated in the literature, and no studies have attempted to explore SPV stakeholder integration. This highlights a significant need to do so, considering that the former is both a prerequisite and a driver of PPP project success. This research aims to address this need through generating a list of SPV characteristics that reflect stakeholder collaboration and developing Critical Success Factors (CSFs) to measure the level of SPV stakeholder integration, based on concepts projected from the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) system. The aforementioned factors relate to the project’s organization structures, commercial frameworks, and operating systems and processes. This research is the first of its kind that aims to investigate the SPV’s integration level, from a holistic IPD perspective, as an enabler of successful relationship management. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, Critical Success Factors (CSFs), Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Public Private Partnership (PPP), Stakeholder Integration }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2018, author={Gomez, Christy P. and Hamid, Hashima }, editor={ }, title={ISO and Lean Can Contribute to a Culture of Continuous Improvement}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={305-315}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1554}, doi={10.24928/2018/0270}, affiliation={Associate Professor, UTHM – Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, +6 012 537 7247, cpgomez@uthm.edu.my or cpgomez21@gmail.com ; Lecturer, UTHM – Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, +6 019 730 1780, hashima@uthm.edu.my }, abstract={There is increasing “acceptance” that compliance to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Quality Management Systems is adequate to secure the full benefits of continuous improvement (CI) practice. This appears to detract construction organizations from developing CI practice that can significantly contribute to a culture of CI. This paper proposes that implementation of the Last Planner System (LPS) for improving construction project planning and scheduling (P&S), based on lean construction’s TFV theory, can contribute to CI culture within an ISO QMS compliance framework. It is argued that claims regarding lean construction as being amongst one of the many construction improvement ‘panaceas’ that are non-contextual, generic solutions that are reductionist ‘bolt-on’ models of change are rather unfounded. In order to substantiate the above argument a CI maturity model was developed based on CI critical success factors based on a Delphi survey, and the CI maturity level of ISOcertified and non-ISO certified construction contracting organizations in the P&S process was compared. 39 ISO-certified and 57 non-ISO certified contractor’s CI maturity was analyzed using independent t-test. Although the ISO-certified organizations’ CI maturity level was higher, the general maturity level was low, warranting serious consideration for the application of LPS. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, continuous improvement, Last Planner System, ISO-certified organizations }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rizk2018, author={Rizk, Ruba and Sobh, Dana and Yassin, Abd Allah Abou and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Studying the Mindset of Corruption in the Construction Industry - A Lean Perspective}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={316-325}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1555}, doi={10.24928/2018/0282}, affiliation={Masters Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +961 71 283 626, rmr24@mail.aub.edu ; Masters Student, Industrial Engineering. Dept., American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +961 71 537 981, dns12@mail.aub.edu ; Masters Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., American University of Beirut, Lebanon, +961 3 043 626, awa19@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., American University of Beirut, Lebanon,+961 70 680 523, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Studies have shown that the construction industry practice involves corruption. Several factors such as the complexity of the project and organizations involved coupled with scarce sanctions on corrupt activities are basic hurdles for reducing corruption. Lebanon’s construction industry is no exception since it is one of the developing countries that lack anti-corruption processes. The aim of this study is to (1) investigate the mindset behind unethical behavior in construction that has detrimental effects on the community and (2) suggest lean-based frameworks that can impact processes and behavior to reduce corruption. Surveys were conducted to better assess the level of awareness of the Lebanese community with regards to corruption, identify existing mitigation methods, and evaluate the importance and feasibility of integrating lean culture into the construction industry. Respondents do not consider some basic corrupt actions to be a serious problem indicating that there is a need for more efforts to raise the community’s awareness to the significance of fighting corruption. An anti-corruption framework was designed using lean principles and tools was suggested to better mitigate and control corrupt acts in the Lebanese construction industry. Results show that the construction industry seems ready to accommodate this change. Nevertheless, it must happen at a low pace. }, author_keywords={Corruption, Lean, Lebanon, Bribery, Anti-Corruption Tools, Integrity }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aslesen2018, author={Aslesen, Andreas R. and Nordheim, Runar and Varegg, Bjørn and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={IPD in Norway}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={326-336}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1556}, doi={10.24928/2018/0284}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 7A, 7491 Trondheim ; M.Sc. student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU ; M.Sc. Lead Contract and Procurement, Vestfold Hospital Trust ; Associate professor, dr.ing, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU }, abstract={As projects become more complex and uncertain, the challenge of increasing productivity and improving project outcome becomes greater. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) seeks to improve project performance through a high level of collaboration between key participants. Although IPD is a well-known delivery model, only a single project has implemented this approach in the Norwegian construction industry: The Tønsberg Project. The purpose of this study is to identify which theoretical IPD elements are used in this project, document experiences from IPD and provide recommendations for the delivery of future IPD projects in Norway. This article presents research based on a comprehensive literature review and a case study of the first Norwegian IPD project. The case study consists of a document review and 9 semi-structured interviews with key informants. The experiences established through this research indicate that a higher level of collaboration facilitates innovative design and effective execution. The interviewees consider IPD to have potential to improve the performance of future projects but describe change in culture to be crucial for project success. This study presents challenges and benefits experienced in The Tønsberg Project. It provides practitioners with a framework of theoretical IPD elements and first-hand experiences with how these elements can affect project performance. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), collaboration, trust, case study, recommendations }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Binninger2018, author={Binninger, Marco and Dlouhy, Janosch and Schneider, Johannes and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Analysis of the Activities of Site and Project Managers – Implications From the Perspective of Creating Value}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={337-347}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1557}, doi={10.24928/2018/0315}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, marco.binninger@googlemail.com ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, janosch.dlouhy@bmw.de ; M.Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, johannes.schneider6@student.kit.edu ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={Construction projects are complex and include various processes, which have to be managed by a construction team. The position of a site manager or project manager (below we will use the term construction manager (CM)) plays an important role for the success of projects, because this position has the responsibility for the process organisation within the project. Studies show construction managers are typically exposed to a high level of stress. One German study from 1997 shows clearly the degree and effects of a high stress level. A major factor for inefficiency and a catalyst for stress could be a lack of transparency and missing communication inside a construction team. The paper describes the results of a study of the daily activities of construction managers. Six individuals were accompanied and interviewed. In total 55 hours of observation have been undertaken to analyse the daily routine at this organisational level in projects. Based on the results of this analysis the authors propose improvements for construction managers. The proposal is based on the idea to structure the daily work routine of a construction manager. This helps to reduce the frequent changes and interruptions in activities, so construction managers can concentrate on value creating activities. }, author_keywords={Site manager, project manager, stress, daily routine, transparency, daily meetings }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2018, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Hannås, Gøril and Frislie, Grethe and Skaar, John }, editor={ }, title={Transformation From Design-Bid-Build to Design-Build Contracts in Road Construction}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={34-45}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1558}, doi={10.24928/2018/0394}, affiliation={Professor, Dr. Ing, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway; e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Associate professor, PhD, Faculty of business and law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway; e-mail: goril.hannas@uia.no ; Research Assistant, M.Sc, Faculty of business and law, Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway; e-mail: grethe.frislie@uia.no ; Assistant professor, M.Sc., Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway; e-mail: john.skaar@uia.no }, abstract={This article was triggered by a public client opting to change contracting strategy on a pre-designed 4-lane motorway project from design-bid-build to design-build contract. The goal for the client is to build roads cheaper and faster with the greatest possible economic benefits for society. In the article, we ask: Which changes associated with the transition from a design-bidbuild to a design-build contract can be identified in the contractual relationship between the public developer, contractor and subcontractors? The article focuses on changes in relation to constructability, construction time and costs, and discusses the issues of quality and customer value. The study is theoretically related to the principal-agent theory and transaction cost theory, where the threat of opportunistic behaviour is central. This is also seen through the lens of the Lean Construction triangle, which focuses on the need for harmonisation between commercial element in the contract, organisation and production. We analyse the case in relation to three propositions:  Design-build offers incentives that result in better constructability than design0bid-build contracts.  Design-build results in lower production costs and faster construction than design0bid-build contracts.  Quality and customer value come under pressure in design-build contracts. The first proposition seems to be confirmed by the empirical analysis. Production cost is, however, not the same as the price for the client. It is more uncertainty related to the third proposition. An important finding is that the developer’s change in strategy seems to result in a radical change in working conditions for the consulting design and engineering companies, as well as to a great degree for the head contractor. A strong relationship between the contractor and consulting engineers is especially important to ensure success in terms of execution, and we find indications that alliances have been formed between the parties. }, author_keywords={Contract form, constructability, cost, progress, customer value }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simon2018, author={Simon, S. Manna and Varghese, Koshy }, editor={ }, title={Assessment of Organizational Culture in Construction – A Case Study Approach}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={348-357}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1559}, doi={10.24928/2018/0396}, affiliation={Doctoral Research Scholar, Building Technology & Construction Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of TechnologyMadras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.mannasimon92@gmail.com ; Professor, Building Technology & Construction Management Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. koshy@iitm.ac.in }, abstract={Recent studies suggest that Lean concepts can be successfully adopted only when it is aligned with the organizational culture (OC). OC can be defined as the shared values and beliefs of people, according to which they perceive, react and act in any situation. For sustained and effective adoption of Lean, it is important to institute Lean philosophy in the core culture of an organization. To enable effective adoption, it is important to analyze and understand the organizational culture and its dimensions before inducing a change management strategy for sustaining Lean. The objective of this study is to understand the impact of prominent cultural dimensions on the different management levels of employees. The paper presents, results and discussion of an exploratory study conducted using a case study approach. A construction company based in a metropolitan city in India was chosen based on its active program in Lean implementation. To analyze the cultural dimensions of the organization, Competing Values Framework (CVF) was chosen. The key dimensions based on which CVF assess the OC are dominant characteristics, management of employees, organizational leadership, organizational glue, criteria for success and strategic emphases. The data was collected through “Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI)” and the target respondents were the top-management and middle-management staff. The data was analyzed by standard scoring mechanisms, to arrive at the particular type of organizational culture. Apart from the questionnaires, views, and opinions from the experts were also taken. From the study, it was found that the perception of employees about the organizational culture varies with different management levels, which might be a potential threat to sustain Lean philosophy. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for detailed understanding on the impacts of cultural dimensions in an organization. }, author_keywords={Change Management, Commitment, Lean Construction, Lean Culture, Organizational Culture. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Berg2018, author={Berg, Ingrid Løvendahl and Lombardo, Sebastiano and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Innovation with Creative Collaborative Practices}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={358-369}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1560}, doi={10.24928/2018/0397}, affiliation={M. Sc. Student, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +4798049668, ingridlb@stud.ntnu.no ; Adjunct Assosiate Professor, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway, +4793012003, sebastiano.lombardo@bi.no ; Associate professor, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +4791189938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={Lean is about solving problems related to reducing waste while maximizing value. The project team of the construction project Bispevika in Norway is working on how creative collaborative practices can be performed in problem-solving processes. This paper considers following research questions: Which creative collaborative practices are implemented in Bispevika? What are the experiences of these practices? How to improve these practices in future projects? In addition to observations on site within design and procurement, interviews of the project managers as well as a document study based on received project material is carried out to identify creative collaborative practices. A literature study on trust in collaboration, creative processes and creativity and innovation in lean is also presented. The engagement of an innovation manager as a facilitator combined with his own research on creative practices contributes to the overall vision of being an innovative project. The executed method is based on a four-phased process leading to the choice of best solution to a case. By using a strategy of creating winning teams and focusing on trust in these collaborations, the project is aiming at innovating the way projects are managed in the future. Identified creative collaborative practices with proposed adjustments are presented. }, author_keywords={Creativity, collaboration, innovation, trust, problem-solving processes }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sainath2018, author={Sainath, Yeshwant and Varghese, Koshy and Raghavan, N }, editor={ }, title={Framework for Progressive Evaluation of Lean Construction Maturity Using Multi-Dimensional Matrix}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={358-369}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1561}, doi={10.24928/2018/0416}, affiliation={Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India, yeshwant0311@gmail.com ; Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India,koshy@iitm.ac.in ; Professor of Practice, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India,nraghavan@iitm.ac.in }, abstract={Lean is a culture-based management system essentially aimed at waste elimination, thereby creating value for the customer. It is a transformation journey and to evaluate the progress on this journey at any time, the achieved state of maturity has to be assessed. We argue that Lean Construction management spans three stages or phases - Physical (Activity-based) Manifestation, Behavioral (Culture-based) Manifestation and Strategic (Long-term) Manifestation. To evaluate the progress on this journey and assess the state of Lean maturity achieved across a project or the entire organization at any stage, a host of factors needs to be considered. The distinctive factors relating to each of the above three stages are initially identified by literature survey and interviews. These factors are then assigned with different individual weights through findings from a detailed questionnaire survey. A weighted factor model is then developed to assess the overall maturity at project and organizational levels. The Lean scores for the various factors are shown on a Spider Radar and a bar chart and overall maturity level is plotted on a normative Lean maturity progression curve spanning across the three stages. The model was developed based on data collected from 25 Lean practitioners across six organizations, which are implementing Lean construction in their sites. The model was then applied to projects of four different organizations and the Lean Construction Maturity Ratings were calculated. These scores were then discussed with experts to validate whether the scores appropriately reflected, in an overall qualitative sense, the Lean maturity of the projects surveyed. In view of the low level of spread of Lean practices across the Industry in this country, assessment of Lean maturity across an entire organization has not been taken up so far. }, author_keywords={Lean Culture, Lean Construction Maturity level, Normative Progression Curve, Questionnaire Survey, Lean practices. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ravi2018, author={Ravi, Ramakrishnan and Lædre, Ola and Fosse, Roar and Vaidyanathan, Kalyan and Svalestuen, Fredrik }, editor={ }, title={The Last Planner System: Comparing Indian and Norwegian Approaches}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={381-391}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1562}, doi={10.24928/2018/0421}, affiliation={MSc Candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 96711277, ramakrir@stud.ntnu.no ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no ; Regional Manager, Lean Construction, Skanska, Oslo, Norway, +4793444588, roar.fosse@skanska.no ; CEO, Nadhi Information Technologies, 22 Venkatraman Street, T. Nagar, Chennai 600017. India; Phone: +91 97910 41483; kalyanv@nadhi.in ; Ph.D. Candidate, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway/Design Manager, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, +47 986 73 172, fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no }, abstract={Construction projects around the world currently use the Last planner system (LPS) with different approaches. In this paper, we compare the Indian and Norwegian industry because of their contrasting cultural settings, in order to gather experiences and formulate possible improvements to their LPS approaches. A general literature study regarding LPS and its components was carried out. Data from two cases in India and six cases in Norway were collected with the help of three case specific and five general interviews. The study revealed similarities in scheduling and planning, root cause and constraint analysis, PPC measurements (daily and weekly) during the meetings. The major difference was that the Indian companies use LPS as a problem solving technique in the middle of the project and the Norwegian companies use it proactively as a part of their system. A major conclusion drawn in the paper is that the participants felt more ownership to the schedule and the activities after the introduction of LPS. It became a promise of what they could do, rather than an order from the manager. }, author_keywords={Last planner system, Hofstede Analysis, People, Culture and Change }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ranadewa2018, author={Ranadewa, K.A.T.O. and Sandanayake, Y.G. and Siriwardena3, Mohan }, editor={ }, title={Enabling Lean Among Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Contractors in Sri Lanka}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={392-401}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1563}, doi={10.24928/2018/0428}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, +94772266488, tharushar@uom.lk ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, +94112650738ysandanayake@uom.lk ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom, +44(0)1512312867, M.L.Siriwardena@ljmu.ac.uk }, abstract={Lack of sufficient attention to the possible benefits of adopting lean concept has hindered the performance of small and medium enterprise (SME) contractors in Sri Lanka. Insufficient knowledge on minimising non-value adding activities (NVAA) is considered as the major barrier to implementing lean. Moreover, there is a lack of empirical research identifying NVAA, in order to trigger lean adoption in Sri Lankan SME contractors. Hence, the paper investigates NVAA, their significance and the causes, which hinder lean implementation in Sri Lankan SME contractors. A literature review, followed by five case studies were carried out, and the data were analysed using 5-why analysis. According to findings, lean construction is still a relatively unfamiliar approach among SME contractors in Sri Lanka. Some organisations follow lean techniques in an ad-hoc manner without an adequate understanding of the concept. The studyfurther identified defects, inventory and waiting as major NVAA categories relevant to SME contractors. Lack of finance, insufficient training, cultural inertia, lack of individual capacities, lack of networking and collaboration, and lack of action learning were identified as the root causes for NVAA of SME contractors. Although respondents expressed their willingness to implement lean to enhance value, they identified lack of capacities as a major constraint against enabling lean adoption among SME contractors in Sri Lanka. }, author_keywords={SME Contractors, Lean Construction, Case Studies, Sri Lanka }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salazar2018, author={Salazar, Luis A. and Ballard, Glenn and Arroyo, Paz and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Indicators for Observing Elements of Linguistic Action Perspective in Last Planner® System}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={402-411}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1564}, doi={10.24928/2018/0441}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Researcher – GEPUC, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, lasalaza@uc.cl ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720- 1712, USA, +1 415 710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, parroyo@ing.puc.cl ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={The implementation of the Last Planner® System increases the reliability of planning and performance levels through the management of commitments. So far, the conversations during which commitments are set at planning meetings have not been analyzed in sufficient depth. However, this analysis is essential to generate reliable commitments that reduce the uncertainty and variability of projects. The research reported in this paper moves toward this analysis by developing indicators of commitments based on the Linguistic Action Perspective, developed by Fernando Flores. Indicators of commitments (i.e. definition of roles and responsibilities, declaration of the relevance of each commitment); requests and promises (i.e. making the deadline explicit); and foundations of trust (i.e. reliability), were developed and tested based on the methodology “Design Science Research”. To verify the feasibility of measuring these indicators, a pilot test was conducted, which consisted of a Villego® Simulation applied to a group of students. Given the nature of this simulation, only part of the indicators could be verified, while the remainder is currently being verified through observation on site. The indicators that were validated are a useful tool to measure, control and improve the management of commitments in planning meetings, as they provide fast and specific feedback on these aspects, which undoubtedly enriches implementation of the Last Planner® System. }, author_keywords={Linguistic Action Perspective, Last Planner® System, Commitments Management, Villego® Simulation, Planning meetings. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cisterna2018, author={Cisterna, Diego and Heyl, Jakob von and Alarcón, Daniela M. and Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Application of Social Network Analysis in Lean and Infrastructure Projects}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={412-421}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1565}, doi={10.24928/2018/0483}, affiliation={MSc. in Infrastructure Planning, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany. Civil Engineer, University of Chile,Santiago, Chile. diego.cisterna.c@gmail.com ; Ph.D. candidate, Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing, University of Stuttgart, Senior Project Consultant, Drees & Sommer Stuttgart, Germany, jakob.vonheyl@dreso.com ; Project Consultant, Production Management Consultants – GEPRO, Padre Mariano 82, Office 202, Providencia, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7050, dalarcon@gepro.cl ; Ph.D. candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile, Professor School of Civil Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl ; Professor, Ph.D., Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={The communication structures between project participants have a great influence on the success of a project. Some can be described explicitly but most are informal and tacit. Social Network Analysis (SNA) is a tool to identify and model actual social structures with a set of metrics. This paper examines the application of SNA in German, Swiss and Chilean construction projects in order to identify the suitability of SNA in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. The scope of the present work focuses on differences when applying SNA to projects and organizations, influence of project complexity, cultural aspects and the use of SNA-metrics for a project benchmarking. }, author_keywords={Social network analysis (SNA), information flow, collaborative work, organizational design }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hunt2018, author={Hunt, Richard J. and Gonzalez, Vicente A. }, editor={ }, title={Innovation in the New Zealand Construction Industry – Diffusion of the Last Planner System}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={422-431}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1566}, doi={10.24928/2018/0486}, affiliation={Associate, Decisionz Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand +64 22 417 3223, r.hunt@decisio.co.nz ; Senior Lecturer, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, +64 21 877 134, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={Globally, the development, diffusion, and adoption of innovation within the construction industry has been shown to occur at significantly slower rates than other industries. This is due to a number of complexities which define the construction industry itself. One particular innovation which appears to be gaining momentum globally as a new standard in construction management is Lean Construction, and in particular, the Last Planner System of production control. The purpose of, and aims of this paper is to determine whether the views of New Zealand construction industry stakeholders regarding innovation align with the literature; to gauge to which degree The Last Planner System has been diffused within the New Zealand industry, and to gain an insight into stakeholder perspectives of The Last Planner System as an innovation. The study covered a range of industry stakeholders consisting of consultants, contractors, and project owners. The results of these interviews suggest that the challenges of construction innovation within New Zealand are consistent with the global outlook; diffusion of The Last Planner System is in its early stages and there is much scepticism within the industry as to the likelihood of its widespread adoption. }, author_keywords={Innovation, Last Planner System, New Zealand, Lean Construction, Perspective }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2018, author={Schöttle, Annett and Tillmann, Patrícia A. }, editor={ }, title={Explaining the Benefits of Team Goals to Support Collaboration}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={432-441}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1567}, doi={10.24928/2018/0490}, affiliation={PhD Candidate at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Advisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Fritz Gehbauer, M.S.& Senior Consultant at Refine Projects AG, Stuttgart, Germany, +4915156561529,annett.schoettle@protonmail.com ; Senior Lean Manager, University of California San Francisco, California, +1415-279-9102, patricia.andretillmann@ucsf.edu }, abstract={The importance of a collaborative environment to achieve success in projects has been widely discussed in the literature and different mechanisms have been developed and introduced to support a collaborative approach to construction projects, i.e. new forms of agreement, new office arrangements, financial incentives, a shared risk and reward approach, the development of shared goals, etc. However, the literature related to these mechanisms is predominantly prescriptive, with little evidence and justification on why some of these mechanisms might be important to support collaboration. In this paper, we focus on discussing the development of shared goals as a means to support collaboration. We collected findings from two case studies in which an explicit process for goal setting and tracking was used to emphasize a collaborative environment. The technique used in these projects are not new and have been documented elsewhere. However, the benefits of these kind of techniques to support collaboration have not been fully explored in the lean construction community. Thus, the intent of this paper is to report some of the benefits that a goal setting exercise brought to two construction projects while having a theoretical discussion to explain why such process can be beneficial and should also be considered - along with other mechanisms - as an important element to support collaboration. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, commitment, goals-setting, process, vision }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2018, author={Arroyo, Paz and Schöttle, Annett and Christensen, Randi and Alves, Thais and Costa, Dayana Bastos and Parrish, Kristen and Tsao, Cynthia }, editor={ }, title={Impact of Gender Bias on Career Development &Work Engagement in the Oaec Industry & Lean Practice}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={442-451}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1568}, doi={10.24928/2018/0496}, affiliation={Asst.Prof., Catholic University of Chile parroyo@ing.puc.cl; Senior Coach, Lean Project Consulting, USA, parroyo@leanproject.com ; Senior Consultant, Refine Projects AG, GER, annett.schoettle@refineprojects.com ; Lean Manager, Lower Thames Crossing, COWI, UK, RMCH@cowi.com ; Associate Prof., CCEE Dept., San Diego State Univ., USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Associate Prof., PPEC Program, Fed. Univ. of Bahia, Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br ; Asst.Prof., DEW School of Constr., Arizona State U., USA, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu ; Dir. Lean Strategy, Consigli Constr. Co.; Owner, Navilean, research@navilean.com }, abstract={This paper examines findings from a gender bias study in the Owner, Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (OAEC) industry. By definition, a bias is a deviation from what is normal, which is defined by social norms. If different attitudes towards male vs. female co-workers exist, then one group may gain subtle yet impactful advantages in career development and work engagement. To what extent does this happen within the OAEC industry, including lean construction practice? While several industries studied the negative impact of gender bias on women in the workplace, this has not been studied in the lean construction community. Thus, this study fills the gap. Lean is based on respect for people and continuous improvement. Do these principles translate into more equitable experiences in promoting ideas, and in career development and work engagement for men and women in the OAEC industry? Regardless, if gender biases are acknowledged, then what programs exist or might exist to provide support to the disadvantaged group and level the playing field? The authors addressed these questions by administering a survey over social networks. This paper highlights initial results to raise awareness of the existence and impact of gender bias and begin exploring methods to overcome it. }, author_keywords={Gender Bias, Career Development, Work Engagement, Lean, Respect, Change Management }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2018, author={Gomez, Sulyn and Ballard, Glenn and Naderpajouh, Nader and Ruiz, Santiago }, editor={ }, title={Integrated Project Delivery for Infrastructure Projects in Peru}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={452-462}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1569}, doi={10.24928/2018/0506}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907- 2051, USA., +1 765 775-6583 (corresponding author), sgomezvi@purdue.edu ; Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712., +1 415 710-5531, gballard@berkeley.edu ; Lecturer, School of Property, Construction, and Project Management, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3001, +61 484 241-228, nnp@rmit.edu.au ; Academy Director, Graña y Montero Group, Lima15047, Peru, +51 992-789-608, sruiz@gym.com.pe }, abstract={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) implies a transformational change of the behavior and project’s means and methods used by project participants. The aim is to break down the traditional silos of construction and to improve collaboration, communication, and alignment between different stakeholders of a project. As infrastructure projects are often more complex, integration is more necessary in these projects. In this paper, the authors explore introduction of the IPD concept and its strategies into infrastructure projects in Peru, and explore the contextual nuances of the adaptation of the concept and associated challenges. While some Lean construction concepts have been increasingly adopted in Peru with support of Peru’s Lean Construction Institute, there is still a lack of knowledge in the market about IPD, its principles, and tools to facilitate implementation. The authors studied a company that recently aimed to change current practices through fostering colocation of stakeholders in early stages and involvement of key partners in early stages of decision-making. Evidence shows some challenges to overcome to effectively work collaboratively in a common space. This paper explores the maturity of the industry in Peru, identifies potential challenges for implementing IPD, and proposes steps to foster integration. Proposed steps include developing a sense of community and training participants in IPD related concepts, basic principles, means, and tools as well as incentivizing participants. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Peru, infrastructure projects, integration, collaboration, early involvement, co-location, new market, developing countries. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nguyen2018, author={Nguyen, Hung V. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Martin, Paul }, editor={ }, title={Process-Based Cost Modeling Framework and Case Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={46-57}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1570}, doi={10.24928/2018/0523}, affiliation={ BIM Process Manager, Herrero Builders, Inc. 2100 Oakdale Ave, San Franc., CA 94124, Lecturer, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., UC Berkeley, hung-nguyen@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-6625-2962. ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, +1 510 643-8678, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941- 6596 ; Project Exec. at XL Construction, Inc. 343 Sansome St. Suite 505 San Franc., CA 94104, Adj. Professor, UC Davis Extension, California, pmartin@xlconstruction.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9148-6891. }, abstract={This paper provides a theoretical basis with reasons why traditional cost modeling methods are insufficient to support project delivery whereby product and process design are integrated and rapid cost feedback facilitates trade off analysis between multiple design alternatives. Traditional cost models do not sufficiently reflect cost changes due to changes in process design. This prompted our research into an alternative cost modeling method able to: (1) specify cost changes due to changes in product design, (2) specify cost changes due to changes in process design, and (3) provide rapid cost feedback to assist decision making during design/planning phases. This led to developing the Processbased Cost Modeling (PBCM) framework that is presented in this paper. The PBCM framework includes three phases: (1) collecting process and cost data, (2) mapping this data to Building Information Model (BIM) objects, and (3) providing cost feedback during design. The key contribution of this framework for modeling cost is that it takes into account product and process design features and can thus serve integrated project delivery teams while they explore production system design alternatives }, author_keywords={Process-based Cost Modeling, Cost Estimating, Target Value Design, Lean construction }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2018, author={Arroyo, Paz and Long, David }, editor={ }, title={Collaborative Design Decisions}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={463-472}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1571}, doi={10.24928/2018/0509}, affiliation={Adjunct Assistant Professor, Universidad Católica de Chile parroyo@ing.puc.cl and Senior Coach, LeanProject Consulting CA, USA, parroyo@leanproject.com ; Principal, David Long Consulting CA, USA, longd2@me.com }, abstract={Decision making on projects is often done in isolated silos, lacking collaboration and communication between teams. This modality often leads to inefficiencies due to late changes in the design and the need for rework. Team moods decay when there is lack of a clearly defined decision-making process, provoking frustration and apathy. This paper presents a case study that demonstrates how the implementation of lean ideas and methods, specifically A3 reports and Choosing by Advantages (CBA), helped a team evolve their process beyond a traditional decision-making strategy. The researchers used a unique approach to observe the decision-making process as conversation for action to help the team overcome challenges. This paper quantifies the impacts of simultaneously implementing A3 and CBA in terms of saving money and reducing time in meetings. In addition, the research presents qualitative results in terms of improving the project design and creating a team capable of making efficient and sound decisions. }, author_keywords={Decision-making, Target Value Design, Set-Based Design, Choosing By Advantages, A3 reports, Language Action. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomes2018, author={Gomes, Danilo and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Building Shared Understanding During Early Design}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={473-483}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1572}, doi={10.24928/2018/0516}, affiliation={PhD candidate in Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, danilo.gomes@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, Associate Dean Research and Enterprise, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Early Design Collaboration in construction projects can be hampered by misunderstandings between team members. Consequently, design actions are not supported by all, causing delays and frustration. This paper presents a study aiming to capture (a) misunderstandings between participants at early design stages, and (b) how these individuals resolved such misunderstandings through shared understanding. Anexploratory case study was conducted to investigate collaborative interactions of a Design Team, in an Architecture Office in San Francisco (USA). Data was collected during a concept design charrette focused at the building envelope of a Medical Office Building. Results from Protocol Analysis revealed misunderstandings emerging through independent actions and wrong assumptions among the participants, which triggered breakdowns in communication and the use of metaphors to construct shared understanding. This paper proposes a conceptual framework to explain the dynamics of shared understanding in early design stages, which could be used to help design teams to map, reflect about and improve their collaborative interactions. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, Early Design, Shared Understanding, Social Construction, Design Team }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hackler2018, author={Hackler, Cory and Byse, Erika and Alves, Thais da C. L. and Reed, Dean }, editor={ }, title={Lean Leadership Training: Lessons From a Learner-Centered Analysis}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={484-494}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1573}, doi={10.24928/2018/0522}, affiliation={DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA. CoryHa@dpr.com ; DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85034, ErikaB@dpr.com ; Associate Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Engineering, San Diego State University, USA, talves@sdsu.edu ; DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA. DeanR@dpr.com }, abstract={This paper presents an analysis of a Lean Leadership (LL) training program initiated by the company about two years ago. The program’s main goal was to disseminate Lean throughout the company, which has been using Lean principles in its projects for about 20 years. So far, the LL program has reached over 280 participants. The program is constantly analysed via feedback provided by participants, however, no detailed analysis like the one presented herein has been conducted and shared. Participants of the program were requested to provide feedback about the program by answering a survey designed to capture their background and impressions the training.Data revealed that respondents with different roles, mostly related to field tasks, are attending the program and would recommend it to others. Most respondents consider themselves Lean leaders and educate others on Lean content. Respect for people, use of visuals, go and see, and use of PlanDo-Check-Act (PDCA) have been reported as Lean tools and principles constantly used. By sharing the lessons learned about this program, the authors expect to contribute to the change management and education literature within the Lean community. }, author_keywords={Lean leadership, training, Lean journey, change }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Long2018, author={Long, David and Arroyo, Paz }, editor={ }, title={Language, Moods, and Improving Project Performance}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={495-504}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1574}, doi={10.24928/2018/0541}, affiliation={Principal, David Long Consulting CA, USA, longd2@me.com ; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Universidad Católica de Chile parroyo@ing.puc.cl and Senior Coach, LeanProject Consulting CA, USA, parroyo@leanproject.com }, abstract={Compared to other industries, the construction sector has lagged in improving productivity. Effective performance, of which productivity is an indicator, is facilitated by conversation that clearly identifies necessary steps to achieve common goals. The type of language used in productive conversation can be referred to as the language of action; similarly, the term “linguistic action” denotes a domain of effective speech to facilitate action. However, even when linguistic action is employed, teams may struggle to communicate effectively when the speech or moods of individuals, or the environments in which they are operating, are not conducive to either productive action or dialogue. This paper proposes direct relationships between linguistic action, positive moods and team performance. It observes that the ability to recognize and influence moods suggests that team performance can be improved by fostering positive moods in the work environment. Two research questions are explored: 1) What research has connected Linguistic Action and mood to increased performance? 2) What are potential new opportunities for connecting Linguistic Action and mood to performance on projects? }, author_keywords={Linguistic Action, Productivity, Performance, Language Action, Learning Behaviors, Lean, Moods. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bascoul2018, author={Bascoul, Audrey M. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Tillmann, Patricia and Muxen, Scott }, editor={ }, title={Towards Facility Management Participation in Design: A UCSF Case Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={505-515}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1575}, doi={10.24928/2018/0209}, affiliation={PhD, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, audrey.bascoul@berkeley.edu, Project Engineer, Dome Construction, orcid.org/0000-0001-8176-0041 ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; Sr. Lean Manager, Real Estate Dept., Univ. of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, patricia.andretillmann@ucsf.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3420-3132 ; Assistant Vice Chancellor, Capital Planning Dept., Univ. of California, San Francisco, CA, scott.muxen@ucsf.edu }, abstract={The discipline of Facility Management (FM) emerged in the 1970s triggered by the concomitance of (1) increasing complexity in the workplace and (2) understanding of an interdependence between users’ behaviors and building design. Despite the existence of FM, a number of buildings today still fail to deliver value during the occupation phase. Although various causes contribute to such failures, this paper focuses on the lack of strategic involvement of Facilities Managers (FMs) in design. It uses the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) as a case study to describe how an organization has-in the course of its Lean journey-learned the importance, not only of considering FM requirements during design, but more importantly of actively engaging FMs early in the design process. Benefits experienced by UCSF are multiple. One is that FMs understand, perhaps better than designers, the complexity of the programs housed by UCSF buildings and the constraints this complexity imposes on the design requirements. This helps FMs advise on trade-offs between their preferences for simple (e.g., easy-to-maintain) systems and the programs’ needs for complex systems. }, author_keywords={Facility Management, Case Study, Design Management }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pothen2018, author={Pothen, Lavina Susan and Ramalingam, Shobha }, editor={ }, title={Applicability of Value Stream Mapping and Work Sampling in an Industrial Project in India}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={516-526}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1576}, doi={10.24928/2018/0263}, affiliation={Executive – Design, Oberoi Realty, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. +91 9008420361, lavina27@gmail.com (Author for Correspondence) ; Assistant Professor, National Institute of Construction Management and Research (NICMAR), Pune, Maharashtra, India. 02066859122, sramalingam@nicmar.ac.in }, abstract={Poor productivity and inefficiencies in the production process are alarming issues in the construction industry that also erode the value proposition of projects. Value Stream Mapping (VSM) and Work Sampling (WS) are two important techniques in the ‘Lean’ philosophy that aim at reducing and minimizing ‘waste’ in the life cycle process of activities and thereby aide in maximizing productivity. In this paper, we discuss the implementation challenges and benefits of these two techniques in an industrial project in India through an action-based research methodology. While VSM was adopted for Vacuum Dewatering Concrete Flooring works, tour based WS was done for block-work activity. VSM helped to visualize the entire process and reduce time overrun by 2.5 days. Alternative materials were cost estimated and compared to reduce cost overrun. The WS technique helped the contractor to assess the productivity rate and identify reasons for below average productivity. Subsequent corrective action plans and recommendations led to reduce non-value added wastes and improve performance. This study lays a foundation for practitioners to systematically adopt these lean techniques in practice and thereby optimize the process, reduce wastes and enhance productivity. }, author_keywords={Value Stream Mapping, Work Sampling, Lean Principles, Process Optimization, Industrial Project. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thajudeen2018, author={Thajudeen, Shamnath and Lennartsson, Martin and Elgh, Fredrik }, editor={ }, title={Impact on the Design Phase of Industrial Housing When Applying a Product Platform Approach}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={527-537}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1577}, doi={10.24928/2018/0281}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student in Prowood Graduate Program. Product development department., School of Engineering, Jönköping, Sweden, +46702800583, shamnath.thajudeen@ju.se ; Assistant Professor, Department of building engineering and lighting science, School of Engineering, Jönköping, Sweden, +4636101631, martin.lennartsson@ju.se ; Professor, Product development department., School of Engineering, Jönköping, Sweden, +46706401672, fredrik.elgh@ju.se }, abstract={With a glulam-based post-beam building system, a variety of building solutions is offered on the market for multi-story buildings. The building system must be adaptable to the demands of each project. However, short lead-time, efficient manufacturing and assembly must be ensured. The use of product platforms has been acknowledged as an enabler to manage external (customer) and internal (production) efficiency. The building system cannot be locked to a set of standard components as a high level of customisation is required. A set of methods and tools is needed to support the design work and to ensure that solutions stay inside the boundaries of the platform definition. The aim of this work is to map the state-of-practice in the design phase for a glulam building system from a platform theory perspective and outline a path forward for applying a sustainable platform development in companies where a component-based product platform does not suffice. Empirical data were gathered from an on-going product platform development including interviews and document analysis. The results show the lack of definition in platform-based product development from a theoretical perspective and need for development of support methods for design that align with different production strategies }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lennartsson2018, author={Lennartsson, Martin and Elgh, Fredrik }, editor={ }, title={Exploring Product Development in Industrialized Housing to Facilitate a Platform Strategy}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={538-548}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1578}, doi={10.24928/2018/0283}, affiliation={Assistant Prof., Jönköping University, School of Engineering, Jönköping, Sweden. +46-36-101631, martin.lennartsson@ju.se ; Prof., Jönköping University, School of Engineering, Jönköping, Sweden. +46-36-101572, fredrik.elgh@ju.se }, abstract={Industrialized house-building companies are offering unique products by adopting an engineer-to-order (ETO) strategy. Client satisfaction is achieved by adaptation of product solutions and swift introduction of new technology in combination with cost-efficient production and short lead-time for completion. Product development is executed in collaboration with the clients and changes in requirements are frequent. The use of product platforms, where external and internal efficiency are well-balanced, has been acknowledged as a strategic enabler for mass customization and increased competitiveness. However, ETO-companies struggle with adopting the common product platform approach, set by pre-defined modules and components. Predefinitions may cause an imbalance between product development and a lean production system. The aim of this work was to analyse current strategies and support to master the balance of external and internal efficiency in product development within industrialized housebuilding to facilitate the development of a product platform strategy. Data were gathered from a single case study and an on-going product platform development and includes interviews and document analysis. The findings show that product development is guided by a technical platform, but there is an imbalance where external efficiency is prioritized over the internal efficiency. }, author_keywords={Product development, Industrialised house-building, Engineer-to-order, Product platform }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sahadevan2018, author={Sahadevan, Vijayalaxmi and Varghese, Koshy }, editor={ }, title={Stakeholder Value Evolution, Capture and Assessment in AEC Project Design}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={549-559}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1579}, doi={10.24928/2018/0403}, affiliation={Doctoral Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Building Technology and Construction Management, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India, svijaya16@gmail.com ; Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Building Technology and Construction Management, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India, koshy@iitm.ac.in }, abstract={The success of a design lies in its ability to fulfill client values. However, the ambiguity in identification of values by clients renders the task complex and challenging. The investigation of the dynamics involved in stakeholder definition of the project values entails the need for research methods used in social sciences. This paper first presents the process of client value generation and evolution based on an ethnographic study of the architect selection process of two institutional buildings. The study consists of participant and non-participant observations of the project conceptualization and architect selection process. It is observed that along with client requirements incorporated in architectural design, the design delivery efficiency criteria of the architect have equal considerations in architect selection. Therefore, the values in Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) design can be categorized into Project Design Delivery Values (PDDVs) and Architectural Design Values (ADVs). The paper proposes a framework for the evaluation of design of a built facility using suitable Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique }, author_keywords={Choosing by Advantage (CBA), Set Based Design (SBD) and Target Value Design (TVD), Value in Design }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neves2018, author={Neves, Antônio Arthur Fortaleza and Sales, Vitor Cruz Werton and Cardoso, Daniel Ribeiro and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={Guidelines for Public Project Design Development}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={560-570}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1580}, doi={10.24928/2018/0437}, affiliation={Researcher of the GERCON, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, +55 85 987452506, arthur@artificearquitetura.com.br ; Researcher of the GERCON, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, +55 85 996845526, vitorwerton@hotmail.com ; Professor, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, +55 85 33669607, daniel.br@mac.com ; Professor, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, +55 85 33669607, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br }, abstract={The project development and budgets (PDB) process of public enterprises is carried out in a piecemeal fashion by stakeholders. This situation contributes to several inadequacies of constructions, mainly related to costs and deadlines. The present work aims to propose guidelines to the PDB process of public enterprises based on the Target Value Design (TVD) process and the identification of practices used in the investigated institutions. The study was carried out in four public institutions in Brazil, through qualitative research. The study approach was subdivided into three stages: process investigation based on the TVD; elaboration of guidelines for the process; and evaluation of these guidelines. As a result, the paper presents 13 guidelines distributed in three axes: project budgeting process; planning and process control; and BIM process. The present study demonstrates feasibility in the guidelines application, as evaluated by the investigated ones, thus allowing them to be used to construct integrated PDB processes models. }, author_keywords={Integration, Process, Target Value Design (TVD), Project Development Process. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soliman Junior2018, author={Soliman Junior, João and Baldauf, Juliana P. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Using BIM and Lean for Modelling Requirements in the Design of Healthcare Projects}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={571-581}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1581}, doi={10.24928/2018/0455}, affiliation={M. Sc. Student, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, joao.juniorr@gmail.com ; PhD Candidate, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, julipbaldauf@gmail.com ; Professor, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Healthcare facilities are well known for their complexity. Frequent changes in healthcare processes, as well as the introduction of new technologies, demand changes in the internal layout and in the performance of buildings. Moreover, there are several stakeholders involved, with distinct and sometimes conflicting requirements, including medical staff, patients, visitors, cleaning and maintenance teams, among others. Some of those requirements have been translated into a complex set of norms and regulations. This paper reports the initial results of an ongoing investigation that has explored opportunities for improving value generation in the design and installation of healthcare facilities by using BIM and Lean concepts. The aim of this study is to understand how user requirements can be modelled to support decision making in the design process. Modelling requirements involves several steps: identification, structuring, establishing priorities, translating and representing in a BIM model. It depends not only on the individual user requirements but also on how some critical healthcare processes have been defined. The main contributions of this paper are concerned with the definition of how different types of requirements can be modelled to support the assessment of the healthcare building designs. }, author_keywords={BIM, requirements modelling, automated rule checking, healthcare design. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Häringer2018, author={Häringer, Paul and Borrmann, André }, editor={ }, title={Evaluation of a Case Study to Design a BIM-Based Cycle Planning Concept}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={58-67}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1582}, doi={10.24928/2018/0224}, affiliation={Research Associate, Dept. for Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany, +49 89 289-23294, paul.haeringer@tum.de ; Professor, Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation, Dept. for Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany, +49 89 289-23047, andre.borrmann@tum.de }, abstract={Cycle Planning, or Takt Time Planning, is a key method to reduce the variability between different activities within the execution of a construction. A construction section such as a floor consists of multiple work zones, which should have continuous flow and similar cycle times to efficiently coordinate needed resources. However, for concrete structures it is often difficult to find suitable sizes of casting segments and their grouping to work zones. Nowadays, scheduling experts usually use their practical experience to find an intuitive solution for Cycle Planning, which might be sub-optimal. The objective of our research is thus to develop a semiautomatic method to generate optimal work zones for a cycle. The proposed solution is a BIM-based Cycle Planning concept for the cast in-situ construction method of walls. This paper lays the foundation for our concept and evaluates different designs of Cycle Planning layouts to ensure the practical relevance of the generated work zones. We provide an approach to the semiautomatic method: after splitting all wall objects into smaller sections, an optimization algorithm aggregates wall sections into casting segments and casting segments into work zones. }, author_keywords={BIM, Cycle Planning, Takt Time Planning, Simulation, Local Breakdown Structure. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rocha2018, author={Rocha, Cecilia Gravina da and Tezel, Algan and Talebi3, Saeed and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Product Modularity, Tolerance Management, and Visual Management: Potential Synergies}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={582-592}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1583}, doi={10.24928/2018/0482}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering (PPGEC), Federal Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., 3rd Floor, CEP 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. cecilia.rocha@ufrgs.br ; Lecturer, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. A.Tezel@hud.ac.uk ; PhD Candidate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. Saeed.Talebi@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Product Modularity refers to the hierarchical partitioning of products into their constitutive components. This concept has been explored in manufacturing to ease product design, simplify production, and to efficiently provide variety. Efforts have been made to transfer this knowledge to the construction context (i.e. one-off products, temporary supply chain, production taking place inside the product), especially to support the latter goal: variety. Yet, it is argued that a re-conceptualization of building design and production is required for the successful application of modularization. That is, materials and components used to erect a building should be grouped (at least conceptually) as families of modules and work (production tasks) has to be structured according to such organization. This paper explores the synergies among Product Modularity, Tolerance Management, and Visual Management to improve and ease the understanding of such reconceptualization in design and production. It also examines patterns from the theoretical background of Design for Behaviour Change, and how these can be adapted to embed information in modules and present tolerance data in design drawings. }, author_keywords={Work package, poka-yoke, Product Modularity, Tolerance Management, Visual Management, and Design for Behaviour Change. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bosi2018, author={Bosi, Filippo and Esposito, Maria Antonietta and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={Lean-Driven Passenger Experience Design}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={593-602}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1584}, doi={10.24928/2018/0489}, affiliation={PhD, Università degli Studi di Firenze – Dipartimento di Architettura, Via della Mattonaia, Firenze, 50127, ITA, +39 3280025694, txp.fbo@gmail.com ; Professor, Università degli Studi di Firenze – Dipartimento di Architettura, Via della Mattonaia, Firenze, 50127, ITA, +39 3280025694, mariaantonietta.esposito@unifi.it ; Professor, Israel Institute of Technology - Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Haifa, Israel, cvsacks@technion.ac.il }, abstract={In the contemporary agenda of airport design, good spatial design is fundamental to properly and efficiently manage boarding and disembarking processes. It contributes to the Passenger Experience and social sustainability of the terminal itself. This correlates with higher satisfaction levels from the passenger experience. By contrast, current practices of airport design do not properly cope with its requirements and the subsequent operation phase, because the project is not associated with the complete set of stakeholder requirements including the passengers to systematic modelling and management of their experience. The airport terminal is considered a temporary production system, its focus being the transformation of travellers, aimed to maximize the value for passengers, exploiting information management to better accommodate processes and project structuring. In a lean perspective, the terminal is a "flight factory", whose layout is crucial not only for process efficiency but also to achieve higher performance and user satisfaction, the main metrics for quality service evaluation. Considering the multidisciplinary and complex features involved in airport terminal space programming, Lean Design could have important outcomes in the search for project design integration, effective solutions, quality and all-encompassing sustainability. In this paper we discuss a theoretical framework to investigate value delivery in airport terminal design through the integration of lean thinking, constituting the basis for future research on Passenger Experience. }, author_keywords={Project Design, Project Design Process, Project Design Management, Organisational Models for Project Design, Lean Design Management. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Herrera2018, author={Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Mourgues, Claudio and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Assessment of Lean Practices, Performance and Social Networks in Chilean Airport Projects}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={603-613}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1585}, doi={10.24928/2018/0493}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile, +56 9 4413 2109, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl ; Assistant Professor, Ph.D., Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl ; Professor, Ph.D., Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Airport projects are complex in nature because they include several specialists from the public and private sector who must temporarily interact for the fulfillment of previously defined objectives. The design of these types of public projects in Chile does not apply the Lean philosophy in a formal way or Lean management tools; therefore, it is necessary to assess the management practices, performance and organizational logic that are currently generated in these types of projects. This is fundamental to understanding how professionals who are involved in the development of airport project design interact with each other. The objective of this paper is to understand the functioning and performance of the temporary organizations that are generated in the development of airport project design. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to assess Lean management practices, performance and interaction among the professionals of this temporary organization. This was carried out in 9 Chilean airport projects that showed an exhaustive management of requirements; however, this does not include all of the stakeholders, which generates low levels of interaction in the organization, directly affecting the performance of the project due to high levels of rework. }, author_keywords={Lean practices, performance, social networks analysis, airport project. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2018, author={Koskela, Lauri and Arroyo, Paz and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Designing as a Court of Law}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={614-624}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1586}, doi={10.24928/2018/0513}, affiliation={Professor, University of Huddersfield, School of Art, Design and Architecture, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Assistant Professor, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, parroyo@ing.puc.cl; and Senior Coach, LeanProject Consulting. ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={It is contended that legal proceedings, as they have evolved from Antiquity onwards, embrace important and effective principles for collaborative competition in pursuit of a common goal, in the considered context, justice. Seven principles contributing to this goal can be recognised: “hear both parties”, reasoned judgment, right to appeal, use of both logical and rhetorical arguments and reasoning, standardized proceedings and documents, public nature of proceedings, as well as dedicated and structured space. It is contended that the court of law can be used as a metaphor of what is happening in design. There are wishes, concepts and solutions competing against each other. For reaching the best outcome, each wish, concept or solution needs to be promoted and defended in the best possible way, and a reasoned judgment among them has to be done. Then, the question arises whether the seven principles found in legal proceedings have relevance for this collaborative, yet competitive pursuit of a common goal in design, namely the best solution in view of customer requirements. For initial exploration of the relevance and validity of the seven principles in design, a case study was undertaken. It turns out that all the seven principles are being implemented. The outcomes of the project are clearly better than in projects managed in the traditional way; although it is not possible to trace back the benefits only to the collaborative principles and related practices, their emergence, and continued use, provide solid circumstantial evidence on their efficacy. }, author_keywords={Collaborative design, competition, design management, communication, legal proceedings, lean construction. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Singh2018, author={Singh, Jyoti and Deng, Min and Cheng, Jack C.P. }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of Mass Customization for Mep Layout Design to Reduce Manufacturing Cost in One-Off Projects}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={625-635}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1587}, doi={10.24928/2018/0519}, affiliation={Research Postgraduate Student, Dept. of Civil and Environment Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China, +852 5106 4954, jsinghab@connect.ust.hk ; Research Postgraduate Student, Dept. of Civil and Environment Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China, +861 18815275040, mdengaa@connect.ust.hk ; Associate Professor (Corresponding Author), Dept. of Civil and Environment Engineering, The Hong Kong University, of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China, +852 2358 8186, cejcheng@ust.hk }, abstract={MEP systems are complex system representing a considerable portion of commercial and industrial projects, comprising 25%-40% of the total project cost and covering more than 50% of the total duration of the project. The layout design of MEP system is generally based on client and system requirements, space limitations, interference within the system as well as with other trades. Not much consideration is given to the design optimization as per fabrication and constructability perspective thereby often adding significant cost and time to a project in term of its component manufacturing. This paper introduces Design for Manufacture approach into MEP system design to reduce the manufacturing cost of varieties of MEP components by using mass customized components. Mass customization is the ability to design and produce customized products to meet customer needs at reduced cost and duration. We propose a framework to automatically develop the layout of the piping system using mass customized components as a reference, which can be used for other MEP aspects such as Mechanical & Electrical with relevant changes. We hypothesize that using mass customized MEP components will increase the efficiency and reduce the cost of manufacturing the MEP components. The paper presents a theoretical framework that is the basis for further research. }, author_keywords={Mass customization, standardization, cost. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cortes2018, author={Cortes, Juan Pablo Romero and Ponz-Tienda, Jose Luis and Delgado, Jose Miguel and Gutierrez-Bucheli, Laura }, editor={ }, title={Choosing by Advantages; Benefits Analysis and Implementation in a Case Study, Colombia}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={636-646}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1588}, doi={10.24928/2018/0531}, affiliation={Project manager, Dep. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, (57-1) 3324312, jp.romero985@uniandes.edu.co ; Assistant Professor, Dep. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Director of Construction Engineering and Management, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, (57-1) 3324312, jl.ponz@uniandes.edu.co ; MSc Student, Dep. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, (57-1) 3324312, jm.delgado1298@uniandes.edu.co ; Instructor Professor, Dep. of Civil and Environmental Engineering., Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, (57-1) 3324312, la.gutierrez725@uniandes.edu.co }, abstract={There are many methods of multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA), each one with properties and benefits. In the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector most of the time, the decision–making involve different interest of the stakeholders of the projects, must of the times applying methods with the focus on the result. This paper presents a case study of a new University’s facility construction that compares the traditional decision–making approach used in the design-bid-build procurement method of AEC industry in Colombia with an MCDA approach. Choosing By Advantages (CBA) has been used to analyse the reasons that could help explain why the subcontractor of a project construction was not meeting the client’s expectations during project execution. Results include a discussion of main differences between these decision methods, the main difference is that in traditional decision–making approach the main criterion was cost while in the CBA was value. Consequently, the method’s results were different for the alternatives. }, author_keywords={Choosing By Advantages (CBA), multicriteria decision analysis, contractor selection }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pikas2018, author={Pikas, Ergo and Koskela, Lauri and Tredal, Niels and Knotten, Vegard and Bølviken, Trond }, editor={ }, title={The Dual Nature of Design Management}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={647-657}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1589}, doi={10.24928/2018/0537}, affiliation={Technical University of Denmark, DTU Management Engineering, ekas@dtu.dk, Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering ; University of Huddersfield, School of Art, Design and Architecture ; NCC Denmark, Denmark ; Veidekke Entreprenør AS, Norway ; Veidekke Entreprenør AS, Norway. Also The University of Agder, Norway }, abstract={Design management profession has probably got the least attention in the construction industry. One reason could be the lack of explicit conceptualizations about its nature, subject matter and principles. In this article, a conceptual design management framework is proposed on the premise that design management is the management of a structured system of object and subject-oriented, technical and social design activities. Additionally, an example of a mediating visual model is proposed to facilitate the discussions about design activities and design management in academia and practice. The two major premises of this research are 1) as design management is the management of design activity, it is dependent on the way design is conceptualized; and 2) design is a human activity, but not a thing (e.g., representation) or an event (e.g., decision-making). }, author_keywords={Design management, activity theory, design activity, design system, shared mental models }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Torp2018, author={Torp, Olav and Bølviken, Trond and Aslesen, Sigmund and Fritzsønn, Lars Petter and Haagensen, Åse and Lombardo, Sebastiano and Saltveit, Tobias }, editor={ }, title={Is Integration of Uncertainty Management and the Last Planner System a Good Idea?}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={658-668}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1590}, doi={10.24928/2018/0218}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 226 73, olav.torp@ntnu.no ; Director, Strategy, Improvement, HR and HSE, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, Norway; Also Professor at the University of Agder, Norway, +47 909 68 043, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no ; Research and Development Manager, Team Veidekke DA Ulven, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, Oslo, Norway, +47 922 18 492, sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no ; Project Director, AF gruppen, Oslo, Norway, +47 971 60 478, larspetter.fritzsonn@afgruppen.no ; Risk Manager, AF gruppen, Oslo, Norway, +47 997 91 529, ase.haagensen@afgruppen.no ; Associate Professor, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway, +47 930 12 003, sebastiano.lombardo@bi.no ; Design Manager, AF gruppen, Oslo, Norway, +47 918 29 331, tobias.saltveit@afgruppen.no }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) is a tool for project planning and control, and is an important contribution from Lean Construction. LPS focuses on scheduling, task coordination and time management. Uncertainty Management (UM) is a key element in Project Management, where uncertainty is the totality of opportunities (potential upsides) and risks (potential downsides). UM addresses all types of uncertainty (related to cost, time, quality, scope, safety, customer satisfaction, company reputation, etc.). The aim of UM is to exploit the opportunities and reduce the risks. Two construction companies involved in this research are working with both LPS and UM. One has extensive experience with LPS, but less experience with UM. The other has extensive experience with UM, but less experience with LPS. Two questions are raised and discussed in the paper: 1. Could project planning and control be improved by an integration of LPS and UM? 2. If yes, how could LPS and UM be integrated to improve project planning and control? The paper proposes a conceptual model where UM tools are integrated in the plan and meeting structure of LPS. The model is to be tested in forthcoming case studies. }, author_keywords={Uncertainty Management, Risk, Last Planner System }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Álvares2018, author={Álvares, Juliana S. and Costa, Dayana B. }, editor={ }, title={Literature Review on Visual Construction Progress Monitoring Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={669-680}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1591}, doi={10.24928/2018/0310}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Master’s Student, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil, alvares.juliana@hotmail.com ; Associate Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br. }, abstract={Due to the complexity and dynamism that characterize construction activities, the execution of work packages as planned requires a systematic monitoring and control of their operations and progress. However, the most common practices for construction progress monitoring are still based on individual observations and often still rely on textbased documentation. In order to improve the collaboration and transparency of this process, studies highlight applications of visual data, such as photographs, videos, 3D and 4D models. Due to the large number of publications that address the use of visual data for construction progress monitoring, and the growing use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), the objective of this work is to present a systematic literature review concerning the use of UAVs as a tool for aiding construction progress monitoring. For that purpose, a literature review was carried out for papers dated from 2008 to 2018 using Scopus database. The findings indicated that the development of progress monitoring automated systems, the use of 3D as-built point cloud models and Building Information Modeling are the most frequently discussed subjects within the papers surveyed. Also, a gap was identified regarding the lack of studies that effectively integrate the visual monitoring with the construction management systems. }, author_keywords={Construction progress monitoring, Visual data, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles/Systems (UAVs/UASs). }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aslesen2018, author={Aslesen, S. and Kristensen, E. and Schanche, H. and Heen, P.I. }, editor={ }, title={Winning the Bid – A Step-Wise Approach Using BIMto Reduce Uncertainty in Construction Bidding}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={68-78}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1592}, doi={10.24928/2018/0229}, affiliation={Development Manager, Veidekke, Oslo, Norway, +47 922 18 492, sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no ; BIM & Calculation Manager, Veidekke, Oslo, Norway, +47 934 55 485, eirik.kristensen@veidekke.no ; Dept. Manager, Veidekke, Oslo, Norway, +47 906 91 103, hallgeir.schanche@veidekke.no ; Project Development Manager, Veidekke, Oslo, Norway, +47 901 51 291, per-inge.heen@veidekke.no }, abstract={This paper explains how to win a construction bid at the right costs. It suggests a structured, step-wise approach where at each step data analyses are carried out based on earlier bids, which are combined with assessments from an active risk management system, to come up with reliable estimates. To make sure all significant cost elements in the project are understood, linked together and communicated effectively, a building information model (BIM) is applied and worked on every step of the way from a preliminary, rough estimation to a final, complete bid. The paper derives from an ongoing development project to improve the bidding process in a Norwegian construction company. It intends to solve the following problem: How can we reduce the uncertainty in the bids we offer? The paper introduces a new way to organize the bidding process, including certain principles, to reduce uncertainty already in the project development, and attempts to increase our knowledge of the construction bidding process. The literature review is focused on theories of relevance to address the uncertainties inherent in construction bidding. The paper concludes that a project bid will always be burdened with uncertainty. Whereas traditional bidding theory gives support to the behaviour of economic agents who do the pricing to maximise profit, we find it relevant to introduce the concept of bounded rationality to explain why construction bidding is not a straightforward matter and how uncertainty management is fundamental to come up with the right costs. }, author_keywords={Uncertainty management, bidding process, BIM }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daniel2018, author={Daniel, Emmanuel I. and Pasquire, Christine and Dickens, Graham and Marasini, Ramesh }, editor={ }, title={Empirical Study on the Influence of Procurement Methods on Last Planner® System Implementation}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={681-690}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1593}, doi={10.24928/2018/0398}, affiliation={Lecturer in Construction Management, Southampton Solent University, UK emmanuel.daniel@solent.ac.uk ; Professor of Lean Project Management & Director Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, UK, Christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Nottingham Trent University, UK, graham.dickens@ntu.ac.uk ; Associate Professor, Southampton Solent University, UK, ramesh.marasini@solent.ac.uk }, abstract={Previous studies have examined various factors that influence the implementation of the Last Planner System (LPS) in construction projects. However, there is limited documented evidence on the influence of procurement methods on the implementation of the LPS. The aim of this study, therefore; is to understand the influence of some selected procurement methods on the implementation of the LPS using case study approach. Three in-depth case studies were conducted on building and highways projects in the UK. The projects were managed with the LPS principles with dissimilar procurement methods. In addition to document analysis and physical observation, 28 in-depth-interviews were conducted. The investigation shows that the prevailing traditional mindset exhibited by the designers in the traditional design bid build (DBB) influences the quality of promises and commitments that could be made during the lookahead planning. From the study, it seems no single procurement method is a sure way to the full application of the LPS process on a project. The study observes that irrespective of the procurement route used, a mindset change towards collaboration among the different stakeholders on the project is fundamental to successful LPS implementation. For instance, on projects where DBB was used and the subcontractors were in framework agreement, the LPS implementation worked well among the subcontractors. The study recommends that the procurement approach to be used on LPS projects should not be too firm, but lithe enough to integrate collaborative working among the different stakeholders on the project for a smooth workflow }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Last Planner System, procurement methods, collaboration, make ready }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tezel2018, author={Tezel, Algan and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Talebi, Saeed and Miron, Luciana }, editor={ }, title={Continuous Improvement Cells in the Highways Sector}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={691-707}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1594}, doi={10.24928/2018/0406}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Huddersfield University, UK, a.tezel@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Huddersfield University, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Huddersfield University, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk ; Lecturer, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Huddersfield University, UK, s.talebi@hud.ac.uk ; Associate Professor, School of Architecture, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, luciana.miron@ufrgs.br }, abstract={In line with its performance improvement and Lean Construction agenda, the highways supply chain in the UK has commenced many Continuous Improvement (CI) cells in recent years. The CI cell is a small-group work coordination and improvement technique that is frequently used in many industries as part of their lean transformations. The technique has also its links to some key lean concepts and practices like continuous improvement (kaizen), Visual Management and hoshinkanri policy deployment. This paper presents a summary of a detailed research aiming to understand the execution of the CI cells in the highways supply chain in the UK with their associated benefits and challenges through a study of 12 CI cells at the main client organisation. Alongside a set of benefits and challenges, the current CI cell execution mechanism and some suggestions to improve the current practice were also presented in the paper. }, author_keywords={Continuous improvement, Lean construction, Visual Management, HoshinKanri, highways. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ribeiro2018, author={Ribeiro, Flora S and Costa, Dayana B. }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner System: Implementation and Evaluation With Focus on the Phase Schedule}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={702-712}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1595}, doi={10.24928/2018/0411}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Master Student, Federal University of Bahia, floraseixasribeiro@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, dayanabcosta@ufba.br }, abstract={Phase Schedule is a Last Planner System practice whose role, both from a practical and theoretical point of view, is still being debated in the construction industry. Thus, there is a need for a better understanding of Phase Schedule implementation practices and the impacts of those on production planning and control. This paper presents the results of the implementation and evaluation of the LPS focusing on the Phase Schedule practices based on two in-depth case studies developed from April 2016 to August 2017 in Salvador-Brazil. The Case Studies involved the implementation of the LPS and the Phase Schedule practices and the analysis of the impact of using those practices on the production planning and control processes. The findings indicated that the cycles of the Phase Schedule improve the constraints analysis, collaboration between those involved, transparency in the planning process, adherence between levels planning by using performance metrics, reliability of plans and commitment to the deadlines. Also, the activities which were initially not analyzed as critical, have strong influence on the performance of the production planning and control. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Phase Schedule, Collaboration }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salem2018, author={Salem, Camille and Lefèvre, Cecile and Li, Jun and Waters, Ruth and Tommelein, Iris D. and Jayamanne, Eshan and Shuler, Patrick }, editor={ }, title={Managing the “Receding Edge”}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={713-723}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1596}, doi={10.24928/2018/0414}, affiliation={MS Student, Engineering and Project Management, University of California, Berkeley, camillesalem@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2755-3951 ; MS Student, Engineering and Project Management, University of California, Berkeley, cecile_lefevre@berkeley.edu,orcid.org/0000-0002-3588-5553 ; MS Student, Energy, Civil Infrastructure, and Climate, University of California, Berkeley, gjli@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-8246-3193 ; MS Student, Engineering and Project Management, University of California, Berkeley, ruth11waters13@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2755-3951 ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Lab., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; Project Engineer, Webcor Builders, San Francisco, CA, ejayamanne@webcor.com, orcid.org/0000- 0003-4990-9170 ; Performance Excellence Manager, Webcor Builders, San Francisco, CA, pshuler@webcor.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-0109-2309 }, abstract={So much attention is paid to starting construction activities, and starting new work at regular time intervals to a beat (aka. takt) that—not surprisingly—work to finish those very activities may fall behind. This paper focuses, not on the start-, the “leading edge, ”but on the end of activities, the “receding edge.” The receding edge articulates when work is “done-done” and the successor contractor may start their work, unimpeded by their predecessors’ unfinished work or “leftovers” (e.g., areas left dirty and cluttered with remnants). This paper describes receding-edge activities related to forming, placing, and finishing post-tensioned, cast-in-place concrete slabs, observed on a project in San Francisco, California. The researchers went to the gemba, described the current situation, and exchanged ideas with the contractor on means to keep the receding edge progressing at the pace of the leading edge, that is: to improve the cycle time from start, to not just finished or “done,” but to “done-done” completion of each slab. Findings include the need to define standard processes (e.g., for clean-up work) as those observed appeared defective (one of Ohno’s 7 wastes) or none existed, and to designate resources to accomplish them. This paper contributes to knowledge by articulating the receding edge concept, describing challenges in managing it, and documenting lean methods as countermeasures to those challenges. When managed considering the production impact of receding-edge work on the contractor responsible for it and on follow-on contractors, the case for cycle time reduction is easy to make and worth the money. }, author_keywords={Cycle time, waste, defect, unfinished work, work structuring, standardization, cast-inplace concrete, takt time planning (TTP) }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ebbs2018, author={Ebbs, Paul J. and Pasquire, Christine L. and Daniel, Emmanuel I. }, editor={ }, title={The Last Planner® System Path Clearing Approach in Action: A Case Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={724-733}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1597}, doi={10.24928/2018/0433}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, paul.ebbs@ntu.ac.uk ; Professor of Lean Project Management, Director of Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; PhD, Lecturer in Construction Management, Southampton Solent University, UK emmanuel.daniel@solent.ac.uk }, abstract={The “Last Planner® System” (LPS) is commonly viewed as the foundation of Lean Project Delivery. It is increasingly used in certain parts of the globe. However, LPS implementation often fades off due to issues reported at organisational, project and external levels. The LPS Path Clearing Approach (PCA) offers an antidote to these issues. The goal of this paper is to outline how the LPS-PCA helped restart a stalled implementation of the LPS through a “shallow and wide” organisational approach rather than a more traditional “narrow and deep” project approach. The LPS-PCA in action is documented within an on-going UK case study organisation. Action and covert research methods were used to introduce LPS principles, thinking and language without attributing them to LPS in response to resistance to the actual LPS. The 15 step actions within the LPS-PCA are expanded from a past, current and future state perspective. The study found that the LPS-PCA’s 15 step actions were useful as a benchmark to continuously remove constraints that blocked the implementation of the LPS. In summary, the use of the LPSPCA is recommended before, during and after organisations engage with LPS Consultants if organisations are serious about sustaining the implementation of the LPS. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Path Clearing, Lean Leadership, Facilitator, Shallow and Wide }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ebbs2018, author={Ebbs, Paul J. and and Pasquire, Christine L. }, editor={ }, title={Make Ready Planning Using Flow Walks: A New Approach to Collaboratively Identifying Project Constraints}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={734-743}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1598}, doi={10.24928/2018/0448}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Centre for Lean Projects, NTU - Nottingham Trent University, UK, +353 85 804 9623, paul.ebbs@ntu.ac.uk ; Professor of Lean Project Management, Centre for Lean Projects, NTU - Nottingham Trent University, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={Many authors identify flow and pull as key lean production principles. In lean construction (LC)these principles are embodied within the “Last Planner® System” (LPS) to create more reliable workflow which is the heart of Lean Project Delivery. LPS has continued to evolve and develop over the last 25 years with pull planning – identifying what tasks SHOULD be done - the last major elementadded. However, “pull planning” is often misunderstood as the entirety of LPS and frequently referred to as “Last Planner”. The remaining levels of the Last Planner “System” – CAN; WILL; DID and LEARN - are not being used as originally intended by LPS developers Ballard and Howell. The struggle often begins with Make Ready Planning (CAN). This paper is the first output of a two-year research project focused on implementing the CAN; WILL; DID; LEARN levels of LPS within organisation (X). It outlines how the 8 Flows of Lean Project Delivery andthe“Flow Walk” are being used as a structured approach to collaboratively identify constraints and incorporate them into the risk registers and Make Ready Planning. This approach was effective to identify constraints and also create a shared understanding of project scope within project teams. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System,Make Ready, Flow Walks, Constraints, Risk Management }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vargas2018, author={Vargas, Fabrício Berger de and Bataglin, Fernanda Saidelles and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Guidelines to Develop a BIM Model Focused on Construction Planning and Control}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={744-753}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1599}, doi={10.24928/2018/0450}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, fabriciovargas@live.com ; Ph.D Candidate, NORIE, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, fernanda.saidelles@gmail.com ; Professor, School of EngineeringNORIE, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Information pulled from 4D simulations may be used to compare construction scenarios as well as to support decision-making in production planning and control. Different projects, software, tools and planning methods result in a diversity of inputs that should be considered while trying to fulfil 4D simulation needs. If those are not properly addressed, it may lead to inconsistencies and lack of suitable information. The existing literature on 4D BIM does not provide much advice on which information should be considered to develop a 4D simulation. The aim of this paper is to propose a set of guidelines to devise BIM models to support production planning and control with emphasis on Lean Construction principles and concepts. Design Science Research was the methodological approach adopted in this investigation, which was based on three empirical studies. The main contributions of this study are concerning with understanding the sources of information for3D modelling and how information should be gathered so that 4D BIM model scan effectively support planning and control decisions. A model based on these guidelines should provide relevant information to support decision making, and consequently contribute to reduce variability, increase data reliability, eliminate nonvalue adding activities and reduce 3D modelling time. }, author_keywords={Modelling inputs, 4D simulation, production planning and control, lean principles. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brandalise2018, author={Brandalise, Fernanda M. P. and Valente, Caroline P. and Viana, Daniela D. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Understanding the Effectiveness of Visual Management Best Practices in Construction Sites}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={754-763}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1600}, doi={10.24928/2018/0452}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, +55 51999302604, fernandampbrandalise@gmail.com ; M.Sc., Civil Engineer, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, +61 406671148, carolinevalente@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Interdisciplinary Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,danidietz@gmail.com ; Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Visual Management (VM) is a strategy for information management strongly related to one of the core concepts of Lean Production Philosophy, the increase of process transparency. VM is especially important to support continuous improvement and it relies on the effective transmission of information at different hierarchical levels. However, there are some challenges in the implementation of VM in construction: each construction project is unique, site layouts are dynamic environments, and the construction itself might become a visual barrier. This paper aims to analyse the role of a set of VM best practices to support production management, understanding the features that distinguish these practices as advanced ones, i.e. the reasons behind the effectiveness of some VM systems. It is based on two case studies carried out in leading companies in the implementation of Lean Construction in Brazil. Differently from previous studies on VM, this investigation explored the integration of those practices in managerial processes that might use a set of visual devices; whether visual devices are used dynamically in order to support decision-making, especially in collaborative processes. Another contribution of this paper is concerned with classifying VM best practices according to the degree of integration to the managerial routines. }, author_keywords={Visual Management, Transparency, Lean Construction, Production Planning and Control }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schimanski2018, author={Schimanski, Christoph P. and Marcher, Carmen and Dallasega, Patrick and Marengo, Elisa and Follini, Camilla and Rahman, Arif U. and Revolti, Andrea and Nutt, Werner and Matt, Dominik T. }, editor={ }, title={Promoting Collaborative Construction Process Management by Means of a Normalized Workload Approach}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={764-774}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1601}, doi={10.24928/2018/0488}, affiliation={Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, christoph.schimanski@fraunhofer.it ; Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, carmen.marcher@fraunhofer.it ; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, patrick.dallasega@unibz.it ; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bolzano, elisa.marengo@unibz.it ; Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, camilla.follini@fraunhofer.it ; Research Assistant, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, ArifUr.Rahman@unibz.it ; Freelance Engineer and Architect in Trento, Italy,andrea.revolti87@gmail.com ; Full Professor, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, nutt@inf.unibz.it ; Head of Fraunhofer Italia, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, dominik.matt@fraunhofer.it / Full Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, dominik.matt@unibz.it }, abstract={The research project »COCkPiT« - Collaborative Construction Process Management - aims at developing methodologies and tools to enhance time and budget control in construction projects, with a focus on small and medium-sized companies. The hypothesis is that the interplay of the three main phases of project management - planning, scheduling, and monitoring - can be improved by collecting highly detailed information early on in each phase, and making it available to the other phases at a high frequency. COCkPiT builds upon previous experiences in façade installation, where significant time and cost savings have been obtained by applying a normalized workload approach based on a collaborative process planning routine, an approach which is currently hardly supported by commercial project management tools. Thus, the objective of COCkPiT is to develop a methodology that supports i) collaborative process modelling as a basis for ii) a short-term rolling wave planning considering iii) real-time measurement of the progress on-site, to create highly reliable schedules and accurate forecasts. The focus of this paper is to present the conceptual fundamentals of integrating the modules of modelling, scheduling and monitoring, as well as involving the lean construction community to current considerations regarding the implementation in a self-containing IT-solution. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, Production System Design, Process modelling, Job sequencing, Monitoring }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Novinsky2018, author={Novinsky, Mark and Nesensohn, Claus and Ihwas, Nadia and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Combined Application of Earned Value Management and Last Planner System in Construction Projects}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={775-785}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1602}, doi={10.24928/2018/0491}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3 (Am Fasanengarten), Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)17634151483, mark@novinsky.de ; Founder & CEO. Refine Projects AG, Schelmenwasenstraße 34, D-70567 Stuttgart, Germany. Phone +49 (0) 179 978 9624, claus.nesensohn@refineprojects.com. ; Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3 (Am Fasanengarten), Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0) 721 608 45476, nadia.ihwas@kit.edu ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3 (Am Fasanengarten), Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721 608 42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu. }, abstract={The application of the Last Planner System (LPS)in the construction industry is increasing more and more. Reviews in the literature report that by applying LPS project performance is improving. However practical experience shows that there is some lack of structure in daily work. Further more researchers are still looking for feasible process measurement. This paper aims to contribute to the described challenge by developing a concept for the combined application of the two following methods. One is Earned Value Management (EVM), a project control method that combines data regarding scope, schedule, and resources to assess project performance and progress. The other one is LPS, a Lean Construction method for production planning and control. In LPS project workflow is developed and controlled collaboratively within a team. Through the combined application of these two methods based on the structure and a transparent production plan the project’s workflow can be measured by objective metrics like Percent Plan Complete (PPC), Schedule Variance (SV) and Cost Variance (CV) to highlight the need for potentially necessary corrective action. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, last planner system, earned value management, process measurement, work structuring. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pandey2018, author={Pandey, Pawan and Agrawal, Somil and Maheswari, J. Uma }, editor={ }, title={Optimizing Flow Process Through Synchronisation of Cycle Time}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={786-796}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1603}, doi={10.24928/2018/0497}, affiliation={Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi, India, pvnengr@gmail.com ; Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi, India, somil27@iitd.ac.in ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi, India, uma.iit@gmail.com }, abstract={Construction projects can be modelled, using TFV theory of lean construction, as combination of main activity network that are primarily transformations and feeding flow processes which supply input material to main activities. These feeding processes may include one or more sub-processes/ and operations with varying cycle time (C/T). The lack of synchronization between these sub processes/ operations results into construction bottlenecks which delay the execution of main activities. Mechanization of few processes/ sub-processes or operations in isolation create large variation in cycle time and shifts the location of bottlenecks. Thus, limited benefits accrue from mechanization, automation, etc. The present study proposes a framework to locate the bottlenecks through hierarchical process analysis and discrete event simulation. These bottlenecks can be eliminated through modifying cycle time of selected sub process /operation by changing resources allocation and by eliminating waste with the ultimate aim to enhance overall productivity. The proposed framework is demonstrated utilizing data from an automated railway track construction project. The substantial improvement in construction productivity was observed after synchronization of cycle time. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, cycle time synchronisation, construction bottlenecks, discrete event simulation, automated railway track laying. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nøklebye2018, author={Nøklebye, Andreas and Svalestuen, Fredrik and Fosse, Roar and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Enabling Lean Design With Management of Model Maturity}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={79-89}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1604}, doi={10.24928/2018/0404}, affiliation={MSc, Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, Mobile +4745236866, asnoklebye@gmail.com ; PhD Candidate, NTNU/Veidekke, Trondheim, Norway, +4798673172, fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no ; Regional Manager, Lean Construction, Skanska, Oslo, Norway, +4793444588, roar.fosse@skanksa.no ; Associate Professor, dr.ing., NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, +4791189938, ola.laedre@ntnu.no }, abstract={Traditional construction management has struggled with an ad hoc approach to design, increasing the number of negative iterations and sacrificing potential value. Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been driving information management in design, but its use has yet to be described in a way which makes it compatible with planning tools such as Last Planner™. Level of Development (LOD) could allow for this by attributing maturity to the BIM-model, yet previous studies of LOD implementation have shown potential for improvement. This paper researches current approaches, experiences and requirements for using maturity-based management in design. A study of two large projects with maturity-based management using interviews and an analysis of measurements was conducted in addition to a literature scoping study. The paper formulates five aspects of BIM-based workflows which needs to be addressed in order to manage their development. In addition, the study reveals how use of maturity-based management can provide a foundation for managing BIM-based workflows according to lean principles. Finally, the paper concludes with practical recommendations for enabling lean design with management of model maturity, such as how to specify maturity levels or how to disaggregate the model into disciplinary sections. }, author_keywords={Lean design, BIM, LOD, Set-Based Design (SBD), Last Planner }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ayalew2018, author={Ayalew, Tadesse and Dakhli, Zakaria and Lafhaj, Zoubeir }, editor={ }, title={Characterization of Waste in Ethiopian Building Construction Projects}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={797-806}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1605}, doi={10.24928/2018/0505}, affiliation={PhD Student, Centrale Lille, Laboratory de Mechanique de Lille, CNRS UMR 8107,Cite Scientific, Villeneuve d’Ascq, 59651 Cedex, France, +33751099251,tadesse.ayalew@phd.centralelille.fr ; Research Engineer, Centrale Lille, Laboratory de Mechanique de Lille, CNRS UMR 8107,Cite Scientific, Villeneuve d’Ascq, 59651 Cedex, France,zakaria.dakhli@gmail.com. ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Centrale Lille, Laboratory de Mechanique de Lille, CNRS UMR 8107,Cite Scientific, Villeneuve d’Ascq, 59651 Cedex, France, zoubeir.lafhaj@ec-lille.fr }, abstract={According to the February 2017 Mckinsey Global Institute report, construction industry is one of the largest sectors in the world economy with $10 trillion spending, 13% of GDP contribution and 7% employment opportunity annually. However, the sector laborproductivity for the past two decades couldn’t exceed 1% a year while the total world economy and the manufacturing sector has been grown by 2.8 and 3.6 % respectively. As a result of this, the industry loss a value of $1.6 trillion a year that would meet about half of the world’s annual infrastructure needs or boost global GDP by 2 %. According to this report, Ethiopia is the last in the list of countries with poor productivity. Considering the above fact, this study assess building construction projects in Ethiopia with respect to the common types of waste in order to identify the most important waste in Ethiopian building construction projects. Accordingly the study confirmed that close to 40% of the project time is wasted in performing non value adding activities due to over production, over processing, Transport, motion and waiting related wastes. }, author_keywords={Ethiopia, building projects, lean construction, process, waste }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Javanmardi2018, author={Javanmardi, Ashtad and Abbasian-Hosseini, S. Alireza and Hsiang, Simon M. and Liu, Min }, editor={ }, title={Constraint Removal and Work Plan Reliability: A Bridge Project Case Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={807-817}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1606}, doi={10.24928/2018/0510}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil Const. and Envir. Eng., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA, +1 919 987-5010, ajavanm@ncsu.edu ; Research Associate, Dept. of Civil Const. and Envir. Eng., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA, +1 919 917-4547, sabbasi@ncsu.edu ; Professor, Dept. of Syst. Eng.and Eng. Mgmt., Department Chair, Univ. of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA, +1 704687-1958, shsiang1@uncc.edu ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Const. and Envir. Eng., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA, +1919513-7920, min_liu@ncsu.edu }, abstract={Effective removal of constraints is critical in the Last Planner System (LPS®)to improve work plan reliability. While removing constraints is important, it remains unclear to project managers about which types of constraint have the highest level of uncertainty and to what extent the constraint removal discussions are efficient for improving work plan reliability. This research uses a bridge project as an example to answer these research questions. The authors collected planning meeting minutes, look ahead plans, and production dataof11 weeks to analyze constraint removal discussions in weekly plan meetings and the associated Percent Plan Complete (PPC).Information theory method was used to calculate the amount of information gain and the information transmission efficiency for PPC improvement. Results show that “Prerequisite Readiness” is the most important constraint to discuss and contributes to 24% of the total information gain for PPC improvement. This constraint also has the highest information transmission efficiency of 36%, almost twice the average information transmission efficiency of the other constraints. The method proposed in this paper can be used repetitively on other projects and will help project managers to improve their meeting effectiveness in order to achieve higher work plan reliability. }, author_keywords={Meeting, information theory, plan reliability, constraint analysis, lean construction }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Poshdar2018, author={Poshdar, M. and Gonzalez, V.A. and B, Kasiviswanathan }, editor={ }, title={Buffer Management in Construction - a New Zealand Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={818-828}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1607}, doi={10.24928/2018/0517}, affiliation={Lecturer, Built Envir. Engrg. Dept., Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz ; Senior lecturer, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Acukland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; Const. Mgmt. Graduate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Acukland, New Zealand, kbal263@aucklanduni.ac.nz }, abstract={Buffers in the form of extra capacity, time, or inventory can help stabilizing construction workflow. From a lean construction perspective, however, buffers are recognized as waste. It presents a dichotomy in the use of buffers that calls for the establishment of a balance between the theoretical goals and the practical norms. This paper presents a study on the practical norms of buffer management in construction projects in New Zealand. Twelve semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with the construction planning and management experts across the country. Thematic analysis of the responses indicated nine conceptual themes related to managing buffers in construction projects. The indicated themes give an overall picture of the prevailing features of ongoing buffer management processes in the industry. The results of the study pave the road for designing the next development steps to accommodate shifting from the standard buffer management practices to the lean ideal. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, buffer management, prevailing features, scheduling }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Muralidharan2018, author={Muralidharan, Sriya and Krishnankutty, Pramesh and Hwang, Bon-Gang and Caldas, Carlos and Mulva, Stephen }, editor={ }, title={Enhancing Labour Productivity in Petrochemical Construction and Maintenance Projects}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={829-839}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1608}, doi={10.24928/2018/0526}, affiliation={ Research Assistant, Department of Building, National University of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore, 117566, +65 8696 8214, bdgsriy@nus.edu.sg ; Research Associate, Department of Building, National University of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore, 117566, +65 90998262, bdgkp@nus.edu.sg ; Associate Professor, Department of Building, National University of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore, 117566, +65 8138 4674, bdghbg@nus.edu.sg ; Professor, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA, +1 (512) 471-6014, caldas@mail.utexas.edu ; Director, Construction Industry Institute, Austin, TX, USA, +1 (512) 232-3013, smulva@cii.utexas.edu }, abstract={Construction labour is a significant cost factor for petrochemical plant owners and their contractors. Enhancing labour productivity is therefore indispensable for the petrochemical industry in order to achieve sustainable development. Considering the variety of projects undertaken by this industry (i.e. construction and more particularly, maintenance and shutdowns/turnarounds), there is a lack of standard methods for assessing labour productivity. This generates a need for developing productivity assessment practices suitable for all project types. This paper presents solutions for labour productivity improvement based on a study conducted at various petrochemical plants. The study developed and implemented a modified Activity Analysis method suitable for the site conditions, with a focus on maintenance activities and shutdown/turnaround projects, which were rarely considered on previous productivity assessment approaches. Conducted over two cycles, this study assessed the current labour productivity, identified barriers, and analysed the efficacy of solutions implemented to mitigate these barriers. The aggregate direct work percentage was found to have increased in the second cycle. The analysis of labour productivity through Activity Analysis in maintenance and shutdown/turnaround projects is a key contribution of this study. The findings provide a basis for assessing and benchmarking labour productivity in the petrochemical industry }, author_keywords={Labour, Productivity, Activity Analysis, Continuous improvement, Benchmarking }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{S2018, author={S, Sundararajan and Ch, Madhavi T. }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner Implementation in Building Projects}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={840-847}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1609}, doi={10.24928/2018/0528}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, 600089, ssrajan18@yahoo.co.in ; Professor and Head(Civil), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, 600089, tcmadhvi@yahoo.com }, abstract={Lean Construction method is considered the core principle behind the Identification and Elimination of various wastes in construction. While there are many Conventional Lean Tools like work standardization, doing it right first time, Audits, Just in Time etc., Lean construction identifies and deals with seven forms of waste which is nothing but nonvalue adding items in construction and also suggests ways and means to eliminate them. As such material wastage can be easily quantified, labour wastage and non-value-added activities by labour was much higher compared to material wastage generated in the construction sites. While, Lean production attempts to integrate the concept of transformation, flow and value, a method such as Last planner when implemented for various finishing activities in building projects, there really exists a sense of deep involvement and a great achievement of the project goal. We discuss in this paper the methodology adopted to implement the Last Planner tool of Lean construction and the improvement thereafter. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Lean Principles, Last Planner, Labour activities, target works }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chauhan2018, author={Chauhan, Krishna and Peltokorpi, Antti and Seppänen, Olli and Berghede, Klas }, editor={ }, title={Combining Takt Planning With Prefabrication for Industrialized Construction}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={848-857}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1610}, doi={10.24928/2018/0542}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Krishna.chauhan@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi ; Professor of Practice, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Dir. Production Innovation, BOLDT, klas.berghede@boldt.com }, abstract={Prefabrication and takt planning and control have been discussed a lot among lean construction researchers and practitioners. However, prefabrication and takt planning together as a way to promote industrialization in construction have been under explored in earlier research. Based on a literature review and two case analysis, this study explored the synergies between prefabrication and takt to promote the industrialization in construction. First case applied prefabrication and takt planning together and the second case applied takt planning, without prefabrication. Our results demonstrate that the two concepts together lead to better results and just implementing takt without prefabrication eventually moves the bottleneck of the project to drying times that could be solved with prefabrication. Therefore, both prefabrication and takt planning benefit from the combination and we argue that industrialization in construction requires both concepts. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Prefabrication, Takt planning, Industrial construction }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Murguia2018, author={Murguia, Danny and Urbina, Alonso }, editor={ }, title={Complex Production Systems: Non-Linear and Non-Repetitive Projects}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={858-868}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1611}, doi={10.24928/2018/0222}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, dmurguia@pucp.p ; Research Assistant, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru,aurbina@pucp.pe }, abstract={In most residential building construction, the production system design relies on the assumption of linearity per zone and per story, thus, takt-time schedules and flow lines are produced accordingly. However, in practice, such smoothness is difficult to achieve due to non-linear and non-repetitive projects. This research aims to identify the main challenges of the production system design when a planning team faces such projects. To achieve this objective, lean scheduling methods are analysed by a complex production system framework including: variety of tasks, task interdependence, supply chain interdependence, and work density. Two simulation case studies are presented. First, the finishing phase of a residential building presents the case of a non-linear project. Second, the structural works of an industrial project presents the challenges of a non-repetitive project. The main finding is that non-repetitive projects can be handled as multiple repetitive non-linear stages. However, the main challenges include the reciprocal interdependence between trade contractors, the work density disparity between locations and trades, the capacity buffer design, and production rates predictions for the assembly of one-off products. This research contributes to the understanding of scheduling in projects where the linearity assumption of activities is violated. }, author_keywords={Complex production system, Flow lines, Non-linear projects, Non-repetitive projects, Production System Design }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2018, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Kristensen, Kai Haakon }, editor={ }, title={New Approach to Developing Integrated Milestones for Planning and Production Control}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={869-878}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1612}, doi={10.24928/2018/0238}, affiliation={Professor, Dr. Ing, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway; e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Senior Project Manager, Ph.D. Municipality of Bodø, Development and Real Estate Department, email: kai.haakon.kristensen@gmail.com }, abstract={This paper examines the issue of bringing improved structure with integrated milestones into the project and production management process to handle progress and strategic coordination in complex AEC-projects. We address the phases between front-end planning and project execution. In terms of theory, we base our project on a concept of strategic milestone planning and we find inspiration in ideas from the practical world. The design research approach is applied, and our artefact is a proposed method by which to develop a network of pull-based integrated milestones. The proposal is verified by documentation of the application in a construction project. In this paper, we argue that the described method can be applied as an improvement of milestone planning both in Last Planner and in more traditional project management. The present study fills a gap in project management literature, which appears to address milestones in a superficial manner; this is partly the case for Last Planner System for production control. Our study contributes to theory and practice regarding development of milestones. }, author_keywords={Milestones, Front-end, Result-oriented, Integrated, Pull-Network }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khalife2018, author={Khalife, Salam and Mneymneh, Bahaa Eddine and Tawbe, Amena and Chatila, Mohamad Hilal and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Employing Simulation to Study the Role of Design Structure Matrix in Reducing Waste in Design}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={879-889}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1613}, doi={10.24928/2018/0249}, affiliation={PhD student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept., American Univ. of Beirut, Beirut, Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, sgk19@mail.aub.edu ; PhD student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept., American Univ. of Beirut, Beirut, Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, bom02@mail.aub.edu ; Graduate student, Dept. of Industrial Eng. And Mngmnt., American Univ. of Beirut, Beirut, Riad ElSolh 1107 2020, Lebanon, ait04@mail.aub.edu ; Student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., American Univ. of Beirut, Beirut, Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, mac28@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept., American Univ. of Beirut, Beirut, Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, +961 1 350000 Ext 3616, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={The design process is a complex and dynamic system owing to the interdependencies of tasks which need to be coordinated between different involved parties. As the design process continues to grow in complexity with the progress of design, and since the early stages are the most complex to manage, this paper proposes the use of the design structure matrix (DSM) to overcome the encountered challenges within the design management process. This study is based on the implementation of the DSM method to manage information flow in the preliminary design of a building project following a traditional design approach. Based on interviews with multidiscipline practitioners, tasks are identified and presented in a Base DSM. To better manage dependencies and improve performance, tasks are re-sequenced in a Partitioned DSM. Accordingly, two simulation models were developed for the Base DSM and the Partitioned DSM. Results show that the flow of tasks in traditional design leads to an increase in the design duration due to negative iterations representing rework in tasks receiving modified input from subsequent activities. Results also show the cyclic dependency between considered tasks and the effect of information change on work progress. This paper concludes by suggesting the application of an integrated design approach to manage the current planning system of the design process at early stages, where intensive coordination is required }, author_keywords={Design Structure Matrix, integrated design, work flow, waste, work structuring. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dlouhy2018, author={Dlouhy, Janosch and Oprach, Svenja and Binninger, Marco and Richter, Tobias and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Using Taktplanning and Taktcontrol in Production Projects – Comparsion of Construction and Equipment Phases}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={890-898}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1614}, doi={10.24928/2018/0477}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42168, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608- 44124,svenja.oprach@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-44124, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; M.Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650, info@kit.edu ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={Takt Planning and Takt Control (TPTC) as a method for construction processes shows the potential for improving time aspects of construction sites in many practical examples. A first example of using the method of TPTC not only in construction but also in following processes such as equipment installation (production projects) indicates equal improvements. By analyzing 10 construction and seven equipment installation case studies, this paper gives an overview of similarities and differences in construction and equipment projects. Furthermore, it describes adjustments for using TPTC in the construction stage as well as in the equipment assembly stage and picturing each stage’s timetable in one common Takt Plan for increased clarity. Interlinking planning phases of both stages shows not only, that further time savings in implementation phases can be realized, but also that overall project planning can benefit from considering interfaces to upstream and downstream phases. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean equipment, comparison, process, work flow. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2018, author={Schöttle, Annett and Arroyo, Paz and Christensen, Randi }, editor={ }, title={Demonstrating the Value of an Effective Collaborative Decision-Making Process in the Design Phase}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={899-909}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1615}, doi={10.24928/2018/0500}, affiliation={PhD Candidate at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)and Senior Consultant at Refine Projects AG, GER, annett.schoettle@protonmail.com, Advisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Fritz Gehbauer, M.S. ; Senior Coach, Lean Project Consulting, USA, parroyo@leanproject.com ; Lean Manager, Lower Thames Crossing, COWI, UK, RMCH@cowi.com }, abstract={Decisions are the foundation for creating value in a project. Particularly in the early design phases, decisions form and restrict the value creation processes throughout the project's life cycle Therefore, project teams should pay attention to the decision-making process, and design it to secure maximum value creation and clear documentation. This paper shows and analyses the decision-making process in the design phase of four different projects based on four characteristics: (1) decision-making method, (2) structure of the decision-making process, (3) governance process, and (4) documentation process. Our findings demonstrate that all four characteristics are essential and need to be considered when designing the decision-making process. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that making decisions collaboratively will lead to value adding opportunities. Consequently, this paper explains how the decision-making process affects the value creation process and gives insights on how to design it in an effective manner. }, author_keywords={Choosing by Advantages, collaboration, decision-making, integration, value }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Singhal2018, author={Singhal, Nilay and Ahuja, Ritu }, editor={ }, title={Can BIMFurnish Lean Benefits - an Indian Case Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={90-100}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1616}, doi={10.24928/2018/0425}, affiliation={Post Graduate student, School of Construction, RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University, 5th Floor, F2 block, Sector- 125, Noida 201301 (UP) India; Phone +91-7042278991, nilays.mc16@ricssbe.edu.in ; Assistant Professor, School of Construction, RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University, 5th Floor, F2 block, Sector- 125, Noida 201301 (UP) India; Phone +91-120-6673038, rahuja@ricssbe.edu.in }, abstract={Building Information Modelling (BIM) is recognized as an enabler for proficient accomplishment of projects in construction industry at different levels. Various benefits have been achieved globally through BIM implementations including enhanced visualization, collaboration between stakeholders throughout the project life cycle, time and cost savings, value engineering, change management and many others. Harnessing the BIM capabilities efficiently to gain maximum benefits on the projects can be a major milestone for the Indian built environment sector. For this study, BIM has been identified as an effective process for achieving various lean benefits for construction projects in India. The project envision BIM as a catalyst for improving the current scenario of Indian construction sector. The paper is based on exploration case based research methodology wherein, both literature review and semi-structured interview have been done. Relationship between BIM and lean by studying the use of various BIM capabilities on construction projects from initiation stage till operations and maintenance stage has been established. Lean benefits corresponding to each BIM capability has been reported upon validating in discussions with the industry experts and literature review. }, author_keywords={BIM, Collaboration, lean construction, Indian Construction sector, Value }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jagannathan2018, author={Jagannathan, Murali and Kamma, Ravindranadh Chowdary and Renganaidu, Venkatesan and Ramalingam, Shobha }, editor={ }, title={Enablers for Sustainable Lean Construction in India}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={910-922}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1617}, doi={10.24928/2018/0247}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, NICMAR Pune, India, +91 9663410101, mjagannathan@nicmar.ac.in ; Assistant Professor, NICMAR Hyderabad, India, +91 9038645481, kravindranadh@nicmar.ac.in ; Professor, NICMAR Hyderabad, India, +91 9444091973, rvenkatesan@nicmar.ac.in ; Assistant Professor, NICMAR Pune, India, +91 02066859122, sramalingam@nicmar.ac.in }, abstract={Sustainability and Lean practices are two modern philosophies that are wielding influence in the construction industry. Researchers have observed that Sustainability and Lean implementation go hand in hand and there are benefits in implementing them together as ‘Sustainable Lean Construction’ (SLC). However, it was observed through a literature review that the contractors' top management support for implementing sustainable practices was not as evident as that of Lean implementation. In the Indian construction scenario, with the Sustainability initiatives and Lean implementation in preliminary stages, time is ripe for viewing them as concepts that complement each other and look for its widespread application as a combined credo. Commitment by owner organizations, compatibility with an existing contractual framework, design ability, constructability, government policy support, financial attractiveness, long-term relationship and increased market penetration are among the enablers that support the implementation of SLC in Indian conditions. The identified enablers and action points, therefore, pave the way for achieving the benefits of lean implementation and sustainable construction practices for fostering SLC practices in Indian construction. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, Lean, Construction, Sustainable Lean Construction, Organizations, Enablers }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mollo2018, author={Mollo, Lesiba George and Emuze, Fidelis and Smallwood, John }, editor={ }, title={Reducing Human Failure in Construction With the ‘Training Within-Industry’ Method}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={923-932}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1618}, doi={10.24928/2018/0264}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa, Tel: (051) 507 3523, Email: lmollo@cut.ac.za ; Associate Professor and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa, Tel: (051) 507 3089, Email: femuze@cut.ac.za ; Professor, Department of Construction Management, Nelson Mandela University, Po Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa, Tel: (041) 504 2790 / 551. Email: John.Smallwood@mandela.ac.za. }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to explain how a lean production tool, the ‘Training-withinIndustry’ (TWI) would help to identify and eliminate safety related waste in construction. TWI is commonly used to transfer knowledge and skills needed to improve work methods. The tool also helps to maintain a good working relationship between the employers and employees. This paper presents a multiple case study conducted to understand the application of TWI in a worksite better. The research shows that inadequate training of workers contributes to variability and waste manifestation that precede accidents in construction. The study also contends that there is a significant scope TWI deployment in construction due to the inability of supervisors and working to ‘see’ safety waste unfolding on their worksites. For example, the guidelines herein outlined could reduce human failures (safety errors and violations) with the use of the lean construction tool. }, author_keywords={Construction industry, Human Failures, Knowledge, Skills, Training-within-Industry }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sarhan2018, author={Sarhan, Saad and Elnokaly, Amira and Pasquire, Christine and Pretlove, Stephen }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction and Sustainability Through IGLC Community: A Critical Systematic Review of 25 Years of Experience}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={933-942}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1619}, doi={10.24928/2018/0274}, affiliation={Lecturer in Construction Management, Lincoln School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, Tel: +44 (0)1522 83 5395, ssarhan@lincoln.ac.uk ; Principal Lecturer in Architecture, Lincoln School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, Tel: +44 (0)1522 83 7178, aelnokaly@lincoln.ac.uk ; Professor of Lean Project Management, School of Architecture Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, NG1 4BU, Tel: +44 (0)115 848 2095, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Professor of Sustainable Construction, Lincoln School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, Tel: +44 (0)1522 83 5767, spretlove@lincoln.ac.uk }, abstract={It has been argued that Lean Construction (LC) offers the conceptual basis and the appropriate methods and tools needed for helping the construction industry meet the challenges of sustainable development. Since 1998, a growing body of knowledge has been emerging from the IGLC community, in relation to synergies between LC and Sustainability. Both seek to reduce waste and maximise value, but through different approaches and perspectives. The most common mistake, however, is a tool-focused framework for integration, which overlooks the conceptual differences between these two initiatives. The aim of this study, therefore, is to review the progress made in understanding the linkages and inconsistencies between the two initiatives, through conducting a critical systematic literature review (SLR) and synthesising the findings of ‘LC and Sustainability’ studies published in IGLC conferences over the past 25 years. The findings of the study provide an overview of previous studies about the topic, reveal major limitations in approaches to LC and Sustainable Construction (SC), and divulge significant opportunities for further work that remain unexplored. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Sustainability, Green, Value, Waste }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ahirrao2018, author={Ahirrao, Rishikesh }, editor={ }, title={Leveraging Technology by Digitalization Using “I Report App” for Safety at Construction Sites}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={943-951}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1620}, doi={10.24928/2018/0418}, affiliation={OHS Head-Godrej Construction, Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co Ltd, Mumbai, India; +91-9833591597; rma@godrej.com }, abstract={Construction industry is highly unorganized in most developing countries and prone to major risks and safety non-conformances. Identification of unsafe conditions and unsafe acts at construction sites is a huge challenge due to less participation from stakeholders, reluctance in filling up the manual formats and inconsistency in hazard reporting, recording and timely closure of safety issues resulting in various wastes affecting organization’s Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) performance. Digitization has its issues such as unavailability of a user-friendly systems at construction sites etc. This slows down the safety improvements and risk mitigation initiatives. In order to address the operational challenges of delivering “Safe projects with the aim of “zero accidents” the organisation took up the task of exploring Information Technology (IT) to create an App suitable to all stakeholders and which would provide a platform for quick redressal of safety concerns and improvement of existing safety processes. The paper explains how the mobile App I-Report was developed by collaborating with all internal stakeholders and how it succeeded in improving the safety performance of the organisation. How digitization helped create safe work sites, reduce accidents and incidents by continuous improvements of safety processes based on IT enabled data analytics is answered in this paper. }, author_keywords={Lean App, Safety, hand held assistant, hazard identification and reporting. }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Singh2018, author={Singh, Vishal }, editor={ }, title={Towards Creative Lean (Clean) Construction: From Lean Production to Lean Consumption }, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={952-962}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1621}, doi={10.24928/2018/0438}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, +358504315667, Vishal.Singh@aalto.fi }, abstract={The current approaches in lean construction are primarily production oriented. More recently, there has been greater attention towards what we design, based on approaches such as Target Value Design. Despite these developments, the need for production is taken as the default starting point in the design explorations. On the other hand, new business models and approaches such as Space-As-A-Service may at times eliminate the need for any production at all, and yet deliver the desired functionalities and values to the target users and customers. Such solutions, based on principles of shared resources and sharing economy can be viewed as ‘Lean consumption mode s that e iminate waste in consumption patterns itself. Since such alternative approaches require divergent thinking, there is need to integrate creative design methodologies in lean construction practice. Therefore, this paper aims to initiate this discussion on Creative Lean (CLean) Construction, as a step from lean production to lean consumption. }, author_keywords={Creative Lean Construction, Lean design management, Lean consumption, missed opportunity, disruption }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kahler2018, author={Kahler, Danny L. }, editor={ }, title={Innovative Quality Management in a Lean World}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={963-972}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1622}, doi={10.24928/2018/0515}, affiliation={ Principal, Kahler Engineering Group, 1244 Derby Drive, Suite, 100, Richardson, TX 75080 , USA +1 (512) 983-3453, danny.kahler@kahlerengineering.com }, abstract={By strict definition, the appraisal of quality is waste. It consumes resources, but does not directly add value to the work that is being appraised. It indicates what the actual value is, and in many cases why the work might not have met the required value. However, the appraisal of quality is a necessary waste. Without the appraisal of quality, those who are ultimately accountable for the work do not know whether or not the work meets requirements before it is accepted and incorporated into the project. And, even though it does not add value to the work itself, it adds value to our confidence about the quality of the work, which is often necessary to be paid for the work, to warranty the work, to insure the work, or to even allow public occupancy of the work. So how can stakeholders reduce the resources necessary to appraise quality without reducing the level of their confidence? Can the right type of innovative practices reduce the expenditure of resources but at the same time actually increase the confidence in the quality of the work? This paper will discuss actual methods of innovative quality management that have been used on public infrastructure projects within the United States by licensed professional engineers. }, author_keywords={Value, waste, process, quality, innovation }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Murata2018, author={Murata, Koichi and Tezel, Algan and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Sources of Waste on Construction Site: A Comparison to the Manufacturing Industry}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={973-981}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1623}, doi={10.24928/2018/0280}, affiliation={Associate Professor, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Chiba, JAPAN, murata.kouichi30@nihon-u.ac.jp ; Lecturer, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, A.Tezel@hud.ac.uk ; Professor of Construction and Project Management, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={The wastes of the supply chain should be reduced to achieve the stabilization of construction operations in lean-based construction management. The aim of this paper is to investigate the communication related sources of waste on construction worksite when compared to the manufacturing industry. The methodology used involves several observations of Japanese construction worksites and interviews with worksite managers and executives of some construction companies, and public institutions, and participation at forums for exchanging practical construction experiences conducted over the last few years. Two main results are obtained. The first one details the three peculiarities of construction, specific customer, site production, and temporary organization as described in prior research. The second one proposes a structural model to depict wastes caused by temporary organization, one of the three mentioned peculiarities. These findings contribute to better understanding of the peculiarities of construction in view of applying lean techniques, and to broadening the practitioners’ viewpoint by providing a guideline to gain the capability of a sharp and systematic understanding of their worksite. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, waste of production flow, waste of organization }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Perera2018, author={Perera, C.S.R. and Gunatilake, Sachie }, editor={ }, title={A Conceptual Model for Value Chain Management in Construction Contractor Organisations}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={982-991}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1624}, doi={10.24928/2018/0524}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, +94 77 507 6162, csrperera.25@gmail.com ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, +94 77 219 2479, sachieg@uom.lk }, abstract={Lean techniques focus on value maximisation while minimising waste. Waste is commonly interpreted as waste of material even though, waste in construction industry also relates to activities such as defects, movement, waiting time and processing. Such waste can be minimised through an in-depth understanding of the organisation. Herein, Value Chain Management (VCM) can be used to facilitate organisations to categorise the activities in terms of their value addition. The generic value chain model developed by Porter in 1985 focuses on the manufacturing industry thus, a framework is required for contractor organisations based on which Value Adding Activities (VAAs) and non-VAAs can be identified. This paper is aimed at proposing a conceptual model for VCM in contractor organisations. Three case studies were conducted in selected contractor organisations and data was collected through fifteen semi-structured interviews. Collected data was analysed using content analysis. Altogether, 46 VAAs were identified classified under four primary functions and six secondary functions. The findings were used to develop a VC model applicable to contractor organisations based on Porter’s generic VC model. This in turn could be used by contractors to adopt strategies to enhance Value Adding Activities (VAAs) and to minimise non-VAAs. }, author_keywords={Conceptual model, contractor organisations, value adding activities, value chain, value chain managemen }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ghanem2018, author={Ghanem, Malek and Hamzeh, Farook and Seppänen, Olli and Zankoul, Emile }, editor={ }, title={A New Perspective of Construction Logistics and Production Control: An Exploratory Study}, journal={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={26th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2018}, pages={992-1001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1625}, doi={10.24928/2018/0540}, affiliation={Masters Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, America University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon , mng08@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb ; Professor of Practice, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Graduate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, efz00@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Construction logistics and production control can enhance project performance. Research addressing site material management mainly aims at reducing hauling distances and transportation costs. Other studies address the effects of logistics on labor productivity, proposing partial solutions instead of comprehensive optimization.Moreover, previous research on logistics optimization covers various stages of supply chain, but stops once materials reach the construction site. However, different techniques can be used to haul these materials from storage areas to workplaces, including push and just-in-time techniques.These methods along with the effects they can have on crew performance still need to be studied. Pull and push techniques have been studied and applied for production control purposes. However, zooming into the level of project locations, the effects of production control approaches on crew performance still need to be studied. This paper reviews onsite construction logistics and production control techniques, studies them at the level of locations, and proposes hypotheses to be evaluated in future research, relating logistics mechanisms and production control systems to productivity. This research is valuable due to exposing additional factors affecting labor productivity, and recommending further optimization in production planning and construction logistics. }, author_keywords={Production control, push, pull, logistics, lean construction }, address={Chennai, India }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Power2019, author={Power, William and Taylor, Darrin }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner® System and Planned Percent Complete: An Examination of Individual Trade Performances}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1-12}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1626}, doi={10.24928/2019/0164}, affiliation={Productivity & Performance Manager, DPS Group, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Co. Cork, Ireland, +353 21 7305000, willie.power@dpsgroupglobal.com ; Principal Lead, Academy of Lean Enterprise Excellence, RIKON Centre, School of Business, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland, +353 51 834129, dtaylor@wit.ie }, abstract={There is a dearth of research on Lean in the Irish construction sector and on the application of Lean thinking and practices on live capital projects. Lean Construction (LC) is recommended as an antidote to productivity issues encountered on capital project delivery. Last Planner® System (LPS) is a key tool of LC, and high Planned Percent Complete (PPC) achievement is positively correlated to increased productivity. This study examines individual trades’ differing PPC performances on two overlapping capital projects; it considers explanations for those differences; and it identifies areas for improvement to enhance PPC on future capital projects. LC-driven contractor selection, early trades engagement in the design process, implementation of all functions of LPS, Lean education and training, increased modularisation and prefabrication, and embracing technological advances are posited as areas for focused improvements. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, LPS, Collaboration, Workflow, PPC, Mindset, Ireland }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nygård2019, author={Nygård, Emil Fløvik and Wondimu, Paulos and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Best Value Procurement – Experiences From the Execution Phase}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={109-120}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1627}, doi={10.24928/2019/0170}, affiliation={M. Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DCEE), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, emilfn@stud.ntnu.no ; Researcher, DCEE, NTNU, NTNU / Senior Engineer, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Norway, paulos.wondimu@ntnu.no / paulos.wondimu@vegvesen.no ; Professor, DCEE, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={Best value procurement (BVP) is one of the approaches for early contractor involvement (ECI) in public construction projects. Despite an increased number of projects using the approach, there is a lack of knowledge regarding use of BVP in the Norwegian construction industry. Little research has been done on the consequences due to BVP, and the approach is often misinterpreted as only a procurement model. However, BVP provides an important mind-set for all parties involved, also during the execution phase. This paper study how BVP is practiced in two public kindergarten projects, what consequences that followed in the execution phase, and how BVP should be practiced in future projects. In addition to a literature study, the two projects were studied through a longitudinal study consisting of 8 in-depth semi-structured interviews and a document study. The findings show that how elements of BVP are practiced in the early phases influences both the execution phase and the final product. This study has developed important measures and improvements for how to practice BVP, and is among the first to document experiences from the execution phase. The identified measures can lead to a better execution phase, and thus a better product for the client. }, author_keywords={Best value procurement (BVP), early contractor involvement, value, standardization, execution phase }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lesjø2019, author={Lesjø, Emilie Sofie and Wondimu, Paulos Abebe and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Best Value Procurement From a Contractor Point of View}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={121-132}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1628}, doi={10.24928/2019/0190}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), +47 943 83 498, emilie.lesjo@gmail.com ; Researcher, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DCEE), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway/Senior Engineer, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Norway, +47 901 11 814, paulos.wondimu@ntnu.no/paulos.wondimu@vegvesen.no ; Associate Professor, DCEE, NTNU, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={Best Value Procurement (BVP) was introduced in Norway in 2016. Since then, more than ten pilot projects have tested the method. So far, limited research has been carried out to explore the contractors’ experiences on BVP to improve the method for future projects. The purpose of this paper is to fill part of this research gap by exploring a contractor’s experiences from several projects using the method. By looking at five road projects that have tested out the BVP method, a trend can be seen in how the evaluation of the offers was conducted. Data was collected from five pilot road projects through three in-depth interviews with key persons and a document study. The results show how the evaluation of the price aspect has changed over time. In three of the five projects, a formula was used that urged the contractors to set prices low in order to score additional points. This formula gained criticism from both the contractors and the BVP experts hired to help the contractors. BVP has contributed, to a certain extent, to Lean implementation. However, the practice should be improved to increase value and transparency and minimize conflict and waste. }, author_keywords={Best value procurement, BVP, lean construction, value, early contractor involvement, ECI }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sarhan2019, author={Sarhan, Saad and Pasquire, Christine and Mossman, Alan and Hayes, Alan }, editor={ }, title={The Prevailing Procurement System as a Source of Waste in Construction: A Case Study}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={133-144}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1629}, doi={10.24928/2019/0270}, affiliation={Lecturer / Programme Leader in Construction Management, Lincoln School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Lincoln, LN6 7TS, Tel: +44 (0)1522 83 5395, ssarhan@lincoln.ac.uk ; Professor of Lean Project Management, School of Architecture Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, NG1 4BU, Tel: +44 (0)115 848 2095, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Director, The Change Business Ltd, 19 Piccadilly, Stroud, GL5 1HB, UK; +44 7968 485 627, alanmossman@mac.com ; Director, Really Good Ideas Ltd, The Old Counting House, 82E High Street, Wallingford OX10 0BS, United Kingdom, alan@reallygoodideas.biz }, abstract={Prevailing project procurement processes and strategies are thought to be the root cause for many of the reported criticisms of the construction industry, such as lack of trust and collaboration and short term adversarial and transactional relationships. However, very few studies have sought to examine the relationship between the organisational, commercial and institutional environments influencing construction procurement and the generation of process waste in construction projects. This study addresses this gap in knowledge by providing findings from a case study of a major UK infrastructure project. The study identifies a number of prevailing, yet counterproductive, procurement and contractual governance practices that lead to a ‘network of causal wastes’. The study provides a conceptual model which exposes the complex, dynamic, interconnectedness and reciprocal nature of waste at the procurement and supply-chain level. The authors believe that this is the first study to expose the nature of waste at this level of analysis. It uses an integrated grounded theory case-study methodology that is demonstrably effective and can be useful for supporting studies seeking to investigate the concept of waste within the construction procurement context. The study concludes by suggesting that future studies focus on pre-procurement processes. }, author_keywords={Procurement; Waste; Institutions; Contractual Governance; Grounded Theory }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fürstenberg2019, author={Fürstenberg, David and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Application of BIM Design Manuals: A Case Study}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={145-156}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1630}, doi={10.24928/2019/0147}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DCEE), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway/BIM specialist, COWI Norway, +47 482 35 793, david.furstenberg@ntnu.no/ dafu@cowi.com ; Professor, DCEE, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={A problem often encountered by contractors is that the information provided is not always equal to the information needed in the Building Information Model (BIM). Somewhere between the BIM design manual and the final BIM information is omitted. The purpose of this paper is to identify the source of the information loss. Therefore, the relation between model information requirements in BIM design manuals, tender documents and the final BIM was investigated. The research included a literature study, a document study and a case study. In detail, three discipline models (road, construction and lighting) were investigated from a design-bid-build project in Norway. The results showed that the requirements were mostly complied with (sometimes with a pragmatic approach). However, the requirements represent the client's focus on the design and the in-use phase. Whereas the contractor's focus on the production phase is not given the same attention. From that perspective, the results are twofold; 1) some of the required information is not provided in an exact and reliable form, while 2) resources are spent on providing not required information. This applied research showed that design manuals should reflect new project delivery methods to support lean principles for all parties involved in the project. }, author_keywords={BIM design manual, infrastructure, lean construction, waste, standardization. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Demirkesen2019, author={Demirkesen, Sevilay and Wachter, Nadia and Oprach, Svenja and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Identifying Barriers in Lean Implementation in the Construction Industry}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={157-168}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1631}, doi={10.24928/2019/0151}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Eng., Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey. Phone +90 5340540364, demirkesen@gtu.edu.tr. ; Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3 (Am Fasanengarten), Bldg. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0) 721 608 45476, nadia.wachter@kit.edu. ; Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3 (Am Fasanengarten), Bldg. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0) 721 608 45476, svenja.oprach@kit.edu. ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3 (Am Fasanengarten), Bldg. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721 608 42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu. }, abstract={With the rising attention on the topic of Lean construction and its benefits, more and more companies aim to implement the Lean philosophy in their culture. Together with changing the companies’ culture multiple challenges occur. Hence, it is of utmost importance to identify factors, which lead to poor management in Lean construction activities. Therefore, this paper intends to identify and categorize barriers leading to poor implementation of the Lean philosophy. In this respect, a set of barrier groups comprising a total of twenty-seven components were identified. A questionnaire was designed and administered to Lean construction professionals in order to rank the importance level of the selected barriers. The paper proposes that lack of ‘top management support’, ‘misperception about Lean practices’, ‘lack of information sharing and integrated change control’ are the top three barriers for Lean implementation. The findings of the study indicate that Lean implementation might be conducted with higher efficiency and productivity by removing the barriers for implementation. This study might guide Lean professionals to align their strategies with Lean practices by knowing and recognizing the main barriers. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, culture, collaboration, continuous improvement, barriers. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hackler2019, author={Hackler, Cory and Byse, Erika and Alves, Thais da C. L. and Reed, Dean }, editor={ }, title={Building a Lean Culture: Engaging the Value Stream}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={169-178}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1632}, doi={10.24928/2019/0169}, affiliation={DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA. CoryHa@dpr.com ; DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85034, ErikaB@dpr.com ; Associate Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Engineering, San Diego State University, USA, talves@sdsu.edu ; DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA. DeanR@dpr.com }, abstract={This paper presents an analysis of a Lean Leadership (LL) training program initiated by the company about three years ago. The program’s main goal is to disseminate Lean throughout the company, which has been using Lean principles in its projects for about twenty years. So far, the LL program has reached over four hundred participants. Over the last year, the program included participants from the company’s extended value stream. Participants include project teams and the company’s strategic partners for prefabrication, equipment rental, and VDC/Project Controls support services. As part of the program, authors one and two visited participants to understand how they are applying lean leadership principles. This paper, the third in the series of building a Lean culture, shares success stories on how organizations in the company’s value stream applied LL knowledge to their business including value stream mapping, Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA), go and see, and effective meetings. It also presents how these teams will continue their LL training to further build a Lean culture which the company can learn from its strategic partners while driving home a common purpose. }, author_keywords={Lean leadership, training, Lean journey, change }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamzeh2019, author={Hamzeh, F.R. and Albanna, R.M }, editor={ }, title={Developing a Tool to Assess Workers’ Understanding of Lean Concepts in Construction}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={179-190}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1633}, doi={10.24928/2019/0241}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, rma138@mail.aub.edu }, abstract={In order to reap the benefits of Lean Construction, construction companies should integrate, empower and enable all personnel involved in the construction process whether on or off-site. As such, construction workers need to be trained on lean construction concepts and principles. The purpose of this paper is to develop a tool to assess the workers’ understanding of Lean concepts in construction. In this paper, the lean construction concepts are categorized into eight main areas: planning and control, standardization, pull production, wastes, kaizen, site organization, quality and safety. A lean construction worker knowledge profile was formulated based on the aforementioned categories. This profile encompasses all the knowledge, information, and lean background that a construction worker should distinguish, utilize and harness on the construction site. This lean profile formed the basis for a survey tool conducted on different construction sites in Lebanon to test its efficacy in identification areas of weaknesses in understanding lean principles as the lever of construction workers. Out of the eight categories, the workers lacked mainly the required acquaintance in pull production and waste. As a result, training exercises and games are recommended to instil lean construction concepts in the everyday behaviour, practice and job performance of construction workers. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, construction workers, training games }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Muñoz2019, author={Muñoz, Anthony and Laurent, Jean and Dierks, Chris }, editor={ }, title={Team Health: A Measured Approach to Collective Learning}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={191-202}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1634}, doi={10.24928/2019/0245}, affiliation={Healthcare Project Manager, DPR Construction, San Diego, CA 92122, USA, anthonym@dpr.com ; Project Engineer, DPR Construction, Newport Beach, CA 92660, USA, jeanl@dpr.com ; Lean Manager, DPR Construction, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33301, USA, chrisd@dpr.com }, abstract={This paper addresses the problem in failing to identify, measure, and monitor the human component (i.e. participant satisfaction) in the delivery of a lean construction project. Traditional measures of lean construction fail to represent or provide insightful commentary to the lengths they measure. The authors of this paper present the team health assessment as a tool that DPR Construction has used to better identify and provide measurement to otherwise unquantifiable indices of a project’s performance. With this tool, project teams are able to facilitate a disciplined approach to learning, learning from the team and as a team, throughout the entire life cycle of design and construction. This added awareness could then be used to better identify and optimize value from a holistic viewpoint. }, author_keywords={Language action perspective, benefits realization, action learning, moods, collective learning. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ward2019, author={Ward, Steven A. and Caklais, Simon }, editor={ }, title={Piloting the Deployment of ISO 18404 in the Construction Sector, an Approach to Organisational Transformation}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={203-214}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1635}, doi={10.24928/2019/0174.}, affiliation={Technical Director, Continuous Improvement Services, WSP, Bristol, UK +447917104399, steve.ward@wsp.com ; Managing Director, Gilbert & Goode, St Austell, UK +447766903418 s.caklais@gilbertandgoode.co.uk }, abstract={Despite significant experience with lean, the construction sector still fails to grasp the nettle and cannot keep up with other sector’s rates of improvement. Ad hoc deployment of tools and techniques are common, but business transformations appear extremely rare. The research approach rests upon a focused literature review, examining the concept of Lean Construction transformation in the context of culture change, together with a single case study of the world’s first business to achieve certification to the Lean ISO18404 standard. Key learning points from the case study were derived by structured interviews with construction staff directly involved and by noting similarities of the lean deployment to recommendations made in the literature. It is concluded that ISO 18404 is appropriate for the construction sector and could provide a useful roadmap to those seeking business transformation. Limitations and recommendations for further work and research are offered. }, author_keywords={ISO18404, Lean construction, organisational transformation, standardisation. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ryan2019, author={Ryan, Maria and Murphy, Christy and Casey, Jason }, editor={ }, title={Case Study in the Application of the Last Planner® System}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={215-226}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1636}, doi={10.24928/2019/0223}, affiliation={Managing Director, Crystal Lean Solutions, Limerick, Ireland + 353 87 622 6899 maria.ryan@Crystalleansolutions.ie ; Director, Crystal Lean Solutions, Limerick, Ireland + 353 87 771 4246 christy.murphy@crystalleansolutions.ie ; Associate Director, Ardmac Ltd, Swords, Dublin, Ireland +353 86 855 3342 jason.casey@ardmac.com }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to identify the perceived benefits and challenges in the application of the Last Planner® System (LPS) in an Irish context. A case study research method was applied to one Irish case study organization. Qualitative and quantitative data was analyzed from primary and secondary data. Limitations of the study include utilisation of a single case study and the part time role of the researchers. Five key perceived benefits of LPS were identified including; Improved planning accuracy, Real time control, Proactive control, Engagement, and Design quality for construction. One key challenge identified, was a lack of time required for implementation. Insufficient training and resistance to change were not found to be issues compared to the literature review. Two different challenges were identified including lack of customization to suit different client sectors and lack of a standardized approach to deployment across projects. Further research is recommended to (a) understand these additional challenges (b) follow up of this study in the future of the case organization and (c) include additional Irish case studies. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, last planner® system, lean, construction }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2019, author={Gomez, Sulyn and Huynh, Raymond and Arroyo, Paz and Ballard, Glenn and Tommelein, Iris and Tillmann, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Changing Behaviors Upstream to Achieve Expected Outcomes}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={13-24}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1637}, doi={10.24928/2019/0216.}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 765 775-6583, sulyn@berkeley.edu ; Senior Project Engineer, Quality Champion, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, +1 415 528-1045, rhuynh28@gmail.com ; Quality Leader, Quality Corporate Team, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, +1 510 520-6238, paza@dpr.com ; Research Director, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 415 710-5531, gballard@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director of the Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 510 643-8678, tommelein@berkeley.edu ; Senior Lean Manager, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA, +1 415 279-9102, patricia.andretillmann@ucsf.edu }, abstract={A behavior-based approach to quality has been proposed to highlight the impact that upstream behaviors have on the overall outcomes of construction projects. The focus of this pioneering approach is first to understand that certain behaviors lead to conversations in which expectations are clearly identified and understood by the different project participants, and then to set measurable acceptance criteria so that the final result can be compared with what was agreed. Previous research has described the approach and provided positive results in satisfying client’s expectations, but the process to achieve such outcomes has not been captured. This paper captures the implementation of this behavior-based quality (BBQ) approach to quality management, that has as its main goal to have no surprises, zero rework, and to improve delivery of value to all the project participants engaged at any point of a construction project. Construction projects are to be planned first for quality to fully understand expectations of what the team should build, then for safety to identify any potential risks associated with the processes to build the agreed work and define how tasks will be built in a safe manner, and then for production to secure flow and an adequate use of resources. }, author_keywords={Quality, behavior-based quality (BBQ), behavior, distinguishing features of work (DFOW), measurable acceptance criteria (MAC). }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{McHugh2019, author={McHugh, Kevin and Dave, Bhargav and Craig, Ray }, editor={ }, title={Integrated Lean and Bim Processes for Modularised Construction – A Case Study}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={228-238}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1638}, doi={10.24928/2019/0252}, affiliation={Associate Director, Mace Technology (Ireland) , Kevin.McHugh@macegroup.com ; CEO, VisiLean Ltd, Finland, bhargav@visilean.com ; Construction Director, Mace Technology (Ireland) Ray.Craig@macegroup.com }, abstract={Integrated lean and BIM practices have a proven track record of improving the efficiency of the construction project lifecycle as demonstrated by several case studies and research projects. Lean and BIM synergies range from design coordination to pre-construction, production management and eventually handover and operations. Similarly, offsite manufacturing and modularisation also has a proven track record of improving the effiencies of the production phase and there are significant synergies between lean and offsite. Although lean construction is increasingly being applied on construction projects, applications that support its implementation on construction site remain limited. Production is significantly managed through manual processes and disparate systems. Previous case studies have proven that the use of BIM with lean practices during the construction phase improves the efficiency of planning. One of the major aspects of lean and BIM implementations is the support of the Last Planner System and tracking of production status to ensure production runs smoothly. While 4D planning has been used to support pre-construction planning and first run studies, it has had limited success with tracking real-time production status and supporting the Last Planner System. This paper provides an insight into an integrated lean and BIM implementation project supporting a highly modular and offsite production process on a data centre project. The case study highlights how lean and BIM can help the team to visualise the production plans, control the production in the field, report accurate production status and support the continuous improvement process. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, BIM, offsite manufacturing, digitisation, lean and BIM }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamerski2019, author={Hamerski, Douglas C. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Isatto, Eduardo L. and Cevallos, Cristian A. }, editor={ }, title={Combining Lean and Agile Project Management in a Multi-Project Environment: Case Study in a Retail Company}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={239-250}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1639}, doi={10.24928/2019/0217}, affiliation={M. Sc. Student, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, douglas_hamerski@hotmail.com ; Professor, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, isatto@ufrgs.br ; M. Sc. Student, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, cristiancevallosj@hotmail.com }, abstract={Both the Last Planner System (LPS) and Scrum have been suggested as suitable planning and control methods for dealing with complex project environments. However, most previous studies have investigated the use of those methods for planning and control in single projects, in general managed separately from other projects. This paper reports the results of an investigation which aims to propose a planning and control model for managing construction projects in a multi-project environment. Using Design Science Research (DSR) as a methodological approach, an empirical study has been carried out in a fashion retailer company from Brazil. The model has been built by using a research strategy similar to Action Research. These are the main findings so far: (a) the nature of the project management activities demand a different planning and control approach, compared to what is normally found in relation to planning and control design or construction; and (b) there are challenges on the systematic use of performance measures to support learning and decision-making. These initial conclusions will serve as a basis for incorporating improvements in the model. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, agile project management, planning and control, project management, construction projects. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Simonsen2019, author={Simonsen, Sarah Hermine Fossum and Skoglund, Maren Holte and Engebø, Atle and Varegg, Bjørn Edmund and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Effects of IPD in Norway – A Case Study of the Tønsberg Project}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={251-262}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1640}, doi={10.24928/2019/0157}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 90807120, shsimons@stud.ntnu.no ; M.Sc. student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, +47 98899555, marenhs@stud.ntnu.no ; PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, atle.engebo@ntnu.no ; Deputy Director and Lead Contract and Procurement, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Norway, +47 90911917, bjorn.varegg@tonsbergprosjektet.no ; Professor, dr.ing, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, +47 73594739, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={The study aims to identify the effects of implemented elements of Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) on the production phase, and the effect on team, individual and task needs. The paper advances research on IPD in practice and facilitates better transition to IPD to resolve challenges in the construction industry. The research includes a single case study of the Tønsberg Project in Norway, combined with a literature review. The case study consists of a document study and semi-structured interviews with key informants from the contractor. The research established that too many elements were attempted implemented at once, causing a tendency to fall back on traditional ways of doing things when the process lagged. Even so, the interviewees saw great potential in IPD, with more education and training. Furthermore, the experienced effects in the Tønsberg Project fulfilled team needs to a greater extent than individual and task needs. This reflects the IPD idea of the owner, contractor and designer working together as a unit and shows the value of leaders using IPD. The research is limited by a single case study and the contractor’s perspective. Further work might study different projects or increase the differentiation in roles and data collection. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), collaboration, team model, commitment, effects }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Berg2019, author={Berg, Peter and Reed, Dean }, editor={ }, title={Capability-Building Competition in Construction: Case Study Reinterpretation}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={265-274}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1641}, doi={10.24928/2019/0219}, affiliation={Project Executive, DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA, peterb@dpr.com ; Lean/Integration Advocate, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, deanr@dpr.com }, abstract={This industry paper is applied research with the purpose of answering whether Takahiro Fujimoto’s theory of capability-building competition in the automobile industry can be applied to the construction industry. This study begins with an empirical account of the work a series of project teams did to prefabricate and install exterior wall (X-wall) panels on six different buildings. The authors then explain relevant aspects of Fujimoto theory. Finally, the authors create a framework for evaluating the work in light of this theory and do so. The authors find that Fujimoto’s theory is relevant to construction. This paper is limited because the construction data set is relatively small and the evaluation of the competitiveness of routines and learning is based on the assessment of the first author, who initiated and directly managed the work on two projects and was engaged in its development on later projects. The paper is relevant for industry professionals because Lean management and process capability is required to make value flow to customers. Lean Construction theory can advance by understanding the elements of capability-building in the auto industry and how they can be applied to design and construction. }, author_keywords={Theory, transformation, flexible manufacturing, evolutionary, emergence }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Christensen2019, author={Christensen, Randi and Greenhalgh, Stephen and Thomassen, Anja }, editor={ }, title={When a Business Case Is Not Enough, Motivation to Work With Lean}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={275-286}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1642}, doi={10.24928/2019/0146}, affiliation={PhD, MSc, Lean Manager, COWI working on behalf of Highways England at Lower Thames Crossing, London, Co-Founder of CollabDecisions, +44 7702 856113, rmch@cowi.com ; BSc, Civil Engineering, Lean Manager for East Region & Complex Infrastructure Programme for Highways England stephen.greenhalgh@highwaysengland.co.uk ; PhD, Cand.merch Anja O. Thomassen, Associate Professor, Department of Learning and Philosophy, Aalborg University, aot@learning.aau.dk }, abstract={Lean practitioners have always been very passionate about sharing their experiences and knowledge so others also can benefit from better processes and reduced waste. When lean practitioners get together to discuss and spread knowledge, the ‘implementation of lean’ is often at the core of the conversation. How do we get others to understand the nature of lean and how do we get them to implement it? Despite clearly documented, positive outcomes and strong business cases, we still encounter resistance and it can be challenging to even get our own colleagues to be engaged with lean. This paper explores what motivates individuals with different project roles to work with lean, when some research shows that knowledge and will is not enough to change. It considers why incentive measures and a focus on time and cost savings could have a negative impact on the motivation to change for some groups. This discussion is supported with survey data and experiences from a major infrastructure project and within the organisation of the client, Highways England. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, implementation, motivation, sense making, change }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ezzeddine2019, author={Ezzeddine, Ali and Shehab, Lynn and Hamzeh, Farook and Lucko, Gunnar }, editor={ }, title={Singularity Functions to Enhance Monitoring in the Last Planner System}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={287-298}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1643}, doi={10.24928/2019/0134}, affiliation={Masters Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, ame109@mail.aub.edu ; Masters Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, aas113@mail.aub.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca ; Professor of Civil Engineering and Director, Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, lucko@cua.edu }, abstract={Many traditionally managed construction projects suffer from schedule delays. However, in Lean Construction, the Last Planner System TM (LPS) stipulates planning tasks first at the macro (Master Schedule and Phase Schedule) and then at the micro levels (Look-ahead Planning and Weekly Work Plan, WWP) when the week of execution approaches. This paper aims to enhance the control aspect of LPS before the end of the execution in order to finish on schedule. Its objective is to improve the WWP by monitoring project progress on a daily basis to have enough time for corrective measures, catch up to the planned schedule, and minimize wastes in time and resources. The approach allows project participants to compare planned to actual progress, calculate required improvement if needed, and be alerted if cascading delays may occur. It calculates the Process Reliability Index (PRI) to check whether extra allocation of labor is needed to finish the required work, checks for congestion in work areas, and predicts the possible Percent Plan Complete (PPC) before the end of the execution week. Moreover, this paper proposes a new metric that shows the reliability of the team in applying the recommended improvements. This metric allows more realistic improvement plans compared to prior attempts. The monitoring approach can be applied to linear, repetitive, and location-based projects. Singularity functions are used as the core model because they are suitable for such schedules. They can be implemented in various computer applications. An example is used to evaluate the approach and finds it to be reliable. }, author_keywords={Singularity functions; Last Planner TM System (LPS); Lean Construction; Percent Plan Complete (PPC); Process Reliability Index (PRI); Weekly Work Plan (WWP). }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tetik2019, author={Tetik, Müge and Peltokorpi, Antti and Seppänen, Olli and Viitanen, Ari and Lehtovaara, Joonas }, editor={ }, title={Combining Takt Production With Industrialized Logistics in Construction}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={299-310}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1644}, doi={10.24928/2019/0156}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Dept. of Civil Enginering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, muge.tetik@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Enginering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi ; Professor of Practice, Dept. of Civil Enginering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Chairman of the Board, Carinafour, Turku, Finland, ari.viitanen@c4.fi ; Doctoral Candidate, Dept. of Civil Enginering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi }, abstract={Construction industry has recently widely adopted takt production which stabilizes the production rhytm and improves flow of site operations. Based on the factory physics, it is known that when production flow is increased, external variation which can disturb the production should be eliminated simultaneously. Inappropriate material deliveries cause remarkable external variation and waste in construction operations. However, the reported studies of the takt production does not discuss in depth of the role of logistics and external variation. The purpose of this research is to investigate how takt production benefits from proper logistics solution. In practice, we explore the role of logistics in two project industries, ship yard and construction, in which takt production is implemented. The findings reveal that utilizing specific assembly and logistics unit together with JIT delivery of material kits and integrated design and production information reduces the material waste and procurement costs as well as increase the production rate in both industries but with different extent. The value of this research for practice and academia is that takt results improve when implemented with specific logistic solutions. }, author_keywords={Takt production, logistics, lean construction, industrialized logistics }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Garcia-Lopez2019, author={Garcia-Lopez, Nelly P. and Fischer, Martin and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Work Structuring for Flow}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={311-322}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1645}, doi={10.24928/2019/0140}, affiliation={Project Director, Grupo Galopa, Bogotá, Colombia, +57 305 297 7320, ngarcia@grupogalopa.com ; Kumagai Professor of Engineering and Director of the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering, Stanford University ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Achieving smooth production flow has been one of the main objectives underlying lean manufacturing and construction. To achieve production flow, field managers rely on work structuring methods to enable them to structure activities and flows. Current work structuring methods enable field managers to structure activities, but they do not explicitly represent all seven construction flows or their movement through the project. Hence, field managers rely on their intuition and tacit understanding of flow sequencing, which can cause communication problems between stakeholders resulting in delays and productivity loss. This paper presents a work structuring method that allows field managers to explicitly represent construction activities, flows, and flow movement through the project. The work structuring method was tested prospectively at three construction sites with different scopes and planning methods. The work structuring method allows field managers to generate activity and flow-based schedules to plan and control the project. Furthermore, it improves stakeholder understanding of the plan by visually representing activities’ and flows’ interdependencies. }, author_keywords={Work flow, work structuring, flow integration, production management, lean construction }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Häringer2019, author={Häringer, Paul and Borrmann, André }, editor={ }, title={Improving Flow in Concrete Constructions by Avoiding Spatial Conflicts Between Pour Cycles}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={323-334}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1646}, doi={10.24928/2019/0189}, affiliation={Research Associate, Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation, TUM Department for Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany, paul.haeringer@tum.de ; Professor, Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation, TUM Department for Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany, andre.borrmann@tum.de }, abstract={Supervisors and formwork engineers divide construction sections into multiple pour cycles in order to achieve a good production flow in concrete constructions. A pour cycle consists of one or more disconnected casting segments. Casting segments in the successor pour cycle often fill the gaps between the disconnected casting segments in the predecessor pour cycle. We call such a meeting of two neighbour casting segments “topological dependency” because it effects spatial conflicts between pour cycles and different trades cannot work on the next casting segment until the previous ones are completely finished. Because of the long curing times, trade crews have to wait or move to other locations. In this research, we introduce a new structure of a cycle planning option, which can avoid such spatial conflicts. We evaluated our cycle planning option by using a stochastic discrete event simulation model and compared it with three practical cycle planning options from one supervisor and two formwork engineers. The criteria for the evaluation were the total construction time as well as the stable production rate and balanced work. In addition, we discuss the potential benefit by using a mix of concrete precast elements and casting segments to achieve an even better production flow. }, author_keywords={Work flow, flow integration, simulation, building information modelling (BIM) }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdelmegid2019, author={Abdelmegid, Mohammed A. and González, Vicente A. and O’Sullivan, Michael and Walker, Cameron G. and Poshdar, Mani and Alarcón, Luis Fernando }, editor={ }, title={Establishing a Link Between the Last Planner System and Simulation: A Conceptual Framework}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={335-246}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1647}, doi={10.24928/2019/0200}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand (Corresponding author), +64 9 373 7999, E-mail: mabd556@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, +64 9 923 4106, E-mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, +64 9 923 7907, E-mail: michael.osullivan@auckland.ac.nz ; Associate Professor, Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, +64 9 923 7009, E-mail: cameron.walker@auckland.ac.nz ; Lecturer, Department of Built Environment Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, +64 921 9999, E-mail: mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) is considered one of the most established lean-based construction planning methods due to its ability to stabilise construction production and to increase plan reliability. Several technologies have been proposed to support the implementation of the LPS such as simulation modelling, BIM, and spreadsheets. Simulation modelling is proven to support construction project management by providing a virtual means to test decisions before real implementation. This study aims at establishing a link between the LPS and simulation modelling to support the implementation of the LPS in the construction industry. The scope of this study is focused on the Conceptual Modelling (CM) phase of simulation studies. CM encompasses the planning process of how a simulation model should be developed and how it relates back to the real system. The intended link is established by matching the elements of the LPS with simulation CM to develop an integrated LPS/CM framework. A case study of a stadium expansion project, in which the LPS was fully implemented, is presented to illustrate the applicability of the integrated framework. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, last planner system, collaboration, simulation, conceptual modelling, first-run studies. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lehtovaara2019, author={Lehtovaara, Joonas and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Improving the Learning of Design Management Operations by Exploiting Production’s Feedback: Design Science Approach}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={25-36}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1648}, doi={10.24928/2019/0143}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi ; Professor of Practice, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi }, abstract={This study examines the development and implementation of a learning process in a contractor’s design management unit. The purpose is to gain knowledge on how learning can be turned into a standardized process and of methods of accelerating the learning in a design management unit by exploiting the feedback received from the production. The research took a design science approach, which consisted of a diagnosis of the present situation, testing & development of the formulated process, and analysis & generalization of the results. The diagnosis comprised a literature review, interviews, and active observation, while the testing phase included an intervention where the process was tested and further developed. The results indicate that while the relevancy of continuous learning is well recognized, construction organizations are incapable of effectively exploiting the best practices of knowledge management. To overcome weaknesses related to the inefficient learning practices, organizations should focus on balancing the operational and strategical viewpoints of learning, emphasize learning from failures and implement project-based communities of practice into an organization’s operations. The study has implications for more standardized and balanced learning processes in contactor operations. It also provides knowledge of ways of taking a design science approach effectively in construction management research. KEYWORDS }, author_keywords={Design management, organizational learning, knowledge management, design science }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Oprach2019, author={Oprach, Svenja and Steuer, Dominik and Krichbaum, Viktoria and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Smart Data - Dealing With Task Complexity in Construction Scheduling}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={347-358}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1649}, doi={10.24928/2019/0155}, affiliation={Research fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650, svenja.oprach@kit.edu ; Research fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-44122, dominik.steuer@kit.edu ; M. Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650, svenja.oprach@kit.edu ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={Due to the numerous influencing factors, construction scheduling is a complex task. As construction projects are having a unique character, scheduling takes time and often uses high time buffers to cover uncertainties. Using historic project data with artificial intelligence applications show potentials to support valid and simple scheduling in the future. The construction industry already deals with large volumes of heterogeneous data and the amount of data is expected to increase exponentially with the Internet of Things (IoT). Smart data filters and analyses big data for useful information and creates a subset of information that is important and valuable. Therefore smart data sets a data management structure according to the lean principles. Due to fragmented data management practices and a misunderstanding of the needed information in construction, data management practices in construction projects are far behind other industries. By adapting existing applications of artificial intelligence to construction scheduling, the gap of data management practices gets more visible. This paper identifies in three case studies relevant data (smart data) in and current challenges for construction scheduling based on historic data. Further research is needed to close the existing gap in construction data management. }, author_keywords={Knowledge management, Smart Data, construction planning, digitalization, data analytics }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Richert2019, author={Richert, Tom and McGuffey, Joanna }, editor={ }, title={Enthusiasm for Lean}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={359-368}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1650}, doi={10.24928/2019/0160}, affiliation={Principal, Lean Project Consulting, Inc., Westford, MA 01886-3031, USA, +1 978 808-4668, trichert@leanproject.com ; Founder, Unconventional Works LLC, Dayton, OH 45458-4510, USA, +1 703 586 7901, joanna@unconventional.works }, abstract={Despite implementing the continuous improvement and respect for people principles as understood from the current research, many lean transformations fail. This paper provides an argument that there is a missing yet important set of elements supporting these principles that needs to be understood. For many lean leaders and coaches a primary concern is obtaining the full engagement of everyone on a project team in lean practices. This paper recommends a new area for research and experimentation, tapping the holistic aspects of lean, not only as they apply to the enterprise or project, but also as they apply to the individual. It examines new ideas about how enthusiasm for lean can be methodically generated in the building design and construction industry. Borrowing from her work in business culture change, one of the authors (McGuffey) has developed a ‘legacy transformation model’ that identifies the elements at work in the early years of the Toyota Motor Corporation. The model was tested against prior research to determine if testing the model on building projects in a comprehensive manner is warranted; the results of which are reported herein. Further research requiring the commitment of project teams to pilot a lean transformation process based on the legacy transformation model is proposed. }, author_keywords={Transformation, commitment, language, purpose, connection, core identity, enthusiasm. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hunn2019, author={Hunn, Lars Kristian and Fyhn, Håkon }, editor={ }, title={Building and Sustaining a Culture With a Mindset for Disruptive Performance: A Case-Study From Bispevika Norway}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={369-378}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1651}, doi={10.24928/2019/0172}, affiliation={Chief Transformation Officer, Team Bispevika AFGroup, Lars Kristian Hunn, +4790104774, lars.kristian.hunn@afgruppen.no ; Senior researcher, NTNU Social Research, 7491 Trondheim, +47 81743561, hakon.fyhn@ntnu.no }, abstract={In this case study from the building industry we present a framework for, and experiences with building and sustaining an organizational culture to create teams with a collaborative mindset for disruptive performance driven by extraordinary ambitions. It demonstrates that it is possible to develop a culture and mindset for success by actively combining concepts from social anthropology and team- and performance leadership. This is achieved by developing a cultural mythology; creating rituals for learning, developing, sharing and coordinating mindset; connecting collective and personal goals using personal goal plans; managing mindset using mindset map and digital organization charts. The study also shows that developing organizational culture cannot only be approached as a method with structured set of rules to follow. It also needs to be acknowledged as form of craft provided by a combination of experienced leadership highly skilled in enterprise- and team development where the motivation to change is fueled by extraordinary ambitions of disruption. Last, the leaders must commit and reinvest in sustaining the culture both in economic and emotional terms. Here transparency is required, and this must be done regularly to maintain a high level of trust among all the members of the organization, so all the people can be active in developing and impacting their own culture – there is no room for bystanders. }, author_keywords={Mindset, organizational culture, disruptive performance }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Poshdar2019, author={Poshdar, Mani and Gonzalez, Vicente A. and Antunes, Ricardo and Ghodrati, Nariman and Katebi, Milad and Valasiuk, Stanislau and Alqudah, Hamzah and Talebi, Saeed }, editor={ }, title={Diffusion of Lean Construction in Small to Medium-Sized Enterprises of Housing Sector }, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={383-392}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1652}, doi={10.24928/2019/0257}, affiliation={Lecturer, Built Envir. Engrg. Dept., Auckland Univ. of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz ; Senior Lecturer, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz ; Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, rsan640@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; Lecturer, Built Envir. Engrg. Dept., Auckland Univ. of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, nariman.ghodrati@aut.ac.nz ; PhD student, Built Envir. Engrg. Dept., Auckland Univ. of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, milad.katebi@aut.ac.nz ; Built Envir. Engrg. Dept., Auckland Univ. of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, sttasv@gmail.com ; PhD candidate, Built Envir. Engrg. Dept., Auckland Univ. of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, hamzah.alqudah@aut.ac.nz ; Lecturer, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Univ. of Huddersfield, UK, S.Talebi@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={The construction sector is known for its deficient productivity level compared to other sectors such as manufacturing. Lean approach, however, presents a promising option given its proven ability to improve the performance in other sectors. This study investigates the diffusion level of lean construction among the small to medium size enterprises (SMEs) by conducting a telephone survey in the Auckland region of New Zealand. The survey involved 100 enterprises active in the housing sector. The results indicated the rate of diffusion at three stages of a simplified innovation diffusion model including the knowledge exposure, decision analysis and implementation. The results are attributed to three main elements including the characteristics of SMEs as social units, the time required to attract adopters, and the level and type of communication must be used to reach the potential adopters. The study identified five main questions on the enablers and barriers of diffusion of lean construction to be addressed in future research. }, author_keywords={Benefits realization, action learning/research, trust, diffusion, SMEs in housing }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skaar2019, author={Skaar, John }, editor={ }, title={The Power of Lean Principles}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={393-404}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1653}, doi={10.24928/2019/0201}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Univ. of Agder, Norway, + 47 919 09 313, john.skaar@uia.no }, abstract={This article supports previous publications on the importance of lean principles as guidelines (Liker, 2004) or as challengers when developing systems and frameworks (Ballard, Hammond, & Nickerson, 2009) and even methods and tools (Santos, 1999). It seems that the principles have taken the position of being a significant part of lean thinking, meaning a knowledge that lean personnel should acquire. This article wants to support and emphasise the importance of lean principles as rules of living but believes in taking the power of the lean principles one step further. If a lean organisation, project or leader explicitly confronts each other with the principles, this empowers the individuals being challenged and may create an outcome that closely links the employee's know-how to the process. Using lean principles as the main message to be understood, they may pull in tools, methods, frameworks or systems to answer these principles. This paper reports from research that explores the effect of pushing lean principles as the direct challenger on employees. Skilled workers at construction sites are the receiver of both general principles but mainly rephrased into more operational language. }, author_keywords={Principles, philosophy, continuous improvement, action research, waste. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2019, author={Arroyo, Paz and Christensen, Randi and Schöttle, Annett and Long, David }, editor={ }, title={Lessons Learned on Teaching Choosing by Advantages}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={405-416}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1654}, doi={10.24928/2019/0249}, affiliation={DPR Quality Leader, San Francisco, CA, PazA@dpr.com, and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com ; Lean Manager, Lower Thames Crossing, COWI, UK, RMCH@cowi.com and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com ; Senior Consultant, Refine Projects AG, Stuttgart, Germany, annett.schoettle@refineprojects.com and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com. ; Regional Lean Manager, Turner Construction Company, Oakland, CA., dalong@tcco.com. }, abstract={Decision-makers on construction projects are faced with complex, multidimensional challenges that require grounded, thoughtful decisions be made to further the project. This paper discusses a breadth of strategies for training construction teams to implement the Choosing By Advantages (CBA) decision-making method. These strategies are analyzed based on coaches’ experiences and observations in terms of short and long-term learning outcomes. The unique circumstances of every construction project require that lean coaches draw from a variety of teaching techniques to tailor the learning process to the specific needs of trainees. For example, while some trainees can quickly learn the basics of CBA theory, they often struggle to implement CBA in a practical context if not provided with proper support. Coaching proves efficacious in enabling construction teams to both make and carry-out decisions, however, a long period of training (12-16 weeks) is often necessary for thorough implementation and expertise in CBA. }, author_keywords={Learning, teaching, choosing by advantages, decision-making }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lehtovaara2019, author={Lehtovaara, Joonas and Mustonen, Iina and Peuronen, Petteri and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Takt Planning and Takt Control Into Residential Construction}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={417-428}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1655}, doi={10.24928/2019/0118}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi ; Site Engineer, Fira Oy, Finland, iina.mustonen@fira.fi ; Production Engineer, Fira Oy, Finland, petteri.peuronen@fira.fi ; Professor of Practice, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi }, abstract={This study addresses the suitability of takt planning and takt control (TPTC) for the interior phase in residential construction projects. The purpose is to gain understanding on how to best implement TPTC in residential construction. The study was conducted as a qualitative case study, by investigating TPTC implementation for the interior phase in a residential construction project in Finland. The initial motivation for takt implementation was to achieve better flow efficiency and radically shortened production duration. The analysis was based on 14 interviews, site observation, data from digital control tools and workshops, and aimed to identify lessons learned as well as required future development actions in TPTC implementation. The findings indicate that TPTC is well suitable for the interior phase and even in the first pilot project it substantially reduced the project duration. However, certain barriers, as well as enablers, were identified in both planning and control phases, which can be adopted as a basis for continuous development. For example, more detailed planning of wagons and tighter collaboration between all the project participants should be considered. The study represents the category of applied research and has implications for achieving the full potential of takt planning and control in the future. }, author_keywords={Takt planning, takt control, lean construction, residential construction }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dlouhy2019, author={Dlouhy, Janosch and Binninger, Marco and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Buffer Management in Takt Planning – An Overview of Buffers in Takt Systems}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={429-440}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1656}, doi={10.24928/2019/0226}, affiliation={Lean Expert, BMW AG Munich, Germany, +49-721-695-245, janosch.dlouhy@kit.edu ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-44124, marco.binninger@kit.edu ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={Takt Planning and Takt Control (TPTC) as a method for construction has the potential to reduce construction time in relation to normal scheduling without the increase of manpower. This leads to the question: what changes with the use of Takt planning? One theory is that Takt planning is using buffers more effectively than other schedule and planning methods. This paper provides an overview of the various buffers in Takt planning and describes how they can be used. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, buffer management, buffer, takt, takt planning. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2019, author={Schöttle, Annett and Nesensohn, Claus }, editor={ }, title={The Beauty of a Phase-Overlapping Last Planner System® With Incorporated Takt}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={441-450}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1657}, doi={10.24928/2019/0247}, affiliation={Senior Consultant, Refine Projects AG, Schelmenwasenstraße 34, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany, +4915156561529, annett.schoettle@refineprojects.com, and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com. ; CEO, Refine Projects AG, Schelmenwasenstraße 34, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany, +491799789624, claus.nesensohn@refineprojects.com, Professor, Lean Construction and Project Management, University of Applied Science Stuttgart. }, abstract={The purpose of methods and tools is to serve the project team and add value within the project delivery. Therefore, the implemented production system should support the interaction of the project team, enabling team members to develop a common understanding, and to reach the required quality and production performance when carrying out their daily activities. This research concludes that the Last Planner System (LPS) aligns to the Toyota Production System (TPS) and its recognized management theory, which is a vehicle to integrate the minds + hands philosophy within projects from early design phase till handover. Our findings show that adopting the LPS as a production system helps to align and integrate the project participants. Takt is a work structuring tool that can be integrated into the LPS, if the product allows (repeatable areas). Thus, we recommend that the production system be designed based on the team’s needs and the product requests. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, last planner system, minds + hands, takt, toyota production system }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alhava2019, author={Alhava, Otto and Rinne, Vili and Laine, Enni and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Can a Takt Plan Ever Survive Beyond the First Contact With the Trades On-Site?}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={453-464}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1658}, doi={10.24928/2019/0261}, affiliation={CTO, Fira Group Oy, Vantaa, Finland, +358 400 792493, otto.alhava@fira.fi ; Production Engineer, Fira Oy, Vantaa, Finland, +358 44 3023471, vili.rinne@fira.fi ; PhD Candidate, Civil Engineering Department, Aalto University, enni.laine@aalto.fi ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen St, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom. L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={This study takes a critical look at Takt planning and takt control (TPTC) by analysing a successful case project. In the study, the digital system architecture and collected data are used for providing a process break-down and analysis in terms of waste and potential root causes. The paper shows how vulnerable the TPTC is for disruptions caused by a lead waste, making-do/task diminishment, and ad-hoc tolerance management. Based on the digital footprint of the project, an explanation is given why good results in terms of money, customer satisfaction, time and quality were achieved even though the takt was practically lost towards the end of the project. The results indicate that the excellent outcome of the project was not based on TPTC and steep learning curve. Instead, the results were achieved by exploiting the real-time situation awareness provided by the digitalised smart site and disciplined use of applications, as well as by a pragmatic approach to planning and leading work on-site. The validity of the results is limited as the conclusions are drawn based on only one TPTC project. }, author_keywords={Takt planning and takt control (TPTC), job sequencing, work in progress, makingdo/task diminishment, tolerance management }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mota2019, author={Mota, Bruno and Biotto, Clarissa and Choudhury, Athar and Abley, Simon and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={Lean Design Management in a Major Infrastructure Project in UK}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={37-48}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1659}, doi={10.24928/2019/0251}, affiliation={Senior Lean Consultant, Logikal Projects, Birmingham, UK, bmota@logikalprojects.com ; Post-Doc Researcher, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil, clerwice@gmail.com ; Graduate Consultant, Logikal Projects, Birmingham, UK, achoudhury@logikalprojects.com ; Regional Director, Logikal Projects, Birmingham, UK, sabley@logikalprojects.com ; Dean, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, M.Kagioglou@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Lean Design Management (LDM) is a response from the lean construction community to overcome the chaotic design process in the AEC industry. Many tools, processes and methods were adapted to the context of design with limited success. This paper presents the use and adaptation of different lean design tools and processes in two phases of a major infrastructure project in the UK. The project is the new high-speed railway to be the backbone of the UK transport network, and it is considered Europe’s largest infrastructure project. The lean design implementation occurred in a Joint-Venture (JV) that had been awarded the main works civils contracts. This paper also compares the results of combined use of adapted last planner in phase 1 and adapted design structure matrix in phase 2, and identifies some of the practical challenges and benefits of the implementation of lean design management. The main contribution of this paper is the contextualisation of different project organisational structures and its influence on the success of the LDM tools implementation. Moreover, a common result for both phases is the enhancement of project communication, collaboration, and transparency of information for planning and control of the project activities. }, author_keywords={Lean design management, last planner system, design structure matrix }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Andersen2019, author={Andersen, Lars and Fyhn, Håkon }, editor={ }, title={Organisational and Cultural Preconditions for Extending the Use of Takt-Time Planning}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={467-476}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1660}, doi={10.24928/2019/0271}, affiliation={Lars Andersen. Research professor. NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Trondheim. Norway. +047 92885305. Lars.Andersen@samfunn.ntnu.no ; Senior researcher. NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Trondheim. Norway. +047 91743561. }, abstract={This paper presents findings of a study about how to extend the use of Takt-time planning in construction projects. The study is based on analysis of two construction projects involving non-repetitive work that, after failing to use Takt-time planning, had to return to ordinary methods of production. To uncover causes to the problems, the research method Theory-building process tracing is used. Results show that extended use of Takt-time planning presupposes effective coordination in the projecting process and a proactive and well organised production control in the construction phase. It also presupposes high involvement of the craftsmen and crew-leaders in the Takt-time planning and production. The method of theory-building process tracing is transferred from political science and historical studies to construction projects. The research method offers a unit of hypothesis testing and cumulative practical theory development, which can be of general value for construction research. Although the validation of the present empirical results is thorough, based on interviews and workshops, the researchers own observations of the processes studied could have been more extensive. }, author_keywords={Process tracing, takt-time planning, production control, culture, rationalism }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Devkar2019, author={Devkar, Ganesh and Trivedi, Jyoti and Pandit, Devanshu }, editor={ }, title={Teaching Target Value Design: A Simulation}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={479-490}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1661}, doi={10.24928/2019/0244}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India, +919099010303, ganesh.devkar@cept.ac.in ; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India, +919925009609, jyoti@cept.ac.in ; Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India, +919909956661, devanshu@cept.ac.in }, abstract={Target Value Design (TVD) is a promising lean tool that drives the design process of a construction project with the sole intent of value maximization for the client within targeted cost. The mainstreaming of this tool in design and construction practice requires not only imparting knowledge about this tool but also providing hand on experience to the budding design and construction management students. The aim of this paper is to describe the development and testing of TVD simulation exercise. The research methodology adopted is a combination of qualitative approach – a case study of simulation exercise, and quantitative approach – questionnaire survey amongst simulation participants. The simulation involves a role play exercise for students to understand the collaboration between designers, owner, and contractor in the design process. Along with these three main stakeholders, the simulation involved BIM modeler for providing rapid cost feedback during the preparation of design alternatives. The simulation was tested on students of the master’s programme in Construction Engineering and Management in an Indian university. The research highlights the effectiveness of the simulation in helping students understand the benefits of TVD. Further, the participants of this simulation exercise expressed the value addition of BIM in generating rapid cost feedback during design iterations. Despite the limited scope selected for the simulation and the challenges offered by classroom environments, this simulation improved the practical understanding of IPD and TVD amongst the students. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, target value design (TVD), collaboration, action learning }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2019, author={Gomez, Christy P. and Rameson, N. }, editor={ }, title={Sustainable Transit-Oriented Development: A ‘Target Value’ Planning & Development Strategy}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={491-502}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1662}, doi={10.24928/2019/0230}, affiliation={Assoc. Professor, Dept. of Construction Management, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Paht, Johor, Malaysia, +60125377247, cpgomez21@gmail.com ; Postgraduate Researcher, Department of Real Estate Management, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Paht, Johor, Malaysia, +60125377247, rameson.n@gmail.com }, abstract={The positive social, economic and environmental impact of transit-oriented development (TOD) in Malaysia is rather limited. This paper proposes a design and development methodology for achieving sustainable TOD in town and country planning, as part of a wider constructive research on sustainable benefits realization management within TODs. Content analysis of interview data with key stakeholders of TOD implementation in Malaysia indicates that there are three major constraints in the planning and development phase of town and country planning affecting TOD. They are: lack of multi-model planning approaches, lack of a planning coordination mobilization structure and disjunction regarding ontological categories of ‘substance’, ‘process’ and ‘value’. A Benefits Realization Management Set-based Systems (BRM-SBS) planning and development methodology aimed at minimizing the said constraints is proposed. This methodology is centered on having an integrated planning practice that is less hierarchical, that also accommodates diverse planning models. Wherein TOD sustainability benefits are enhanced by using Target Value Design (TVD) and Set-based Design (SBD) approaches based on a transformation, flow, value complementary view of planning and development of TODs. This BRM-SBS methodology is to be validated as part of an extended action research project with the Malaysian National Structure Plan organization. }, author_keywords={Transit-oriented development (TOD), target value design, set-based design, town and country planning, benefits realization management. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Musa2019, author={Musa, Muktari and Pasquire, Christine and Hurst, Alan }, editor={ }, title={Using TVD Simulation to Improve Collaboration}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={503-514}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1663}, doi={10.24928/2019/0268}, affiliation={PhD Research Student, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom. +447436554017 muktari.musa@my.ntu.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment and Director Centre for lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, UK. +44(0) 115 848 2095 christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom. +44(0) 115 848 2878 alan.hurst@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={Target Value Design (TVD), a lean approach, has been implemented successfully in the past decade in various countries and its process mandates the collaboration of project participants. However, issues of adapting collaborative practices and the time it takes firsttime users to understand TVD practices have been a challenge in TVD projects. Recently, there has been an increase in the creation, reinvention and use of simulations and serious games to teach TVD and other lean principles to project stakeholders encountering them for the first time. The 50 minute version of the simulation game developed in Texas A & M University was used to illustrate TVD practice and collaboration in this study. The study used 24 industry stakeholders from a reputable real estate developer during the implementation of TVD on a live project in Nigeria. The results reported that the simulation is effective in illustrating the practices of TVD including collaboration and designing to set targets. Finally, this study recommends the inclusion of the TVD simulation game in training and workshops for project team before the commencement of construction projects because it demonstrated to be a simple and practical method of understanding collaboration and TVD practices. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, simulation game, collaboration, target costing, target value delivery. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Solhjou Khah2019, author={Solhjou Khah, Fatemeh and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Pentecost, A. Ray and Smith, James P. and Muir, Robert }, editor={ }, title={Development and Testing of an Innovative Architectural Programming Simulation as a Precursor to Target Value Design}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={515-526}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1664}, doi={10.24928/2019/0221}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843 USA, +1 979-900-0654, ellie.solhjoukhah@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX,77843, +1 979-845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu (corresponding author) ; Professor of Practice, Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, +1 979-845-7009, rpentecost@tamu.edu ; Assistant Professor, College of Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602-8200, +1 801- 422-2023, james_smith@byu.edu ; Principal Faculty, Myers-Lawson School of Construction, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, +1 540-231-9959, rmuirjr@vt.edu }, abstract={More than half of international construction projects are underperforming. Poorly defined scope of work has been ranked as the one of the highest reasons for poor performance over which owners and construction stakeholders have control. An owner’s requirements and expectations are specified during the programming phase of a project and these define a design’s scope of work. One focus of Target Value Design (TVD) is making owner’s value a primary driver of design by improving project definition during programming—thus optimizing the design phase. While the number of published research articles praising TVD has been increasing, there is a dearth of information regarding the application of architectural programming (AP) to Target Value Design exercises, which engage stakeholders in a design decision making process called Choosing by Advantages (CBA). CBA first requires identification of attributes that are of value to an owner. The purpose of this research was to explore the importance of architectural programming in helping to identify key attributes of value to an owner, and to report on a lean game designed and preliminarily validated by the authors to investigate the accuracy and perception of attribute identification through AP as represented by the game. }, author_keywords={Target value design, value, design science, architectural programming, serious games and simulations }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Styrvold2019, author={Styrvold, Marie and Knotten, Vegard and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Planning the BIM Process in AEC Projects}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={527-528}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1665}, doi={10.24928/2019/0208}, affiliation={MSc Student, Department of civil and environmental engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway, Mobile +4748126153, marie.styrvold@gmail.com ; Associate professor II, PhD, Department of Architecture and Planning, NTNU. Head of BIM and Design management development (Veidekke), vegard.knotten@veidekke.no ; Professor, dr. ing, Department of civil and environmental engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), ola.laedre@ntnu.no }, abstract={The architectural, engineering and construction industry (AEC Industry) needs to focus on the early design phases. The use of Lean Design Management and Building Information Model (BIM) can be used together for reducing uncertainty and improve communication. BIM requires new working methods, and the use of Level of Development (LoD) or model maturity is proposed as a key element to align the challenges in the design phase and to generate an enhanced design process. This paper addresses these challenges and aim to answer three research questions. RQ1: What approaches to model maturity are used or attempted in the Norwegian AEC industry? RQ2: What experiences do the actors of the AEC industry have towards the use of model maturity? RQ3: How can model maturity be implemented in an AEC project? The research method is based on a literature study and a study based on semi–structured interviews. This paper presents an analysis of the interviewees regarding the experiences the industry has with the use of model maturity. There is proposed a framework based on the results, about how to implement model maturity in construction projects. The framework is generic and can be adapted to different construction projects independent of contract form. }, author_keywords={BIM, model maturity, design management, lean design, collaborative planning }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daniel2019, author={Daniel, Emmanuel I. and Garcia, Daniel and Marasini, Ramesh and Kolo, Shaba and Oshodi, Olalekan }, editor={ }, title={Improving Construction Management Practice in the Gibraltar Construction Industry}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={539-550}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1666}, doi={10.24928/2019/0227}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Construction Management and the Built Environment, Solent University, Southampton. UK. emmanuel.daniel@solent.ac.uk ; BSc(Hons) Graduate, Department of Construction Management and the Built Environment, Solent University, Southampton, UK. dangarcia.official@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Management and the Built Environment, Solent University, Southampton. UK. ramesh.marasini@solent.ac.uk ; Lecturer, Department of Construction Management and the Built Environment, Solent University, Southampton. UK. shaba.kolo@solent.ac.uk ; Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, University of Johanesburge, South Africa. os.oshodi@gmail.com }, abstract={Research has shown that 57% of activities in a construction project is non-value adding (waste) which contributes to the poor performance of the sector. While other countries of the world such the USA, UK, Brazil, Nigeria and Israel among others are seeking to understand this challenge and deploy innovative ways and modern techniques to improve it, limited studies have explored factors that contribute to non-value adding activities (NVA) in the Gibraltar construction industry. The current study aims to identify the factors that contribute to NVA on construction sites in Gibraltar and to present an outlook on how this could be minimised using Last Planner System(LPS). A combination of quantative and qualitative research approaches were used. Thirtyone questionnaire responses were analysed and seven semi-structured interviews were conducted. The investigation reveals that the development of unrealistic schedules, lack of adequate training, delayed approval process and work interruption due to the community are the key factors that contribute to NVA. The study found that the suggestions offered by construction professional for minimising NVA align with some LPS principles. The study concludes that some of the current practices, could serve as justification for the introduction of LPS in the construction sector of Gibraltar. }, author_keywords={Last planner system, non-value adding activities, waste, workflow, Gibraltar }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gardarsson2019, author={Gardarsson, Matthias Helgi and Lædre, Ola and Svalestuen, Fredrik }, editor={ }, title={Takt Time Planning in Porsche Consulting, the Boldt Company and Veidekke}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={551-562}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1667}, doi={10.24928/2019/0232}, affiliation={MSc, Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +4790120191, mhgardarsson@gmail.com ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, +4791189938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no ; Researcher, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU/Department Manager, Veidekke, Trondheim Norway, +4798673172, fredrik.svalestuen@veidekke.no }, abstract={In recent years takt time planning has been a more and more utilized method in construction projects. In 2010 the Norwegian contractor Veidekke started their first takt project and have since carried out several projects with the method. The results of these has been wavering from breakdowns of the takt system to great success. It is therefore interesting to see how takt is used by different companies internationally and which experiences these have compared to Veidekke. Through literature reviews, interviews and case studies the paper looks at takt as practiced by Porsche Consulting, The Boldt Company and Veidekke. Their practical applications have a lot in common, but are distinguished – among other things – by the way to involve subcontractors, the types of projects that they use takt on, and how they divide the project into zones. Currently, takt seems to be dependent on key persons familiar with the method, and there is a need for a guideline for takt so more projects can benefit from use of the method. }, author_keywords={Takt time planning (TTP), lean construction, production planning, work flow, buffer }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Grau2019, author={Grau, David and Abbaszadegan, Amin and Assanair, Rizan }, editor={ }, title={Process Versus Operations Workflow – Making the Case for Continuous Monitoring of Construction Operations}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={563-572}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1668}, doi={10.24928/2019/0197}, affiliation={David Grau, Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S College Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA, Phone +1 (480) 727-0665; email: david.grau@asu.edu ; Amin Abbaszadegan, Ph.D., School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S College Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA, Phone +1 (416) 347-7547; email: aabbasz1@asu.edu ; Rizwan Assainar, MS, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S College Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA, Phone +1 (480) 727-0665; email: ruizwan.assanair@asu.edu }, abstract={This article argues that an opportunity to leverage operations flow in construction exists. Operations flow represents the flow of work within a unit of production such as a worker or workstation. To date, construction has mostly neglected operations flow and solely focused on process flow. Process flow represents how the flow of work on a product moves through workstations or tasks. For example, the Last Planner System (LPS) exemplifies a successful approach to plan for tasks with resolved constraints, so that production units (e.g. crews) can flow smoothly through the built product or project. In order to spark a discussion in the construction community, this article provides a theoretical review of process and operations flow concepts and practices. In addition, interviews with subject matter experts in the automobile industry are leveraged in order to unveil how work and information flows are monitored in assembly lines. Based on the previous insights, a model for the continuous monitoring of operations in construction with the support of advanced technologies is discussed. The model is partially implemented in a healthcare project. }, author_keywords={Project controls, variability, work flow, process flow, operations flow, value, takt-time planning. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ghanem2019, author={Ghanem, Malek and Albanna, Rania and Hage, Ralph I. and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={ }, title={Comparing Lean Management Principles and Evolutionary Design in Nature}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={573-582}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1669}, doi={10.24928/2019/0229}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, mng08@mail.aub.edu ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, rma138@mail.aub.edu ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, rih16@mail.aub.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca }, abstract={Evolutionary design is defined as a gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form. This process is apparent in nature where it is evolving towards the optimum solution. Lean is defined as a philosophy that aims at eliminating waste in production processes without compromising value. The two concepts appear in the literature as independent with little attempts to study a possible relation between them. The purpose of this paper is to explore synergies between the two seemingly distinct systems. This is performed by studying each notion on its own through breaking it down to its dynamic functional systems, and comparing the functions of each against one another. Findings reveal that the development of lean since its inception is comparable to the natural mechanisms of evolutionary design in nature. Findings suggest that lean is the natural course of evolution of construction management systems towards more optimal systems. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, evolutionary design, nature, workflow, optimization, design science }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Giménez2019, author={Giménez, Zulay and Mourgues, Claudio and Alarcón, Luis F. and Mesa, Harrison }, editor={ }, title={Proposal of a Model for Measuring Value in the Design Process}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={49-62}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1670}, doi={10.24928/2019/0196.}, affiliation={PhD. cadidate, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: zmgimenez@ing.puc.cl ; Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: cmourgue@ing.puc.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Assistant Professor of Civil Construction, School of Civil Construction, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. }, abstract={Among the current challenges associated with design in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry is the need for an adequate understanding of the value required by involved customers to avoid decreases in productivity and value losses in the process and product. This paper describes the development of a value analysis model with the conceptual basis of Design Science Research (DSR) and based on Kano'smodel, which seeks to accomplish the following: (1) identify the desired value of the different clients in the process; (2) understand the value generation process; and (3) conveniently recognize and manage value losses. This paper is based on an existing case study of the Kano´s model found in the literature to evaluate the proposed model. The main contribution is the creation of 3 value indexes—Desired, Potential and Generated—which inform designers of the presence of different degrees of value losses and support the improvement of the capture of requirements and the knowledge of customer satisfaction conditions. The current limitation of the model is the noncorporation of the utilized resources as part of the value equation. }, author_keywords={Value, value losses, kano model, design science, value index, value analysis }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Oprach2019, author={Oprach, Svenja and Sonnabend, Felix and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={The General Contractor Response to Platform Ecosystems}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={583-594}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1671}, doi={10.24928/2019/0211}, affiliation={ }, abstract={Platforms enable value-creating interactions between producers and customers by mediating between their users. Supported by digitization, platforms use large datasets and integrated production systems to enhance the customer and producer experience. The platform's business model is expanding in the economy as digitization increases. In the context of the completion of building projects producers and customers find themselves in a complex tender and order process. On the producer side, the aim is to use resources as efficiently as possible and on the customer side to process orders as efficiently as possible. Digital platforms offer the potential to simplify the interaction between producers and customers and challenge the status quo of the classical general contractor (GC) business. Therefore, this paper investigates the impact on GCs by analysing expert interviews regarding business model implications for GCs through the development and emergence of digital platforms. }, author_keywords={Business model, digital platform, network effects, efficiencies }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Torp2019, author={Torp, Olav }, editor={ }, title={How Stochastic Cost Estimates Could Be Applied in Relation to Target Value Design}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={595-606}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1672}, doi={10.24928/2019/0239}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 226 73, olav.torp@ntnu.no. }, abstract={Approaches like Target Value Design (TVD) has gained more and more attention in the Construction Industry. Critical issues with these principles are how the cost targets are set, how shared profit is agreed upon and made transparent, and how production costs are steered towards the target costs and tracked. Research has shown positive applications of TVD, but also remaining challenges with the approach. This paper will focus on the process of setting the cost targets in TVD. In traditional design processes, the costs are estimated based on the finalized design. In TVD, design and construction is steered towards the constraints, while maximizing the value for the costumer. Based on the client value, Allowable Cost are set. In Scandinavian countries, stochastic cost estimation methods have been applied to estimate project costs and to set cost targets for projects over many years. The cost targets are set prior to detail design. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how stochastic estimates could be applied in TVD. The method used is a literature review, in combination with a case study of cost estimation principles in two Norwegian public agencies. Findings show that stochastic cost estimates could be used both as input to set Allowable Cost and to estimate the Market Cost. }, author_keywords={Target value design, target costing, stochastic cost estimation, cost target }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ko2019, author={Ko, Chien-Ho and Kuo, Jiun-De }, editor={ }, title={Lean Design Process for Formwork Engineering}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={607-616}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1673}, doi={10.24928/2019/0138}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, +886 8 770-3202, fpecount@yahoo.com.tw; President, Lean Construction Institute-Taiwan; Research Director, Lean Construction Institute-Asia. ; MS, Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan. }, abstract={Formwork engineering is one of major cost factors in reinforced concrete construction, which is not only critical for the successful completion of construction projects, but also critical for profitability. Traditional formwork design process includes waste, resulting non-value-adding manpower and operational time. The purpose of this research is to utilize lean thinking in formwork design so as to enhance design correctness and eliminate waste. A lean design process for formwork enginering is established to achieve this goal. In the design process, design correctness is established to review and correct design errors. An organizational learning environment is thus built. The proposed lean design process is conceptualized using stock-flow diagrams. This research validates the applicability of the proposed approach using a real case. Application results show that the proposed method can reduce wasteful manpower and operational time in formwork engineering. }, author_keywords={Formwork design, pull, design correctness, system dynamics }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khalife2019, author={Khalife, Salam and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={A Framework for Understanding the Dynamic Nature of Value in Design and Construction }, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={617-628}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1674}, doi={10.24928/2019/0254}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon 1107 2020; email: sgk19@mail.aub.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca }, abstract={Since the introduction of the Transformation, Flow, and Value (TFV) theory, the lean construction community has widely invested in research to understand and analyse effectively the concept of value in design and construction. Researchers looked into different contexts, mainly into manufacturing, marketing and business, where the concept of perceived value and value creation has been comprehensively studied. The main driver is that delivering value is regarded as an economic advantage and a pivotal aspect in those industries. Accordingly, researchers used these concepts to reflect on their applicability and compatibility within the construction industry. However, scrutinizing the body of knowledge addressing value in construction, one can notice the wide-ranging and scattered concepts concerning value. This paper thus aims at exploring and assembling the different attributes influencing value in construction. A review and analysis of literature is conducted, mainly in the proceedings of the IGLC conference. An integration framework structuring the multi attributes is then presented focusing on the dynamic nature of value. The overall objective is to identify the research trends concerned with value in construction and specify the probable gaps in knowledge as well as suggesting areas that need further investigation. The research presented in this paper is a first step towards understanding the different dimensions of value and building a unified platform for future research endeavours. }, author_keywords={Value, collaboration, value generation, stakeholders, value managemen }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barth2019, author={Barth, Karina B. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Sterzi, Marcus P. }, editor={ }, title={Performance Measurement in Lean Production Systems: An Exploration on Requirements and Taxonomies}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={629-640}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1675}, doi={10.24928/2019/0266}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, kbertotto@gmail.com ; Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br ; MSc, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Consultant and Managing Partner at LD Consulting, marcus@ldconsulting.com.br }, abstract={Performance measurement plays an important role in project and business management, as it focuses on the most important aspects of the business, provides real data and guides actions for improvement. It also provides support for the implementation of some Lean Production principles, such as reducing the share of non-value-adding activities (waste), increasing process transparency, building continuous improvement into the process, and benchmarking. Despite its importance, very little has been reported on the development of PM systems that are effective for assessing the impact of lean implementation. In addition, there is a lack of studies on how Lean companies (or projects) use indicators and to what extent these reflect the result of actions that have been undertaken. Therefore, this paper presents preliminary results of a research study that aims to propose a set of requirements for Performance Measurement (PM) Systems from a lean production perspective, and a taxonomy of metrics for lean production systems. It discusses the scope of the performance metrics adopted by five companies from South America involved in the implementation of Lean Production Systems. The scope of this investigation is limited to construction projects as production systems, rather than PM at the level of construction organizations. }, author_keywords={Performance measurement, lean construction, production management, continuous improvement, kaizen }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dakhli2019, author={Dakhli, Zakaria and Lagier, Steven and Ducoulombier, Laure and Lafhaj, Zoubeir }, editor={ }, title={Economics of Using a Distribution Center for a Renovation Housing Project}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={641-652}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1676}, doi={10.24928/2019/0212}, affiliation={Research engineer, Chair "Construction 4.0", Centrale Lille, Lille, France, zakaria.dakhli@centralelille.fr ; Construction Director, Lagier bâtiment, France, steven.lagier@centraliens-lille.org ; R&D Manager, Bouygues Construction, France, l.ducoulombier@bouygues-construction.com ; Full Professor in civil engineering, Chairholder at "Construction 4.0", Centrale Lille, France, zoubeir.lafhaj@centralelille.fr }, abstract={The use of a distribution center is a common practice in industry and an emerging practice in construction. The main reason is that logistics is not considered to be the primary concern and interest of construction. On the other hand, current research shows that construction can be considered as a kind of production. The logistics side in construction is underrrated, especially since the cost of materials constitutes a large proportion of the cost of construction. While the research conducted on the use of distribution centers shows some benefits, a comparative cost between this type of logistics and the traditional method of supply has not yet been carried out in detail. The lack of figures and extensive studies makes it difficult for professionals to adopt it. The case study in this paper highlights the economics of using a distribution center for a housing renovation project. the paper also suggests a practical framework that assess the economics of using a distribution center in for housing. }, author_keywords={Construction site, supply chain, distribution center, third party logistics, logistics, cost, benefits, lean construction }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hackett2019, author={Hackett, Vince and Harte, Peter and Chendo, Jorge }, editor={ }, title={The Development and Use of Last Planner® System (LPS) Guidance}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={651-662}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1677}, doi={10.24928/2019/0101}, affiliation={Lean Construction Lead A14 IDT. 07702 464460, vince.hackett@ntu.ac.uk ; Project Manager Carey Construction, peter.harte@careysplc.ie ; Structures Manager A14 IDT, Jorge.chendo@thea14.com }, abstract={This paper addresses the development and use of last planner system (LPS) implementation guidance. Lean construction (LC) as operationalised by tools including the LPS has been deployed over 25 years with documented successful outcomes. Yet, the literature also reveals widespread implementation failures, in part due to a guidance shortfall. To address this issue, guidance principles were developed, informed by longitudinal action research (AR) undertaken over 18 months investigating LPS usage on 7 sequential projects on the ongoing refurbishment of a liquified natural gas (LNG) plant in North West Australia. AR, the main research method used, combined continuous experimentation with analysis using a variety of data and evidence sources. By examining the process and outcomes of the action, explanations and further ideas are forthcoming, setting the platform for new action. The paper describes further longitudinal LPS implementation aided by the developed guidance on a £1.5 billion UK infrastructure project. The research contributes to knowledge with ongoing LPS guidance development, through testing and refinement with AR cycles. Further guidance into the use and melding of off-site manufacture and lean construction practice is also being developed and deployed. The limitations are that only LNG refurbishment and infrastructure projects have been researched to date. }, author_keywords={Lean construction (LC), Last planner system (LPS), lean construction guidance, Action Research (AR) }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ibrahim2019, author={Ibrahim, Michael W. and Hanna, Awad S. }, editor={ }, title={Comparative Analysis of Project Performance Between Different Project Delivery Systems}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={663-674}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1678}, doi={10.24928/2019/0183}, affiliation={ California State University, Los Angeles, United States of America ; University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States of America }, abstract={Project Delivery System (PDS) defines the relationship and timing of involvement between different contracting parties. The main PDSs referred to in cited literature are: Design-BidBuild (DBB), Construction Management at Risk (CMR), Design-Build (DB), and Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). By applying statistical tests such as Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) F-test and Kruskal-Wallis H-test to a dataset of 109 projects, this paper compares the performance of the four PDSs. As a result, statistically significant performance differences among the examined PDSs were identified in five performance areas: cost, schedule, quality, communication, and change management. Furthermore, performing pairwise comparisons using post-hoc statistical tests to each pair of PDSs shows that DBB performs markedly worse than the other examined PDSs, especially IPD. The findings presented in this paper should encourage industry professionals to move away from the DBB model, and towards IPD and other synergic PDSs. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Deliver (IPD), Collaboration, Relational, Project Performance, Quantitative Analysis }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Farzad2019, author={Farzad, Mohammad Reza and Cameron, Vhybirt A. }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Lean Visual Tools on the Closeout Phase of a Globalscale Industrial Project}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={675-686}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1679}, doi={10.24928/2019/0184}, affiliation={VDC Engineer, Gilbane Building Company, 13750 San Pedro Ave., Ste. 550, San Antonio, TX 78232, USA, +1 571 216-6016, mfarzad@gilbaneco.com ; Project Manager, Gilbane Building Company, 13750 San Pedro Ave., Ste. 550, San Antonio, TX 78232, USA, +1 210 714-3641, vcameron@gilbaneco.com }, abstract={The construction industry has long been struggling with issues such as safety, efficiency, and quality. Many tools and methods have been introduced to alleviate the current problems of this industry. Lean practices have been promising in recent years in the matter of improving project safety, communications and efficiency. However, these tools have mainly been implemented at the peak of a construction project’s activities, where resources are at their highest levels, but seemed to be neglected at the ending phase of closeout. To study the effectiveness of lean practices in this phase, this paper has evaluated the utilization of visual management methods as a case study on a large-scale multi-phase, multi-cultural industrial project in Mexico. Hence, a visual matrix was developed after thorough analysis and continues improvement. Moreover, procedures were developed to use this tool to communicate, track and coordinate the closeout process. After the completion of the project, five milestone dates were extracted, and the information was compared against previous phase data. The result of the study shows that using this tool can decrease the duration of the closeout process, improve the communication between different stakeholders and aid to overcome challenges derived from differences in culture, methods, and expectations. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Closeout, Visual Management, International, Multi-Culture }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mota2019, author={Mota, Paula and Machado, Fernanda and Biotto, Clarissa and Mota, Ricardo and Mota, Bruno }, editor={ }, title={BIM for Production: Benefits and Challenges for Its Application in a Design-Bid-Build Project}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={687-698}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1680}, doi={10.24928/2019/0243}, affiliation={MSc, BIM Manager, SIPPRO Consultancy, Fortaleza, Brazil, Paula.Mota@sippro.eng.br ; MSc, BIM Manager, Núcleo de Inovação BIM - NIB, Salvador, Brazil, Fernanda.Machado@nucleobim.com ; Post-Doc Researcher, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil, Clerwice@gmail.com ; Civil Eng, CEO, SIPPRO Consultancy, Fortaleza, Brazil, Ricardo.Mota@sippro.eng.br ; Civil Eng., Lean Consultant, LogiKal, Birmingham, UK, Bmota@logikalprojects.com }, abstract={The poor management of the information flow in the AEC industry is a significant problem that might be overcome by the adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Lean Construction philosophy. Although the increasing use of BIM models by construction companies, the management of BIM models for production purposes still lacks a systematic investigation by scholars. Thus, the paper presents a design-bid-build (D-B-B) project to investigate the necessary efforts of design and construction stakeholders in order to generate the BIM models for production. Moreover, the authors analysed the information flow, stakeholders’ responsibilities and interactions in the BIM process. The study finds that the effective use of BIM for production is impacted by the D-B-B route due to the lack of information for construction contained within the BIM models generated by designers. Likewise, the effort of modelling for production requires a new skilled professional with design and construction knowledge. The study is limited to one case study outcomes; however, the constraints for the adoption of BIM for production are general to the AEC industry. }, author_keywords={BIM, production, information flow, constructive model, design-bid-build, procurement }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Grau2019, author={Grau, David and Cruz-Rios, Fernanda and Sherman, Rachael }, editor={ }, title={Project Validation – a Novel Practice to Improve Value and Project Performance}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={63-72}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1681}, doi={10.24928/2019/0199}, affiliation={David Grau, Assistant Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S College Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA, Phone +1 (480) 727-0665; email: david.grau@asu.edu ; Fernand Cruz-Rios, Post-Doctoral Researcher, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S College Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA, Phone +1 (480) 727-0665; email: fernanda.cr.ford@gmail.com ; Rachael Sherman, Ph.D. Student, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S College Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA, Phone +1 (480) 727-0665; email: rpsherm1@asu.edu }, abstract={The study presented in this article investigates the practice of validation, which is not supported by the current literature. In this study, data was collected from subject matter experts through phone interviews. A multiple case study method was leveraged to characterize validation through the analysis of empirical data from remarkable project validation efforts. Project validation aims at proving or disproving with limited or no design whether the team can deliver a project that satisfies the owner’s business case and scope within the owner’s allowable constraints of cost and schedule and with an acceptable level of risk. During validation, multidisciplinary innovation clusters within the team investigate, compare, and propose distinct options for major project components, and enable the team to collaboratively select an option for the conceptual estimate without committing to the design of such option. Exploring solutions with a multidisciplinary lens without committing to their design enables the team, later on during design, to make decisions on solutions that ensure the cumulative impact of such solutions and further increase value to the owner. Validation culminates in a go/no-go decision, is undertaken following the business case and precedes the contractual agreement, and must have a dedicated budget, schedule, and project team. This article characterizes what validation is, when it is performed, how it should be implemented, and its benefits. Lessons learned are also discussed. When properly implemented, subject matter experts express that validation virtually eliminates cost and schedule deviations. }, author_keywords={Value, lean construction, collaboration }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abou Dargham2019, author={Abou Dargham, Sarah and Assaf, Sena and Faour, Karim and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Optimizing Material-Related Costs Using Dynamic Site Layout and Supply Chain Planning }, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={699-710}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1682}, doi={10.24928/2019/0135}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Phone +961 76 547 177, sra26@mail.aub.edu ; Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Phone +961 71 834 900, saa127@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Graduate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Phone +961 71 112 886, knf03@mail.aub.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca }, abstract={Understanding a construction site layout is a crucial step before allocating resources to it; space is a critical factor that impacts both labor productivity and ease of material reach when needed. There is little research performed on the cost aspect of material management on site in compliance with the schedule and the type of supply chain strategy. The process of delivering bulk Glass Reinforced Concrete (GRC) units based on a push-supply system to a congested site with limited storage space all the way to their storage and installation on site is studied in this paper. The resources' cost, deterioration cost, transportation-delay cost, and the corresponding space turnover rate associated with the process are also addressed. The aim of this paper is to incorporate lean thinking to develop, model, and simulate an optimized and dynamic site layout that allows for a smooth flow of materials to the site thus minimizing their accumulated logistics and handling costs using the simulation software EZStrobe. Results showed 16% reduction in the total cost and 15% in the total simulation time from the base model of the process under study by adopting a pull-based supply chain of GRC units and combining certain activities of the process. }, author_keywords={Dynamic site layout planning, lean construction, supply chain management, material handling cost, workflow }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gusmão Brissi2019, author={Gusmão Brissi, Sara and Debs, Luciana }, editor={ }, title={Lean, Automation and Modularization in Construction}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={711-722}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1683}, doi={10.24928/2019/0177}, affiliation={PhD Student, School of Construction Management Technology – Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, sgusmaob@purdue.edu ; Assistant Professor, School of Construction Management Technology – Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, ldecresc@purdue.edu }, abstract={The architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry lags behind the manufacturing industry, both in terms of innovation and productivity, mainly due to its heterogeneous, fragmented nature and the uniqueness of its projects. This paper analyzes three effective processes and technologies which are carrying out great benefits to the construction industry: lean construction, automation, and modularization (LAM). The research consists of a systematic literature review and assesses previously published work related to the three combined topics LAM in construction with two main goals: (1) identify the relevance of the three topics combined for both the AEC industry and the academy, and (2) identify in the papers investigated the main themes related to the combination of LAM in construction. Findings reveal only 31 publications meeting the criteria within the two sources investigated. The most frequent areas of LAM identified in the papers were lean production management, optimization algorithm and prefabrication, respectively related to lean construction, automation in construction and modular construction. The results reveal a need to better investigate the interactions of LAM in construction as a way to promote the continuous improvement of the AEC industry. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, automation, modularization, off-site construction, continuous improvement. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ng2019, author={Ng, Ming Shan and Hall, Daniel Mark }, editor={ }, title={Toward Lean Management for Digital Fabrication: a Review of the Shared Practices of Lean, DfMA and dfab}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={725-736}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1684}, doi={10.24928/2019/0204}, affiliation={PhD student, Chair of Innovative and Industrial Construction, Dept. Civil, Env. and Geo. Eng., ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, +41 44 633 44 25, mng@ethz.ch ; Assistant Professor, Chair of Innovative and Industrial Construction, +41 44 633 34 90, dhall@ethz.ch. }, abstract={Digital Fabrication (dfab) is emerging as a new technical and computational approach for the architecture and construction industry. However, managing dfab requires processes to account for integrated design and construction processes. Lean construction management and design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA) offer two potential strategies for managing dfab. Although dfab, DfMA and lean have each been of wide interest among scholars, little research has examined their potential synergies. This paper conducts a literature review of all papers based on the authors' knowledge that discuss at least two of the three topics, and identifies common practices shared between the lean, DfMA and dfab. Two practices – design-to-target value and concurrent engineering – are found to be shared by all the three topics. Further, seven practices shared by two of the three topics: pull-planning, design-to-cost, standardisation, Jidoka, Just-in-Time, design-to-construct and knowledge sharing. This paper demonstrates the opportunities for synergies between lean, DfMA and dfab, and concludes with suggestions for future research to further investigate implementation of lean management for dfab in construction. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Design Management, DfMA, Digital Fabrication, Literature Review }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bridi2019, author={Bridi, Marcelle Engler and Ceolin, Eliká Deboni and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Modularity in the Construction Industry: A Systematic Mapping Study}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={737-748}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1685}, doi={10.24928/2019/0178}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, marcelle.bridi@gmail.com ; Ph.D. Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, elikac@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Architecture and Construction Dept., Director of the Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, 951 Albert Einstein Ave, P.O. Box 6021, Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil, Phone: +55 19 3788-2082, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ; Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), School of Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil; formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Modularity is a concept that has not been fully explored in the construction industry, as a mechanism to improve cost, quality, and schedule performance. However, currently it is strongly related to the idea of developing mass customized innovative products. Although modularization is widely used in the manufacturing industry, its application in construction-related opportunities seems to be difficult. This paper presents a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) on the use of modularity in the construction industry, and attempts to make a connection with Lean principles. SMS is a research method that aims to provide an overview of a specific area, through systematic selection and analysis of the literature, starting from a research question. The steps used to conduct this research work are described, as well as the mapping of the topic areas already covered in literature. The main contribution of the paper is concerned with the connections between Modularity core ideas and Lean principles. }, author_keywords={Modularity; Lean Supply Chain; Lean Principles; Systematic Mapping Study. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chauhan2019, author={Chauhan, Krishna and Peltokorpi, Antti and Lavikka, Rita and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Deciding Between Prefabrication and On-Site Construction: A Choosing-by-Advantage Approach}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={749-758}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1686}, doi={10.24928/2019/0158}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Krishna.chauhan@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Antti.peltokorpi@aalto.f ; Post-doctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, rita.lavikka@aalto.fi ; Professor of Practice, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Olli.Seppänen@aalto.fi }, abstract={Several academic and industrial studies have documented the benefits of prefabrication compared to on-site construction. However, key construction project actors find it difficult to analyse whether prefabrication would be beneficial for their project with specific circumstances and targets. This research aims to develop a process to evaluate the impact of prefabrication in projects. First, based on the literature review and focus group discussion, we define the impact factors of prefabrication. Second, we apply Choosing by Advantage (CBA) approach together with Cost-Benefit-analysis to define a process for prefabrication impact measurement which considers various impact factors and their importance in the project. Finally, we validate the process with the industry experts. The paper contributes to knowledge on robust decision-making processes about production methods in situations in which all impact factors are not easily comparable but require a subjective valuation. }, author_keywords={Prefabrication, on-site construction, choosing-by-advantage, lean construction }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zaheraldeen2019, author={Zaheraldeen, Hayyan and Khoury, Hiam and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={An AHP Approach for Selecting and Identifying Off-Site Construction Systems}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={73-82}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1687}, doi={10.24928/2019/0238}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., American University of Beirut, Lebanon, hnz04@mail.aub.edu. ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., American University of Beirut, Lebanon, hk50@aub.edu.lb. ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca. }, abstract={Many studies have shown the positive impact of applying lean principles in off-site construction. However, limited research have focused on evaluating the attributes associated with those various systems needed to highlight their difference. In fact, off-site systems present different advantages and disadvantages implying a need to evaluate their value maximization in terms of cost, time, quality, etc. when selecting the appropriate off-site system. Although some research studies have attempted to compare off-site against on-site systems, none has performed a comparison among non-volumetric systems (e.g. panelized and natural materials), volumetric systems, and hybrid systems. Therefore, this paper takes the initial steps and presents work targeted towards identifying the optimal off-site systems for a given project by extracting and elaborately analyzing the attributes of the different systems using the Analytical Hierarchy Process technique (AHP). The outcomes of this study will yield standardized policies for properly choosing optimal off-site systems based on lean principles. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Off-site construction, Analytical hierarchy process (AHP), Value maximization. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pikas2019, author={Pikas, Ergo and Koskela, Lauri and Oehmen, Josef and Dave, Bhargav }, editor={ }, title={From Checklists to Design Process Support Systems: Initial Framing}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={83-96}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1688}, doi={10.24928/2019/0173}, affiliation={Researcher, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark, ekas@dtu.dk ; Professor, University of Huddersfield, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, UK, L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Associate Professor, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark, jooehm@dtu.dk ; Senior Researcher, Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Finland, bhargav.dave@aalto.fi }, abstract={Building project delivery is beset with many long-standing problems. Often, these problems, resulting in failures of facilities and cost-time overruns, are directly related to poor design and design management practices. This motivated the definition of the main aim to develop an initial framing for the design process support systems, incorporating ideas from the human error and performance management domains, and on checklists. In this conceptual paper, a literature review method is used. It is suggested that cognitive systems engineering could be used to conceptualize the designers work and to incorporate checklists into the design process. Then, key aspects and elements for the development of design process support systems are addressed. }, author_keywords={Error management, checklist, design process, design support systems }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Andenaes2019, author={Andenaes, ErleBd and Time, Berit and Torp, Olav and Kvande, Tore and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={ }, title={Risk Management in Procurement of Blue-Green Roofs – A Project Owner Perspective}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={97-108}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1689}, doi={10.24928/2019/0263}, affiliation={Ph.D. candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 926 84 110, erlend.andenas@ntnu.no ; Head researcher, Department of Materials and Structures, SINTEF Building and infrastructure, Trondheim, Norway, +47 970 72 083, berit.time@sintef.no. ; Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 226 73, olav.torp@ntnu.no. ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 902 55 434, tore.kvande@ntnu.no. ; Research scientist, dr. art. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no }, abstract={Blue-green roofs are vegetated roofs used for stormwater management purposes. With the roof serving several different purposes at the same time, the risk that any of its functions could be compromised needs to be addressed. Risks related to roof defects may present a threat to the long-term operation of a building, and could lead to waste by making defective products. This article presents an investigation to explore how the Norwegian building sector handles and manages this risk. Tender documents for green roof construction projects in the Norway are examined. Technical documents are studied to chart how the projects manage risks related to the integrity of the roofs in the tender phase. Findings suggest that risk in relation to building physics is not systematically analysed and managed in design and procurement phase of the project. Contractors are given significant control of design elements in certain common contract strategies. Risk is effectively not being managed in the early phase, with much of the risk management given to the contractors. The project owner will yield little control over decisions whose outcomes will only manifest long after the warranty period expires. }, author_keywords={Blue-green roofs, risk management, contract strategy }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Javanmardi12019, author={Javanmardi1, Ashtad and Zhang, YuXiang and Liu, YanChun and Yang, ShuJuan and Yu, XiuXia and Liu, Min and Hsiang, Simon M. }, editor={ }, title={Manager Perception and Decision for Making-Do in China v.s. In the U.S.}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1175-1186}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1690}, doi={10.24928/2019/0255}, affiliation={North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA, Tel: 001-919-513-7920 ; Qingdao University of Technology, No 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China, Tel: 0086-0532- 85071060 ; Qingdao University of Technology, No 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China, Tel: 0086-0532- 85071060 ; Qingdao University of Technology, No 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China, Tel: 0086-0532- 85071060 ; Qingdao University of Technology, No 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China, Tel: 0086-0532- 85071060 ; North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA, Tel: 001-919-513-7920, Corresponding author. E-mail address: min_liu@ncsu.edu ; University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223 -0001, USA, Tel: 001-704-687-1958 }, abstract={Making-do, a decision to start work despite knowing that preconditions are not fully ready, has been referred as a type of waste in construction projects. It will be interesting and beneficial to understand how project managers make making-do decisions when managing projects in different countries and cultures. This research conducted two surveys, one in China and one in the U.S., to study how making-do decision is made differently in two countries by project managers with various levels of experience and responsibility. The research also examined whether there is significant difference in experienced task starting time and duration variation between people with different making-do preference. Findings showed that there was a significant difference in making-do decision preference for construction managers in China vs. the U.S. However, there was no significant difference on making-do decision preference for managers at different responsibility levels. Results revealed Chinese managers who preferred making-do have experienced significantly higher duration variation while in U.S. the results are opposite. Emphasizing obedience, remaining consistency with peers and supervisors, and constantly checking labor, equipment, and materials availabilities are highly valued in the Chinese culture and management practice, which contributed to the making-do decision outcomes in China vs. the U.S. The findings help project managers to understand the difference and rationale in making-do decisions and have more efficient collaboration and communication when they work in projects located in a foreign country. }, author_keywords={Making-do, lean construction, constraints, China, U.S. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Francis2019, author={Francis, Ann and Thomas, Albert }, editor={ }, title={Integrating Lean Construction and Sustainability via a System Dynamics Framework}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1187-1196}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1691}, doi={10.24928/2019/0187}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email:annfrancis@iitb.ac.in ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. Email: albert@iitb.ac.in }, abstract={The growth of the construction industry has been constantly challenged by issues such as low productivity, time overruns, reduced profits, and high variability. Additionally, growing emphasis on sustainable development challenges the industry to explore methods and technologies that improve the sustainability of construction and built systems. Lean construction is proposed as a solution to address many of the construction related issues by reducing wastes and improving reliability, and recent research reveals that, it has significant potential in addressing sustainability concerns as well. Therefore, the relationship between lean and sustainability warrants a deeper understanding to assimilate the trade-offs across economic, social and environmental parameters. Even though the existing studies in this domain establish the relationship between lean and sustainability, they are greatly diverse in their approaches thus creating a fragmented understanding, and does not collectively analyse the various interrelationships and the feedbacks. This mandates the need of a realm like systems thinking to capture the dynamicity and interlinkages embedded in this complex relationship. This paper proposes a conceptual framework based on system dynamics modeling approach for the integration of lean and sustainability. A systems approach provides a better understanding to the industry practitioners about the scale of lean implementation demanded to ensure sustainable development. }, author_keywords={Lean construction (LC), Sustainability, System dynamics, Systems thinking, Waste }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jylhä2019, author={Jylhä, Tuuli }, editor={ }, title={Reconceptualising CREM Alignment to Account for Waste}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1197-1206}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1692}, doi={10.24928/2019/0126}, affiliation={Assistant professor, Department of Management in the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, +31 6 24 86 6609, t.e.jylha@tudelft.nl }, abstract={Every business needs a place to operate. The management of corporate operational assets is called Corporate Real Estate Management (CREM). In the era of sustainability, smart use of real estate as the second-largest asset of corporations is needed. The purpose of the paper is to reconceptualise CREM alignment to feature the waste concept in smart use of CRE resources. This research is limited to the conceptual analysis of CREM alignment. The reasoning is based on integrative literature review. In general management theories, alignment is divided between vertical and horizontal alignments within and across organisations. In CREM literature, vertical alignment within an organisation is dominant while horizontal alignment within an organisation and across organisations has gained minimal attention. The conceptual analysis indicates that there is plenty of waste in CREM. Lean aligns especially horizontally and offers a way for smart alignment, i.e., a smart use of CRE resources including not only the use of materials and energy but also the use of human resources with their social capital. }, author_keywords={Corporate real estate, corporate real estate management, alignment, waste, added value }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hanahoe2019, author={Hanahoe, John and Taggart, Martin and Willis, Conor }, editor={ }, title={Not Seeing the Wood for the Trees – A Gemba Walk Through a Timber Framed Housing Development}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1209-1218}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1693}, doi={10.24928/2019/0231}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Building and Civil Engineering., Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland, +353 87 2604262, john.hanahoe@gmit.ie ; PhD, Lecturer, Dept. of Building and Civil Engineering., Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland, +353 91 742875, martin.taggart@gmit.ie ; Honours Student, Dept. of Building and Civil Engineering., Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland +353 85 2125736, conorwillis5@gmail.com }, abstract={This applied research seeks to improve the efficiency of production planning on repetitive construction projects. Ireland currently has a pressing need for a rapid expansion of housebuilding and many projects are planned or underway. However, programming of such works has been poor historically. This research proposes approaches to make planning of such projects more efficient. Information on a representative sample of dwellings was collected on a large timberframed housing site over a five-month period. The main-contractor’s bar chart programme for the project was analysed using the Line of Balance production planning approach. This allowed the time waste inherent in the programme to be visualised and allowed options for improvement to be considered. The results showed that a significant improvement could be made in the programme and in the efficient use of resources. This has significant benefits for contractors. The research is based on a single case study, which constrains universal claims about the results reported. However, the authors note their extensive experience of visiting similar projects, allowing them to attest to the ‘typicality’ of the case study in the Irish SME marketplace. The work has implications for improving lean construction practice in production planning and suggests the need for additional training in technical education. }, author_keywords={Gemba walk, Last Planner System, Line of Balance, Programming, Planning. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kujansuu2019, author={Kujansuu, Pekka and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Grönvall, Max and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Comparison of Collaboration and Trade Partner Commitment in Takt Implementation Cases}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1219-1228}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1694}, doi={10.24928/2019/0166}, affiliation={Development Engineer, Skanska Oy, Finland, pekka.kujansuu@skanska.fi ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi ; Project Engineer, SRV Rakennus Oy, Finland, Joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi ; Professor of Practice, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi }, abstract={This study addresses the possible ways to improve takt implementation in projects. The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge of the stakeholder commitment and collaboration in takt projects where takt production is implemented. The study aims to explore which enablers and barriers affect collaboration in takt implementation projects, and how they differ between cases in Finland and California. The study was conducted as a qualitative multiple case study. The case projects were purposefully chosen for this study. The data collection was conducted as a triangulation of interview, observation and documentation observation. The enablers and barriers from different cases were clustered into plusses, deltas, and drivers between Finnish and Californian cases as well as jointly. The results were then analysed in a workshop and recommendations for further takt implementations as well as further research were made. Recommended actions for further takt implementation cases of more complete Lean understanding, and more transparent partnership between trade partners. However, the results and recommendations are based on a single study with a limited amount of cases, and therefore further research inside the topic is needed. }, author_keywords={takt production, collaboration, stakeholders, implementation }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Korb2019, author={Korb, Samuel and Telyas, Avi and Sacks, Rafael and Duka, Arens }, editor={ }, title={Evaluating Multiskilling in Residential Construction Projects Using Regional Industry Simulation}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1229-1240}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1695}, doi={10.24928/2019/0182}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Virtual Construction Lab, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa Israel, shmuel.korb@technion.ac.il. ; Founder, Makerhoods.org, atelyas@makerhoods.org ; Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa Israel, cvsacks@technion.ac.il. ; Undergraduate Research Assistant; Virtual Construction Lab, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa Israel, arens@campus.technion.ac.il. }, abstract={The Makerhoods project in Newark NJ, USA, is a planned affordable live/work development for low-income residents. With a background in Lean Manufacturing, and confronted with industry norms of low productivity, extensive subcontracting, unreliable plans, and incomplete information, the developer sought to ways to optimize construction cost, schedule and quality by and minimizing uncertainty and variation and by improving workflow. The developer sought to establish how Lean interventions might improve the performance of the production system that was being designed for the product. Specifically, the challenge was to determine how the concept of producing with laborers reorganized from trade-specific teams into multi-skilled work cells might impact the Makerhoods project, given the reality of the local construction market. To test these questions, Agent-Based Modelling was used. First, analogs of the local market and project of interest were recreated within the modeling environment. Next, the project delivery techniques were tested to find the highest probability of project success with the lowest band of outcome uncertainty. We hope the results will lead to new ways of approaching project management and potentially to establishment of new types of construction firms (i.e. the “finishing cells” composed of multi-skilled teams capable of completely building an apartment’s interior). }, author_keywords={Batch size, GC, Lean construction, multiskilling, simulation, strategies }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salazar2019, author={Salazar, Luis A. and Retamal, Fabián and Ballard, Glenn and Arroyo, Paz and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Results of Indicators From the Linguistic Action Perspective in the Last Planner® System}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1241-1250}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1696}, doi={10.24928/2019/0148}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Researcher – GEPUC, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, lasalaza@uc.cl ; MSc student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Researcher – GEPUC, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, faretamal@uc.cl ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720- 1712, USA, +1 415 710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; DPR Quality Leader, San Francisco, CA, and Adjunct Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, PazA@dpr.com ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={The correct implementation of the Last Planner® System has been proven to increase the reliability of the planning and performance levels of projects by managing commitments. However, the current management of commitments in weekly planning meetings has not been sufficiently analyzed to teach people how to make reliable promises. Therefore, it is essential to deepen the measurement indicators of the Linguistic Action Perspective to generate reliable commitments that reduce uncertainty and variability in the projects. This study, based on "design science research", shows the first results of the indicators of the fundamental elements of language and action in construction projects in Chile. The results are an improvement over the previous indicators. Previous indicators have only been validated in a classroom setting, whereas this paper presents a validation based on case studies on actual construction projects which carry out weekly meetings using LPS. The authors invite the researchers around the world to measure and compare these indicators. }, author_keywords={Linguistic Action Perspective, Last Planner® System, Commitments Management, Case Study, Planning meetings }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fyhn2019, author={Fyhn, Håkon and Andersen, Lars }, editor={ }, title={Team-Leader Walk as Interdiciplinary Comunication Tool at the Building Site}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1251-1262}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1697}, doi={10.24928/2019/0206}, affiliation={Senior Researcher, NTNU Social Research, Trondheim Norway, hakon.fyhn@ntnu.no ; Research Professor, NTNU Social Research, Trondheim Norway }, abstract={This paper introduces the concept of ‘team-leader walk’ as part of the construction process organized through TAKT production. The purpose of the team-leader walk, is to help teamleaders see, communicate and plan further ahead in the construction process. By systematically walking through the different zones of the building under construction, while discussing plans and coordination issues one to three weeks ahead, the building site is used as communication tool in the interdisciplinary communication between the teamleaders. Appealing to the often-well-developed practical intelligence of the team-leaders, we argue that the building site itself, enhances the ability to look ahead better than visualisation tools alone. The team-leaders, as last planners become better equipped to take part in the continuous planning. A condition for the team-leader walk, as presented here, is that the construction is organised according to a systematic movement in time and space – such as TAKT production. The study is based on observations and interviews at two building projects where the team-leader walk was tested in 2018. While the validity is limited by the number of cases, the building company in study find the results so promising they have decided to implement the team-leader walk in further building projects. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, team-leader walk, last planner, takt }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Broft2019, author={Broft, Rafaella D. and Pryke, Stephen }, editor={ }, title={Supply Chain Rhythm: Multidisciplinary Teams Through Collaborative Work Structuring}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1261-1270}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1698}, doi={10.24928/2019/0272}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, University College London, The Bartlett School of Construction & Project Management, London, United Kingdom, r.d.broft@gmail.com ; Professor, University College London, The Bartlett School of Construction & Project Management, London, United Kingdom, s.pryke@ucl.ac.uk }, abstract={Collaborative work structuring methods are increasingly used in the construction industry to support project teams on delivering their projects on time, within budget and with high quality. By breaking down the work to be done in so-called manageable chunks, work structuring plays an important role in the creation of flow. The optimisation of flow is important due to the fragmented nature of the industry. Despite successful examples of the application of these methods, it is believed that the advantages remain limited to achieving better project results. Where current examples organise working packages around the work of different trades, this paper explores the consequences of a more supply chain-driven approach to collaborative work structuring. It challenges trades to design a “Supply Chain Rhythm”. The results presented in this paper show additional advantages, where multidisciplinairy teams have been created within a project. This way, the configuration of the crew performing the work chunk exceeds the boundaries of organisations or trades, and leads to further optimisation of the work flow. }, author_keywords={Production system design, work structuring, collaboration, multidisciplinary teams, supply chain rhythm. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Binninger2019, author={Binninger, Marco and Dlouhy, Janosch and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Flow in Takted Projects – A Practical Analysis of Flow and Resource Efficiency}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1271-1282}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1699}, doi={10.24928/2019/0228}, affiliation={Head of Lean Department, weisenbuger bau GmbH, +4915144023401, m.binninger@weisenburger.de ; Lean Expert, BMW AG, +4915160171327, janosch.dlouhy@bmw.de ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-72160842646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={In recent years, the methods of Takt Planning and Takt Control (TPTC) have gained significance in construction practice. The foundations for takted construction practices as well as the methods of Takt Planning and Takt Control have been described in numerous papers within the framework of the IGLC (Binninger u. a. 2017a; Frandson u. a. 2013; Frandson und Tommelein 2016; Haghsheno u. a. 2016; Heinonen und Seppänen 2016; Tommelein 2017). One of the primary goals of the methods is to create flow, allowing construction processes to be executed efficiently. In order to investigate the relationship between the methods TPTC and flow in takted construction projects, the issues of how flow is implemented in takted projects during Takt Planning and Takt Control as well as how this affects project participants were discussed. The foundations of the flow production principle were then outlined and an assessment method for determining the quality of flow was devised. The applied approach was based on the book “This is Lean” by Modig und Åhlström (2015). Hereby, workflows were measured from two perspectives and compared using an efficiency matrix. Data from practice in the form of takt plans from 40 takted projects were analyzed and empirically assessed. To date, an assessment of takted projects in relation to workflow has not been completed in any academic study. This paper provides a foundation for further research and sets a standard for assessment of flow in takted projects in real-life practice. This research serves as a pilot study in this field and invites further detailed studies of the characteristics of flow to be conducted in the future. }, author_keywords={Flow, flow efficiency, takt, TPTS }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lerche2019, author={Lerche, Jon and Seppänen, Olli and Pedersen, Kristian Birch and Neve, Hasse and Wandahl, Søren and Gross, Allan }, editor={ }, title={Why Would Location-Based Scheduling Be Applicable for Offshore Wind Turbine Construction?}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1283-1294}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1700}, doi={10.24928/2019/0121}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Business Development at Aarhus University, Denmark, +4560133595, jon.lerche@btech.au.dk ; Professor of Practice, Aalto University School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; PhD, Department of Construction Management at Aalborg University, Denmark, +4553555919, kbp@exigo.dk ; PhD Student, Department of Engineering at Aarhus University, Denmark, +4528791838, hn@eng.au.dk ; Professor, Department of Engineering at Aarhus University, Denmark, +4541893216, swa@eng.au.dk ; Professor, Department of Business Development at Aarhus University, Denmark, +4561150219, agr@btech.au.dk }, abstract={The focus in this research was the conversion of a traditional activity-based construction schedule to a location-based schedule. The case investigated was an offshore wind turbine project in the British sector of the North Sea. This exploratory case study used a deductive approach studying the literature. The initial step was a review of the location-based scheduling literature. The applicability of the theory could be tested through understanding the patterns from existing location-based scheduling literature. These patterns were the adapted from the construction context to the offshore wind construction context. With the knowledge of how and why from a theoretical perspective, the authors analyzed the existing construction schedule which was based on the critical path methodology. The results from this analysis provided knowledge about how location-based scheduling is applicable from an industrial perspective. This research contributes knowledge by testing the theory of location-based scheduling in the context of offshore wind turbine construction industry. }, author_keywords={Construction, Flowline, LBMS, Offshore wind, Work-sequencing }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lerche2019, author={Lerche, Jon and Neve, Hasse and Pedersen, Kristian Birch and Wandahl, Søren and Gross, Allan }, editor={ }, title={Why Would Location-Based Scheduling Be Applicable for Offshore Oil and Gas Construction?}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1295-1306}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1701}, doi={10.24928/2019/0120}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Business Development at Aarhus University, Denmark, +4560133595, jon.lerche@btech.au.dk ; PhD Student, Department of Engineering at Aarhus University, Denmark, +4528791838, hn@eng.au.dk ; PhD, Department of Construction Management at Aalborg University, Denmark, +4553555919, kbp@exigo.dk ; Professor, Department of Engineering at Aarhus University, Denmark, +4541893216, swa@eng.au.dk ; Professor, Department of Business Development at Aarhus University, Denmark, +4561150219, agr@btech.au.dk }, abstract={The focus of this research in testing the applicability of location-based scheduling within the offshore oil and gas construction domain. The case investigated is a larger oil and gas field undergoing refurbishment in the Danish sector of the North Sea. The exploratory case study took a deductive approach by analyzing the existing location-based scheduling literature. The theoretical patterns allow testing the applicability of the theory in the offshore construction domain. Adapting the patterns from the construction context to the offshore oil and gas construction context. With the knowledge of why and how from a theoretical perspective, we analyzed the original oil & gas construction schedule which is based on critical path method. This analysis provides knowledge about how location-based scheduling is applicable from an industrial perspective. This paper contributes knowledge by testing the theory of location-based scheduling in the offshore oil and gas construction context. }, author_keywords={Job-sequencing, Location-Based Management System, Offshore, Oil and Gas, Work structuring }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aslesen2019, author={Aslesen, Sigmund and Reff, Sigmund and Stordal, Espen }, editor={ }, title={How Long Does It Take to Build an Apartment?}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1309-1320}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1702}, doi={10.24928/2019/0236}, affiliation={Development Manager, Veidekke, Oslo, Norway, +47 922 18 492, sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no ; Site Manager, Veidekke, Oslo, Norway, +47 414 63 193, sire@veidekke.no ; Project Manager, Veidekke, Oslo, Norway, +47 408 48 482, espen.stordal@veidekke.no }, abstract={This paper explores how long it takes to build an apartment. In our effort to answer the question, we concentrate on the inventory phase. The phase involves the completion of every apartment. It includes several trades, a significant number of tasks and a great deal of coordination, and spans from erecting the walls to installing and coupling of technical systems and to the finishing of kitchen, bathroom(s), doors and all surfaces. The paper is grounded in the research idea that to make construction more like manufacturing, we need to study it from a manufacturing viewpoint. Its starting point are the peculiarities of construction as emphasized by one-of-a-kind projects, site production, a temporary organization and intervention of regulatory authorities (Koskela 1992). While these particularities have played a fundamental role to understand the uniqueness of the construction building process, we argue in this paper to handle them with caution so that they do not hamper initiatives – and insights – based on the commonalities of the two types of production. In the paper, a preliminary analysis is carried out based on a housing project including 127 apartments, divided by four, four-to-six storey high blocks. Using the single apartment as the production unit, we outline certain assessments which we plan to test full-scale in a sizeable housing project including 342 apartments. The paper discusses the potential benefits of defining an apartment as the production unit, and how it may assist production knowing how long it takes to build an apartment. We conclude that to build an apartment in a more effective and less wasteful manner than today, we should think of it as more of a manufacturing than a construction process. }, author_keywords={Production planning and control, theory }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Serugga2019, author={Serugga, Joas and Kagioglou, Mike and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={A Predictive Method for Benefits Realisation Through Modelling Uncertainty in Front End Design}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1321-1332}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1703}, doi={10.24928/2019/0161}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 7553231992, joas.serugga@hud.ac.uk ; Professor of Process Management, Art, Design and Architecture, School., Dean, Univ. of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484472289, m.kagioglou@hud.ac.uk ; Professor of Integrated Design, Architecture and 3D Design, Depart, Univ. of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484472281, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk }, abstract={Many projects continue to fail to deliver intended benefits amid uncertainty in benefits realisation (BR) programs. This is more so in Front End Design (FED) where processes remain not only understudied but also informal yet reliant on knowledge sharing. As a result, there is an emergent need for new decision support tools to support benefits delivery processes. The paper addresses uncertainty with FED processes as a way of facilitating decision making as an enabler to benefits delivery of construction projects using uncertainty modelling. The paper adopts a Dempster-Shafer approach using probability theory. This is combined with Quality Function Deployment for user and design requirements capture and management. A conceptual model is suggested that forms a basis for future validation and evaluations in action research in various contexts. The Paper introduces a novel approach to uncertainty modelling in FED to support decision making. The Dempster-Shafer Bayesian based approach also contributes to new ways for capturing contextual influences to benefits realisation. }, author_keywords={Benefits Realisation, Dempster-Shafer Theory, Uncertainty Modelling }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sahadevan2019, author={Sahadevan, Vijayalaxmi and Varghese, Koshy }, editor={ }, title={AHP and CBA Application to Layout Design: A Case of Classroom Layout Assessment}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1333-1344}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1704}, doi={10.24928/2019/0256}, affiliation={Doctoral Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Building Technology and Construction Management, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India, svijaya16@gmail.com ; Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Building Technology and Construction Management, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India, koshy@iitm.ac.in }, abstract={Arriving at a consensus in design decisions is challenging owing to the presence of diverse and multidisciplinary stakeholders with multiple design objectives. The literature on AEC design decision making have reported Analytic Hierarchy Process and Choosing by Advantages as two commonly used multi-criteria decision-making techniques for evaluation of design alternatives. However, the existing literature has mainly focused on choosing between material or technology and the comparison of the two techniques to assess the suitability for their application to non-spatial aspects of AEC design problem. The current work seeks to investigate the suitability of CBA and AHP to a layout design problem. A decision-making exercise involving a hypothetical case of evaluation of three classroom layouts was conducted. A set of criteria for design evaluation which was derived based on a previous study on stakeholder design values was used in the exercise. Conclusions were drawn based on the operationalization of the two techniques rather than a direct comparison of the results obtained from the two techniques. The findings from the study indicate that CBA aids in defining a robust set of design criteria, sub-criteria and attributes and facilitates a collaborative decision-making process. On the other hand, AHP provides a structured approach for eliciting individual participant judgments. The benefits and limitations with respect to the operationalization of the two techniques are discussed in detail. }, author_keywords={Choosing by advantage (CBA), set based design (SBD), analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and target value design (TVD) }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Perez2019, author={Perez, Catalina and Arroyo, Paz }, editor={ }, title={Designing Municipal Waste Management Programs Using Choosing by Advantages and Design Structure Matrix}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1345-1368}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1705}, doi={10.24928/2019/0194}, affiliation={Master Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile ; DPR Quality Leader, San Francisco, CA, PazA@dpr.com. and Adjunct Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile }, abstract={Designing public environmental policies is not an easy task. Decision makers must consider multiple social, environmental and economic aspects in order to achieve sustainable solutions. They must also manage interrelated information and preferences of different stakeholders to ensure that the policy suits the community and accomplishes its goals. This research study focused on analyzing the design process of environmental public policies using the Choosing by Advantages (CBA) decision system integrated with Design Structure Matrix (DSM) to make complex decisions. A case study involving the redesign of a waste collection program was conducted, where three complex decisions were made using the CBA method. Researchers proposed using DSM to decrease negative iterations by finding the optimal order of decisions. Using DSM helped to decrease the number of iteration loops, and document the assumptions to make the process more transparent. Future work should measure the impacts of using CBA together with DSM to make decisions in the formulation process of public environmental policies. }, author_keywords={Waste, choosing by advantages, design structure matrix, negative iteration, sustainability }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ding2019, author={Ding, Xiaosu and Parish, Kristen }, editor={ }, title={A Proposed Lean Decision-Making Process for Building Energy Retrofits}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1357-1366}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1706}, doi={10.24928/2019/0235}, affiliation={Master Student, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, +1 602 545 4021, xding16@asu.edu ; Associate Professor, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu }, abstract={Buildings are one of the largest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions and, in the United States, they are the largest energy users. To combat these emissions, policy makers suggest retrofitting older buildings to achieve better energy performance. (The authors define retrofit as any changes to an existing building that improve the building’s ability to perform or extend the building’s life.) Despite consensus that buildings should be retrofit, building owners may struggle to identify how to retrofit their building. This paper addresses this gap by providing a proposed lean process, rooted in Choosing by Advantages (CBA), for selecting among potential energy retrofit options. In this paper, the authors present the energy retrofit decision-making process recommended by the U.S. Department of Energy and compare it to those used in practice on case studies completed in the last five years. The authors identified two shortcomings in the implemented processes: first, the decision-making processes only consider the designers’ perspective on energy and cost savings with little involvement from other stakeholders, and thus, they may ignore the needs, desires, and opinions of others with non-design backgrounds; second, these processes consider more design alternatives than may be realistic for a building owner given budget and schedule constraints. To make the process leaner, the authors propose a new energy retrofit decisionmaking process, rooted in CBA, that addresses the previously-identified shortcomings. This process involves more stakeholders in the decision-making process. Moreover, this process helps decision-makers focus on the most promising design alternatives, thereby supporting better use of time and increased likelihood of a successful retrofit. }, author_keywords={Building energy retrofit, multi-criteria decision making, choosing by advantage (C BA), design science, work flow }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hentschke2019, author={Hentschke, Cynthia S. and Amorim, Luciana G. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Echeveste, Marcia E. S. }, editor={ }, title={Connections Between Mass Customisation Practices in Housing and Lean Production}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1369-1380}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1707}, doi={10.24928/2019/0267}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, email: cynthiahentschke@gmail.com ; M.Sc., Postgraduate Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, email: lugheller@gmail.com ; Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, email: formoso@ufrgs.br ; Professor, Associate Dean for research and Enterprise, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfiled, UK, email: p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, Postgraduate Program in Industrial Engineering (PPGEP), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, email: echeveste@producao.ufrgs.br }, abstract={The understanding of customers’ needs and preferences in housing is complex. In order to respond to this, housing companies should be able to offer a higher product variety while ensuring cost effectiveness. Mass customisation (MC) has been suggested as an effective strategy for balancing the fulfilment of clients’ needs and at the same time keep costs and delivery time within acceptable limits. Several MC practices have been associated to Lean Production (LP), such as reducing lead time, increasing value by systematically capturing customer requirements, and increasing output flexibility. The aim of this paper is to identify a set of MC practices in housebuilding, discuss their underlying concepts and principles, exploring their connections to LP. The identification of common concepts and principles between LP and MC can support the definition of the MC strategy for housing companies and also the adaptation of best practices to different organisational contexts. Results are based on a literature review and a case study developed with a Brazilian house-building company. The main contribution is better understanding trade-offs between productivity and flexibility with the aim of improving value generation in housing projects. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, mass customisation, housing }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2019, author={Koskela, Lauri and Tezel, Algan and Patel, Viranj }, editor={ }, title={Theory of Quality Management: Its Origins and History}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1381-1390}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1708}, doi={10.24928/2019/0259}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484 472892, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 1484 472939, a.tezel@hud.ac.uk ; Research Assistant, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +44 7459359697, viranjkumar@gmail.com }, abstract={Purpose: Determination of the theoretical and philosophical foundations of quality management, as they have evolved and changed over time. Methodology/Approach: Conceptual and historical. Findings: At the origin of the quality movement, Shewhart defined quality through an account of production (later called value generation theory), and suggested the scientific model (later to be named as Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle, PDCA) as the epistemology for improving quality. Somewhat later, Deming recommended ideas falling into process ontology as applicable in the quality context. These prescriptions were not presented in terms of theory, epistemology or ontology but through examples. Perhaps partly for that reason, in subsequent developments these prescriptions were often forgotten or rejected. Especially, the ISO standard for quality management rediscovered the original PDCA epistemology only in 2015. Thus, the degeneration of the original theoretical and philosophical foundation seems to be one of the longstanding problems in the area of quality. On the other hand, it has turned out that the value generation theory of production is a partial theory. As the success of the lean movement indicates, production should also be seen through the flow theory. The achievement of quality can, for its part, also be explained through this flow theory of production. However, there has been very little theoretical work both regarding production and quality, and thus the integration of theories on production has not been achieved. Lacking theoretical evolution is another long-standing problem that arguably has hindered the progress of quality. Research implication: The findings call for a sustained effort to explicate and develop the theoretical and philosophical foundation of quality management. Originality/Value of paper: It is widely perceived that quality as a managerial focus has lost its attraction in the last two decades. In this presentation, the argument that weaknesses of the theoretical and philosophical foundation of quality have contributed to this lack of attraction is forwarded. }, author_keywords={Quality management, production, theory, ontology, epistemology. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Drevland2019, author={Drevland, Frode and Klakegg, Ole Jonny }, editor={ }, title={Developing a Conceptual Model for Value Delivery in Value Shop Configured Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1391-1402}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1709}, doi={10.24928/2019/0262}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no ; Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, ole.jonny.klakegg@ntnu.no }, abstract={Value configuration is a term from the business literature that describes how companies are rigged for delivering value. The paper argues that modern day construction projects adheres to a value shop configuration rather than a value chain configuration. Where the focus of the value chain is the transformation of inputs into products, the focus of the value shop is to (re)solve customer problems. The main theoretical foundation of Lean Construction for understanding value delivery is the Transformation-Flow-Value (TFV) theory of production. While this provides a solid basis and model for understanding value delivery in value chain configured construction projects, it comes up short with regards to value shop configured projects. The paper presents a newly developed conceptual model for the value delivery in value shop configured construction projects, and shows how it can be beneficial vis-à-vis the TFV theory with regards to understanding the fundamentals of value delivery in value shop configured construction projects }, author_keywords={Lean construction, theory, value delivery }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2019, author={Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Principles of Mistakeproofing and Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ)}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1401-1412}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1710}, doi={10.24928/2019/0129}, affiliation={Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 510 643-8678, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 }, abstract={To err is human but people can design and make systems that are less error-prone, and more fail-safe and defect-free than many are today. One such lean design practice is called mistakeproofing (poke yoke). It is integral to the Toyota Production System and successfully practiced in numerous industry sectors. Mistakeproofing is not as widelynor as intentionally practiced in the Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) industry as it could be. To promote conceptual understanding and adoption, this paper presents 6 mistakeproofing principles. To further spur innovative mistakeproofing practices, it also presents the 40 principles of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ). Mistakeproofing examples from the AEC industry demonstrate how these two sets of principles can be directly linked to rationalize existing mistakeproofing practices and, in addition, to potentially design “innovative” ones. As such, this paper supports the drive for industry innovation in developing products and processes of greater quality and thereby contribute to construction industry performance improvement. }, author_keywords={visual management, mistakeproofing (mistake-proofing, mistake proofing), error proofing, poka yoke, Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, TRIZ }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fernandes2019, author={Fernandes, Luara L. A. and Rocha, Mércurie J. and Costa, Dayana B. }, editor={ }, title={Prediction of Environmental Performance Indicators for Construction Sites Based on Artificial Neural Networks}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1413-1424}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1711}, doi={10.24928/2019/0248}, affiliation={MSc Student, Civil Engineering Post Graduation Program, Federal University of Bahia, BA, 40210-630, BRA, luara.fernandes@gmail.com ; PhD Student, Civil Engineering Post Graduation Program, Federal University of Bahia, BA, 40210-630, BRA, mercurie_janeai@hotmail.com ; Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, BA, 40210-630, BRA, dayanabcosta@ufba.br }, abstract={The construction sector still contributes on a major scale to negative impacts on the environment, but it is aware of its responsibility for sustainability in the life cycle of a building. The sector has been using performance measurement, specifically environmental indicators, to monitor and manage its impacts. However, managers have not been using the monitored indicators for any managerial decision because they do not have benchmarks to establish performance targets and evaluate their results. This research is an experimental study that aims to develop an equation for the prediction of environmental performance indicators based on the construction progress. For the development of the study, a database of 15 construction sites in Brazil concerning three environmental indicators (water consumption, energy consumption and construction waste generation) established by the PBQP-H (The Brazilian Program for Quality and Productivity in Habitat) was used. The developed software was written in Python language and the model was built with the use of Artificial Neural Networks. From the application of the resulting equations, managers can obtain a benchmark based on the construction progress in which the building is and promote improvements in their environmental performance as well as use such information in the planning stage. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, sustainability, waste, construction management, performance measurement }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mariz2019, author={Mariz, Renato N. and Galvao, Eduardo L. and Picchi, Flavio A. and Melo, Reymard S.S. and Barcelos, Marcela C.B. }, editor={ }, title={Daily Management Application in a Dam Construction Project}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1425-1434}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1712}, doi={10.24928/2019/0193}, affiliation={PhD student, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON); University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and lean consultant, Lean Institute Brazil; rmariz@lean.org.br ; Ms.C, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and lean consultant, Lean Institute Brazil; elavocat@lean.org.br ; Associated Professor, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON); Department of Architecture and Building, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design; University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP), and President, Lean Institute Brazil; fpicchi@lean.org.br ; Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil, smelo@ct.ufrn.br ; Planning engineer , Construtora Ápia, MG, Brazil marcela.borges@grupoapia.com.br }, abstract={Brazilian construction companies have sought lean thinking to increase competitiveness in the sector. The initial step for lean implementation is to stabilize the project production system. Many lean tools have been applied to stabilize production, however daily managemet is a lean practice that has been implemented in manufacturing and has little application in the construction. This paper aims to explore daily management in the construction context and evaluate the results of its implementation. Action research was the research method adopted. The research lasted three months and was conducted in three stages: the first for preparation, the second for the implementation cycles and the final for analysis and conclusions. The application evaluated the four fundamental elements of daily management: visual management, teamwork problem solving, help chain, and leadership. Daily management implementation facilitated decision-making and problems were solved more often and in a more structured way with the help chain. Visual boards helped the managers to see the production and productivity deviations. Meeting routines provided a more present leadership in the field and a spirit of team collaboration. The main results of the research were the reduction of project costs, project completion on time and increased project team commitment. }, author_keywords={Daily management, daily huddle, visual management, action learning/research }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rodríguez2019, author={Rodríguez, María Guadalupe Mandujano }, editor={ }, title={Integration of Historic Building Information Modeling and Valuation Approaches for Managing Cultural Heritage Sites}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1433-1444}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1713}, doi={10.24928/2019/0253}, affiliation={CEO, MARO Consulting, Huejutla de Reyes, Hidalgo, Mexico. E-mail: info@maroconsulting.mx }, abstract={In this study, a methodology for quantifying the historical value of the Cathedral of Christ the King, in the municipality of Huejutla de Reyes, Hidalgo, Mexico, was developed through application of historic building information modeling (HBIM) and conventional valuation methods. Despite many studies having been undertaken around the world, there remains a gap in that elucidating and unifying the relationship between HBIM and valuation is still difficult. The methodology developed in this study combined and used information captured via a Leica ScanStation C10 laser scanner, a drone, and a 360° camera. Various software programs were then used to combine the images with the scan data. HBIM facilitated automatic and accurate quantification of the amount of materials used to build the cathedral. A significant finding was that the use of HBIM enables a valuation to be obtained immediately. While the results must be regarded as being exploratory, they provide interesting insights into the synergy between HBIM and historical valuation. Another critical point is that this is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study to link HBIM with a valuation. }, author_keywords={Cultural heritage, historic building information modelling (HBIM), valuation, collaboration, commitment. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Álvares2019, author={Álvares, Juliana Sampaio and Costa, Dayana Bastos }, editor={ }, title={Construction Progress Monitoring Using Unmanned Aerial System and 4D BIM}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1445-1456}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1714}, doi={10.24928/2019/0165}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Master’s Student, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil, alvares.juliana@hotmail.com ; Associate Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br }, abstract={Construction progress monitoring may help for an efficient management process as planned. Studies have proposed the use of visual data technologies; however, little has yet been done for the development and implementation of methods for integrating such technologies into construction management routine. This study aims to implement and evaluate the proposed method for systematic visual progress monitoring integrating into the production planning and control process, supported by 4D BIM, photogrammetric 3D mapping using Unmanned Arial System imagery, and performance indicators. The proposed method was implemented for 20 weeks in a case study on a construction project. The data collection included construction site 3D mapping generation, visual comparison of 4D BIM and 3D mapping status, measurement of performance indicators, and structured interviews. The evaluation focused on the following research constructs: compliance with the planned goals, impact on the construction progress deviations, transparency, and collaboration. The main findings indicate an improved integration of progress analysis and decision-making, improvement of progress deviations’ identification, and allowed for better compliance with planned goals and increased transparency and collaboration. The main contribution of this work is a better understanding of the impact and added value of the new information flow provided by using the proposed method. }, author_keywords={Construction progress monitoring, Visual management, 3D mapping, Unmanned Aerial System (UAS), 4D Building Information Modeling (BIM) }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Murguia2019, author={Murguia, Danny }, editor={ }, title={Factors Influencing the Use of Last Planner System Methods: An Empirical Study in Peru}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1457-1468}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1715}, doi={10.24928/2019/0224}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Engineering, Division of Civil Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, dmurguia@pucp.pe }, abstract={The Last Planner System™ (LPS) is a collaborative production and control system that has been implemented by some contractors in Peru in the last two decades. However, the full potential of its implementation has not been totally achieved. The aim of this research is to identify the most prominent factors that dictate the level of use of LPS methods. To achieve this objective, a survey was designed using variables found in previous research and informed by interviews with LPS experts. Ninety-five site engineers responded to the questionnaire. Data was analysed using reliability analysis and multiple linear regression. It was found that ‘Trained staff’, ‘Good Decision-Making’, and ‘Commitment’ are the factors with the highest scores. Nevertheless, ‘Integration and Communication,’ and ‘LPSknowledge’ were found to be important to bring the successful implementation of LPS methods whilst ‘Resistance to Change’ and the ‘firm size’ constraint implementation. The findings suggest that ‘Integration and Communication’, ‘LPS-knowledge’, and ‘Resistance to Change’ are not independent factors, thus, the need to explore second-order factors influencing their variability. Such dependency could be found at the firm and institutional levels. Further research can be extended to the development of a prescriptive model for LPS implementation in construction firms. }, author_keywords={Last planner system, methods, onsite, facilitators, barriers }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Li2019, author={Li, Shuquan and Fan, Meng and Wu, Xiuyu }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction Techniques and Individual Performance}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1469-1478}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1716}, doi={10.24928/2019/0136}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Management Science and Engineering, School of Management Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics, 25 Zhujiang Rd, Hexi District, TianJin, China. E-mail: lsq200612@126.com ; Ph.D. Student, Department of Management Science and Engineering, School of Management Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics, 25 Zhujiang Rd, Hexi District, TianJin, China (corresponding author). E-mail: fanmeng_0425@163.com ; LectureR, Department of Management Science and Engineering, School of Management Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics, 25 Zhujiang Rd, Hexi District, TianJin, China. E-mail: xywu2014@126.com }, abstract={The adoption of lean construction techniques in construction industry can eliminate waste and increase profit, and this paper is to test the maturity of implementation of lean construction tools in construction project, as well as the impact of lean construction tools on individual performance. In this research, five widely used lean construction techniques were selected (Last Planner system (LPS), visualization tool, six step plan(6S), Just-in-time (JIT) and Total quality management (TQM)), and individual performance was divided into two dimensions: task performance and contextual performance. The data collection methods included interviews and questionnaires, and the data analyzed via SPSS software. The results showed that the highest maturity implementation of lean construction tools in the investigated projects was TQM, had positive impact on individual performance, while LPS was the lowest maturity tool and had least impact on individual performance; for task performance, 6S was the most effective technique, and for contextual performance, the most effective tool was visualization tool. This study provides theoretical support and guidance for construction enterprises to select lean construction techniques to improve individual performance. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, individual performance, maturity, technique, implementation }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Oliva2019, author={Oliva, Carolina Asensio and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis }, editor={ }, title={Target Value Design in Real Estate Market: A Conceptual Map Model}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1479-1492}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1717}, doi={10.24928/2019/0273}, affiliation={PHD Architect - Former student of the University of Campinas, SP, Brazil. Contact email: carol_oliva@yahoo.com.br ; PHD Professor, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), Department of Architecture and Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.. Contact email: adgranja@fec.unicamp.br. }, abstract={The Target Value Design (TVD) approach has been successfully used mainly in healthcare projects, delivering products with higher added value in the users´perspectives, and mainting the projects targets and stakeholders expectations under control. However, the use of this approach in other contexts, such as the real estate market, has been little explored. Therefore, there is an opportunity to deepen the discussion of the adoption of the current TVD benchmark in the real estate market. For these reasons, this work sought to (i) elaborate a conceptual map with the elements of the TVD, offering a graphic and visual insight to ease the integration of concepts and its associations, as well as classifying concepts, tools, catalysts, and ii) insert, in this Conceptual Map, particular externalities of the real estate market context through the methodological approach of Design Science Research. In this way, this work contributes to a discussion of the adoption of the TVD in other contexts, bringing an organization of the practices from its original benchmark. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design; Conceptual Map, Real Estate }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salam2019, author={Salam, Mona and Forsythe, Perry and Killen, Catherine }, editor={ }, title={Exploring Interdisciplinary Collaboration in the Detailed Design Phase of Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={761-772}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1718}, doi={10.24928/2019/0149}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Australia, Mona.AbdAl-Salam@uts.edu.au ; Professor, School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Australia, Perry.Forsythe@uts.edu.au ; Associate Professor, School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Australia, Catherine.Killen@uts.edu.au }, abstract={The foundation for successful collaboration in the detailed design phase of construction projects is aligning the knowledge and views of designers and contractors. In such design development meetings, architects, consultants, main contractor, subcontractors, and client representatives face several challenges in moving from conceptual designs to a documented set of shop drawings. This phase represents the peak of participants’ interactions including exploring and refining design solutions, explaining and reflecting on each other’s ideas and concerns, and negotiating design and cost decisions. Collaboration is often presented in the literature as practices that provide the platform for successful interaction and the achieved outcomes, but with minimal concern about actual interactive processes. Theoretically, collaboration has been studied from a variety of perspectives grouped into normative and practice-based approaches that have enhanced the research field at the inter-organisational macro-level, but there is no consensus on a framework to measure collaboration empirically in the field. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore the common themes describing interdisciplinary collaboration in the literature and develop a framework explaining the conceptual relationship between them. The proposed framework provides a preliminary step towards understanding the dynamic nature and stages of the interdisciplinary collaboration in the detailed design phase. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, lean construction, detailed design, interdisciplinary teams }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Engebø2019, author={Engebø, Atle and Skatvedt, Åsmund and Torp, Olav }, editor={ }, title={Soft Elements in Collaborative Project Delivery Methods}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={773-784}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1719}, doi={10.24928/2019/0192}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 90571902, atle.engebo@ntnu.no ; Msc. Civil Engineering, Aase Prosjekt., Oslo, Norway, ; Associate Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Olav.Torp@ntnu.no }, abstract={Lean construction seeks to improve project performance through maximizing value and reducing waste. As a way of improving project performance, collaborative project delivery methods have been presented as a potential solution. The foundation of collaborative PDM is that they seek to align all participants to well understood and agreed on project goals. However, collaborative PDM is more person-dependent than traditional delivery methods. Hence, this paper aims to increase this understanding of soft elements in collaborative PDMs. A qualitative case study was chosen for exploring the phenomena of soft elements in collaborative PDMs. The combination of literature, documents, and interviews was selected as the basis for data collection. The study has identified that collaborative PDM imposes specific demands upon project managers and owner’s representatives and that formal elements have a significant impact on the soft elements in the project. Soft elements need to be viewed in light of the delivery method, and as indicators of the continuous relationship between members of the project organisation. Therefore, soft elements such as Top management support, Trust, Shared goals and motivation, Attaining the right people, Openness/transparency were all identified as necessary for such an approach to be successful. A critical success factor for soft elements lies in whether the management has enough resources to continuously follow-up. Especially in regards to which elements being implemented and nourished. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, culture & people, soft elements, collaboration, project delivery methods }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tvedt2019, author={Tvedt, Ida M. }, editor={ }, title={A Conceptual Exploration of a Collaborative Environment in the Construction Industry When Working With Temporary Socio-Technical Processes}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={785-796}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1720}, doi={10.24928/2019/0159}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 907 94 32, ida.m.tvedt@ntnu.no }, abstract={Previous research on construction projects showed that low productivity characterizes the construction industry, repeatedly explained in terms of the industry’s complex and fragmented nature. However, few studies have approached the production problem in terms of the entire industry. This paper consequently elaborates on the challenges and the importance of a collaborative environment in the construction industry because construction is complex, with the main operations produced within temporary and socio-technical systems. Through a conceptual exploration, this paper combines theories on networks, boundaries, open systems, and loose and tight couplings to assesses the consequences of temporality and how integrated project delivery (IPD) tighten couplings in the industry. Finding show that because projects are temporary, they challenge the multilevel connections of networks needed for the industry’s evolution to become more productive. However, theories on open systems and tight and loose couplings indicate that IPD enable a cooperative network environment. Thus, the boundaries of cooperative delivery models will enable a stronger link between change and process, industry and projects, needed for a socio-technical process in construction. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, time compression, loose and tight couplings, socio-technical systems, integrated project delivery (IPD) }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2019, author={Schöttle, Annett and Christensen, Randi and Arroyo, Paz }, editor={ }, title={Does Choosing by Advantages Promote Inclusiveness in Group Decision-Making?}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={797-808}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1721}, doi={10.24928/2019/0209}, affiliation={Senior Consultant, Refine Projects AG, Schelmenwasenstraße 34, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany, +4915156561529, annett.schoettle@refineprojects.com and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com. ; Lean Manager, Lower Thames Crossing, COWI, UK, RMCH@cowi.com and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com. ; DPR Quality Leader, San Francisco, CA, PazA@dpr.com, and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com. }, abstract={In a construction project, decisions should be made by the team member or group which is best prepared to handle the decision. Often this is not the case due to hierarchical structures, time pressure and a lack of trust. Previous work showed that a significant number of female Lean practitioners found their ideas and input were not taken seriously. Empowering people in an organization and in the field means to include them in the decision-making process. Choosing by Advantages (CBA) is a structured multi-criteria decision-making method that bases decisions on the importance of advantages among different alternatives. In CBA advantages are anchored to relevant facts, so decision-makers can make a sound and inclusive decision. In previous work it was reported that CBA is transparent and traceable for people not involved in the decision-making process. In conclusion, the authors found evidence that CBA promotes inclusiveness to overcome groupthink and promotes psychological safety, but no direct evidence was found to overcome gender bias. }, author_keywords={Choosing by advantages, collaboration, decision-making, inclusiveness, psychological safety. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Willis2019, author={Willis, David and Alves, Thais da C. L. }, editor={ }, title={Contracting for Collaboration in Construction}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={809-818}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1722}, doi={10.24928/2019/0222}, affiliation={Former graduate student, Department of Civil, Constr. & Env. Eng., San Diego State University, David.W.Willis@outlook.com ; Associate Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Engineering and Management Program, Department of Civil, Constr. & Env. Eng., San Diego State University, talves@sdsu.edu }, abstract={Construction contracts represent instruments that bind project participants together to deliver a project. The industry still uses delivery methods and related contracts that are more traditional in nature, e.g., design-bid-build (DBB), and promote a sequential design and construction process, which allows for little to no collaboration between project participants. Over the past 25 years, more collaborative delivery methods (e.g., Design-Build) have gained more adopters, and been touted as the solution to problems of the construction industry. The promotion of more collaborative environments stands front and center as a solution to the industry problems by promoting, via contractual terms, collaborative behaviors and processes. This study investigates the language of construction contracts by identifying keywords commonly associated with collaboration and comparing the incidence of these keywords in contracts for different delivery methods. Results indicate that DBB contracts have few to no mentions of collaborative words, standing to no surprise that DBB environments are less collaborative in nature. In contrast, Integrated Project Delivery contracts not only use keywords associated with collaboration, but actually employ them in clauses to promote collaborative behaviors and environments. }, author_keywords={Contracts, collaboration, language, delivery systems. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dallasega2019, author={Dallasega, Patrick and Revolti, Andrea and Follini, Camilla and Schimanski, Christoph Paul and Matt, Dominik Tobias }, editor={ }, title={BIM-Based Construction Progress Measurement of Non-Repetitive HVAC Installation Works }, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={819-830}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1723}, doi={10.24928/2019/0152}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, patrick.dallasega@unibz.it ; Research Assistant, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, andrea.revolti@unibz.it ; Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, camilla.follini@fraunhofer.it ; PhD Candidate, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, ChristophPaul.Schimanski@natec.unibz.it; Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, christoph.schimanski@fraunhofer.it ; Head of Fraunhofer Italia, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, dominik.matt@fraunhofer.it; Full Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, dominik.matt@unibz.it }, abstract={Construction projects are often delivered over time and over budget. Deviations are often identified only during the finishing stages when improvement actions to recover from delays become limited. Building Information Modeling (BIM) will transform the construction industry to come in line with more digitally developed industries like manufacturing. However, up to now, BIM has been mainly used to support the information flow of the construction design process and limited effort has been invested to investigate how it could support the management of the construction execution process. The paper shows how BIM can be used to schedule and monitor non-repetitive construction tasks. The proposed approach shows how important information needed for scheduling (like the number of pieces to be installed in a certain location) could be extracted from the BIM model. Moreover, it shows how BIM could support a quantitative monitoring of the reached progress and how this information can be displayed in an intuitive way to the user. The approach was developed during the project COCkPiT (Collaborative Construction Process Management) and especially by collaborating with a Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) company using as a case study a medium sized hospital construction project located in Northern Italy. }, author_keywords={BIM, lean construction, progress monitoring, non-repetitive, visual management }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dror2019, author={Dror, Erez and Zhao, Jianyu and Sacks, Rafael and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Indoor Tracking of Construction Workers Using BLE: Mobile Beacons and Fixed Gateways vs. Fixed Beacons and Mobile Gateways}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={831-842}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1724}, doi={10.24928/2019/0154}, affiliation={MSc graduate, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa Israel, +972 54 717 0019, erezdror@gmail.com ; Doctoral candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 3394574, jianyu.zhao@aalto.fi ; Professor, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa Israel, +972 4 829 3190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il ; Professor of Practice, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 368 0412, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi }, abstract={Automatic resource location monitoring in construction projects empowers managers to make data driven decisions that improve project workflow. Monitoring data can be processed to measure workflow quality and thus for better understanding of effectiveness and efficiency. We compare two methods for deployment of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons for indoor resource monitoring - mobile beacons and fixed gateways (MB) vs. fixed beacons and mobile gateways (FB). BLE beacons can be fixed to walls or carried by workers, and can be fixed to material containers and equipment. Using gateways, such as raspberry pi computers or smartphones, one can easily and automatically monitor resource locations. Several field experiments were conducted, both in the laboratory and in construction sites in Finland, Israel, Peru, Netherlands and China. Technical aspects such as setup, direct cost, feasibility and accuracy were compared for two methods - mobile beacons and fixed gateways vs. fixed beacons and mobile gateways - and the performance of each method in providing the data needed for lean construction workflow assessment was assessed. Both methods are effective in monitoring resource locations but differ in their feasibility of implementation in construction sites and in the utility of the data they provide in terms of identifying value adding activities. }, author_keywords={Gateways, beacons, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), lean construction, waste, situational awareness, indoor positioning }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{von Heyl2019, author={von Heyl, Jakob and Demir, Selim-Tugra }, editor={ }, title={Digitizing Lean Construction With Building Information Modeling}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={843-852}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1725}, doi={10.24928/2019/0122}, affiliation={Managing Director, LCM Digital GmbH, Bundesallee 39-40a, 10717 Berlin, Germany, jakob.vonheyl@lcmdigital.com (www.lcmdigital.com) ; Head of Lean-Design and -Construction, fischer Consulting GmbH, Klaus-Fischer-Straße 1, 72178 Waldachtal, Germany, selim-tugra.demir@fischer.consulting (www.fischer.consulting) }, abstract={Construction projects are becoming more complex due to tighter project schedules, increasing cost and quality pressures and associated continuous change during the execution phase. Technical requirements are also increasing, and division of work between the various technical experts involved is highly fragmented. This results in construction projects with unreliable schedules, cost overruns and defects resulting from the lack of coordination on site. Lean Construction Management (LCM) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) are possible solutions to these challenges. In the past, these two methodological approaches have normally been used independently of each other. The combined implementation of the two methodologies requires the highly systematic setup of project structures, processes and data. This results in huge demand for computing and automation solutions to facilitate and support this synthesis. This paper reports on the implementation of a digital LCM approach. The use of QR codes, Kanban cards and daily meetings demonstrates a new platform to add value to the BIM model and to construction site collaboration. Case study data from five pilot projects – as well as images and workshop findings – are presented and discussed, and the successes achieved and the challenges remaining are examined. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction Management (LCM), Building Information Modelling (BIM), LCM Digital }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brown2019, author={Brown, Ryan and Barkokebas, Beda and Ritter, Chelsea and Al-Hussein, Mohamed }, editor={ }, title={Predicting Performance Indicators Using BIM and Simulation for a Wall Assembly Line}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={853-862}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1726}, doi={10.24928/2019/0250}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, rabrown@ualberta.ca ; PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, barkokebas@ualberta.ca ; PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, critter1@ualberta.ca ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, mohameda@ualberta.ca }, abstract={Off-site home construction allows for the construction of building components to be completed in an off-site facility. The floors, walls, and roof are constructed on separate production lines, then shipped together to site for installation. This type of home construction presents a good opportunity to utilize lean manufacturing principles allied with simulation methods to better industrialize the home building process. This paper presents a case study of a well-known panelized residential home manufacturer, where the focus is the wall assembly line. Multiple key performance indicators (KPIs) are calculated in order to forecast production for each project and key result indicators (KRIs) are used to predict the outcomes of multiple projects. The predicted performance indicators are found through a simulation model of the production line using quantity take-offs extracted from BIM models. The analysis of these performance indicators will be used to evaluate project feasibility when the project is built in an off-site construction facility. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, off-site construction, performance indicators, computer simulation, variability. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lota12019, author={Lota1, Paramjit Singh and Trivedi, Jyoti }, editor={ }, title={Site Layout Planning Through BIM Visualisation – A Case Study}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={865-876}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1727}, doi={10.24928/2019/0203}, affiliation={Masters Student, M.Tech. Construction Engineering and Management, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India, +919619057645, paramjit.lota.mcem17@cept.ac.in ; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India, +919925009609, jyoti@cept.ac.in }, abstract={Site layout planning is a critical factor for the successful execution of any construction project. As cities develop, site logistics becomes an essential planning aspect for any construction project. Project sites in tight neighbourhoods lead to not just space constraints but also challenges to approach, material handling, and pollution control. Site layout planning has been in practice in the industry, however, limited to a traditional approach of a pre-construction assignment, rather than a dynamic system to analyse construction sites in terms of both space and time. Material handling and delays related to waiting for materials add to a considerable amount of waste during the execution of projects. The paper here explores minimisation of wastes on construction sites, as defined by Lean Construction, using a BIM model highlighting the construction site layout planning to visualise the various aspects of space constraints, access routes, safety considerations, and a visual approach to progress monitoring and reporting. The research follows a case study analysis to develop an understanding of the present scenario, based on which a proposed scenario has been developed to elaborate on the improvements. The paper concludes with a summary of wastes observed and minimised, along with benefits observed through BIM implementation. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, site layout planning, site logistics, building information modeling (BIM), and BIM visualisation. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schimanski2019, author={Schimanski, Christoph Paul and Monizza, Gabriele Pasetti and Marcher, Carmen and Matt, Dominik T. }, editor={ }, title={Conceptual Foundations for a New Lean Bim-Based Production System in Construction}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={877-888}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1728}, doi={10.24928/2019/0106}, affiliation={PhD Cand., Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, christophpaul.schimanski@natec.unibz.it; Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, christoph.schimanski@fraunhofer.it ; Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, christoph.schimanski@fraunhofer.it ; PhD Cand., Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, christophpaul.schimanski@natec.unibz.it; Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, christoph.schimanski@fraunhofer.it ; Head of Fraunhofer Italia, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy; Full Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy }, abstract={This paper presents a new lean BIM-based production system to face productivity deficiencies in construction. To prove whether the current situation can be improved, the aforesaid production system is designed to assess the hypothesis that a true integration of BIM functionalities with the Last Planner System will contribute to a more efficient project delivery. Although beneficial synergies of BIM and Lean have been widely described and acknowledged in research, previous work has not fully addressed the stated hypothesis, since it has only provided frameworks on how to use BIM and the Last Planner System in parallel. The core of the here-proposed lean BIM-based production system is the linkage of BIM objects at data processing level with the Last Planner System routines making use of digital Kanban boards. The production system will also be extended by cost control aspects of the Earned Value Management approach and thus represents the basis for a complete construction management system with respect to quality, schedule and costs. This paper discusses the first concepts of the new lean BIM-based production system and introduces an information system integration model as a starting point for future software development activities. }, author_keywords={Production System Design, Industry 4.0, Lean and BIM, Last Planner System, Digital Kanban }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daoud2019, author={Daoud, Yara and Ghannoum, Carla and Antar, Soheila and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Evaluating the Lean-Enabling Competencies of Clients}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={889-900}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1729}, doi={10.24928/2019/0125}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, +961 70 063008, ynd02@mail.aub.edu ; PhD Student, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, +961 3 350362, cma25@mail.aub.edu ; Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, +961 3 540882, sza16@mail.aub.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca }, abstract={The principles of lean thinking are rapidly gaining the attention of construction companies while client-side organizations are not catching up at the same pace. However, the client plays a crucial role in driving and setting the framework of the process throughout all phases of the project and thus has a critical influence on the successful implementation of lean. This issue has not been given enough attention in literature, especially in the Middle East. Hence, this study aims at identifying the current status of Middle Eastern clients’ characteristics, behaviors and practices throughout the different phases of a construction project. The paper investigates the lean-enabling competencies of clients from the perspective of designers and contractors through online data collection surveys. The results revealed that clients were regarded by AECs as being knowledgeable and involved. However, it appears they persist in taking unilateral decisions, especially regarding deadlines, and focusing on short-term financial goals while neglecting the importance of enforcing collaboration measures. }, author_keywords={Clients, Lean construction, Middle East, Collaboration, Value }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schia2019, author={Schia, Marte H. and Trollsås, Bo C. and Fyhn, Håkon and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={The Introduction of AI in the Construction Industry and Its Impact on Human Behavior}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={903-914}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1730}, doi={10.24928/2019/0191}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 950 76 760, martehsc@stud.ntnu.no ; Planner & Business Development VDC, AF Gruppen, Oslo, Norway, +47 922 64 865, bochristian.trollsas@afgruppen.no ; Senior Researcher, Department of Social Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim Norway, +47 917 43 561, hakon.fyhn@ntnu.no ; Associate professor, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no }, abstract={The digital shift has arrived in the construction industry, with the aim of increasing the efficiency. However, how should the industry implement digital tools? And how should a human-technology relationship work? The purpose of this paper is to illuminate how the construction industry can close the gap between the potential benefits and the harvested benefits of implementation of AI. This paper presents research based on a comprehensive literature review, a case study of a construction project in Norway, and three external interviews. The case study consists of a document study and seventeen semi-structured interviews. The experiences established through this research indicate that it is possible to gain experience from the implementation of basic digital tools when implementing advanced technology, such as artificial intelligence (AI). When come at AI, the human-AI trust will be the most decisive factor for a successful implementation. This paper constitutes a piece of pioneer work, as it investigates the implementation of AI, and how humans and technology should work together. This research is limited down to one case study as well as three digital tools. To extend the research it is recommended to discuss the adaption of AI on premise of the users, collect more empirical data and look into experiences done by other industries. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, Commitment, Trust, Digitization, Artificial Intelligence }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dargham2019, author={Dargham, Sarah Abou and Hatoum, Makram Bou and Tohme, Mohammad and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of Integrated Project Delivery in Lebanon: Overcoming the Challenges}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={917-928}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1731}, doi={10.24928/2019/0242}, affiliation={Graduate Research Assistant, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, sra26@mail.aub.edu ; Graduate Research Assistant, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, mnb23@mail.aub.edu ; Civil Engineering Graduate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, mht18@mail.aub.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca }, abstract={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) approach is important to deliver value and reduce waste by integrating the stockholders early in a project. Despite its numerous advantages over the traditional delivery systems, IPD’s applicability in the Middle East has not yet reached its potential. In Lebanon, the construction market is dominated by delivery practices such as design-bid-build or design-build. The aim of this paper is to examine the Lebanese construction industry experiences in project delivery methods and their attitudes towards shifting to Integrated Project Delivery. Research is conducted through surveys and interviews with industry professionals to investigate the performance of the traditional delivery approaches and the implementation of IPD in Lebanon. The data collected will be used to evaluate and critique the construction industry current project delivery practices, analyze the experts’ awareness and attitudes toward IPD delivery method and identify the main barriers that prevent practitioners from implementing IPD. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery, Contracts, Lean Construction, Traditional Delivery Approach, Lebanon, FIDIC }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Michaud2019, author={Michaud, Martin and Forgues, Daniel and Meyer, Julien and Ouellet- Plamondon, Claudiane }, editor={ }, title={A Case Study on Improving Standardization in the Conception Phase by Developing Tools and Protocols}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={927-936}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1732}, doi={10.24928/2019/0176}, affiliation={Ph.D Candidate, Construction Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, CA, martin.michaud.2@ens.etsmtl.ca ; Professor, Construction Engineering Department, Research chair for the integration of new technologies in the construction industry, École de Technologie Supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, CA, +1514 396-8668, daniel.forgues@etsmtl.ca ; Postdoctoral researcher, Construction Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, CA, julien.meyer.1@ens.etsmtl.ca ; Professor, Construction Engineering Department, École de Technologie Supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, CA, +1 514 396-8622, claudiane.ouellet-plamondon@etsmtl.ca }, abstract={In the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, the variability nature of construction projects leads to the presence of waste. The standardization of activities and processes can help reduce variability and thus reduce the amount of waste. This paper presents an action research approach to develop and implement a framework to help creating an improved visual mapping of the information flows between the departments of an architectural firm. The aim is to use the principles of Value Stream Mapping (VSM) from Lean Production and Building Information Modelling (BIM) processes to improve standardization in the information flow. The focus is on the information flow between the various departments of an architectural firm. This study contributes to the field through the development of a framework used to improve standardization in the information flow. Moreover, the findings presented offer practical implications by helping with the improved interoperability of interdisciplinary professionals work with standardized processes and activities. }, author_keywords={Building Information modelling, value stream mapping, information flow, non-valueadded actions. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kraakenes2019, author={Kraakenes, Eirik and Tadayon, Allen and Johansen, Agnar }, editor={ }, title={Comparing Lean Construction With Experiences From Partnering and Design-Build Construction Projects in Norway}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={937-946}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1733}, doi={10.24928/2019/0168}, affiliation={M.Sc. Independent researcher, 5093 Bergen, Norway, go2eirik@hotmail.com ; Ph.D. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU, Norway, allen.tadayon@alumni.ntnu.no ; Dr. Philos, Senior research scientist, SINTEF Society, Norway, agnar.johansen@sintef.no }, abstract={While the construction industry has long been known for conflicts and adversarial behavior, there are different delivery methods and approaches that have been developed to overcome these shortfalls. This paper aims to compare Design-Build (DB) and partnering through the lens of the lean construction approach. We examine to what extent partnering and DB are aligned with the lean construction’s five big ideas and whether Design Build can be improved by adopting elements from partnering. This study was carried out by conducting a literature study in combination with five case studies. The case studies were carried out via document review in addition, nine semi-structured in-depth interviews. The interviews were conducted with key personnel from target projects to understand the practitioner’s point of view and the way that partnering and design-build are practiced in the industry. In this paper, the authors conclude that partnering aligns to LC and its five big ideas to a high degree and that partnering includes embedded tools and mechanisms designed to meet what literature and interviews consider to be the main challenges with construction projects. It is also concluded that the use of DB can be improved by adopting suitable elements from the partnering approach. }, author_keywords={Partnering, Design-Build, Lean Construction, Collaboration, Continuous improvement }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jiang2019, author={Jiang, Lixuan and Zhong, Hua and Chen, Jianghong and Su, Zhenmin and Zhang, Jinhua and Wang, Xiao }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction Practice: Culture, Standardization and Informatization — A Case From China}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={949-960}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1734}, doi={10.24928/2019/0274}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Cailiang Lean Construction Research Center, Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, School of Economics and Management, Nanjing Tech University, China, +8625-58139570, jianglx@njtech.edu.cn ; Senior Lecturer, Center for Lean projects, Building Services School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment Nottingham Trent University, UK, 01158482557, hua.zhong@ntu.ac.uk ; Associate Professor, Cailiang Lean Construction Research Center, Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, School of Economics and Management, Nanjing Tech University, China, +8625-58139570, njchenjianghong@163.com ; Professor, Director of Cailiang Lean Construction Research Center, Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, School of Economics and Management, Nanjing Tech University, China, +8625-58139570, suzhenmin@126.com ; General manager, Engineer, Cailiang Lean Construction Research Center, Cailiang construction technology co., Ltd., China, +86519-68202089, zhangjh_1513@163.com ; Professor, Cailiang Lean Construction Research Center, Department of Construction and Management, School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, China, +8625-58139488, wangxiao@njtech.edu.cn }, abstract={Many construction enterprises in the world are practicing lean construction and benefiting from it. China, with a big construction industry, has promoted lean concepts in recent years, but there are still obstacles in practice. The aim of this study therefore is to introduce a Chinese construction company, demonstrating some the most successful lean construction outcomes in China. A case study approach is used with whole process of the project's implementation being tracked. Data are collected from interviews, meetings and statistics. The study shows that three important aspects collaboration lead to the success of lean construction implementation. Relationships among culture, standardization and informatization are explored. The study recommends a lean culture frame of employee value and customer value integration and incentives providing. Standardization is employed as Work structuring tool to provide operability and offer the foundation to informatization. Last Planner®system (LPS) practice is aided by an hour level precision control to improve efficiency. This research presents a case for improving lean construction effectiveness in Chinese context. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, China practice, culture, standardization, informatization }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lühr2019, author={Lühr, Gunnar J. and Bosch-Rekveldt, Marian G.C. }, editor={ }, title={Measuring Project’s Team Culture in Projects Using the Last Planner System}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={963-974}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1735}, doi={10.24928/2019/0124}, affiliation={Student, Alma Mater Europaea - ECM, Slovenia, Gunnar.Luhr@AlmaMater.si ; Assistant Professor, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, M.G.C.Bosch-Rekveldt@tudelft.nl }, abstract={At this stage, construction industry is known for bad project performances and a culture characterized by adversarial behaviours. The Last Planner System (LPS) is designed to improve these circumstances through the enhancement of workflow reliability by involving various disciplines in joint planning processes and a culture of collaboration. How to actually measure related project team culture (PTC) is unknown at this stage. This paper tries to close this gap and compares two defined versions of the Ideal Lean Culture for organizations with the actual PTC in projects using the LPS. It first presents the two Ideal Lean Cultures for organizations, based on a framework developed for organizations (the Competing Values Framework - CVF). Next, it examines on the basis of three case studies the applicability of the CVF for measuring the actual culture in project teams using the LPS and compares it with the named Ideal Lean Culture conditions. The paper concludes that the CVF is a suitable tool to take a snapshot of the PTC and that the comparison to the Ideal Lean Culture can give conclusions about the current project team’s maturity in projects using the LPS. }, author_keywords={Project Team’s Culture; Last Planner System; Competing Values Framework; Lean Culture }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Amaral2019, author={Amaral, Tatiana G. do and Oka, Letícia G. and Filho, Carlos A. B. de Camargo and Neto, José P. Barros }, editor={ }, title={Qualitative Analysis for the Diagnosis of the Lean Construction Implementation}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={975-986}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1736}, doi={10.24928/2019/0145}, affiliation={Professor, Environmental and Civil Engineering. Dept., Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil, +55 62 981680902, tatiana_amaral@hotmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Projects Dept, Dennis Group, Brazil, +55 62 983319111, letyoka@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Dusol Engenharia Sustentável, Brazil, +55 62 984228992, carlos_bouhid@hotmail.com ; Full Professor, Structural and Civil Construction. Dept., Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil, +55 85 999691871, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br }, abstract={The paper presents an analysis of the implementation of Lean Construction in the center of Brazil, and an evaluation of the potentialities that each calculation method provides in the diagnosis. The Lean Construction Assessment Tool (LCAT) was used in this research to make critical inferences about the Lean implementation stage in six construction companies in Goiânia, Brazil. Based on the data obtained, the Lean Score was calculated using arithmetic averages, weighted averages and averages based on the Fuzzy Inference System. Based on this analysis, an evaluation of each LCAT criteria was inferred, and its influence on the company’s lean score was determined. The advantages and disadvantages of the lean construction implementation process were also evidenced. The measurements obtained presented small variations, such as speed of obtaining the data, interference of other variables in the process, and analysis of specialists. Nevertheless, it was possible to draw conclusions about the different potentialities of the use of each one. }, author_keywords={Lean construction; evaluation methods; implementation stage; mathematical results }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2019, author={Schöttle, Annett and Gigler, Luisa Maria and Mingle, Brent }, editor={ }, title={From Concept Development to Implementation: Choosing by Advantages Across an Organization}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={987-998}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1737}, doi={10.24928/2019/0205}, affiliation={Senior Consultant, Refine Projects AG, Schelmenwasenstraße 34, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany, +4915156561529, annett.schoettle@refineprojects.com ; Process Analyst, Refine Projects AG, Stuttgart, Germany, luisa.gigler@refineprojects.com ; Pacemaker Decision Making, Leadership 2020, Daimler AG, 70546 Stuttgart, Germany, +4917630971873 brent.mingle@daimler.com }, abstract={Decision-making is one of the most important and underestimated activities of every organization. Decisions define the commitment of our most limited resources and are the determining factor between success and failure. How individual decisions are taken directly impacts the decision outcome. Therefore, the method used to decide is of utmost importance. Choosing by Advantages (CBA) is a decision-making method that has been growing in application and acceptance in the last few years within the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC) community. Existing publications regarding CBA mainly discuss the benefits of the method in theory and in practice, but none of them explain how the method was applied nor if it was also broadly implemented across organizations to the different project levels. This paper closes the gap by giving guidance and insights on the development and rollout of CBA trainings for the construction industry based on the case study of Daimler AG. The authors conclude that the implementation of CBA requires a thoughtful plan that leaves room for adjustments in accordance to the project team’s needs. }, author_keywords={Change, choosing by advantages, culture, decision-making, design thinking. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Comelli2019, author={Comelli, Marianna Lira and Veras de Carvalho, Yan Mota and Marinho, Renan Caminha and Cândido, Luis Felipe and Barros Neto, José de Paula }, editor={ }, title={Assessing the Level of Implementation of Lean Construction: An Audit Protocol}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={999-1022}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1738}, doi={10.24928/2019/0202}, affiliation={Professor, Christus University Center (UNICHRISTU), Brazil, marianacomelli@yahoo.com.br ; Master Student, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, yanveras00@gmail.com ; Master Student, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, renancmarinho@gmail.com ; Lecturer, Federal University of Ceará (UFC) at Crateús, Brazil, luisfcandido2015@gmail.com ; Full Professor, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br }, abstract={The implementation of lean construction still faces barriers mainly in its initial stages. It occurs, in part, due to the lack of evaluation tools that enable the acknowledgment of its true value for the companies. Thus, this paper aims to present an audit protocol to evaluate the level of lean implementation. Developed under Design Science methodological background, the audit protocol was proposed based on literature. To evaluate the applicability, the pilot protocol was implemented and tested into 4 construction companies from the city of Fortaleza, northeast of Brazil. The pilot revealed improvements to improve the protocol. Then, the improved protocol was evaluated and validated by 5 lean construction experts, resulting in the final protocol which was composed by 4 dimensions, 35 categories, 136 items and 223 examples of verifying evidences. Was verified that the protocol allows more than identify the lean implementation level, but enables a lean journey if used as a guidebook to lean implementation. The proposed audit protocol can be also used to cyclic evaluation that enables the improvements of the identified gaps, through a deep comprehension of the critical factors that can prevent the success of lean construction in the companies. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, improvement, evaluation tool, implementing lean, integration. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leth2019, author={Leth, Søren and Lerche, Jon and Neve, Hasse H. and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={ }, title={Lessons for Construction: Delivering Mega Project on Time Through Culture and Hoshin Kanri}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1011-1022}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1739}, doi={10.24928/2019/0139}, affiliation={Owner and Director, Zephyr Consulting, Denmark, +45 6169 9150, sln@zephyrconsulting.dk ; PhD Student, Department of Business Development at Aarhus University, Denmark, +4560133595, jon.lerche@btech.au.dk ; PhD Student, Department of Engineering at Aarhus University, Denmark, +4528791838, hn@eng.au.dk ; Professor, Department of Engineering at Aarhus University, Denmark, +4541893216, swa@eng.au.dk }, abstract={Managing risks in mega projects has received a lot of attention in the construction community. However, very few empirical results have reported on-time and on-budget deliveries. This paper presents a case study from a closely related industry, offshore oil and gas construction, where the lean project management and culture method Hoshin Kanri was implemented on a mega project. The results of implementing Hoshin Kanri in this case have been very positive, with project lead time reduction of 10 percent, risk incentive account of USD 1 billion saved, and a potential of an additionally revenue of 2.8 million USD/day due to reduced lead time and early production startup. The paper reviews how Hoshin Kanri is implemented in this specific mega project, and compares it to other industries, processes, and previous IGLC research to extract lessons to be learned for the construction industry. The implemented Hoshin Kanri was found effective in developing the interlinkage between the strategy and project organization from upper to lower levels. The contribution of this paper is to illustrate the benefits of Hoshin Kanri and to propose further development of this within the construction community. }, author_keywords={Hoshin Kanri, Mega project, Visual management, Culture, Collaboration }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Castiblanco2019, author={Castiblanco, Fran M. and Castiblanco, Ivonne A. and Cruz, Joan P. }, editor={ }, title={Qualitative Analysis of Lean Tools in the Construction Sector in Colombia}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1023-1036}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1740}, doi={10.24928/2019/0185}, affiliation={Master Student, Industrial Engineering. Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería, Carrera 45 No. 205-59, Bogotá, Colombia, Phone +57 313 398 90 21, fran.castiblanco@mail.escuelaing.edu.co ; Professor, Industrial Engineering Department, Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería, Carrera 45 No. 205-59, Bogotá, Colombia, Phone +57 305 712 78 13, ivonne.castiblanco@escuelaing.edu.co ; Professor, Industrial Engineering Department, Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería, Carrera 45 No. 205-59, Bogotá, Colombia, Phone +57 (1) 6 68 36 00 ext. 278 joan.cruz@escuelaing.edu.co }, abstract={This descriptive research identifies the lean tools applied worldwide in the supply chain of housing construction recognizing which are the most common tools across different countries, the least explored and which tools have the most reception in Colombia. Through a literary review of 84 academic papers from 22 countries, 254 mentions of 30 lean tools were detected, developing a qualitative content analysis from identified trends of the main differences and similarities in the adoption of lean construction (LC) in Colombia, Latin America and the different continents. The results derived from a Pareto chart and an affinity analysis in which lean tools were reduced to 23 categories, show that the main practices of lean manufacturing and lean construction are Last Planner System, Building Information Models, Visual Management, among others. This study is part of a subsequent project that will take the conclusions of this qualitative analysis to suggest a guiding tool (based on the continuous improvement tools found) that correlates applicable lean approaches with the main actors of the supply chain of high value housing projects in Bogotá. Taking into account the research gap found, this study could serve as a basis for lean construction studies in countries similar to Colombia. }, author_keywords={Affinity analysis, last planner system, lean construction, Pareto chart, visual management. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2019, author={Gomez, Sulyn and Bishop, Bryan and Ballard, Glenn and Saenz, Mario and Tommelein, Iris }, editor={ }, title={An Active Caring Approach Through Psychological Safety in Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1037-1048}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1741}, doi={10.24928/2019/0207}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 765 775-6583, sulyn@berkeley.edu ; Safety Manager, Webcor Builders, CA 94107, USA, +1 510 612-5019, bbishop@webcor.com ; Research Director, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 415 710-5531, gballard@berkeley.edu ; Project Engineer, Webcor Builders, CA 94107, USA, +1 510 502-6185, msaenz@webcor.com ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director of the Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 510 643-8678, tommelein@berkeley.edu }, abstract={Guided by the lean principle of respect for people, it is key to recognize the value of construction workers feeling psychologically safe on site. Psychological safety is proven to be a driver for learning behaviors as it allows workers feel confident about asking questions to get clarity on their work, asking for help, or speaking up when errors occur on site to avoid repeating mistakes. The authors framed the understanding of psychological safety in the context of a construction project and analyzed worker’s perception regarding factors that foster a psychologically safe work environment. In this study, different trades shared their perception about factors that made them feel safe or unsafe while working at the job site. Outcomes highlighted human behavior characteristics such as how the willingness of workers to speak up when they see someone doing something unsafe changed depending on whom they are talking to. Results were analyzed with the project’s leadership team and action items were set in place. Changes implemented included using English and Spanish during weekly meetings and the establishment of an on-site safety committee to strength relations between and amongst different trades as well as discussion with foremen to keep growing psychological safety on site. }, author_keywords={Psychological safety, behavior, active caring, learning, safe, sustainable change. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Oswald2019, author={Oswald, David and Borg, Jessica and Sherratt, Fred }, editor={ }, title={Mental Health in the Construction Industry: a Rapid Review}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1049-1058}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1742}, doi={10.24928/2019/0141}, affiliation={Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford Campus, Chelmsford, UK, CB12LZ ; RMIT University, 360 Swanston Street, Melbourne, Australia, 3001 ; RMIT University, 360 Swanston Street, Melbourne, Australia, 3001 }, abstract={Principles of lean construction have been suggested as strategies towards improving health and safety (H&S) in construction. Previous research has typically focused on the physical aspects of H&S; yet individuals who work within the construction industry have an increased risk of suffering from mental health conditions. This is an area which is gaining attention but is yet to be researched in depth. Through a rapid review of literature, this paper identifies 15 studies, and reviews the current literature concerning mental health within the construction industry. Theoretically, results suggest that mental health is a significant problem within the construction industry; and practically, it is recommended that organisations should consider evidence-based suggestions of ways to address this issue through approaches such as alternate work schedules, and the use of validated detection tools. The results of the review revealed that the current literature is limited, both in terms of quantity and research approaches adopted, and therefore, further high-quality studies are required in this area. The principles of lean construction present an opportunity for addressing the issue of poor mental health in the construction industry, thus expanding the application of lean construction beyond addressing merely the physical aspects of H&S issues. }, author_keywords={Lean construction; waste; safety, quality, health; employee well-being; mental health }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mollo2019, author={Mollo, Lesiba and Emuze, Fidelis and Smallwood, John }, editor={ }, title={Using Standardized Work to Prevent Construction Accidents}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1059-1068}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1743}, doi={10.24928/2019/0117}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa, Tel: (051) 507 3523, Email: lmollo@cut.ac.za. ; Professor and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa, Tel: (051) 507 3089, Email: femuze@cut.ac.za.; Research Associate: Nelson Mandela University ; Professor, Department of Construction Management, Nelson Mandela University, Po Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa, Tel: (041) 504 2790 / 551. Email: John.Smallwood@mandela.ac.za. }, abstract={The work done on construction sites is high risk, unsafe and could result in work-related accidents. The effect of accidents often impacts the social and economic integrity of the workers and their productivity negatively. The reported study in this paper investigated ‘how standardized work prevents accidents on construction sites?’ A single case research design was used to collect the primary data through semi-structured interviews and focus group interviews. The collected data were analyzed thematically. From the findings, it was discovered that improper working conditions related to scaffolds often causes accidents on construction sites. In effect, the use of standardized work would help to eradicate improper working conditions that lead to accidents because it helps project supervisors/engineers to avoid errors and omissions. For standardized work to be successful, the project supervisors should actively address the behavioral problems of the workers. Therefore, it is recommended that there is a need to conduct further research that would establish the strength of the standardized work in improving health, safety and well-being (HSW) of people in the construction. }, author_keywords={Accidents, construction, health, safety and wellbeing, standardized work }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdelkhalek2019, author={Abdelkhalek, Eva S. and Elsibai, Mohamad D. and Ghosson, Ghida K. and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={ }, title={Analysis of Visual Management Practices for Construction Safety}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1069-1080}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1744}, doi={10.24928/2019/0175}, affiliation={Master Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., American University of Beirut, +96170157034 , esa17@mail.aub.edu ; Master Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., American University of Beirut, +96171152853, mde04@mail.aub.edu ; Master Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., American University of Beirut, +96170657040, gkg01@mail.aub.edu ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca }, abstract={Lean Construction’s main goal is adding value to a project and minimizing waste. Accordingly, incidents that cause injuries or deaths are considered waste. This reveals the interdependent relationship between lean and safety. Here comes the importance of visual management (VM) as a way for communicating information using the right visual tools at the right time for the right situation in all construction projects. It is crucial as it improves efficiency, ensures transparency, establishes better communication and reduces safety risks. This paper highlights the importance of VM in the workplace for construction crews as well as its relation to safety. In this study, case studies and surveys conducted in Lebanon on building construction projects are presented, analyzed and discussed to show the need for VM by workers and engineers to avoid hazardous situations. Results indicate the importance of VM in maintaining safety, illustrate that poor visualization causes many accidents, and show that construction safety in Lebanon can be improved by enhancing VM practices. }, author_keywords={Safety, Lean Construction, Visual Management, Visual Tools, Visual Orders. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rodegheri2019, author={Rodegheri, Priscila Mirapalhete and Serra, Sheyla Mara Baptista }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction and Maturity Models: Applying Five Methods}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1081-1092}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1745}, doi={10.24928/2019/0195}, affiliation={Master student, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil, +55 21 98296-3259, eng.priscilamr@gmail.com ; Professor, Dr., Departamento de Engenharia Civil. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil, +55 16 3351-9670, sheylabs@ufscar.br }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is comparing five Maturity Models (MM) developed to measure the company’s adherence to Lean Construction (LC) principles. Methods were applied to the same project and results show that project classification was equivalent in the five systems for LC principles adherence. This MM have differences between origins, scope, application and results presentation, showing the diversity existent in LC philosophy. For this case study, all five methods showed adherence to lean principles and the results are graphically presented to easily compare the obtained results from the application of them. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Maturity Models, Continuous Improvement, Action Learning/Research }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shou2019, author={Shou, Wenchi and Wu, Peng and Wang, Jun }, editor={ }, title={A Survey of Simulation Modelling Techniques in Lean Construction Research}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1093-1104}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1746}, doi={10.24928/2019/0142}, affiliation={Research Fellow, School of Design and the Built Environment, Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia, +61 9266 7486, wenchi.shou@curtin.edu.au ; Associate Professor, School of Design and the Built and Environment, Curtin Univ., Perth, Australia, +61 9266 4723, peng.wu@curtin.edu.au ; Lecturer, School of Architecture and Built Environment, Deakin Univ., Melbourne, Australia, +61 5227 3544, jun.wang1@deakin.edu.au }, abstract={Over the past two decades, discrete event simulation (DES) has been increasingly employed in lean construction research as a response to the requirement of evaluating the impact of the implementation of various lean initiatives. A systematic review of DES application in lean construction research is necessary to examine how DES has been implemented in lean research. This review was conducted by reviewing 49 DES papers published in peer-reviewed journals and IGLC conference between 1997 and 2018, which aims to identify the state of the art development in this specific research area and propose future research directions. The papers are analysed in terms of publications, DES techniques, value of DES, and topic coverage. 13 types of DES techniques, 6 value of DES in lean construction research, and 8 research topics are identified and summarised. The findings of this study are expected to provide useful suggestions for the future research opportunities of DES in lean construction research. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, discrete event simulation, review. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Orihuela2019, author={Orihuela, Pablo and Noel, María and Pacheco, Santiago and Orihuela, Jorge and Yaya5, Carlos and Aguilar, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={Application of Virtual and Augmented Reality Techniques During Design and Construction Process of Building Projects}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1105-1116}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1747}, doi={10.24928/2019/0220}, affiliation={General Manager Motiva S.A, Perú. Full Professor, Department of Engineering, Civil Engineering Section, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú PUCP, porihuela@motiva.com.pe ; Lecturer, Department of Engineering, Civil Engineering Section, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú PUCP, mariaf.noel@pucp.pe ; Civil Engineer, Motiva S.A., Perú, spacheco@motiva.com.pe ; Architect, Motiva S.A., jorihuela@motiva.com.pe ; Research Assistant, VReal Research Laboratory, Civil Engineering Section, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú PUCP, c.yaya@pucp.pe ; Full Professor, Department of Engineering, Civil Engineering Section, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú PUCP, raguilar@pucp.pe }, abstract={Research regarding Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality (VR/AR) as support tools of visual managment of design and construction for building projects has increased notably in recent years. However, most of these investigations present applications that improve the management of the project in a single phase or aspect, leaving aside the generation of value throughout the entire project. This article presents a brief review of the current state of VR / AR technologies, proposes the application of the Lean philosophy trough VR / AR applications in the different phases of the life cycle of a building project, and also shows several applications in real cases in which encouraging intial results were obtained. The proposed applications proved to be efficient to improve the communication between the different stakeholders, improving the understanding of the project, giving reliability to the decision making process, foreseeing errors, decreasing negative iterations and avoiding the time delays generated by the lack of an adequate visualization of the project. Finally, some recommendations about the nomenclature and standarization of the development level of the VR/AR applications are provided. }, author_keywords={Virtual reality, augmented reality, visual management, value, waste }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gómez-Sánchez2019, author={Gómez-Sánchez, Juan Martín and Ponz-Tienda, José Luis and Romero-Cortés, Juan Pablo }, editor={ }, title={Lean and BIM Implementation in Colombia; Interactions and Lessons Learned}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1117-1128}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1748}, doi={10.24928/2019/0150}, affiliation={MS Student, Civil and Envir. Engineering Dept., Univ. de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, (57-1) 3324312, jm.gomez14@uniandes.edu.co ; PhD, Assistant Professor, Civil and Envir. Engineering. Dept., Director of the Engineering and Construction Management Research Group., Univ. de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, (57-1) 3324312, jl.ponz@uniandes.edu ; Project manager, Dep. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, (57-1) 3324312, jp.romero985@uniandes.edu.co }, abstract={Construction projects are afflicted by cost and time overruns, primarily due to inadequate information sharing among the project participants that causes productivity reductions in the Architectural, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. Therefore, by working on different areas of its value chain, it is possible to increase the construction process productivity. Building Information Modelling (BIM) emerged as a digital platform through which project teams can share and manage project information efficiently, and Lean construction practices address the issue of improving coordination within a project team, smoothing workflow in construction projects through features that reduce waste and increase value. The present research is an applied study that comprises the analysis of the integration of Lean practices and BIM through a real-life implementation in a residential project. This paper contributes to knowledge on BIM and Lean adoption by showing how lean practices reduce coordination-related issues within the project construction, and BIM adoption makes the benefits of Lean principles more visible. Additionally, the literature still lacks specific examples of simultaneous implementation of BIM and Lean for the first time in medium-sized construction companies. The purpose is to report the experiences, opportunities for improvement, and lessons learned from the implementation. Findings show that independent implementation only solves a part of the problem. However, simultaneous implementation exposed the team to more exceptional experiences and opportunities for improvement. }, author_keywords={Lean construction and BIM Interaction, case study }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Belsvik2019, author={Belsvik, Matilde Reinholdt and Lædre, Ola and Hjelseth, Eilif }, editor={ }, title={Metrics in VDC Projects}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1129-1140}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1749}, doi={10.24928/2019/0167}, affiliation={M.Sc student, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, + 47 982 07 858, matildeb@stud.ntnu.no ; Professor, dr.ing., NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, + 47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no ; Professor, PhD, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 952 66 100, eilif.hjelseth@ntnu.no }, abstract={The Norwegian construction industry is far behind other industries when it comes to productivity. To improve productivity several contractors take advantage of methodologies such as Virtual Design and Construction (VDC). VDC is about streamlining projects in a Lean context with tools like Last Planner, ICE, BIM and metrics. Although few studies have been found on metrics in VDC projects, it appears evident that metrics are important for continuous improvement. However, selecting adequate metrics is challenging, as they can require more than they give in return. The study answers three research questions; (1) “How are building design processes measured?” (2) “Which main design phase challenges can be resolved with metrics?” and (3) “Which metrics should be used in future VDC projects?” The methods used have been a qualitative case study of a Norwegian contractor’s first implementation of VDC, as well as personal interviews with experienced design managers. The implication of the study is a list with six basic metrics for the building design processes of VDC projects, based on challenges in Norwegian construction projects. Seven additional metrics for continuous project improvement are also presented. }, author_keywords={VDC, Metrics, Design management, Continuous improvement, Lean construction }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Reinbold2019, author={Reinbold, Ana and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti and Singh, Vishal and Dror, Erez }, editor={ }, title={Integrating Indoor Positioning Systems and BIM to Improve Situational Awareness}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1141-1150}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1750}, doi={10.24928/2019/0153}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 431 2015, ana.reinbold@aalto.fi ; Professor of Practice, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 368 0412, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 371 6613, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 431 2015, vishal.singh@aalto.fi ; MSc graduate, Department of Civil Engineering, Technion IIT, Haifa Israel, +972 54 596 1265, erezdror@gmail.com }, abstract={This paper presents the concept for the integration of Indoor Positioning System (IPS) and Building Information Model (BIM), and hypothesizes about the possible benefits of this integration to situational awareness and visual management in construction projects. Literature review shows that the volume and quality of data enabling situational awareness during construction projects is increasing with the use of new technologies, such as indoor positioning systems and other applications of Internet of Things (IoT). However, these information streams have been used individually so far. BIM as the interface integrating different streams of situational awareness information can result in better data-driven construction management and production. This study suggests that using BIM in 3D visualization of the indoor positioning of construction resources (workers, material, and equipment) enables visual management based on situation awareness on construction project activities. Better situational awareness of construction resources on-site based on visualization in BIM can improve the identification and elimination of waste and the identification of workflow interruptions, potentially permitting better planning and increasing productivity. The study suggests further steps for empirical research to prototype the concept and validate it with industry partners and practitioners. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, BIM, visual management, indoor positioning systems, information integration }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wold2019, author={Wold, Jonas and Lædre, Ola and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={ }, title={Questionable Practice in the Processing of Building Permits in Norway}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1151-1162}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1751}, doi={10.24928/2019/0214}, affiliation={Student M.Sc., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 414 03 086, jonaswold@hotmail.com ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no ; Researcher, dr. art., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no }, abstract={In recent years, several cases of questionable practice in the processing of building permits in Norway have been revealed. Meanwhile, authorities claim the risk of corruption associated with the processing of building permits is more obvious than before. This study investigates the size of the opportunity space for questionable practice in the processing of building permits. Questionable practice includes both illegal practice in the form of corruption and legal, but unethical practice. Further, this paper examines if the opportunity space is being exploited, before suggesting countermeasures. A greater predictability in the processing could increase the Lean Construction and reduce costs. It has been conducted a literature review and seven interviews with caseworkers and heads of departments in five municipalities in Norway. The study is limited to the examined municipalities. The results show that the processing of building permits is based on great responsibility delegated to the caseworkers and that there is a certain opportunity space. However, this space is not being exploited in the examined municipalities. Measures, e.g. implementing a new processing system, are anyhow proposed. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, promise, trust, building permits, questionable practice }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ahmed2019, author={Ahmed, Sa’id and Pasquire, Christine and Manu, Emmanuel }, editor={ }, title={Exploratory Study of ‘Costing Collaboratively’ in the Uk Construction Industry}, journal={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2019}, pages={1163-1174}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1752}, doi={10.24928/2019/0265}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Centre for Lean Projects, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, UK, +44(0)7592030388, said.ahmed@ntu.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Architecture, Design and Built Environment, and Director Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, UK, +44(0) 115 848 2095, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of Architecture, Design and Built and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK, +44 (0)115 848 6064, emmanuel.manu@ntu.ac.uk }, abstract={This research study looks at how stakeholders collaborate over costing in the UK construction industry. The purpose is to define the concept of ‘costing collaboratively’ (CC), to widen understanding of collaboration. Post economic recession, more collaborative practices have been regarded as strategies for transforming construction challenges. However, studies have shown that these practices are fading in the UK, because of fragmentation, adversarialism and, clients preference for lowest tender, whilst cost consultants struggles to be involved in collaborative working especially, during costing activities. The primary research used a multiple case study approach, which aggregated data from interviews and documentary analysis (financial business case; costing & estimating manuals etc.). Overall, 23 interviews were captured with cost consultants, lean practitioners, main contractors among others within the building and infrastructure sectors in the UK. The results showed attributes, like target costing, optioneering and all-inclusive value engineering, as relevant constituents of CC. Accordingly, these were used to defined CC as an approach that engaged stakeholders (upstream and downstream) around wider scheme budgets creating a sense of ownership, driving positive behaviours to achieve desired cost outcomes. However, the results also show that although CC is progressing within the multidisciplinary settings, the approach is still driven by price, and a limited understanding continue to affect the wider practice of collaboration in the UK construction industry. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, target costing, construction, costing collaboratively, target value design. }, address={Dublin, Ireland }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daniel2020, author={Daniel, Emmanuel I. and Pasquire, Christine and Chinyio, Ezekiel and Oloke, David and Suresh, Subashini }, editor={ }, title={Development of Collaboration in Planning: What Can Construction Project Management Learn From Other Fields?}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={289-300}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1753}, doi={10.24928/2020/0002}, affiliation={Sr. Lecturer in Constr. Mgmt., School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom WV1 ILY, E.Daniel2@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-1845 ; Prof. School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Nottingham Trent University UK, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-6344-2031 ; Sr. Lecturer, School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, United Kingdom WV1 ILY, E.chinyio@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-8448-5671 ; Built Environment Engr, School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, UK WV1 ILY, D.A.Oloke@wlv.ack, orcid.org/0000-0002-0730-7262 ; Reader, School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, UK WV1 ILY, S.Subashini@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-5266-128X }, abstract={This study seeks to examine how collaboration in planning has developed in the fields of urban planning (UP), software design and lean construction and to present what construction project management can learn from these developments. A critical literature review was adopted to achieve the aim of the study. The study found that the prevailing rational or technical approach to planning is not germane to the construction industry alone. Rather, it exists in various disciplines as seen in the rational comprehensive model (RCM) used in urban planning and the waterfall process model used in software design. The research reveals that the current theory on which construction project management is based cannot provide resources, which people can utilise to develop genuine collaboration in planning among construction stakeholders. To overcome this, the study recommends that construction project management should include the concept of management-asorganising and the ‘Flow’ and ‘Value’ views which can provide resources that can be utilised by people for the smooth running of the production (construction) system as demonstrated in Scrum and the Last Planner System. This study brings new insight and opens a new opportunity on how collaboration could be achieved in construction project management using existing evidence from other fields. Additionally, the study contributes to the discussion on construction management theory that has received less attention. }, author_keywords={Construction management theory, collaboration, construction planning, lean construction. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aka2020, author={Aka, Adefemi and Emuze, Fidelis }, editor={ }, title={A Nigerian Cased-Based Study of Non-Value Adding Activities and Their Reduction in Concrete Paver Production }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={817-827}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1754}, doi={10.24928/2020/0005}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Building, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria, aka.femi@futminna.edu.ng, orcid.org/0000-0002-5926-9843 ; Professor, and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, South Africa, femuze@cut.ac.za, orcid.org/0000-0001-7714-4457 }, abstract={Waste is responsible for certain production problems in construction. The negative impact of waste has spurned its reduction related studies. However, previous studies have not addressed the impact of waste on the production of concrete pavers in a factory. This paper thus reports on a case-based study that was conducted in selected concrete pavers’ (CPs) factories in Nigeria to investigate the various waste in the production process. Typical forms of waste that were discovered in the study are excessive procurement of materials, unnecessary delay, not meeting up with the daily production schedule and over curing of concrete pavers. The initial results calls for the adoption of lean practices that will reduce waste and improve production outputs in the factories. There is a major scope for the use of Kanban, JIT, and other lean tools in the case production settings. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, concrete pavers, process, production pull, waste. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tvedt2020, author={Tvedt, Ida M. }, editor={ }, title={Divergent Beliefs About Productivity Despite Concurrent Engineering and Pull Planning, a Case Study}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={301-312}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1755}, doi={10.24928/2020/0006}, affiliation={PhD candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 907 94 323, ida.m.tvedt@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0001-8203-6602 }, abstract={Increased productivity is one of the benefits expected when design work in construction is carried out as concurrent engineering using techniques as pull planning. In this context, the evaluation of productivity does not encounter whether the belief of productivity as a concept is homogeneous within the team. A possible consequence of a heterogeneous understanding is unpredictable variety in the behavior of team members'. Efforts to better the performance of design teams through collaborative work processes, so far, have generated limited evidence of the diverse beliefs of productivity. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss whether the collaborative work processes concurrent engineering and pull planning ensure a homogeneous understanding of productivity. The author of this paper studied a design team in a Norwegian construction project through interviews, observations and document analysis. Designers were asked what productivity is to them, and in what setting it is most evident. The results show that there are conflicting beliefs of what it means to be productive in the team. Also, the project organization does not measure the team’s productivity due to the collaboratively structured delivery model. This choice is thought to have an effect on the team’s heterogeneous understanding. }, author_keywords={Perceived productivity, design teams, collaboration, concurrent, pull planning }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ruiz2020, author={Ruiz, Cristina and Castillo, Tito and Paredes, Marcel }, editor={ }, title={Effects of Implementation of 5S in Heavy Equipment Maintenance Workshops }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={589-600}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1756}, doi={10.24928/2020/0010}, affiliation={1 Civil Engineer, Faculty of Engrg., Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Av. Antonio José de Sucre Km 1 1/2 vía a Guano Riobamba, Ecuador, jcruiz.fic@unach.edu.ec, orcid.org/0000-0002- 4048-7939 ; Prof., Civil Engrg. Dept., Director, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Av. Antonio José de Sucre Km 1 1/2 vía a Guano Riobamba, Ecuador, tcastillo@unach.edu.ec, orcid.org/0000-0002- 3472-3456 ; Prof., Civil Engrg., Faculty of Engrg., Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Av. Antonio José de Sucre Km 1 1/2 vía a Guano Riobamba, Ecuador, marcelparedes@unach.edu.ec, orcid.org/0000- 0002-3762-9633 }, abstract={The intensive use of heavy equipment is the production core of a road construction company, so maintenance is critical activity to ensure its availability. However, conventional maintenance techniques usually compromise the work safety of personnel by pressing their work capacity, although these maintenance processes can be managed applying methodologies that achieve clean, safe and organized workspaces. Thus, the purpose of this research was to measure the effects of the 5S implementation in the maintenance workshop of a road construction company. For such purpose, were used indicators of equipment availability, occupational safety and efficiency. Having the support of senior management, training and application of 5S were carried out on site. Unnecessary supplies and those of frequent use by the worker were classified (Seiri). Shelves coded for storage were created (Seiton). Parts were removed of scrap and debris from work areas (Seiso). Also, order and cleaning procedures were standardized (Seiketsu). Finally, through visual tools, self-discipline was promoted (Shitsuke). Although the application of 5S did not significantly improve the equipment availability indicators of the workshop, its implementation reduced the accident index and improved working conditions. }, author_keywords={5S, standardization, visual management, efficiency, safety }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shehab2020, author={Shehab, Lynn and Ezzeddine, Ali and Hamzeh, Farook and Power, William }, editor={ }, title={Agent-Based Modelling and Simulation of Construction Crew Performance}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={1021-1032}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1757}, doi={10.24928/2020/0012}, affiliation={ Master’s Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, aas113@mail.aub.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-2708-3550 ; Master’s Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, ame109@mail.aub.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-1668-5481 ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ; Productivity & Performance Manager, DPS Group, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Co. Cork, Ireland, willie.power@dpsgroupglobal.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-5791-846X }, abstract={The construction industry suffers from chronic problems in project delays, crew ineffectiveness, and productivity loss. One of the root causes of such problems is improper planning and control. Project control requires not only sufficient experience, but also proactive decision-making and awareness. In order to ensure proactivity and problem awareness, simulation coupled with Lean Construction principles are used to inform the analysis of workers’ performance and conditions on site, facilitate production control, and detect possible future shortcomings or delays. This paper presents an Agent-Based and Discrete-Event model that allows project controllers to simulate current or future project states within the Weekly Work Plan (WWP) of the Last Planner® System (LPS) in order to orient the project activities and performance as desired. This model can be used to help generate more realistic planned production rates considering LPS metrics for crew capacity and performance. Factors resulting in the non-completion of tasks are taken from data of a real project over the course of 94 weeks. The simulation model is applied to an example project to explain the goals behind the proposed model. Results indicate that the proposed model is useful as a basis for a decision support system for project planners to evaluate the reliability of their planned production rates. }, author_keywords={Agent-based modelling and simulation (ABMS), discrete-event simulation (DES), lean construction, project control, Last Planner® System (LPS) }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Uddin2020, author={Uddin, Mohammad Moin }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction Quality Assurance Opportunities in Highway Construction }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={565-576}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1758}, doi={10.24928/2020/0013}, affiliation={ Associate Professor, Department of Engineering, Engineering Technology and Surveying, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA, uddinm@etsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003- 4259-0259 }, abstract={Quality management is a significant component of any construction project and the cost of quality can constitute a sizable part of total construction cost. US state highway agencies are in constant pressure to do more with less. Applying Lean construction management principles can be a viable way to eliminate waste and inefficiencies and maximize value and efficiency in quality assurance (QA). State highway agencies have implemented various QA practices and processes which include different QA standards and specifications, varying testing methods, central testing lab vs. on site testing, performance based vs. prescribed quality assurance practices, implementation of innovative quality assurance practices, etc. Therefore, there is an opportunity to assess different QA strategies and recommend lean QA practices that are cost effective. A survey was conducted among state highway agencies, which provided a detailed mapping of various QA practices and processes used as part of QA programs and identified areas where agencies can focus on for cost savings. The survey found that QA sampling and testing plans, optimization of sampling plans, optimization of QA standards and specifications, and implementation of innovative test methods and processes are the main areas the agencies should focus on to lean the current QA programs. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, quality assurance, process, cost savings }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zhao2020, author={Zhao, Jianyu and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Applying Heat Maps to Define Workspace in Construction Based on Real-Time Tracking System With Coordinate Positioning Information}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={853-864}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1759}, doi={10.24928/2020/0014}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, jianyu.zhao@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-8519-617 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={The construction jobsites are regarded as highly dynamic and chaotic environment for both workers and management. To ensure efficient task performances, workspace is a key resource in construction sites. Nowadays the technology has enabled better management of onsite resources through location-based methods within lean construction principles, such as Location-Based Management System (LBMS) and Takt planning. Those methods aim to optimize workspace in construction sites consisting of multiple tasks and to eliminate waste related to product and labour flows. To contribute to enhancing those lean construction approaches with attempts to obtain real and objective data, we have developed a real-time positioning system based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology where coordinates of workers can be obtained, and heat maps of task-related workspace are generated in real time. This paper aims to develop automated process of generation of workspace based on coordinates of workers and to explore various uses of workspace heat maps to serve the purposes of lean construction principles. The successful implementation of the system in China is analysed and the results suggest that heat maps which use dimensional and temporal positioning data, could be an efficient and convenient method to define workspace of crews onsite. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, real-time indoor positioning, heat-maps, intelligent construction site, onsite management. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Guzman2020, author={Guzman, Giankeving and Ulloa, Wilfredo }, editor={ }, title={Bim Application in the Operation and Maintenance Management of a Sports Infrastructure}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={949-960}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1760}, doi={10.24928/2020/0015}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Virtual Design and Construction Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Perú, gguzmang@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3008-7867 ; Head of Laboratory, Virtual Design and Construction Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Perú, wulloa@uni.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-9590 }, abstract={Operation and Maintenance (O&M) stage is the most expensive phase during the life cycle of a building. Currently, much of the information used in there is still paper-based and is delivered to the owner months after the facilities are in use. Therefore, it is necessary to study the interaction between Lean principles and Building Information Modeling(BIM) Functionalities in the building during O&M phase to optimize resources. This paper proposes a BIM-FM workflow and compares it with traditional Facility Management in a Peruvian sports infrastructure. The case study was Aquatic Center for the XVIII Pan-American Games and VI Parapan-American Games Lima 2019. The sport infrastructure was designed and built under an Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) environment applying BIM methodology until the construction phase. The main difference found is that proposed BIM-FM workflow improves the efficiencies of the workforce for accessing to accuracy and complete information about Facility’s components. Finally, the paper presents barriers in the BIM-FM implementation evidenced in the case study. }, author_keywords={Facility Management, Building Information Modeling, Information flow, case study,sport infrastructure }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Power2020, author={Power, William and Sinnott, Derek and Mullin, Aidan }, editor={ }, title={Improving Commissioning and Qualification Delivery Using Last Planner® System }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={505-516}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1761}, doi={10.24928/2020/0016}, affiliation={ Productivity & Performance Manager, DPS Group, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Co. Cork, Ireland T45 YR13, willie.power@dpsgroupglobal.com, +353217305000, orcid.org/0000-0001-5791-846X ; Senior Lecturer, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland, dsinnott@wit.ie, orcid.org/0000-0003-3969-8699 ; Senior Project Manager, DPS Group, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Co. Cork, Ireland T45 YR13, aidan.mullin@dpsgroupglobal.com, +353217305000, orcid.org/0000-0002- 6363-4727 }, abstract={This study evaluates the implementation of Last Planner® System (LPS) in the Commissioning and Qualification (C&Q) phase of a pharmaceutical construction project utilising the Engineering, Procurement, Construction Management and Validation (EPCMV) delivery model. C&Q is the ultimate and most critical phase of capital project execution however, the importance of this phase is often underestimated as it commonly accounts for only 3-5% of project costs. The study utilised a mixed-method, qualitative, action-research approach and highlights the challenges to the introduction of LPS in C&Q, project execution issues, and improvements to the existing planning process. Introducing planning metrics like Planned Percent Complete (PPC) to the weekly C&Q planning process resulted in increased stability over the 40-week implementation period. However, the greatest benefits emerged from weekly collection and examination of the Reasons for Non-Completion (RNC) of task data allowing the identification and implementation of improvement mitigations. Other key findings include enhanced delivery in the form of greater collaboration, increased visibility of workflow, and the resulting productivity, schedule alignment, safety, cost, and client value-add benefits from the implementation. Clients should adopt Lean thinking and practices to provide added value on capital projects and should mandate LPS implementation across the entire project, end to end, as opposed to individual phases. Future studies should examine LPS extension to planning the entire project. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Last Planner® System, Collaboration, Workflow, Lookahead planning, Hand-off }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lehtovaara2020, author={Lehtovaara, Joonas and Heinonen, Aleksi and Lavikka, Rita and Ronkainen, Miika and Kujansuu, Pekka and Ruohomäki, Anton and Örmä, Maiju and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Takt Maturity Model: From Individual Successes Towards Systemic Change in Finland }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={433-444}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1762}, doi={10.24928/2020/0017}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Partner, Vison Oy, Finland, aleksi.heinonen@vison.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-2027-9646 ; Senior Scientist, Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Finland, rita.lavikka@vtt.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-1200-4773 ; Business Director, Vison Oy, Finland, miika.ronkainen@vison.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-0488 ; Development Engineer, Skanska Oy, Finland, pekka.kujansuu@skanska.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002- 5672-1101 ; Site Engineer, NCC Suomi Oy, Finland, anton.ruohomaki@ncc.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-5068-5712 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Built Environment, Tampere University, Finland, maiju.orma@tuni.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-5710-5266 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={ }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pal2020, author={Pal, Aritra and Nassarudin, Asif }, editor={ }, title={Integrated Project Delivery Adoption Framework for Construction Projects in India}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={337-348}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1763}, doi={10.24928/2020/0018}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, apal@caece.net, orcid.org/0000-0002-1644-7400 ; Assistant Project Manager, Aspect Commercial Services, Dubai, UAE, asifnassarudin@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-1460-9517 }, abstract={The project delivery system and the contracting strategy adopted are the main governing factor that decides the success of a construction project in terms of time, cost, and quality. With the rising complexity of projects and stringent legal regulations, traditional practices turn out to be inefficient leading to disputes, cost, and time overruns. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) system which is built on trust, collaboration, and pooled risk-reward sharing have been devised as an effective solution almost a decade ago. Despite its advancement, the adoption rate of IPD in India remains very low because of several reasons such as lack of awareness among the owners, the requirement of a new legal framework, unestablished BIM standards, and so on. This paper aims at proposing an IPD adoption framework for Indian construction projects by mapping the barriers of IPD implementation in India and the successful IPD implementation strategies adopted in developed countries. Selected literature consisting of published case studies of successful IPD projects, papers related to IPD implementation in India and, the IPD implementation guides, policy, and framework are utilized for this purpose. The framework proposes a step by step approach to effectively implement the IPD system in India. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Collaboration, Lean Construction, Project Delivery System }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kanai2020, author={Kanai, Julia and Fontanini, Patricia Stella Pucharelli }, editor={ }, title={Value Stream Map and Visilean® for Prefabricated Concrete Panels Management }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={673-684}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1764}, doi={10.24928/2020/0019}, affiliation={Sr. Lecturer in Construction, Civil Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083- 889, Brasil, j192221@dac.unicamp.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-4549-8848 ; Prof., Civil Engineering, Construction, LABTEC, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083- 889, Brasil, patricia@fec.unicamp.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-7505 }, abstract={The lack of process flow planning causes waste of time and material. The value stream map helps workers understanding the flow, identifying waste and planning for the future state. Visilean® helps automate production control. The main objective of this work is to propose a method to improve process flow planning of prefabricated concrete panels based on the application of Value Stream Map and Visilean® to manage the movement of parts in the factory. Results show value stream maps for project, production and installation processes allowing suggestions for improvements to operational procedures. There are four scenarios in this research to achieve a just-in-time method. Comparing the scenarios, the longest scenario is the Current one, which is based on the data collected in the factory without any changes on the flow. The Future 1 scenario had a small improvement compared to the current scenario. The Future 2 scenario reduced 25% of the time of the current scenario. The Ideal scenario has reduced more than 50% of the time of the current scenario. This research showed that the Value Stream Map and Visilean® are great tools to use in managing the flow of prefabricated panels. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, production pull, job-sequencing, value stream map, Visilean® }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haronian2020, author={Haronian, Eran and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={Production Process Evaluation for Earthworks}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={601-602}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1765}, doi={10.24928/2020/0020}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Seskin Virtual Construction Laboratory, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – IIT, eranha@campus.technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-9056-1722 ; Professor, Seskin Virtual Construction Laboratory, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – IIT, cvsacks@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-5053 }, abstract={Production in earthworks projects is a continuous process of strictly sequenced operations performed by heavy machinery on site. The Production Process Evaluation (PPE) index was developed to evaluate these types of processes by quantifying waste in the bottleneck operation. The PPE index is the ratio of the actual production volume to the theoretical maximum production volume, and it is calculated by assessing value adding and nonvalue adding times, actual and theoretical throughput, and shift durations. These are computed using data obtained from machine control systems linked to the roadel information schema, which represents continuous products and processes. The PPE index was implemented on a case study of a water reservoir construction project. The spreading operation was identified as the bottleneck in the process, based on the high levels of inventory waiting for the operation, the high capacity utilization in the operation and the low capacity utilization of the predecessor and successor operations. The PPE index ranged from 45% to 54% during the three weeks of the case study and indicated high levels of waste in the bottleneck and a lack of production management. }, author_keywords={Bottleneck, earthworks, production, waste, workflow }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Reinbold2020, author={Reinbold, Ana and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={The Role of Digitalized Visual Management to Empower Selfmanaged Crews in Construction Projects }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={925-936}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1766}, doi={10.24928/2020/0021}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 431 2015, ana.reinbold@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-7984 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 368 0412, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 371 6613, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={This theoretical study encompasses the role of digitalization in visual management (VM) applied in construction projects to increase the situational awareness (SA) of construction workers and crews. A literature review on VM, SA and self-managed crews shows that the level of digitalization in the construction industry is low when compared to other industries, that information silos are a common practice and that the decision-making processes depend largely on the construction manager role, causing a bottleneck of information and repeated time waste. As more digitalization enters construction sites and the amount and quality of available data increases, appropriate use of this data can bring meaningful improvement to construction site management. The study shows that using updated and real-time data for VM devices can increase information flow among construction workers and crews, increasing SA throughout the construction project. This can enable the construction crews to be more autonomous and self-managed, resulting in decentralized decision-making processes to solve task-related problems. Further steps for empirical research are suggested. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, visual management, situational awareness, information flow, selfmanaged crews }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Görsch2020, author={Görsch, Christopher and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti and Lavikka, Rita }, editor={ }, title={Construction Workers’ Situational Awareness – An Overlooked Perspective }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={937-948}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1767}, doi={10.24928/2020/0022}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 411 8924, christopher.0.gorsch@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-4031 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 368 0412, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 371 6613, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 ; Senior Scientist, D.Sc. (Tech.), Smart Energy and Built Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo Finland, +358 50 384 1662, rita.lavikka@vtt.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-1200-4773 }, abstract={The construction industry is claimed to suffer from low productivity often caused by its complex, individualistic and unstructured nature. The construction workers’ situational awareness (SA) is an insufficiently investigated and overlooked perspective in current project and production management literature to increase productivity in construction projects. This paper discusses the role of construction workers in planning and control of production and the possible impact of SA for on-site processes integrating knowledge and expertise from construction workers. The paper reviews the literature concerning construction workers’ on-site situation, integration in production planning and control processes and the possibilities for empowering workers with SA. Providing real-time situational data can empower workers to make better decisions based on accurate, transparent, structured and trustworthy data. It is concluded that a better understanding and availability of the project information and progress can free up workers' workload, to focus their capacity on the task delivery. This will ultimately lead to a boost in productivity on-site. Furthermore, the paper opens avenue for further research and how to capture the current state of on-site SA of construction workers through a methodical approach including quantitative and qualitative methods. }, author_keywords={Workflow, lean construction, production planning, construction worker, situational awareness }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ruiz2020, author={Ruiz, Phelipe V. and Fontanini, Patricia S.P. }, editor={ }, title={Construction Materials Flow Investigation – Delay Evaluation in a Sand Supply Chain With Simulation}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={1033-1041}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1768}, doi={10.24928/2020/0023}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Urbanism Department, Campinas State University, Campinas, CEP 13083-889, Brazil, phelipevruiz@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-3092-1276 ; Professor, Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Urbanism Department, Campinas State University, Campinas, CEP 13083-889, Brazil, pspucha@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-7505 }, abstract={The construction sector is considered one of the largest resource consumers on the planet and one of the main productive sectors of the economy. This scenario justifies the study of the flow of materials used in the construction, from the systematization of its processes, to reduce waste and improve the processes involved. This research aims to develop a simulation model of a residential building sand supply chain with the application of the delay meter and its monetary impacts on the enterprise. The impact of delays in the flow of the supply chain was analyzed and verified through a series of simulations. The application of the Lean Construction principles and the possibilities of theoretical simulation with the use of the solutions proposed by the researchers stand out. The proposed model demonstrates the impacts arising from delays in the delivery of materials, leading to the stoppage of teams and the accumulation of work. This scenario leads to the delay in the delivery of the project or the need to increase the team to achieve the productivity rates necessary to mitigate the existing delays. The model structure used in this study has potential for implementation in other construction supply chains. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, process, flow, simulation, supply chain management }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ivina2020, author={Ivina, Daria and Olsson, Nils O.E. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction Principles and Railway Maintenance Planning}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={577-588}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1769}, doi={10.24928/2020/0025}, affiliation={PhD Student, Faculty of Engineering, LTH, Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Transport and Roads, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden, daria.ivina@tft.lth.se, orcid.org/0000-0002- 0893-4129 ; Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, nils.olsson@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-1344-8555 }, abstract={Lean construction principles have been successfully adopted in a variety of industries to increase project management quality. This paper addresses maintenance planning in Sweden and analyses its effectiveness in the framework of lean construction principles. To investigate the status and improvement potential of maintenance contractors’ performance, the study focuses on the detailed planning process, which is mainly the responsibility of contractors. A literature review, a data analysis and interviews were used to reveal the possible barriers to the adaptation of lean principles to the maintenance industry. The study presents a developed theoretical framework for the analysing maintenance processes in the perspective of lean construction principles. We found that the application of lean principles has the potential for improvements in the planning process, but there are some barriers to effective implementation, including a lack of knowledge about lean principles at contractors’ sites. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, railway maintenance, Last Planner® System, workflow, planning }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Musa2020, author={Musa, Muktari and Pasquire, Christine }, editor={ }, title={Target Value Delivery in Bid Process}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={709-720}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1770}, doi={10.24928/2020/0026}, affiliation={PhD, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, +2348037875017, macclimited@yahoo.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-9650-3125 ; Professor, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org /0000-0001-6344-2031 }, abstract={The use of the traditional tendering procedure is predominant in the construction industry; although it is ill-equipped for the current complex and dynamic nature of the industry. Various Lean construction scholars have noted that while construction clients are demanding for more complex and dynamic projects, there is a need to transform the traditional tendering procedure which focuses on the lowest cost for the selection of contractors, while neglecting their technical and management qualifications to one that focuses on needs and requirement of the project. Collaborative approaches like Target Value Design (TVD) can be incorporated in the tendering procedure to ensure that the project needs are met. The case study method was used to demonstrate how TVD principles were used to make competing companies collaborate and contribute during the pre-tender selection process in the traditional tendering procedure to improve project outcomes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 professionals who participated in 2 case study projects. The study provides empirical data showing that the incorporation of TVD mitigates the reported challenges of the traditional tendering process. Cost reduction/certainty, reduction of waste/rework/variation, stakeholders’ satisfaction, accurate cost specifications, early involvement of stakeholders, tenderer’s competency and identification of problems were some of the benefits identified. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Competitive tendering, collaborative design and Target value delivery. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Xiaosheng2020, author={Xiaosheng, Tian and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Precast Concrete Building Construction Process Comparison }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={625-636}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1771}, doi={10.24928/2020/0027}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Canada, xtian4@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1949-850X ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Research shows that the precast construction process comprises waste and excessive lead times. The application of Lean Construction principles within the precast construction process varies from country to another due to different regional codes, market demands, informatics tools, fabrication and erection method, etc. This paper deploys value stream mapping (VSM) as a lean methodology to investigate and compare the process differences between a Canadian precast project and a Chinese precast project as basis for improvements in reducing process waste. A framework of comprehensive future state mapping is proposed based on the application of advanced technologies advised by industry 4.0 to guide future precast projects towards a lean process value flow. }, author_keywords={Precast concrete; Lean construction; Process; Value stream; off-site construction }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Yaw2020, author={Yaw, Meng Wai and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Jeong, H. David }, editor={ }, title={Reducing Handoffs Between Sequential Trades: A Simulation}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={205-216}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1772}, doi={10.24928/2020/0028}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, myaw2@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6191-0337 ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, zrybkowski@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004 (corresponding author) ; Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, djeong@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-1869 }, abstract={Trade specialization has created a significant number of handoffs on construction sites. Without proactive management from the general contractor, handoffs can result in the generation of waste, such as idle time between production activities, transport waste originating from an excessive number of mobilizations and demobilizations, and errors and omissions from miscommunication between trades. These interruptions can severely disrupt the workflow of a project. While small batching of activities offers opportunities for scheduling to takt time, a tension potentially exists between the desire for small batches and the benefits of reduced handoffs that accompany grouping of activities. This paper discusses the development of a lean simulation that explores the advantages of reducing the number of handoffs on a construction project while still acknowledging the benefits of small batching. A first run study of the simulation game was conducted on a sample of 30 students. Metrics showed all teams experienced a significant reduction in the number of turns to complete a round when several sequential tasks were grouped together. On site, this result may be achieved by employing a multi-skilled crew, sharing information more fully through Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), or by selective prefabrication. While feedback was positive, further work is needed to strengthen the game’s learning outcomes. }, author_keywords={Lean simulation, workflow, batch-size, handoff, takt }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2020, author={Valente, Caroline P. and Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. do A. and Saggin, Angela de B. and Neto, José de P. Barros and Costa, Jorge M. da }, editor={ }, title={Achieving Excellence in Lean Implementation at Construction Companies - A Case Study From Brazil }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={349-360}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1773}, doi={10.24928/2020/0029}, affiliation={1 PhD Candidate, Civ. Eng., MSc, School of Built Environment, Univ. of Technology Sydney, Australia, carolinevalente@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8539-8200 ; PhD Candidate, Civ. Eng. M.Sc., Fac. of Engin., Univ. of Porto, Technical Director, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-9711-970X ; Civ. Eng. MBA, Technical Manager, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, angela@crolim.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-8556 ; Professor, Dept. of Acad. and Technol. Integ., Fed. Univ. of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 ; Assoc. Professor, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, jmfcosta@fe.up.pt, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-2952 }, abstract={Lean Construction has become a popular concept to improve performance and reduce costs in construction projects. Assessment tools and implementation strategies that focus on lean practices such as the Last Planner® System, the use of Kanbans, the routine of Kaizens and, recently, the integration with information technology are also common. However, barriers to the wide adoption of lean principles remain and implementation challenges continue to intrigue scholars. Previous studies suggest that barriers to the successful implementation can be either political, economical, social and/or technical, with the focus on lack of knowledge about lean concepts, resistance to the required organisational culture change, and lack of support from top management. Few studies present the lean implementation process from the practitioners’ perspective. Using the narrative enquiry methodology, the authors aim to describe how a construction company from Brazil matured from the implementation of lean operational tools to achieve excellence in the lean culture and mindset. Key themes that emerge from this study for a successful lean construction journey are; effort to stabilise the environment, knowledge creation and management, transparency in the process to enable simplicity and shared understanding, and building trust for further growth. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean culture, lean implementation, commitment, enactment }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Darwish2020, author={Darwish, Mohammad and Mohsen, Osama and Mohamed, Yasser and Al-Hussein, Mohamed }, editor={ }, title={Integrated Simulation and Lean Approach for Production Line Improvement in a Prefabricated Panelized Homebuilding Facility }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={661-672}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1774}, doi={10.24928/2020/0030}, affiliation={MSc student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Hole School of Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, mdarwish@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-1363-7225 ; PhD candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Hole School of Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, omohsen@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3992-9357 ; Prof., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Hole School of Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, yaly@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0001-9170-9557 ; Prof., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Hole School of Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, malhussein@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-1774-9718 }, abstract={The construction industry is increasingly adopting off-site construction to achieve better quality buildings, to reduce the environmental impact of construction activities, and to attain less schedule variability. When shifting the construction process to a factory, the project is less vulnerable to uncertainties, such as unexpected weather conditions, labour turnover, and material delivery disturbances. Panelized construction is a method in which walls, floors, and roofs are built-in panels at the factory and shipped for on-site assembly. This paper describes the simulation of a production line in a panelized modular home manufacturing facility with the aim of better understanding and improving the production processes associated, in particular, with the first phase of production, namely the multiwall panel production line. Discrete event simulation (DES) is used to investigate and analyze the existing facility processes in terms of production time. The goal is to enhance productivity, reduce work-in-progress, and decrease idle time. The panelized manufacturing facility in the presented study produces dozens of multiwall panels per day, ranging in length from 3 to 13 meters, and both interior and exterior walls are produced on the same production line, each having different physical properties. Applying lean concepts and philosophy, the simulation tool is used to explore various scenarios where the idle time can be identified and minimized as much as possible from a practical perspective. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, discrete event simulation (DES), prefabricated homebuilding, panelized construction, process improvement }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Retamal2020, author={Retamal, Fabián and Salazar, Luis A. and Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Exploring the Relationship Among Planning Reliability (PPC), Linguistic Action Indicators and Social Network Metrics}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={109-118}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1775}, doi={10.24928/2020/0031}, affiliation={1 MSc Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Researcher – GEPUC, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, faretamal@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-6554-5576 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Professor, Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2661 8346, lasalaza@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7339-8935 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile, +56 9 4413 2109, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 }, abstract={Research has demonstrated the importance of information flow and workflow in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry. Through the correct application of the Last Planner® System, the coordination of a project and therefore its workflow has been improved. However, there is still a productivity gap that must be addressed through proper commitment management and good communication. Therefore, the objective of this article is to explore the relationship among planning reliability— using percentage plan completed (PPC) measures—linguistic action perspective (LAP) indicators and social network analysis (SNA) metrics in four construction projects that use the Last Planner® System in Chile and Colombia. A future line of research will be to analyze this relationship in conjunction with the main reliability indicators of construction projects through the application of PPC, LAP and SNA in more case studies }, author_keywords={Linguistic Action Perspective, Last Planner® System, Social Network Analysis, Percentage Plan Completed, Case studies }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ransolin2020, author={Ransolin, Natália and Saurin, Tarcísio Abreu and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Influence of the Built Environment on Patient Safety and Well-Being: A Functional Perspective}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={61-72}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1776}, doi={10.24928/2020/0032}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil Engineering Post-Graduation Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; Professor, Industrial Engineering Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5888 ; Professor, Civil Engineering Post-Graduation Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000- 0002-4772-3746 }, abstract={In healthcare facilities, patient safety and well-being are known to be influenced by the built environment (BE). However, mechanisms linking BE to patient safety and wellbeing are not well-understood, which hinders the prevention and mitigation of undesired outcomes. In this paper, the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is used to model the functions carried out by caregivers and patients in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), supporting the analysis of how variability in meeting BE requirements propagates across the work system and impacts patient safety and well-being. The FRAM model was based on observations of everyday work in the ICU, interviews with 24 professionals, and analysis of documents. One scenario derived from the FRAM model is discussed, emphasizing impacts on patient safety and well-being. Results show the utility of understanding how healthcare services work under real circumnstances, as a basis for BE design. Findings also indicate that the variability of everyday healthcare services may either amplify or dampen the impacts of unfulfilled BE requirements on patient safety and well-being.ements on patient safety and well-being. }, author_keywords={Built Environment, Requirements Management, FRAM, Patient Safety, Patient WellBeing }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soliman-Junior2020, author={Soliman-Junior, Joao and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={Exploring Mistakeproofing in Healthcare Design }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={193-204}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1777}, doi={10.24928/2020/0034}, affiliation={PhD Student, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, Joao.SolimanJunior@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8089-8628 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 ; Professor, School of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia, M.Kagioglou@westernsydney.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-1484 }, abstract={The process of verifying the compliance of design solutions to regulations is critical in healthcare design due to the complexity of the requirements present in healthcare settings. The majority of previews research concentrates on “mistake-searching”, assuming that design will not be compliant and, as such, necessitates an approach focussed on finding inconsistencies, rather than avoiding mistakes during the design process. This paper reports findings of an ongoing research that follows the Design Science Research approach, with the aim of exploring how existing technologies can support incorporating mistakeproofing (poka yoke) into healthcare design, framed within the regulations compliance process. A set of technological strategies was assessed according to mistakeproofing principles. The analysis evidenced their characteristics, benefits, limitations and examples of application. These technologies rely on the use of hybrid approaches, providing assistance to designers across all design stages, which in turn supports better decision-making and contributes towards improving value generation. A theoretical framework was proposed based on the synergy between design support systems, requirements subjectivity and jidoka. It highlights the importance of better understanding and enhancing the relationship between human designers and different technologies through automation. }, author_keywords={Mistakeproofing (mistake-proofing, mistake proofing), poka yoke, healthcare design, regulations, autonomation. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salvatierra2020, author={Salvatierra, José L. and García, Armando and Aracena, Pablo }, editor={ }, title={Towards a Lean Behaviour Evaluation System in Latin American Construction}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={361-372}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1778}, doi={10.24928/2020/0035}, affiliation={Researcher and Construction Area Coordinator, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile, jsalvatierra@ing.uchile.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1065- 3051 ; Civil engineer student, University of Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile, armando.garcia@ug.uchile.cl, orcid.org/0000-0003-4050-7829 ; Change Management Consultant, Leaninn, Perez Valenzuela 1635, Piso 10, Providencia, Santiago, Chile, pablo@lean-inn.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-8585 }, abstract={Throughout its development, Lean implementation in the construction industry has been characterized only by efforts focused on the use of Last Planner System tools, without greater emphasis on the philosophical and cultural aspects associated with a paradigm shift in the industry. This research seeks to identify the main competences of professionals in charge of Lean implementations in Construction Projects from a Latin American point of view, as a basis for the development of key behavioural indicators (KBI). The results obtained correspond to the identification of the main dimensions, which in the opinion of Latin American experts make a project relate with a Lean approach in construction and a set of competences proposed for these three main preferences: collaborative planning systems, culture based on continuing improvement and developing people based on Lean thinking. In addition, as a first step towards the development of a Lean competence management system in construction, a model for assessing the level of expertise of a professional in charge of these dimensions is proposed, by separating the performances identified in one-dimensional behaviours and applying a compliance scale. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Competences, Culture, Behaviour, Key Behaviour Indicators }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salvatierra2020, author={Salvatierra, José L. and Fuentes, Luis }, editor={ }, title={Identifying Management Practices for Implementation of Obeya Rooms in Investment Projects in a Construction Stage}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={265-276}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1779}, doi={10.24928/2020/0036}, affiliation={Researcher and Construction Area Coordinator, Depart. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile, jsalvatierra@ing.uchile.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1065-3051 ; Civil engineer, University of Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile, luis.fuentes.g@ug.uchile.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-5274 }, abstract={Lean Construction as a project management approach offers a comprehensive set of tools to solve problems that prevent a continuous flow in projects. The need to manage production processes through permanent work in the value chain by means of improved communication and coordination from the parties involved has been identified as one of the key factors of the Lean approach. Tools such as the Obeya Rooms represent an alternative to solve these problems by seeking greater effectiveness from the interaction of a project’s participants as theseprovide a unique space under a collaborative management methodology based on continuous improvement. However, the experiences identified in Chile have failed to establish common patterns towards a proposal to standardise these tools. The present study aims to identify current practices in Obeya Rooms through literature review and qualitative data collected by national and international Lean experts who have participated in the design of this tool. Analysis of data collected allows the identification of common management practices to design future Obeya Rooms in the construction sector. Collected data is structured according to the following items: Frequency and Duration, Management of Indicators, Participants and Roles, Stages, Physical Space, Rules and Recommendations. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Lean Construction Tools, Obeya Room, Standards, Planning }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koohestani2020, author={Koohestani, Kayvan and Poshdar, Mani and Gonzalez, Vicente A. }, editor={ }, title={Finding the Way to Success in Implementing Lean Construction in an Unfavourable Context}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={373-384}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1780}, doi={10.24928/2020/0038}, affiliation={Head of Project Management Office at Mapna Locomotive Engineering Company, Karaj, Iran, MEng in Construction Management, The University of Auckland, koohestani@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-9988-3688 ; Lecturer, Built Envir. Engrg. Dept., Auckland Univ. of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-2985 ; Sr. Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Founder and Research Lead Smart Digital Lab, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 }, abstract={Developing countries are facing sever productivity problems in their construction sectors. Lean Construction has proven to be an effective solution for such situations. However, when it comes to lean implementation, the operational attributes of the countries can cause significant impacts on the priorities, tools and techniques. This paper took Iranian construction as a sample and sought to identify and prioritise the factors that could significantly contribute to the success of the lean implementation in its context. A comprehensive literature review identified 44 critical success factors (CSFs) in a global setting. The factors were classified into four groups and were presented to industry and/ or academic professionals in the form of semi-structured open-ended interviews that enabled collecting experts’ opinion about the priorities to be given. A thematic analysis of the results indicated that lack of awareness and knowledge of lean construction is the main obstacle for the Implementation. It was also established that more priority should be given to Organisational and Project Management Factors when creating Lean Construction implementation roadmap of the country. This is the first study of its type in Iran and is expected to shed light on the factors that can turn the implementation of Lean Construction a successful story, even in this unfavourable context. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, benefits realization, learning research, Iran, developing countries }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brioso2020, author={Brioso, Xavier and Cruzado-Ramos, Fiorela }, editor={ }, title={Model of Evaluation of Sustainability Performance in Building Projects Integrating Lean, Through the Delphi Method }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={793-804}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1781}, doi={10.24928/2020/0039}, affiliation={GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-0241 ; GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, fiorela.cruzado@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3979-6838 }, abstract={In recent years, sustainability management has become very important in order to achieve the goal that present and future generations can live in a better world, where economic, social and environmental aspects are balanced in harmony. On the other hand, there is a large amount of literature that shows that the application of Lean tools improves the indicators of work accidents and optimizes the management of resources in the project life cycle, making them more sustainable. In fact, experiences of the application of Lean principles and sustainable tools have been disseminated, but few studies have addressed a proposal for a framework or methodology that systematically integrates both approaches. This article presents a review of the literature of the main studies that address the implementation of Lean principles and environmental sustainability management. and proposes a model for evaluating sustainable management performance in building projects where Lean tools are implemented. The methodology used is based on a literature review, in which information was gathered from the documents of the International Conference on Lean Construction (IGLC) and a set of specialized journals on the topics of Lean Construction, Sustainable Management and key performance indicators (KPIs).This document aims to develop a model for evaluating the performance of Environmental sustainability, integrating Lean Construction and Sustainable Management in buildings, using the Delphi method, to reduce damage and unnecessary use of natural resources. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Sustainable Management, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), Delphi Method, Model }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maraqa2020, author={Maraqa, Musab and Sacks, Rafael and Spatari, Sabrina }, editor={ }, title={Empirical Assessment of the Impact of VDC and Lean on Environment and Waste in Masonry Operations }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={985-996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1782}, doi={10.24928/2020/0040}, affiliation={MSc Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, +972 58 670 2922, musab_maraqa@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 7756-2787. ; Professor, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, +972 4 829 3190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-5053. ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, +972 54 668 4373, ssabrina@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-7243- 9993. }, abstract={Lean principles aim to improve construction through focus on value and waste elimination, which benefits environmental performance by reducing life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improving other environmental metrics. Although prior research identified relationships between Lean, BIM and sustainability, most studies were qualitative assessments of the value of lean and VDC management. In this study we measured the impact of Lean and VDC on waste in operations, and on GHG emissions, of masonry partitions. Researchers observed workers and classified their activities as value-adding or non-value-adding. Data from three different projects that include combinations of Lean and VDC implementation were used to estimate the efficiency of operations in comparison to earlier construction projects from 2007 to 2014 that implemented the same methods. The results were eye-opening: implementing Lean principles and VDC raised the proportion of value–adding activities to 68.4%, compared to only 35.8% in traditional management. Moreover, Lean and VDC methods contributed to reduce wasted global warming potential (GWP) from 169 kg CO2e/m3 of partition built to 112 kg CO2e/m3 , an environmental improvement of 34%. Lean and VDC are dominant management approaches in reducing waste and improving sustainability. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, masonry walls, Virtual Design and Construction (VDC), sustainability, waste }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khalife2020, author={Khalife, Salam and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Measuring Project Value: A Review of Current Practices and Relation to Project Success}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={37-48}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1783}, doi={10.24928/2020/0044}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, khalife@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-4547 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Achieving a higher project value for all project participants is a major concern in the construction industry and reflects the extent to which projects are successful. The major struggle, however, is in the ability to both identify and measure the tangible and intangible project value requirements. Having different interpretations of what project value constitutes, the literature offers a variety of practices and suggestions for measuring project value. However, since the offered methods are fragmented and do not build on one another, a further investigation is required. Accordingly, this research provides a review of the measures discussed in the literature and suggests new directions for evaluating project value. The research targets the construction industry in addition to other industries that also provide effective strategies to create and measure value in customer-based product developments. The study revealed a lack of a sufficient approach for quantifying value on projects. Consequently, this research aims at providing combined effective ways to help measure project value in an effort to align stakeh }, author_keywords={Benefits realization, integration, collaboration, stakeholders’ value, project success }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wickramasekara2020, author={Wickramasekara, Amila N. and Gonzalez, Vicente A. and O’Sullivan, Michael and Walker, Cameron G. and Poshdar, Mani and Ying, Fei }, editor={ }, title={Exploring the Integration of Last Planner® System, Bim, and Construction Simulation }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={1057-1068}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1784}, doi={10.24928/2020/0047}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, awic135@aucklanduni.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-4964-3539 ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Founder and Research Lead Smart Digital Lab., The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ; 3 Senior Lecturer, Department of Engineering Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, michael.osullivan@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-5621-4206 ; Associate Professor, Department of Engineering Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, cameron.walker@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3176-9341 ; 5 Lecturer, Department of Built Environment Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-2985 ; 6 Senior Lecturer, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, fei.ying@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-6355-5156 }, abstract={Much attention has been paid to Computer Simulation and Modelling (CSM) in the research circles of construction over the last sixty years. However, it has not been widely adopted within the construction industry. In this paper, we explore theoretically the potential of the integration between CSM, the Last Planner System (LPS) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) to accelerate the uptake of CSM in the construction industry. To do so, a review of the literature to identify the synergies between CSM, LPS and BIM was undertaken, where it was found that little research has been done associated with their integration and linkages as a whole. We found that an explicit integration of these three domains has the potential to enhance and accelerate the adoption of CSM in construction as it provides the opportunity to engage construction project stakeholders towards CSM, focusing on domain-specific characteristics and recent advancements of construction management. Based on our review, we propose five research questions to guide the development of a domain-specific construction simulation framework to be considered in future research. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, integration, collaborations, computer simulation }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Iordanova2020, author={Iordanova, Ivanka and Valdivieso, Fernando and Filion, Carolyne and Forgues, Daniel }, editor={ }, title={Schedule Optimization of a Large Hospital Project – 4D Bim Starting With the Demolition}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={961-972}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1785}, doi={10.24928/2020/0048}, affiliation={Professor, Département de Génie de la Construction, École de Technologie Supérieure (ETS), Montréal, Canada, ivanka.iordanova@etsmtl.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-2604 ; Innovation Manager–APEX & Civil Operations, Pomerleau Inc., 500 St-Jacques, Montréal, Canada, fernando.valdivieso@pomerleau.ca, orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-8419 ; Innovation Manager – R&D and Special Projects, Pomerleau Inc., 500 St-Jacques, Montréal, Canada, carolyne.filion@pomerleau.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-504X ; Professor, Département de Génie de la Construction, École de Technologie Supérieure (ETS), Montréal, Canada, daniel.forgues@etsmtl.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-1790-671X }, abstract={There are multiple studies emphasising the positive interaction between Lean Construction and BIM use. Nevertheless, it is often difficult to find a direct link between this integrated strategy and the project outcome. This paper presents a case study of a large hospital project in a dense downtown environment, where BIM and Lean were used in synergy - mutually informing each other and catalysing their impact. This project created opportunities for multiple innovations and optimisations. This paper will focus on the positive impact from simultaneously applying 4D-BIM and a variation of takt-time planning to the demolition of the old hospital building adjacent to the new one. The optimization between the demolition and the new construction was crucial for the project, as it allowed the Design-Builder’s company to shorten the schedule by two months and to win the contract. Another innovation was the automated update between master schedule, takt-time plan, BIM model, and project documents (including 2D plans and Virtual Reality). This automated loop makes the schedule available to each construction stakeholder (from client and designers, to the foremen) in the format that is most appropriate and useful for them. It also allows for easy progress tracking and control. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, 4D BIM, Mega-Hospital Project, Schedule Optimization, Demolition }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gómez-Cabrera2020, author={Gómez-Cabrera, Adriana and Salazar, Luis A. and Ponz-Tienda, José L. and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Tools Proposal to Mitigate Delays and Cost Overruns in Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={781-792}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1786}, doi={10.24928/2020/0049}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engineering. Department, Universidad de Los Andes, and Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, +(57) 3155135715, ca.gomez1@uniandes.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0001-5092-2191 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad, Católica de Chile, and Professor, Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2661 8346, lasalaza@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7339-8935 ; PhD, Assistant Professor, Civil and Envir. Engineering, Dept., Director of the Engineering and Construction Management Research Group, Univ. de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, (57-1) 3324312, jl.ponz@uniandes.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-6513-8826 ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica, de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 }, abstract={Construction projects are carried out under the triple constraint of cost, time, and scope, as stated in the project management literature. However, time and cost deviations in the construction industry are frequent, and their magnitude in many cases is considerable, generating harmful consequences. This paper developed a literature review to examine 33 research papers published since 1988 in the Web of Science database to identify the main factors causing these deviations, demonstrating that there is no evidence that it is a problem exclusive from a region, country, or project type. A list of 74 factors has been identified from the top ten reported in each paper. The factors were grouped, taking into account their origin. Simultaneously through literature review, tools, methods, and approaches of Lean Construction were also identified, and after an analysis of its nature, these tools were assigned to the previously identified factors considering the possibilities to mitigate their effects. For more than 88% of the identified factors, a Lean tool, method, or approach was identified, demonstrating that both topics are related, and the body of literature developed must be integrated. }, author_keywords={Delays, Cost overruns, Construction projects, Lean tools, Lean plan }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rocha2020, author={Rocha, Cecilia G. da and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Why Is Product Modularity Underdeveloped in Construction? }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={697-708}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1787}, doi={10.24928/2020/0050}, affiliation={ Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, Bldg 11, Lv 11, NSW 2007, Australia, cecilia.rocha@uts.edu.au, doi.org/0000-0001-6764-1724 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St., Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom, L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk, 0000- doi.org/0003-4449-2281 }, abstract={Product modularity (a term often associated with off-site construction/prefabrication) has been discussed in construction for a few decades. In spite of that, its understanding in this new context is still emergent. This paper sets out to explore why that is the case. The paper builds on both (i) recent investigations of this concept in construction, including empirical studies which are critically analysed here, and (ii) seminal works on the definition of product modularity in manufacturing. An important insight is that product modularity can benefit traditional construction (by adopting a space-oriented perspective), and thus should not be considered applicable only to off-site construction. Conversely, off-site construction does not ensure per se the adoption of product modularity (even though the terms might be sometimes perceived as closely related). Based on the analysis of literature and empirical cases, three limitations in the understanding and application of product modularity in construction are: (i) unclear boundaries between modules (namely, which components pertain to which module), (ii) invariant modules (namely, the components forming a module do not change depending on the combination in which it is used), and (iii) interfaces as synonymous with surfaces (despite the fact that an interface might entail more than one surface and vice-versa). }, author_keywords={Modular construction, interfaces, customisation, off-site construction. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lagos2020, author={Lagos, Camilo and Alarcón, Luis Fernando }, editor={ }, title={Using Percent Plan Completed for Early Success Assessment in the Last Planner System®}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={469-480}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1788}, doi={10.24928/2020/0052}, affiliation={PhD Student, Production Management Centre (GEPUC), School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, colagos@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-0039 ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Director of the Production Management Centre (GEPUC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) constitutes a systematic method for planning and control based on the generation of short-term commitments by the workforce and the weekly control of their accomplishments in search of continual improvement. This approach allows for the stabilization of workflow and uncertainty reduction in short-term plans, which are assessed using the Plan Percent Complete (PPC) indicator and the systematical collection of Reasons for Non-Compliance (RNC). Our research goal is to contribute to the understanding of how PPC and RNC metrics can be used for early assessment of project performance concerning schedule accomplishment. We used a sample of 25 Chilean projects with weekly information regarding progress, PPC, RNC and time deviation, that was categorized into two groups according to their schedule accomplishment results, using a clustering algorithm. We compared the PPC and RNC indicators from the two groups across project execution to detect significant differences. We found that successful projects evidence a statistically significant increase in the PPC, compared to the less-than successful group, lower PPC variability and a lower number of RNC per week, since early project execution. The results allowed us to conclude that these metrics can help perform early assessments of project performance. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Last Planner System®, Percent Plan Complete (PPC), commitment management, variability. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2020, author={Gomez, Sulyn and Ballard, Glenn and Arroyo, Paz and Hackler, Cory and Spencley, Rodney and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Lean, Psychological Safety, and Behavior-Based Quality: A Focus on People and Value Delivery}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={97-108}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1789}, doi={10.24928/2020/0056}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, sulyn@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2367-9880 ; Research Associate, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, gballard@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-0948-8861 ; Quality Leader, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, paza@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-8098-8172 ; Lean Leader, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, coryha@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-1103-596 ; Director for Quality, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, rodneys@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2263-543X ; Prof., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 }, abstract={A number of issues regarding quality, safety, and production persist in the construction industry. These issues arise in the form of rework, accidents, delays, cost overruns, and loss of trust. The way companies have been dealing with these issues is problematic because of an insufficiently broad perspective on interconnected processes and overreliance on buffering as opposed to reducing the negative variation itself. One gap in our knowledge concerns the influence of human factors in the design and success of construction processes. Psychological safety, a construct that can help to bridge this gap, is based on assessments about the risks associated with an action. Lean principles, such as respect for people, can be fostered through people being aware of each other’s level of psychological safety. This is shown on site when people speak up without constraints, understand each other’s expectations, and come to an agreement about the work, which follows the behavior-based quality (BBQ) approach. The paper highlights theoretical conceptions to describe how underlying ideas about Lean, psychological safety, and BBQ are connected in a people-centered approach to improve value delivery. The exploratory research presented in this paper provides empirical evidence to illustrate the linkage of these ideas in practice. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, psychological safety, behavior-based quality (BBQ), value delivery. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bonilla2020, author={Bonilla, Mauricio and Castillo, Tito }, editor={ }, title={Benchmarking the Construction Industry: An Adaptation of the World Management Survey Methodology }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={217-228}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1790}, doi={10.24928/2020/0057}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Chimborazo (UNACH), Av. Antonio José de Sucre Km 1 1/2 vía Guano Riobamba, Ecuador, mrbonilla.fic@unach.edu.ec, orcid.org/0000- 0002-8049-8202 ; Professor, Civil Engineer, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Chimborazo (UNACH), Av. Antonio José de Sucre Km 1 1/2 vía Guano Riobamba, Ecuador, tcastillo@unach.edu.ec, orcid.org/0000-0002-3472-3456 }, abstract={Benchmarking is a best management practice that allows companies to be compared and to improve. Some benchmarking studies in the construction industry have evaluated several dimensions with respect to management practices. Different methods have been used to benchmark the performance of construction companies. These methods are strenuous due to their extension and the variety of practices evaluated. Although there are benchmarking tools that have defined the minimum practices that should be evaluated in the management of industries from a lean approach, this has not yet been achieved for construction management. Therefore, the objective of this research was to develop a benchmarking exercise of minimum management practices in construction, using a website to obtain information from construction companies through an adaptation of the World Management Survey (WMS) methodology. For this purpose, surveys were developed with a Lean approach and the content was validated by interviews with experts from the construction industry. Data was collected through a website that hosts the surveys. Results of this benchmarking study show that the majority of construction companies surveyed scored less than 50% in their management practices, which shows an opportunity for improvement for the companies evaluated. }, author_keywords={Benchmarking, Management practices, Lean construction, Health and safety, Standardization. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Liu2020, author={Liu, Canlong and González, Vicente A. and Liu, Jiamou and Rybkowski, Zofia and Schöttle, Annett and Mourgues Álvarez, Claudio and Pavez, Ignacio }, editor={ }, title={Accelerating the Last Planner System® (LPS) Uptake Using Virtual Reality and Serious Games: A Sociotechnical Conceptual Framework }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={481-492}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1791}, doi={10.24928/2020/0058}, affiliation={ 1 PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, cliu324@aucklanduni.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-9920 ; PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ; PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, jiamou.liu@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-0824-0899 ; PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science of the College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA, zrybkowski@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004 ; Senior Consultant, Refine Projects AG, Stuttgart Area, Germany, annett.schoettle@refine.team, orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320 ; PhD, Associate Professor, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-6706-2255 ; PhD, Assistant Professor, School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile, ignaciopavez@udd.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-5257-5330 }, abstract={The Last Planner System® (LPS) use in projects faces both social and technical challenges associated with the nature of its planning and control structure, and the way it is implemented on-site. Thus, the social dynamics inherent with the LPS implementation within construction organisations should be shaped appropriately to harmonically match its technical components and vice versa. Although recent research has revealed that a successful implementation of the LPS is highly dependent upon how its social and technical aspects are managed and interrelated, there are still problems with the LPS implementation in the design phase and on-site. Some simulation games have been used for LPS training, but they do not seem to meet the demands of the industry to accelerate LPS adoption. This paper finds that Virtual Reality (VR) and Serious Games (SG) could be more effective in spreading LPS by mitigating critical barriers than conventional approaches. We also discuss how the capabilities of VR/SG technology can assist in tackling some of LPS adoption barriers that relate back to the social dynamics that are engendered and the technical knowledge that is required to implement the LPS smoothly. We also propose a conceptual framework to study the socio-technical dynamics of the LPS and identified six questions to be addressed in future research. }, author_keywords={Socio-technical Dynamics, Virtual Reality Serious Game, Last Planner® System, Language Action Perspectives, Collaboration. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Florez2020, author={Florez, Laura and Ghazali, Nurain Nabilah }, editor={ }, title={Barriers to Implementing Solar Energy Systems in Buildings: The Resident’s Perspective in Malaysia }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={829-840}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1792}, doi={10.24928/2020/0059}, affiliation={1 Lecturer in Construction Management, Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK, WC1E7HB, l.florez@ucl.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-9286-6949 ; Quantity Surveyor, Dhaya Maju Infrastructure (Asia) SDN-BHD, 10 Boulevard, 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia, nabilah2194@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-6911-0721 }, abstract={Fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas are typically used to generate electricity. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources and harmful to the environment as they release greenhouse gases when burned. With the increased demand of cleaner sources for electricity generation, renewable sources need to be adopted. In Malaysia, solar energy has been used in numerous industrial buildings as a source of electricity generation since the country benefits from high solar radiation throughout the year. However, solar energy is still not used in residential buildings despite a wide interest from the sector. This paper identified and assessed the barriers to implementing solar energy in residential buildings from the perspective of homeowners in Malaysia. Based on a literature search followed by a ranking and factor analysis of data from a questionnaire survey, key barriers were identified. Ninety-one responses from residents in Malaysia were obtained. The questionnaire results showed that the main barriers to adopting solar systems are financial limitations followed by limited solar suppliers in the region and lack of awareness of government incentives. The results of this study could be used to help suppliers and industrial stakeholders in understanding the major barriers and the government to put forward policies to promote solar systems for electricity generation in residential buildings. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, process, safety/quality/health, renewable energy, residential energy systems }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Etges2020, author={Etges, Bernardo M. and Reck, Raquel H. and Fireman, Marcus T. and Rodrigues, Jerusa L. and Isatto, Eduardo L. }, editor={ }, title={Using BIM With the Last Planner® System to Improve Constraints Analysis }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={493-504}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1793}, doi={10.24928/2020/0060}, affiliation={1 PhD Cand., Building Innov. Research Unit (NORIE), Fed. Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 33083518, bernardo.m.etges@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 ; PhD Cand., Building Innov. Research Unit (NORIE), Fed. Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 33083518, raquelreck@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1928-3461 ; PhD Cand., Building Innov. Research Unit (NORIE), Fed. Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 33083518, marcusctf@gmail.com, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; Master Student, Building Innov. Research Unit (NORIE), Fed. Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 33083518, jerusa.lopes@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0514-0753 ; Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, isatto@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002- 0851-8790 }, abstract={Studies have shown that there are flaws in the implementation of the Last Planner® System, mainly concerning the use of medium-term planning in construction companies. Among the main related problems, we highlight the difficulty that the management team has in being able to identify constraints sufficiently in advance so that they can be removed. This would avoid interruption of service fronts and a jump in losses due to making-do. In this context, BIM is seen in this paper as a modeling environment of activities constraints that can help to overcome these deficiencies because, in addition to addressing the spatial issues of the undertaking, it can also hold information about the different construction elements, such as information about the unavailability of necessary prerequisites for starting or continuing the service. This article discusses the potential for inserting BIM into the medium-term and short-term planning of construction companies when such a plan is based on the Last Planner®. For this purpose, planning data of five case studies from three different companies have been analyzed in two phases: (i) explain which categories of constraints identified in medium-term planning could be modeled in BIM; (ii) examine the percentage of work packages elaborated in short-term planning meetings could be modeled in BIM. Based on this analysis, regarding the constraints modelling in medium-term planning, it is cocluded that the BIM model with Last Planner® System can support to identifiy and remove constraints in a more agile and efficient way. Great potential for modeling medium-term constraints and of short-term packages occurs mainly for those that refer to Projects, Equipment, Work Safety and Materials. }, author_keywords={BIM, lookahead planning, Last Planner® System (LPS) }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Singh2020, author={Singh, Vishesh V. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Bardaweel, Lian }, editor={ }, title={Visual Tool for Workload Leveling Using the Work Density Method for Takt Planning}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={865-876}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1794}, doi={10.24928/2020/0061}, affiliation={MS Candidate, Engineering and Project Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engrg. Dept., Graduate Researcher, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, +1 510 833-1422, visheshvs@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-9727 ; 2 Professor, Civil and Environmental Engrg. Dept., and Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, +1 510 643-8678, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; MS 2018, Engineering and Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engrg. Dept., Graduate Researcher, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720- 1712, +1 510 833-1422, lian.bar@pihome.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-6285-5261 }, abstract={This paper presents a novel interactive Visual Management tool, called ViWoLZo (Visual Workload Leveling and Zoning), that supports takt planning. It is based on the concept of “work density” to depict workloads visually as well as quantitatively so that it can be used to find an optimal workload level and associated work space zoning. ViWoLZo was created in the course of action research on two projects in the San Francisco Bay Area. Because the concept of work density is generic, the tool can be configured to any construction floor plan and process sequence pertaining to any phase of construction— involving repetitive or non-repetitive work—to help level the workload based on the selection of zones. In turn, this leveling informs the user’s selection of the takt to use in planning the work. This Visual Management tool delivers proof-of-concept that work density is useful in studying workload leveling and zoning alternatives for takt planning. Use of ViWoLZo replaces subjective approaches for deciding how to divide work space into zones. While work density data is not yet readily available, the tool illustrates what value such data can have by supporting a user’s what-if analyses to decide if the desired takt can be met, considering different production rates, preferences for zoning of work space, and other work structuring considerations. The paper concludes with suggestions for follow-on research, including recommendations for tool enhancements and integration of additional planning steps. }, author_keywords={Takt planning, Work Density Method (WDM), Visual Management (VM), work structuring, workload leveling }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cano2020, author={Cano, Sandra and Botero, Luis and García-Alcaraz, Jorge Luis and Tovar, Rafael and Rivera, Leonardo }, editor={ }, title={Key Aspects of Maturity Assessment in Lean Construction }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={229-240}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1795}, doi={10.24928/2020/0063}, affiliation={Prof., Escuela de Ingeniería Civil y Geomática, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No 100-00 edificio E48. Cali, Colombia, +(57) (2) 3212100 ext. 7231, sandra.cano@correounivalle.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0003-4257-6035 ; Prof., Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Eafit, Carrera 49 # 7 sur - 50. +(57) (4) 2619500 Ext 9659, Medellín, Colombia, lfbotero@eafit.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0003-3418-7144 ; Prof., Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial y Manufactura, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, México, jorge.garcia@uacj.mx, orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-6963 ; Prof., Escuela de Estadística, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No 100-00 edificio E56. Cali, Colombia, +(57) (2) 3212100 ext. 7231, jose.r.tovar@correounivalle.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0003-0432-4144 ; Prof., Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, Calle 13 No 100-00 edificio E56, Cali, Colombia, leonardo.rivera.c@correounivalle.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0001-9942- 5188 }, abstract={To achieve Lean Construction maturity in the management of the construction project is a continuous improvement process that occurs when the LC implementation is integrated into the life cycle of the construction project. The model for the evolution of Lean Construction maturity in the production management of construction projects, the SLCEM model, contains the standard with which each of the elements involved in the maturity of Lean Construction (LC) is evaluated in construction project management (CPM). Identifying the elements that show the extent of maturity and understanding how they relate is the main task for the development of the SLC-EModel. When evaluating the maturity elements, the local and global maturity indices explain the maturity of the CPM system. The indices are external references to start a cycle of continuous improvement for the evolution towards a higher level of maturity. This research presents a maturity assessment model and an evolution strategy to advance towards the highest possible level of LC maturity in the management of construction projects. }, author_keywords={Assessment, Evolution, Lean construction, Maturity, Maturity model. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Serugga2020, author={Serugga, Joas and Etges, Bernardo Martim Beck da Silva and Bernardi, Ellen and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={Front-End Design and Value Generation: A Housing Project Analysis}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={685-696}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1796}, doi={10.24928/2020/0064}, affiliation={PhD Researcher, University of Huddersfield, UK, joas.serugga@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002- 5814-1522 ; PhD Candidate, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Brazil. bernardo.m.etges@gmal.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 ; Master Student, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Partner at OSA, Brazil, ellen@ospa.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-0344 ; Dean of School of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Australia, M.kagioglou@westernsydney.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-1484 }, abstract={There is an increasing interest in the role of Front-end Design (FED) as one of the vital stages of design processes. It is the stage in which project purposes and goals are defined, requirements captured, refined, and managed and trade-offs are made considering each consequence. It is also the stage where project requirements are transformed into design requirements for implementation by professional teams. FED sets the earliest opportunities for project collaboration to facilitate value generation and delivery. Decision making in this stage often affects most of the later processes in a project. Yet, little evidence and literature exist to support FED design process. This paper examines the role of FED in housing projects, and more specifically investigating one contemporary housing development case study in Porto Alegre-Brazil, exploring how FED facilitated value generation. The research found some evidence of value management in FED processes in the case study. It is also found that more research into user requirements capture and how these facilitate value generation is still required. This paper adds to the growing body of literature in this vital area stage of the design process. }, author_keywords={Design, Front-End Design, Value, Trust and Collaboration }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skaar2020, author={Skaar, John and Bølviken, Trond and Koskela, Lauri and Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={ }, title={Principles as a Bridge Between Theory and Practice}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={1-12}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1797}, doi={10.24928/2020/0065}, affiliation={PhD Student/Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, john.skaar@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003- 2290-2374 ; Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, trond.bolviken@outlook.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4834-2408 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Professor, Dr. Ing., Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4383- 1683 }, abstract={Principles can carry the intent from the theory they represent. Military strategy has a long history of being presented through principles of war. In Lean Construction, principles like “flow,” “pull,” “remove waste” are used with ease. However, have they been correctly treated and understood? Supported by a literature review, we follow the use of principles through the history and the standing and character they have gained. The work is grounded in the important position of principles between theory and practice, and methodologically proceeds through philosophical conceptualisation. We recognise the guiding, dynamic, adjustable, durable, action-oriented, prescriptive and descriptive capabilities of principles, and emphasise their important capacity to facilitate abductive reasoning. We call for reflection upon the power of principles to strengthen the theoretical conceptualisation of Lean as well as upon their power to support improvement in practice. }, author_keywords={Theory, Lean Construction, process, principles, concepts }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Murguia2020, author={Murguia, Danny and Felix, Kevin M. and Guerra, Miguel A. }, editor={ }, title={An Approach to Capture Design and Construction Lessons Learned From Facility Managers }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={997-1008}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1798}, doi={10.24928/2020/0067}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, dmurguia@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-4058 ; Research Assistant, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, kfelixe@pucp.pe, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-3162-5711 ; Research Assistant, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, guerra.miguel@pucp.pe, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4148-182X }, abstract={The prevailing silo-way of working in the construction industry makes it difficult to incorporate valuable lessons learned from facility managers into the design stage of new projects. Some previous research in the lean community has studied methods to improve end-user satisfaction and lean principles to incorporate operations knowledge into design. However, studies focusing on problems during operation and maintenance (O&M) due to design and construction errors and the learning loops into the design stage are still lacking. This is an ongoing research project which aims to develop an open-source tool that can be used by design teams to incorporate knowledge from previous projects. This paper reports on a taxonomy of lessons learned and a preliminary tool structure. To achieve this, post-occupancy evaluation data were collected from office buildings in Lima. Ten facility managers were interviewed to describe the main challenges during O&M. It was found that lessons learned can be categorized as wrong design assumptions, design flaws, poor specifications, constructions flaws, and maintainability issues. Moreover, facility managers face with high maintenance costs and substantive building rework. A preliminary database structure to capture and retrieve O&M lessons learned is presented. Further research includes the validation of the tool with clients, project managers, and design teams; and the development of an online tool for industry engagement. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, waste, continuous improvement, knowledge management, facility management }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Uusitalo2020, author={Uusitalo, Petteri and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Waste in Design Management Operations From the Viewpoint of Project Needs}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={73-83}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1799}, doi={10.24928/2020/0068}, affiliation={1 Doct. Cand. Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, petteri.uusitalo@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7230-0788 ; Doct. Cand. Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Assoc. Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Asst. Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Waste in all project processes is hindering productivity and project’s financial goals. Successful design management operations ensure error-free design documentation just in time so that production may start when scheduled with confidence for design quality. However, traditional design management processes aim to remove waste on individual design processes, thus neglecting to view the process as a whole. This research answers the question: How the project participants perceive waste in design management operations, and in which ways the waste could be eliminated? Following a design science research approach, methods applied in this research consist of a single-case study and semi-structured interviews with the project’s design-related organization as well as orientation to previous research related to waste in design management process. Several factors related to waste in design management process are identified, and potential countermeasures are proposed. A conceptual, holistically optimized design management process is presented to remove waste to support project teams’ struggle in reaching shared goals. The key aspects are a shared technical design process in combination with decentralized team-based processes, emphasizing designer’s resilience and ability to solve uncertain events by themselves. The flow between these two perspectives is acquired by a social collaboration that is initiated through trust. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, design management, design management operations, process, waste. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kujansuu2020, author={Kujansuu, Pekka and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Salerto, Saara and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={How Does Takt Production Contribute to Trade Flow in Construction? }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={445-454}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1800}, doi={10.24928/2020/0069}, affiliation={Development Engineer, Skanska Oy, Finland, pekka.kujansuu@skanska.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002- 5672-1101 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Site Supervisor, Skanska Oy, Finland, saara.salerto@skanska.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-8222-5470 ; Associate professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Takt production has gained increased attention over the past decade inside the Lean Construction community. Several case studies have shown that implementing takt has positive effects on construction production, increasing flow by decreasing various types of waste. However, evidence on how takt production actually affects the flow of trades has been contradictory. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how implementing takt production, which heavily focuses on improving the flow of processes, affects the flow of trades. This was conducted as a single case study. We collected and analyzed 650 hours of video material by observing one takt area over a period of six weeks, in addition to document observation and nine semi-structured interviews, including general contractor and trade partner personnel. We then classified and analyzed the results in light of propositions based on a literature review. Lastly, we drew our conclusions regarding what effects takt implementation has on trade flow. The observations showed that even though the beginnings of the takt production resembled the traditional firefighting way of working, this more structured method stabilized production and positively impacted trade flow. }, author_keywords={Flow, takt production, waste, trade flow }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Riksheim2020, author={Riksheim, Helene and Lædre, Ola and Wondimu, Paulos }, editor={ }, title={Design-Build Contracts in Norwegian Road Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={745-756}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1801}, doi={10.24928/2020/0070}, affiliation={MSc Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, DCEE, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), +47 417 69 088, hmriksh@stud.ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0001- 8618-0521 ; Professor, DCEE, NTNU, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 ; Researcher, DCEE, NTNU, NTNU / Senior Engineer, paulos.wondimu@ntnu.no, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Norway, paulos.wondimu@vegvesen.no, orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-594X }, abstract={The use of design-build (DB) contracts are increasing in the Norwegian infrastructure market, but the method is still new. Both contractors and project owners lack experience and knowledge of how these contracts can be carried out in the best possible way. The purpose of this research is to explore and document experiences from the use of DB contracts. In addition to literature reviews, two cases are studied using interviews and document studies to present experiences from Norwegian road projects. The results show that the two projects are different from the early phase. An additional contract written in one of the projects has caused a lot of disagreement and mistrust between the contractor and the project owner and has been a damaging element in the project execution. It is also pointed out that because of the lack of experience and knowledge on the use of a DB contract and method from all parts, the projects are characterized by disagreements between the project owner and the contractor. Lastly, the results show that the early phase of the projects should have been utilized in a greater degree to define the scope and responsibilities of both the project owner and contractor. }, author_keywords={Design-build contract, lean construction, infrastructure, road projects }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pedó2020, author={Pedó, Bárbara and Brandalise, Fernanda M. P. and Viana, Daniela D. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Formoso, Carlos T. and Whitelock-Wainwright, Andrew }, editor={ }, title={Digital Visual Management Tools in Design Management }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={901-912}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1802}, doi={10.24928/2020/0071}, affiliation={1 MSc Student, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, +44 7576632476, barbarapedo@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-0981 ; 2 PhD Candidate, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, fernandampbrandalise@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000- 0001-5126-4741 ; Associate Professor, Interdisciplinary Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, danidietz@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-4708 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 ; Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000- 0002-4772-3746 ; Associate Technical Director, Arcadis, UK, andrew.whitelock-wainwright@arcadis.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0517-3563 }, abstract={Managing design often requires a complex organisational structure, due to the large number of internal and external stakeholders involved. That complexity demands an information system to support collaboration and coordination. However, traditional communication approaches only partially comply with the requirements of digital design environments. Visual Management (VM) has the potential to increase process transparency in design and facilitate the information transfer between stakeholders. Nonetheless, there is a lack of effective VM methods to support design management. The aim of this paper is to investigate the adoption of digital VM tools in design management. The paper presents findings of an ongoing research project developed with an infrastructure design company in the UK, following the Design Science Research approach. The main findings include the discussion of VM concepts in a digital design environment, as well as the analysis of existing VM tools which contribute to new ways of working and communicating. }, author_keywords={Visual management, collaboration, integration, design management, digitalisation }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jimenez2020, author={Jimenez, Alexander and Ilar, Torbjörn and Stehn, Lars }, editor={ }, title={Keeping Track of Productivity in House-Building}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={85-96}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1803}, doi={10.24928/2020/0072}, affiliation={PhD Student, Construction Management & Building Technology, Dept. of Civil, Environmental & Natural Resource Engineering, Luleå Univ. of Technology, Sweden, alexander.jimenez@ltu.se, orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-6936 ; Sen. Lecturer, Manufacturing Systems engineering, Dept. of Engineering Sciences & Mathematics, Luleå Univ. of Technology, Sweden, torbjorn.ilar@ltu.se, orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-9560 ; Prof. Construction Management & Building Technol., Dept. of Civil, Envir. & Natural Resource Engineering, Luleå Univ. of Technology, Sweden, lars.stehn@ltu.se, orcid.org/0000-0002-3067-9451 }, abstract={The broad nature of productivity leads to different interpretations and uses depending on the purpose, context and levels giving many ways for measuring productivity. However, measuring productivity in ways that reveal substantial information for operational improvements in house-building seems challenging, and methods like single-factor productivity are reported not to be common in systematic ways to that end. It is unclear how productivity is used by house-builders on-site to control, evaluate and improve operations. This study addresses how Swedish house-building companies keep track of productivity in the processes and sub-processes of production. Productivity measurements and the control of influencing factors on productivity are discussed with findings from interviews and workshops with representatives from five Swedish housebuilding companies. Results show that some productivity measurements are done in parallel with “ordinary” project management assessments to control time and cost. Yet, most factors seemingly affecting productivity are measured qualitatively and “stay in the mind” of the managers. However, some results indicate an increased understanding amongst managers for using performance indicators to track and develop activities and processes assisted with digital tools. Still, further investigation is needed to better understand how factors influencing productivity can systematically be assessed and incorporated into methods for operational development. }, author_keywords={Productivity measurements, house-building, work flow, process, daily huddle }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haghsheno2020, author={Haghsheno, Shervin and Budau, Maximilian R.-D. and Russmann, Eduard }, editor={ }, title={Collaboration Barometer – Development of a Tool for Measuring Collaboration During Design and Construction }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={323-336}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1804}, doi={10.24928/2020/0073}, affiliation={Prof., Director, Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 ; Research Associate, Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, maximilian.budau@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-1176 ; Research Associate, Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, orcid.org/0000-0002-5919-3279 }, abstract={Many concepts in Lean Construction are based on collaboration. In project delivery models such as Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), which relies on a high degree of integration, the success of the project depends particularly on the degree of collaboration between the project participants. But even in traditional project delivery models such as design-bid-build, construction management at risk or design-build the degree of collaboration can have a strong influence on project success. While many project parameters such as costs, deadlines, quality, changes or risks are measured and controlled within the framework of project management of construction projects, hardly any focus is placed on measuring and controlling the important factor of collaboration between the project participants in a project. Starting with the basics on collaboration, this paper describes the development of a tool called "Collaboration Barometer", which can be used to measure the degree of collaboration between the participants in a construction project and shows how the results are processed and what benefits are derived from them. The paper also includes experiences with the first applications of the tool and gives recommendations for its use. }, author_keywords={ collaboration, culture, project controlling, project delivery }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Walter2020, author={Walter, Rory and Weinmann, Marc and Baier, Carolin and Oprach, Svenja and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={A Requirement Model for Lean Leadership in Construction Projects }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={145-156}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1805}, doi={10.24928/2020/0074}, affiliation={MSc Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +49-721-608-42647, rwalter@vollack.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-8405-1029 ; BSc Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +49-721-608-42647, marc.weinmann@student.kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3871-0553 ; 3 Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +49-721-608-48265, carolin.baier@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-2790-9586 ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +49-721-608-48265, svenja.oprach@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-1791 ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +49-721-608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 }, abstract={A growing number of construction companies are implementing the Lean philosophy to improve the customer’s value and identify waste. A recently conducted survey with corporate members of the LCI showed that main barriers in Lean implementation are managerial based. Many construction companies mainly focus on the implementation of Lean Construction methods and tools and often social factors for cultural change are neglected. To achieve the required change, site managers play a very important role as the linkage between the people responsible for value-adding activities on the construction site and the top management. A role shift is necessary, which results in changing requirements for leadership: From a strongly centred role of a manager to the role of a leader. The new leadership role has both to support collaboration between subcontractors and to continuously improve the skills and knowledge of the individuals. Based on a comprehensive literature study in the field of Lean Leadership and leadership approaches in general, the authors develop a requirement model for construction managers for the Lean transformation process. The requirement model can serve as a basis for further research and the development of further training programs for construction managers. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Lean Leadership, culture change, requirements }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2020, author={Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Takting the Parade of Trades: Use of Capacity Buffers to Gain Work Flow Reliability}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={421-432}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1806}, doi={10.24928/2020/0076}, affiliation={Prof., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 }, abstract={The Parade of Trades game introduces concepts of sequential dependence and process variability in order to illustrate the detrimental impact such variability has on a system’s performance. In this paper we refer to the Parade of Trades to explore the use of capacity buffers in order to improve system performance as is done, for example, when developing a takt plan. Using discrete-event simulation as a discovery tool to study alternative means of work structuring, we here present an augmented Parade of Trades model in which standby capacity is available to make up for any insufficiency in completing work relative to what needs to be completed in any given takt. The judicious provision of standby capacity can help to gain work flow reliability. The design of production systems using standby capacity is barely mentioned in the construction literature. We start to shed light on this design question in this paper. The discussion of the model’s results expands on the distinction between using standby capacity vs. outright adding capacity. This distinction is important to understand in the context of work flow reliability as well as continuous improvement based on Lean thinking, and should spark good follow-on discussion! }, author_keywords={Parade of Trades, dependence, variability, capacity buffer, process capability, takt planning, discrete-event simulation }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Amaral2020, author={Amaral, Tatiana G. do and Braga, Pedro B. and Neto, José P. Barros }, editor={ }, title={Application of Dynamic Spreadsheets in the Analysis of Waste by Making-Do}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={841-852}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1807}, doi={10.24928/2020/0077}, affiliation={Professor, Environmental and Civil Engineering. Dept., Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil, +55 62981680902, tatianagondim@ufg.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-9746-4025 ; Civil Engineer, Brazil, +55 62 982560737, pedrobraga.engcivil@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 3184-1158 ; Full Professor, Structural and Civil Construction. Dept., Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil, +55 85999691871, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 }, abstract={The study of making-do contributes to improvements in the planning and control of construction sites, thus minimizing waste. The present study aims to investigate and analyze waste by making-do in seven companies from Goiás with the aid of a Dashboard and perform the risk analysis of the identified waste. Data were analyzed during technical visits at each site, among which the direct non-participant observation, questionnaire application and document analysis stand out. The analysis of the data indicated that most of waste is related to steps of sealing and structure within the construction sites, in particular, for components connected to plastering and concreting. The main impact of waste by making-do was rework followed by reduced security. The risk analysis was able to identify the main points according to their severity, which guided management and decision making. As final contributions, the main impacts and suggestions to minimize them are presented. Therefore, the aim to study making-do is highlighted in view of its relation with other areas of construction, mainly linked to the quality and safety of construction sites. }, author_keywords={Waste, making-do, rework, improvisation, dashboard, risk analysis. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gabai2020, author={Gabai, Doron S. and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={Optimized Installation Flow – A Strategy for Substantial Cycle Time Reduction}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={253-264}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1808}, doi={10.24928/2020/0080}, affiliation={PMP, PgMP, LCI Israel Chairman, Senior PM Intel Construction, Israel, Doron.Gabai@LCI-Israel.org, https://www.leanconstruction.org/israel/, orcid.org/0000-0001-8297-2476 ; Professor, Virtual Construction Laboratory, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, cvsacks@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-5053 }, abstract={Industrial system infrastructure installations, such as those in semiconductor fabrication plants, are complex, short-term and mission critical. They frequently encounter productivity, predictability and performance problems. We propose a strategic approach to manage such projects and substantially reduce their durations. The method, called Optimized Installation Flow (OIF), builds on lean and associated theories in the realm of production planning and control, synthesizing a method with seven principles. The results of implementation of OIF in 108 such projects show marked and consistent improvement in project duration when compared with the results of 91 other projects managed using the same company’s previous best practice “Two-week buffer” approach. On average, cycle time durations for tool installation projects were reduced by 42%-48%, without any overtime on site. The method is gradually being adopted as new standard practice throughout the construction management portfolio of the case study company. OIF is an operating strategy that has demonstrated improvement, shifting mindsets, behaviours and organization’s culture. }, author_keywords={Action Research, High-Performance Teams, Last Planner® System, Optimized Installation Flow (OIF), Production Control. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2020, author={Santos, Éden Malveira dos and Fontenele, Amanda Daniel and Machado, Amanda Moreira Lima and Neto, José de Paula Barros and Amaral, Tatiana Gondim do }, editor={ }, title={Analysis of Making-Do Waste at Construction Site in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={853-864}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1809}, doi={10.24928/2020/0082}, affiliation={Master Student, Department of Structural and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, eden_malveira@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-5911-7113 ; Master Student, Department of Structural and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, amanda_fontenele@alu.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-5470 ; Master Student, Department of Structural and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, amandamlmachado@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2522-2761 ; Full Professor, Department of Structural and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 ; Full Professor, Department of Structural and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 }, abstract={The competitive market in the construction sector leads companies to develop actions in the construction processes to prevent waste. Making-do waste is considered as the waste originated from a situation in which a task iniciates without the necessary resources, such as materials, labor or equipment, or when these items are not suitable for carrying out an activity. The study of this type of waste makes it possible to optimize task planning and control and, thus, to reduce other kinds of waste. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze how waste from making-do affects construction sites in three construction companies in Fortaleza, Brazil, classifying it into categories, identifying its possible causes and analyzing its impacts. This paper also presents a risk analysis of the identified making-do waste }, author_keywords={Making-do, improvisation, waste, construction sites }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kwofie2020, author={Kwofie, Stephen and Pasquire, Christine L. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Thinking for Structural Engineers}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={157-168}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1810}, doi={10.24928/2020/0083}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil Engr. Department, Nottingham Trent University, stephen.kwofie2018@my.ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-6215-2339 ; Professor of Lean Project Management, Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-6344-2031 }, abstract={The positive transformation realised from lean concept application in the manufacturing industry has inspired many researchers to investigate and propose its adoption in Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry (AEC). The lean application in construction sector has received significant attention. Building up on previous recommendations regarding lean design and construction, this study explored lean thinking for Structural Engineers (SE) to identify new, efficient and innovative ways for executing structural designs and engineering works. The research study was based on qualitative research method using Systematic Literature Review (SLR). An overview of research works on lean applied to designs demonstrated lean to be a multi-dimensional concept characterised by different levels and therefore defied a universal definition. This paper therefore focused on the first part of the study where an understanding of lean was gained with respect to structural designs and was characterised with lean principles, techniques, processes, practices and tools to deliver value for customers. }, author_keywords={Lean thinking design, lean product development, lean design management, systematic literature review. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fireman2020, author={Fireman, Marcus C. T and Saurin, Tarcisio A. }, editor={ }, title={Chain of Wastes: The Moderating Role of Making-Do}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={409-420}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1811}, doi={10.24928/2020/0084}, affiliation={PhD Student, Building Innovation Research Unit ( NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5888 }, abstract={The concept of chain of wastes has been used to describe the systemic impacts of some types of wastes. In turn, making-do has been proposed as a leading waste that triggers other wastes that propagate across a chain of wastes. However, there is scarce empirical basis for that proposition, and current models of chain of wastes are not based on a functional perspective, which hinders the traceability of wastes to production activities. This study presents an application of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) for the modelling of a chain of wastes. Based on FRAM, a chain of wastes was modelled for the gutter assembly process of an airport terminal building. Data collection involved the analysis of documents and an interview with the production manager of the construction project. Results indicated that making-do played a moderating role in the chain of wastes. While it compensated for wastes arising from the initial stages of the chain of wastes (i.e. it prevented a contractual fine from being applied) it created new wastes downstream, with implications for the building’s use. The provision of slack resources is presented as an alternative for the prevention and mitigation of the impacts of making-do. }, author_keywords={Chain of Wastes, Making-do, Slack, Functional Resonance Analysis Method. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Malvik2020, author={Malvik, Tobias O. and Engebø, Atle and Wondimu, Paulos A. and Johansen, Agnar and Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={ }, title={Comparing Road Construction Projects Against an IPD Standard}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={553-564}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1812}, doi={10.24928/2020/0086}, affiliation={1 Research Assistant, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 986 70 354, tobias.o.malvik@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-7588-1899 ; PhD Candidate, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, atle.engebo@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-0176 ; PhD, Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA), paulos.wondimu@vegvesen.no, orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-594X ; Professor, Dr philos, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, a.johansen@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-0063-3679 ; Professor, Dr. Ing., University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway, bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003- 4383-1683 }, abstract={As a way of improving project performance, collaborative project delivery methods (PDMs) have been presented as a potential solution. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is a relational PDM that has gained a lot of attention in recent years. However, laws, regulations and internal restrictions are factors that limit a project’s influence on its PDM, and implementing IPD is not always possible. In this study, we address three large road construction projects with different approaches to a collaborative PDM. In the paper, we ask “How can projects use alternative organization and contract arrangements to achieve incentives which resemble the IPD arrangement?” The study was carried out by conducting a literature study and a case study approach. Three projects were investigated via document reviews and semi-structured interviews with key actors in the value chains. We conclude that there are several possible ways to arrange a relational PDM to facilitate efficient project execution. The level of collaboration, the timing of contractor involvement and the structure of the contract and procurement procedure are examples of adjustable factors in early stages that affect project execution. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Public-Private Partnership, Relational Project Delivery Methods, Integrated Project Delivery }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Smoge2020, author={Smoge, Gard Y. and Torp, Olav and Johansen, Agnar }, editor={ }, title={Maturity of TVD Implementation in Norwegian Public Building Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={385-396}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1813}, doi={10.24928/2020/0087}, affiliation={MSc student, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 975 31 662, gardys@stud.ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-3666-2885 ; Associate Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 226 73, olav.torp@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-5097 ; Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 930 58 741, a.johansen@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-0063-3679 }, abstract={There is an emerging international interest in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry towards designing and constructing building projects based on Target Cost (TC) through the development of ‘Target Costing’ and Target Value Design (TVD)4 . The aim is to create more value for the client and the users through iterative design processes focusing on optimization of value within cost limitation. The purpose of this study is to discover and bring awareness of the maturity of TVD implementation during the pre-project phase in Norwegian public building projects. Findings in the research are a result of a literature study and five case studies which included a document study and semi-structured interviews with the involved project managers (PMs) from both the client and the contractor. The case studies provide the current maturity of TVD implementation during the pre-project in a number of Norwegian public building projects and shows that the TVD characteristics are only partially implemented. TVD maturity varies across the categories: contracting, organizing, defining (business case and validation) and steering. Furthermore, enhancing maximum project value is a challenge due to the lack of visualization and the focus towards cost reduction. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design, Target Value Design Maturity, Target Cost, Collaboration }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kassab2020, author={Kassab, Omar A. and Young, Brendan K. and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of Last Planner® System in an Infrastructure Project }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={517-528}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1814}, doi={10.24928/2020/0089}, affiliation={MSc Candidate, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +4796877993, omarka@stud.ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-3768-3592 ; Site Manager, PNC Norge AS, Oslo Norway, +4747713728, brendan.young@pnc-norge.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-2532-8670 ; Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +4773594739, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={Since the establishment of the Last Planner® system (LPS) by Ballard and Howell, multiple studies have been conducted to evaluate the implementation of LPS in many construction projects. However, few studies have recorded the implementation process in infrastructure projects. This study investigates the implementation of LPS in an infrastructure project (Minnevika Bridge project), detect the challenges that arise during the implementation, and suggest measures to overcome these challenges. Several data collection methods were used in an action research approach; namely, a single case study, a literature study, non-participant/participant observations, six semi-structured interviews and two surveys. The study revealed that the project followed the best practice process map for LPS implementation mentioned in the literature. Moreover, the project experienced challenges described in the literature that tend to arise when adopting LPS, similar to those reported from other construction projects (e.g. participants’ resistance to the system). The study concludes with suggested measures to overcome these challenges (e.g. sufficient training and openness towards the LPS). Finally, the researchers represent challenges that are not clearly described in the literature (e.g., fear of responsibility when making the commitments) }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Last Planner System, Action research, Challenges, Infrastructure }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lagos2020, author={Lagos, Camilo and Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Basoalto, Fabio and Río, Óscar del }, editor={ }, title={Using Reasons for Non-Compliance to Assess Project Performance in the Last Planner System®}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={241-252}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1815}, doi={10.24928/2020/0090}, affiliation={PhD Student, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, colagos@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-0039 ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 ; Student, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, fjbasoalto@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0003-4711-6302 ; Student, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, ofdelrio@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0509-7070 }, abstract={The Last Planner System® (LPS) follows a systematic process of planning and control, in which compliance to short-term commitments is followed weekly and Reasons for Non-Compliance (RNC) are traced for each commitment not accomplished. While most project managers pay close attention to the evolution of the Plan Percent Complete (PPC) indicator to assess project performance, many projects make little or no use of historical data regarding RNCs. The aim of this research is to use quantitative RNC measurements to detect if projects with successful schedule accomplishment present significant differences in their number of RNC, their composition and impact. We gathered weekly information from 23 complete Chilean industrial construction projects and used the Schedule Performance Index (SPI) and Schedule Deviation (SD) at completion to categorize projects into two success groups. We compared LPS compliance indicators between the two groups, such as the Plan Percent Complete (PPC), and RNC metrics, such as their Relative Importance Index (RII), the percentage of internal RNC and the percentage of RNC caused by the main contractor. We found that RNC metrics present significant differences between the groups and can help project managers to establish actions for continuous improvement. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Last Planner System®, continuous improvement, Reasons for NonCompliance. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Erazo-Rondinel2020, author={Erazo-Rondinel, Andrews A. and Vila-Comun, Alfredo and Alva, Abel }, editor={ }, title={Application of the Last Planner® System in a Sports Infrastructure Project in Peru}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={529-540}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1816}, doi={10.24928/2020/0091}, affiliation={Graduate Student, National University of Engineering, aerazor@uni.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-5639- 573X ; Projects Control Chief at Cosapi, avila@cosapi.com.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-6621-834X ; Field Engineer Chief at Cosapi, aalva@cosapi.com.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-1279 }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) is been applied in Peru since the 2000s for many General Contractors (GC), mainly in the concrete frames phase of building projects. However, most of the problems with variability and coordination comes up during the MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) phase and finishing works. The following paper sums up the application of The Last Planner on a large sports infrastructure project in Peru for the Pan-American Games focused on MEP phase and finishing works. It offers an overview of the implementation of LPS and its impact on the indicators of the project. This implementation took 27 weeks and was divided into two phases. The first phase took 10 weeks. Here, subcontractors discovered and learned about LPS. After this process the team evaluated the level of knowledge and identified opportunities to improve it. With this diagnose, the team implemented a set of measures to increase the level of LPS on the project. Finally, this implementation helped the project to reduce the variability (increase the Percentage of Complete Plan) and increase SPI (Schedule Performance Index), making it possible to deliver on time. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, big room/obeya, pull planning, visual management, collaboration. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2020, author={Schöttle, Annett and Arroyo, Paz and Christensen, Randi }, editor={ }, title={Does Your Decision-Making Process Protect Customer Value?}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={49-58}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1817}, doi={10.24928/2020/0093}, affiliation={Senior Consultant, Refine Projects AG, Schelmenwasenstraße 34, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany, +4915156561529, annett.schoettle@refine.team and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320 ; Quality Leader, DPR, San Francisco, CA, PazA@dpr.com, and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-8172 ; Associate Technical Director (Lean), COWI, RMCH@cowi.com and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3377-7057 }, abstract={Project teams make several decisions while designing and building construction projects impacting customer value. Most decisions are made without deliberate attention and based on the present individual’s knowledge and experience in order to comply with an often unrealistic schedule. However, some decisions require deliberate considerations and cross-disciplinary review. What might seem insignificant for one discipline might have a huge impact in other parts of the scheme. We claim that values (beliefs) impact decisions and thereby the value (outcome). This paper explores how Choosing by Advantages (CBA) supports the making of deliberate decisions based on values and thereby helps to deliver value for a project. Based on a literature review, this paper will discuss p }, author_keywords={Choosing by Advantages (CBA), decision-making, value, values }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2020, author={Schöttle, Annett }, editor={ }, title={What Drives Our Project Teams? }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={313-324}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1818}, doi={10.24928/2020/0094}, affiliation={Senior Consultant, Refine Projects AG, Schelmenwasenstraße 34, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany, +4915156561529, annett.schoettle@refine.team and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320 }, abstract={Motivation drives our behavior that leads to performance and achievement of targets. Especially in collaborative delivery systems, the motivation within a group is sensitive to the project conditions and relationships within the team. However, research on motivation is underrepresented in construction and is mainly based on the simplified classification into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. This concept is obsolete. In recent decades the selfdetermination theory (SDT) developed by Deci and Ryan has spread within the motivation and organizational theory. SDT defines motivation based on the three psychological needs, (1) autonomy, (2) competence, and (3) relatedness, and divides extrinsic motivation according to the degree of autonomy. Since the theory has not been transferred to the construction industry, this paper applies existing scales to give – based on a particular case – a first indication regarding the following question: What drives project team members in the construction industry? Therefore, one year after 21 interviews with one project team were conducted, a survey was sent to the interviewees (90% response rate), now working on different projects in different project teams. It was found that autonomous motivation drives the selected participants. Furthermore, the data shows that good relationships as well as the feeling of competence regarding their task are important and need to be considered when developing the project settings. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, Lean construction, motivation, psychological needs, self-determination theory. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Souza2020, author={Souza, Felipe S. and Fontanini, Patricia S.P. }, editor={ }, title={Impact on Productive Stability Caused by Variations of Prestressed Precast Elements }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={637-648}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1819}, doi={10.24928/2020/0097}, affiliation={Master, Laboratory of Systems Technology and Construction Processes (LABTEC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and Precast Production Coordinator, Sudeste Pré-Fabricados LTDA, souzafelipesantos@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0359-0427 ; Professor, Laboratory of Systems Technology and Construction Processes (LABTEC), Department of Architecture and Building, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP), patricia@fec.unicamp.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-7505 }, abstract={Precast elements have prominence in Brazilian civil construction in recent years. Because the production of structural parts is industrialized, this segment has provided a product with better quality control and technological performance. In the current economic situation in Brazil, the market has few opportunities, decreasing sales prices, and profits, in addition to constant pressure for more efficient manufacturing. In this approach, many companies choose to use lean construction, looking for an opportunity to maximize the added value of the product for customers, reduce waste, generate quality, and produce in a continuous flow. However, the sector is still characterized by the significant variation in demand, which is a reflection of the market with differences in typology (pieces) requested in the construction. A low standardization of projects, flows, and workloads vary throughout the month, hinders productive stability and the implementation of lean production. The present research adopted the Action Research methodology, proposing to stabilize the production of precast prestressed beams. In the stabilization process, it was possible to identify the impact caused by production variations on basic stability, assuming to propose processes to be improved within this production line. }, author_keywords={Standardization, prestressed precast elements, variability, action research }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bazzan2020, author={Bazzan, Jordana and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Echeveste, Márcia }, editor={ }, title={Use of Complaint Records of Maintenance Departments for Continuous Improvement }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={1009-1020}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1820}, doi={10.24928/2020/0099}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, jordanabazzan@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-0743-8630 ; Professor, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Professor, Postgraduate Program in Industrial Engineering (PPGEP), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, echeveste@producao.ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-0495 }, abstract={Housebuilding companies are required to deal with customer complaints in the warranty period. Some of them have maintenance departments that make necessary repairs in existing buildings. Due to this service, companies accumulate records on the quality of projects, which can contribute to the understanding of occurrence defects and their causes, supporting continuous improvement. However, deficiencies in information management can make it difficult to use complaints records as a feedback source. The literature does not discuss solutions for managing information related to customer complaints, nor the use of performance metrics that can effectively provide feedback from quality problems identified. This study has two contributions: a classification structure for the types of defects identified from complaints, and indicators generated by fault tree analysis. The study was carried out in the maintenance department of a Brazilian housebuilding company. The evidence sources used were: complaint database analysis, discussion seminars, and interviews with the company representatives. The proposed solutions resulted in improvements regarding the structure and level of detail of the records. Also, the fault tree analysis made it possible to identify the most critical quality problems as well as to evaluate the level of impact of each one in project quality. }, author_keywords={Quality, Continuous Improvement, Waste, Complaint, Fault Tree Analysis. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Correa2020, author={Correa, Stefania Limp Muniz }, editor={ }, title={Virtual Design and Construction Application During the Bidding Stage of Infrastructure Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={889-900}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1821}, doi={10.24928/2020/0103}, affiliation={Bidding Engineer, Andrade Gutierrez Engenharia, São Paulo, Brazil, stefania.correa@agnet.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-2324-533X }, abstract={The bidding stage of infrastructure projects involves dealing with high levels of uncertainty and risks, as information at the early stage of the projects are often incomplete. Hence, the process of delivering a tender implies in making hypothesis, often based on the experience of the engineers. This leads to a series of error-prone tasks, in which Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) can add value by the implementation of its structured framework and concepts. This article aims to present the case study of VDC implementation at the bidding stage of infrastructure projects. The results show that VDC can help define a structure to the demands made to the design teams and to do better following up of the project, evidencing opportunities of improvements by the collection of lessons learned. The collocation also promotes collaboration between design and bidding teams, once the workflow and metrics were known and followed up, giving more transparency during all the process. }, author_keywords={Standardization, Collaboration, Workflow, Virtual Design and Construction }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bravo2020, author={Bravo, Mariana and Euphrosino, Camila Augusto and Fontanini, Patricia Stella Pucharelli }, editor={ }, title={DMAIC Manual for an Integrated Management System: Application in a Construction Company}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={169-180}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1822}, doi={10.24928/2020/0106}, affiliation={Mariana Bravo1 , Camila Augusto Euphrosino2 , and Patricia Stella Pucharelli Fontanini3 ; MSc Student, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, UNICAMP - University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. ceuphrosino@gmail.com. orcid.org/0000-0002-7924-7414 ; Professor, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, UNICAMP - University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. pspucha@gmail.com. orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-7505/ }, abstract={This article elaborates on the development of a DMAIC Manual for the restructuring of an Integrated Management System of a Brazilian company that builds real estate and corporate works, with a focus on Lean Six Sigma. The Manual was designed to lead the XYZ construction company toward a management focused on Lean Six Sigma, reducing waste and variability of its delivery processes to customers. The five DMAIC steps—define, measure, analyze improve and control—were reviewed and structured to add value to activities. The structuring and implementation of this Manual are detailed, including the management history of the company and how the Integrated Management System relates to the DMAIC. }, author_keywords={Continuous improvement, integrated management system, lean construction, process, six sigma. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hackler2020, author={Hackler, Cory and Byse, Erika and Hoots, Adam and Boughner, Jeanne }, editor={ }, title={Customizing Lean Leadership: New Facilitator Case Studies }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={133-142}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1823}, doi={10.24928/2020/0107}, affiliation={Lean Leader/Trainer/Coach, DPR Construction, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA, coryha@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000 0002-8098-8172 ; Lean Leader/Trainer/Coach. DPR Construction, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA, erikab@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-3902-2533 ; Lean Leader, DPR Construction, Charlotte, NC 28217, USA, adamhoots@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-0383-8437 ; Leader of ERP Technology, DPR Construction, Charlotte, NC 28217, USA, jeanne@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-7190 }, abstract={This paper presents the fourth issuance of Building a Lean Culture with a Lean Leadership (LL) training program initiated by the company. So far, the LL program has reached over five hundred participants. Over the last year, the program “grew” new passionate facilitators who then taught their Business Units and Departments. These new facilitators engaged with their students at a much deeper level by applying the concepts specifically to meet their needs. The connection was cultivated organically because both the teachers and students had a personal and professional relationship already in place from working together. This paper shares success stories from the new facilitators on how their teams, in the company’s value stream, applied LL knowledge to their business. The concepts were applied in a variety of ways including go to the Gemba as a customer strategy for computer specialists, who typically work in the office. Transforming the company’s business includes all leaders teaching LL as a key part of their skillsets to improve organizational health. The program’s main goal is to disseminate lean through the company to support “the Leadership model” described by Howell (Howell et al. 2004) which is “coaching and continual fostering of an organizational environment conducive to building trust among people for collaboration, learning, and innovation”. }, author_keywords={Lean leadership, change, action learning, collaboration, trust. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Erazo2020, author={Erazo, Andrews and Guzman, Giankeving and Espinoza, Stefany }, editor={ }, title={Applying BIM Tools in IPD Project in Peru}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={973-984}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1824}, doi={10.24928/2020/0108}, affiliation={Graduate Student, National University of Engineering, Perú, aerazor@uni.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002- 5639-573X ; Research Assistant, Virtual Design and Construction Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Perú, gguzmang@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3008-7867 ; BIM Coordinator at COSAPI SA, sespinoza@cosapi.com.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-6613-2589 }, abstract={Traditional project delivery models are characterized by poor interaction in the design and construction stages, the poor process of collaboration, communication, and integration between the customer, contractor, and subcontractors. Lean Construction and Building Information Modeling have been implemented with great success in different construction projects in Peru, however, projects with IPD collaborative contracts have little information about their application in Peru. The project application is a Fast Track type project for the Pan American Lima Games 2019. The paper aims to demonstrate that the use of BIM tools enhances collaboration and integration into an IPD project. It starts with a literary review of the topics and then describes the proposed BIM and IPD integration framework, and finally evaluates the metrics obtained. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), BIM, collaboration, ICE session. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lazarte2020, author={Lazarte, Frederick M. Gutiérrez }, editor={ }, title={Influence of Integrated Teams and Co-Location to Achieve the Target Cost in Building Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={733-744}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1825}, doi={10.24928/2020/0109}, affiliation={Integration, Process, Transformation-Flow-Value, Target Cost, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) }, abstract={Construction projects are complex that the creation of value cannot only be carried out by a company; for this reason, temporary contracts are created between construction companies, designers, and owners. However, these contractual relationships are difficult when the interests and needs of each company are contrasted with those of the project and generate problems of collaboration between the parties. The present study describes the implementation of project integration practices such as co-location and integrated teams in a building project in Lima, Peru. The ideas proposed resulted in savings for the project. The study details the ideas by discipline and the achievements obtained. }, author_keywords={Integration, Process, Transformation-Flow-Value, Target Cost, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cano2020, author={Cano, Sandra and Rubiano, Oscar }, editor={ }, title={Dynamics Model of the Flow Management of Construction Projects: Study of Case}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={1045-1056}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1826}, doi={10.24928/2020/0110}, affiliation={Prof., Escuela de Ingeniería Civil y Geomática, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No 100-00 edificio E48. Cali, Colombia, +(57) (2) 3212100 ext. 7231, sandra.cano@correounivalle.edu.co, orcid.org/0000- 0003-4257-6035 ; Prof., Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, Calle 13 No 100-00 edificio E56, Cali, Colombia, oscar.rubiano@correounivalle.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0001-5839-2076 }, abstract={This research reviews the issues associated with the obstruction of the workflow in the management of infrastructure construction projects in a public university in Colombia. The value flow of infrastructure projects is mapped, which allows showing the problems caused by waste in this flow. The issues are related to formal and informal policies and threads that condition workflows. The system dynamics model was used to study the systemic structure. The systemic model allows us to identify the cause-effect relationship between the elements in interaction in the model. Different states of intervention are simulated to suggest improvement actions by progressive elimination of wasteful activities in the value chain with the application of the principles and tools of Lean Construction in the short and medium terms. }, author_keywords={System Dynamics, Lean Thinking, Value Stream Mapping, University infrastructure projects. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shuvo2020, author={Shuvo, Badhon Das and Lu, Ming }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction Planning Subject to Variations in Detailed Features of Fabricated Bridge Girders}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={649-660}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1827}, doi={10.24928/2020/0115}, affiliation={MSc Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Canada, +1 780 485-7681, badhonda@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-196X ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Canada, +1 780 492-5110, mlu6@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-8191-8627 }, abstract={With the growing implementation of prefabrication and off-site construction in practice, the focus of job shop scheduling shifts from manufacturing to the practical application context in construction. This research explores a new lean approach to project planning and scheduling assisted with production operations planning by simulation. The research methodology uses a simulation model that had been developed to account for sufficient details from the perspective of the actual shop manager and thoroughly validated in collaboration with an industry partner. A simulation case of planning bridge girder fabrication at a steel fabrication shop was conducted to illuminate on ‘mura’ (variations in product design and production process) inherent in girder fabrication. Based on the simulation, we made an attempt to elaborate the inherent variations in girder fabrication time and inter-girder lag in order to facilitate applying lean concepts in planning bridge construction projects. }, author_keywords={Variations, collaboration, fabrication, waste, reliable }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Berg2020, author={Berg, Peter and Reed, Dean and Sriram, Shashikala }, editor={ }, title={Capability-Building Competition in Design: Case Study }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={121-131}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1828}, doi={10.24928/2020/0116}, affiliation={Project Executive, DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA, peterb@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8227-2012 ; Lean/Integration Advocate, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, deanr@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2916-8558 ; Preconstruction Manager, DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA, shashis@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9314-3163 }, abstract={This paper uses the action research method retrospectively to better understand the development of capability on a series of 7 Higher Education building projects during the architectural planning phase prior to the start of design. The research question is whether Takahiro Fujimoto’s explanation of the way Toyota continuously built its capability to deliver automobiles buyers wanted can inform the development of more competitive capability within design and construction companies and together on projects. This paper follows one by the first 2 authors published in the IGLC27 2019 Proceedings in which they use Fujimoto to explain the development of a capability to pre-fabricate and install exterior wall (X-wall) panels for 6 projects during construction. In this new paper the authors share their understanding of Fujimoto’s explanation and survey literature they found helpful for understanding what they observed relative to his theory. Then the authors describe “Programmatic Spatial Cost Modeling” and analyze the development, use and competitiveness of this capability across the 7 projects. In closing, the authors share their conclusions in the form of questions and speculations for further research. }, author_keywords={Theory, kaizen, target cost, capability, information }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Joshi2020, author={Joshi, Hrishikesh Sanatkumar and Jayarajan, Santhosh and Vaidyanathan, Kalyan and Devkar, Ganesh }, editor={ }, title={Quantitative Framework for Measuring Effectiveness of Big Room }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={277-288}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1829}, doi={10.24928/2020/0119}, affiliation={Chief Operating Officer, Panora Infrastructure LLP, Worli, Mumbai 400018, India, hrbm1011@yahoo.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-5203-9028 ; DGM-Electrical, Tata Realty,E-Block,Voltas Compound, TB Kadam Marg, Chinchpokli,Mumbai 400033, India, santh_rfx@yahoo.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0512-2715 ; CEO, Nadhi Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd.,#4, Aswathi, 2nd Crescent Park Street, Gandhi Nagar, Adyar, Chennai 600020. India, kalyanv@nadhi.in, orcid.org/0000-0001-7006-6329 ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India, ganesh.devkar@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-1221 }, abstract={Benefits derived from the conduct of Big Room are well established. At present, the lean practitioners have been focusing on tapping the potential of this technique by systematizing the processes associated with implementation of Big Room. But there has been no quantifiable metrics to measure the same. In this context, this paper reports a study undertaken to develop and implement Big Room Effectiveness Index (BREI) that assesses effectiveness of Big Room. This research study adopted action research approach in the context of an Indian real estate developer. A core group within this developer was formed to steer the initiative of BREI. Based on literature review and interactions within core group, 10 measures for assessing effectiveness of Big Room were identified, which are grouped under four categories: collaboration, look-ahead planning, knowledge building and tools used, and continuous improvement. The framework was codified with some flexibility to provide inputs like parameter weightages and rating of these parameters. The developed BREI was implemented in an ongoing real estate project. The BREI was plotted on a monthly basis and it provided valuable input to participants involved in the Big Room meetings and suggested areas of improvements. }, author_keywords={Big Room/obeya, Collaboration, continuous improvement/kaizen, lookahead planning, constraint analysis. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heet2020, author={Heet, Mohammad R.A.H. Al and Alves, Thais da C. L. and Lakrori, Nensi }, editor={ }, title={Investigation of the Use of Lean Construction Practices in Transportation Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={541-552}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1830}, doi={10.24928/2020/0121}, affiliation={Former graduate student, MS, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, mohammadheet@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-5314-8338 ; Associate Prof., Ph.D., AGC-Paul S. Roel Chair in Const. Eng. and Mgmt., Dept. of Civil, Const., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, talves@sdsu.edu , orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-9190 ; Full-time Lecturer, PE, MS, LEED BD+C, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, nlakrori@sdsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-7168-0280 }, abstract={The use of Lean Construction (LC) concepts and tools has advanced in different sectors in the United States, including but not limited to, delivery of commercial, educational, and hospital buildings. Many contractors working on these sectors appear to use more collaborative forms of contracts and have been more willing to experimenting with LC. However, in the transportation sector Lean Construction appears to be in its early phases of adoption. This sector has used tools aiming at fostering collaboration which are developed based on recommendations from departments of transportation in different states. Yet, the sector has not embraced Lean practices that could support the design, planning, and construction of these projects. This study aimed at identifying management practices used by organizations building or managing the construction of transportation projects in Southern California and identifying opportunities to use Lean practices to deliver these projects. Interviews were carried out with contractors, owners, and consultants and later categorized to identify the practices used, gaps where LC practices could be implemented, and the level of maturity of the organizations investigated regarding the use of Lean Construction practices. Findings revealed that organizations use collaborative practices, visual management tools, 5S, and root cause analysis to investigate problems. }, author_keywords={Continuous Improvement, Collaboration, Lean Construction, Transportation }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aure2020, author={Aure, Beate and Lædre, Ola and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={ }, title={Experiences From Allowing Maximum Two Contract Tiers in the Vertical Supply Chain }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={613-624}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1831}, doi={10.24928/2020/0123}, affiliation={MSc Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 476 76 796, beate-aure@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-9230 ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000- 0003-4604-8299 ; Researcher, Dr. Art., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-2135-3468 }, abstract={The AEC-industry is negatively affected by criminal actors seeking economic profit. In order to combat crime, Norwegian authorities have introduced action plans and strategies. This study concentrates on experiences Norwegian contractors have had with a requirement of maximum two contract tiers in their vertical supply chain. Six semistructured interviews with project managers and advisors from contractors in Norway have been conducted, in addition to a literature study. The findings show that the contractors have close to never experienced challenges with the requirement of maximum two contract tiers. The only challenge in this matter is when their sub-sub-contractor needs specialist competence or specialist equipment and are not allowed to use another contract tier. By discussing why the requirement of maximum two contract tiers seemingly works, how it is organized and what perceptions that have been made, this study are among the first to document the conctractors’ experiences from allowing maximum two contract tiers. }, author_keywords={AEC-industry, contract tiers, work related crime, supply chain }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barth2020, author={Barth, Karina B. and Sterzi, Marcus P. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Alliende, Juan I. and Bertín, Daniela and Rio, Jorge Del }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of Production System Design in House Building Projects: A Lean Journey in Chile}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={397-408}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1832}, doi={10.24928/2020/0124}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Consultant and Managing Partner at LD Consulting, kbertotto@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9612-6246 ; MSc, NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Consultant and Managing Partner at LD Consulting, marcus@ldconsulting.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-2235-944X ; Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Engineer, Innovation Department, Socovesa Group, jialliende@socovesa.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002- 9844-2143 ; Engineer, Management Control Department, Socovesa Group, dbertin@socovesa.cl, orcid.org/0000- 0002-5994-7392 ; Engineer, General Construction Manager, Socovesa Group, jdelrio@socovesa.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002- 3450-830X }, abstract={Production system design (PSD) is a key process at the beginning of any manufacturing effort. It can be regarded as an initial planning task that involve a set of decisions that play an important role in the implementation of core Lean concepts, such as pull production, batch size, takt time. Despite its importance, very little attention is usually given to PSD in construction projects, and its relationship with the implementation of the Last Planner System (LPS). This article reports the experience of a construction company that has implemented PSD and the LPS, as part of the development of an improvement program in production management based on the Lean Philosophy. This company is based in Chile, and its core business is the development and construction of residential building projects. The implementation of PSD, and the LPS were the means for the adoption of a number of Lean principles and concepts, including pull production, takt time, work-in-progress control, reduction of batch size, and process transparency. Six main benefits of implementing PSD have been identified: (i) formalizing and making explicit planning decisions; (ii) reduction in uncertainty; (iii) improving planning accuracy; (iv) facilitating the adoption of cycle times and takt time control; (v) increasing the engagements of stakeholders; (vi) improving production stability. A set of practices were proposed for implementing PSD and these were classified according to decision categories. }, author_keywords={Production System Design (PSD); Last Planner® System (LPS); Production Planning Control; Takt Time Planning; Location-based Planning and Control }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jenkins2020, author={Jenkins, Giuseppe and Smith, James P. and Bingham, Evan and Weidman, Justin }, editor={ }, title={Application of Integrated Project Delivery Practices in Residential Construction}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={769-781}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1833}, doi={10.24928/2020/0125}, affiliation={Graduate Student (MS), Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA, seppe21@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8673-902X ; Assistant Prof., Construction and Facilities Management, Brigham Young Unviersity, Provo, UT, USA, james_smith@byu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-8925-5680 ; Assistant Prof., Construction and Facilities Management, Brigham Young Unviersity, Provo, UT, USA, evan_bingham@byu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-6636-5609 ; Assistant Prof., Construction and Facilities Management, Brigham Young Unviersity, Provo, UT, USA, justinweidman@byu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-4280-8134 }, abstract={Application of Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) principles has been widely recognized and studied in complex projects across the United States. However, OAEC participants have argued that traditional delivery approaches are sufficient to efficiently preserve value on projects of smaller scales and decreased complexity. The purpose of this research is to see how Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) principles and practices can be used on high end custom residential construction projects to increase the collaboration and efficiency of the project team. A case study was conducted on a custom home project to observe how and what IPD principles were used. Observations, interviews, and a survey were used to collect qualitative data from participants as part of the case study. Findings indicate that IPD principles and practices can be effectively utilized on custom residential projects. In addition, the research found that those involved found the experience to be positive and beneficial to their overall success on the project. }, author_keywords={Integrated project delivery, collaboration, complexity, process, residential construction.. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Falch2020, author={Falch, Marta Røer and Engebø, Atle and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Effects of Partnering Elements: An Exploratory Case Study }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={757-768}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1834}, doi={10.24928/2020/0127}, affiliation={MS Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, mcfalch@stud.ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0001-9919- 5933 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, atle.engebo@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-0176 ; Professor, dr. ing., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={Partnering elements have become more common in Norwegian construction projects over the last decades. Partnering, as a project delivery method, shares similarities with the lean perspective as they both use available elements to achieve a collaborative project. The LC principles are often illustrated in terms of three fundamental elements (commercial, organizational, and operating system). This aligns with how this paper has categorised partnering, into contractual-, organisational-, and cultural elements. Consequently, this paper contributes to knowledge about the effects of partnering elements by answering the two research questions: 1) Which elements are used in partnering projects, and 2) What are the effects of these elements. An exploratory case study of a partnering project was carried out to examine the partnering elements and their effects. A combination of literature review, document study and semi-structured interviews were used data collection. The findings reveal that the contractual-, organisational-, and cultural elements are aligned with the LC triangle. There is a potential when implementing lean elements in partnering. However, there is a risk for partnering projects falling into a traditional approach in the actual delivery. The paper concludes that more attention should be paid to the effects of organisational and cultural elements in partnering projects. }, author_keywords={Lean project delivery, project delivery methods, integrated teams, collaboration, partnering }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Suarez2020, author={Suarez, Juan C. and Zapata, Jaime and Brioso, Xavier }, editor={ }, title={Using 5D Models and Cba for Planning the Foundations and Concrete Structure Stages of a Complex Office Building }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={913-924}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1835}, doi={10.24928/2020/0131}, affiliation={ Research Assistant, GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP). juanc.suarez@pucp.edu.pe , orcid.org/0000-0003-1433-7766 ; Lecturer, GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, PUCP, jfzapata@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0001-7662-8329 ; Professor, GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, PUCP, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-0241 }, abstract={Contractors use diverse methodologies and software that require more working hours just to synchronize all the data related to cost, schedule and quantities, the most widespread methodologies are CPM and BIM models. However, the use CPM does not provide the tools to control the project with the current production status. The use of 5D BIM models (integrated quantities, cost and schedules) and flow lines (scheduling system from the Location Based Management System) are proposed as more effective methods, these allow the contractor to automate and improve their scheduling and controlling processes. These methodologies were implemented in the planning process of the foundations and structure stage of a complex building, then compared to the methods used by the contractor (CPM, 3D and 4D models). Choosing by Advantages (CBA), a system that supports sound decision-making using comparisons among advantages of alternatives, was used to compare the methods mentioned, then a total of three alternatives and eight factors were evaluated by the researchers and contractor. The use of 5D models and flowlines were found to be the best alternative, some factors that stand out are scheduling with an effective Lean Production system, synergy with Earn value reports, and automation in quantities and scheduling }, author_keywords={Location-based management, 5D model, choosing by advantages (CBA), production pull, workflow, BIM }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cruzado-Ramos2020, author={Cruzado-Ramos, Fiorela and Brioso, Xavier }, editor={ }, title={Sustainability Performance Evaluation in Building Projects by Integrating Lean and Sustainable Management Using the Delphi Method }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={805-816}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1836}, doi={10.24928/2020/0132}, affiliation={GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, fiorela.cruzado@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3979-6838 ; GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-0241 }, abstract={This research paper aims to contribute to the improvement of sustainable management of Peruvian buildings throughout the project lifecycle by integrating the Lean Construction philosophy and sustainability concepts through the Delphi method. First, the literature is reviewed and the existing information on compatibility or synergy between Lean Construction and sustainability management systems is analyzed. After that, with the support of a collaborating company, a methodology for evaluating sustainability performance in projects is developed, which integrates the Last Planner® System and sustainability management. The proposed tool is validated by the Delphi method, for which we solicited expert opinions on the study topics. Next, the proposed methodology protocols corresponding to the evaluation of the design, construction, and use phases of the buildings are developed. Finally, the methodology is applied to five case studies, the results are analyzed, and the methodology is validated. Throughout the research, the principles, tools, techniques, and practices of the Lean philosophy are analyzed, which synergize with the methodologies, standards, and tools of sustainability management. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Environmental Sustainability, Key Performance Indicators, Delphi Method, Buildings }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haugen2020, author={Haugen, Celine G. and Lædre, Ola and Aslesen, Sigmund }, editor={ }, title={Takt Performance Indicators }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={457-468}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1837}, doi={10.24928/2020/0135}, affiliation={MSc student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 970 43 033, celine.haugen@yahoo.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-2149-9616 ; Professor, dr. ing. , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 ; Head of Research and Improvement, Veidekke AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, Norway; Sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5097-2794 }, abstract={There is a general perception among researchers that the practice of takt varies within projects. Takt planning relies on collaboration between the production team members, who transform a production strategy into a production schedule. One of the goals of the method is to create flow, and hereby allow construction processes to be efficiently executed. Workflow within construction has been measured with different methods: observation, self-evaluation and Last Planner™ System (LPS). To achieve workflow, challenges must be removed. Hence, the novel contribution of this paper is to highlight (1) general challenges expected during the takt plan-execution and (2) takt performance indicators that reveal these challenges. After a longitudinal case study, this paper presents 16 challenges and 7 indicators which together give a foundation for further research of workflow within other Takt Planning and Takt Control-projects. }, author_keywords={Takt Planning and Takt Control (TPTC), Workflow, Standardization, Lean construction, Performance indicators }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2020, author={Koskela, Lauri and Broft, Rafaella D. and Pikas, Ergo and Tezel, Algan }, editor={ }, title={Comparing the Methods of A3 and Canvas}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={13-24}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1838}, doi={10.24928/2020/0136}, affiliation={Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, ORCID 0000-0003-4449-2281 ; PhD Candidate (part-time), The Bartlett School of Construction & Project Management, University College London, UK, r.d.broft@gmail.com, ORDCID 0000-0002-3724-854X | Expert in (Lean) SCM. ; Postdoc, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, ergo.pikas@aalto.fi, ORCID 0000-0001-5691-685X ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, UK, a.tezel@hud.ac.uk, ORCID 0000-0003-3903-6126 }, abstract={The method of A3, which originated in the framework of the Toyota Production System, is used for collaborative problem solving, status reporting, and presenting proposals. It is now widely used as a part of the implementation of lean in different industries. In turn, the Canvas method was initially developed, through academic research, for generating business models, but over time it has been generalised for many other situations. In subsequent research, design principles for Canvases have been developed. The use of the Canvas method has rapidly increased in practice. As these two methods seem to have similarities regarding application areas and working principles, it is of interest to compare them. The following questions are addressed: How are these two methods similar and dissimilar? Are there underlying theories that could shed new light on both methods? A better understanding of these methods, both theoretically and practically, might be beneficial for their use in different contexts and scenarios. Especially, enhanced mastery of these methods would be instrumental for collaborative resolution of the well-known problems in construction. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, A3 method, Canvas method, visual management, theory. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zhang2020, author={Zhang, Bochen and Dong, Ning and Rischmoller, Leonardo }, editor={ }, title={Design Thinking in Action: A DPR Case Study to Develop a Sustainable Digital Solution for Labor Resource Management}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={25-36}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1839}, doi={10.24928/2020/0137}, affiliation={Business Analyst, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, BochenZ@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-7212-5150 ; Business Process Improvement Lead, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, TonyD@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8529-804X ; Business Analyst, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, LeonardoR@dpr.com, 0000-0001-6317-2692 }, abstract={The construction industry is known for cost and time overruns as well as vulnerable to mistakes and reworks, leading to low productivity compared to other industries in the last fifty years. As of today, the development of digital technologies has transformed many other industries, from automotive to transportation and finance. However, even though new tools and technologies are emerging rapidly for the construction industry, the rate of innovation and innovation adoption is low. The traditional push approach can hardly address the varied and indeterminate sets of issues faced by each project team whose solutions might be unique and evolving. The Design Thinking approach, which resembles the pull strategy in the Lean concept, has great potential in searching for and developing sustainable and innovative solutions with the users. In this paper, the Business Process Improvement team in DPR Construction, a national technical builder, leveraged the Design Thinking approach to develop a sustainable digital solution hand in hand with the user leveraging a Low Code Application Platform. The approach yielded a result that eased the transition period for adoption and significantly improved the efficiency of the labor resource management process. }, author_keywords={Design Thinking, Lean Construction, process, continuous improvement, technology adoption. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2020, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Dijkhuizen, Martin van }, editor={ }, title={Lean Toolbox Approach for Effective Preparation of Housing Refurbishment Projects Using Critical Success Factors }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={181-192}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1840}, doi={10.24928/2020/0138}, affiliation={ Senior Researcher, Delft University of Technology, and Professor, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, r.vrijhoef@tudelft.nl, orcid.org/0000- 0002-7303-838X ; Doctoral Researcher, Delft University of Technology, and University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, PO Box 182, NL-3500 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands, martin.vandijkhuizen@hu.nl, orcid.org/0000- 0002-5913-8915 }, abstract={Refurbishment projects notably for social housing are special kinds of project for many reasons, including inflexible existing stock, low available budgets, involvement of residents staying in their homes during construction. Lean tools could be helpful not only during construction, but also in the preparation of projects including requirements definition, budgeting, design, engineering and planning. The preparation phase also has typical peculiarities including political and social aspects, and is often time and cost consuming. Much lean research has focussed on improving the construction of new built and private sector projects. In contrast this paper aims to demonstrate the merits of lean tooling in the preparation phase of social housing refurbishments. The research reported examined lean tooling applications and their effects on project success in selected case studies of social housing refurbishments in the Netherlands. The research was a designbased action research shaping a preselected catalogue of tools i.e. lean toolbox. Next tools were selected together with practitioners, for application in the case projects. After those interventions interviews were held to registers effects on critical success factors in the projects. Most of the tool applications from the lean toolbox approach appeared to be effective in harnessing critical success factors in the projects. }, author_keywords={Action research, housing refurbishment, lean construction process, lean toolbox, project preparation. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kortenko2020, author={Kortenko, Sergei and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Negative Effects of Design-Bid-Build Procurement on Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={733-744}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1841}, doi={10.24928/2020/0141}, affiliation={ Researcher, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Drees & Sommer, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, +491727698610, sergei.kortenko@hud.ac.uk, kortenko86@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-0968-2100 ; Professor of Construction/Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +441484472892, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Professor of Integrated Design, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +441484472281, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +4972160842646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 }, abstract={The construction industry is famous for its poor performance. Despite multi-party contractual agreements acknowledged by the lean construction community as enablers of better communication and performance, design-bid-build (DBB) still dominates the construction industry in Germany, UK and other countries. This study describes design-bid-build procurement and explores its negative effects on construction projects, environment and project participants through a review of existing literature. Understanding the influence of design-bid-build on construction environment should give practitioners an insight into the potential of using the Last Planner ® System and other lean tools. The direct and indirect effects of DBB on the construction environment are presented in the form of a tree diagram. It can be hypothesized that if the internal dispositions of project participants can be determined and the behavior of project participants can be positively influenced, for example, by lean management tools such as the Last Planner ® System5, the situational context in which project participants operate can be influenced too, meaning a shift to more positive, collaborative environment. }, author_keywords={Contract, transactional, design-bid-build, cost-led procurement, collaboration. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{McHugh2021, author={McHugh, Kevin and Patel, Viranj and Dave, Bhargav }, editor={ }, title={Role of a Digital Last Planner® System to Ensuring Safe and Productive Workforce and Workflow in Covid-19 Pandemic}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={87-96}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1842}, doi={10.24928/2021/0102}, affiliation={Associate Director, Mace Technology, Ireland, Kevin.McHugh@macegroup.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-6017-4585 ; Customer Success Manager, VisiLean India Pvt. Ltd, India, viranj.patel@visilean.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-874X ; CEO, VisiLean Ltd, Finland, bhargav@visilean.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-506X }, abstract={To cope with the dynamics of production, construction managers spend a significant amount of time organising the workforce, managing logistics and controlling the flow. Underestimating the process of workforce allocation and management could lead to serious productivity, safety, logistics, and coordination problems. To exacerbate this situation, the onset of the global Covid-19 pandemic has created a situation where unorganised workforce allocation and tracking could increase the health and safety risk for the project. The Last Planner® System (LPS) advocates and incorporates processes to sustain flow suggested in Lean Production theory. Hence, the complex job of creating the workforce-flow can potentially be simplified through the LPS proactive planning during lookahead discussions. The paper captures a case study where the same safety and productivity issues were heavily encountered in a project involving multiple trades (15+) and having hundreds of workers struggling in the pandemic situation. Implementing design Science approach, the team has discovered a digital workflow management system that exhibits significant improvement in coordination, control over productivity wastage and safe working environment. This research utilised a digital LPS powered by real-time cloud-based system, capable of actively tracking the agreed workforce boosting productivity whilst keeping the workforce safe and secure. }, author_keywords={Workforce flow planning, digital, Last Planner® System, production planning and tracking. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2021, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Mpembe, Willem }, editor={ }, title={A Case-Based Study of Lean Culture Among South African Contractors}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={353-362}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1843}, doi={10.24928/2021/0104}, affiliation={Professor, and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, femuze@cut.ac.za, orcid.org/0000-0001-7714-4457 ; Postgraduate Diploma Graduate, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, mpembewillem@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8804-8206 }, abstract={Problems such as low productivity, poor health and safety, poor working conditions, waste and insufficient quality, and poor performance are experienced in the South African construction industry. The call for change is necessary as South African construction is constrained by a lack of required skills and under-performing employees and management, which collectively generate waste on projects. However, lean construction (LC) concepts, tools and techniques could be used to resolve such problems that exist in South African construction. Thus, the study reported in this paper was undertaken to investigate how contractors could help to drive the implementation of lean construction in South Africa. A multi-casestudy research design was used to discover how contractors could addressimplementation problems by adopting a lean culture. The results from the study, obtained through crosscase analysis, showed that the contractors perceived that LC cannot be implemented so there is significant scope for tackling resistance to change through engaged LC education and training. }, author_keywords={Contractors, culture, leadership, lean construction, people }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fang2021, author={Fang, Yanqing and Daniel, Emmanuel Itodo }, editor={ }, title={Defining Lean Construction Capability From an Ambidextrous Perspective}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={147-156}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1844}, doi={10.24928/2021/0105}, affiliation={PhD Graduate, School of Management Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics, China. fangyq_lc@sina.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2989-9737 ; Sr. Lecturer in Constr. Mgmt., School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom WV1 ILY, E.Daniel2@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-1845 }, abstract={Lean construction (LC) is widely used to eliminate waste in the construction industry. However, research on LC capability is lagging relative to other works in the LC field. By exploring relevant literature on the rigid and flexible characteristics of LC, this study proposes for the first time that LC capability is an ambidextrous capability from a paradoxical lens. The investigation reveals that the concept of LC capability has no clear definition and puts forward the view that LC capability is an ambidextrous capability. The study established that LC ambidextrous capability is a paradox which consist of two dimensions—namely LC exploitative capability and LC exploratory capability. LC ambidextrous capability emphasizes striving for a balance between the two capabilities. This study contributes to current knowledge and future application of organizational ambidexterity theory to LC capability development. Regarding contribution to practice, this research would enable LC project practitioners to understand the paradoxical tensions in LC projects, and to how to deal with them. Additionally, this study brings new insight and opens a new debate on how LC ambidextrous capability could develop in the construction field. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, ambidextrous capability, paradox, exploitation, exploration }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koohestani2021, author={Koohestani, Kayvan and Poshdar, Mani and Moayedi, Sara and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Talebi, Saeed and González, Vicente A. }, editor={ }, title={A Review of Components and Configurations of Survey Research in Lean Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={239-248}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1845}, doi={10.24928/2021/0106}, affiliation={Freelance Researcher, Iran, koohestani@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-3688 ; Lecturer, Built Envir. Engrg. Dept., Auckland Univ. of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-2985 ; PhD Student, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, Sara.moayedi@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4349-6934 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 ; Sr Lecturer, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK, Saeed.Talebi@bcu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-6711-0931 ; Sr Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Founder and Research Lead Smart Digital Lab, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 }, abstract={The reliability of research is substantially linked with its methodology and design. The use of surveys is one of the methods that has been commonly used in research projects. Therefore, identifying the active state and classification of the mechanisms used by the survey studies can help increase the quality of future research. Accordingly, this study reviews the survey literature on Lean Construction to identify their common components along with their configurations. To achieve this goal, a total number of seventy studies were randomly sampled from the publications pool and reviewed. Afterwards, their bibliographic and content characteristics were extracted and analysed and a total of seven common components as well as three dominant configurations were found. Through a thematic analysis, twelve main themes were identified which were further sorted by their observed frequency. The result shows the relationship between the themes and the configurations applied by the studies so far. It also discloses an overall status of the survey research in Lean Construction which can be used as a valuable lead for researchers to decide for the orientation and design of their future research projects. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, literature review, research, survey }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schimanski2021, author={Schimanski, Christoph Paul and Monizza, Gabriele Pasetti and Matt, Dominik T. }, editor={ }, title={The Role of Common Data Environments as Enabler for Reliabe Digital Lean Construction Management}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={97-106}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1846}, doi={10.24928/2021/0110}, affiliation={PhD Cand., Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, christophpaul.schimanski@natec.unibz.it, orcid.org/0000-0002-0747-7173. Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy. BIM Manager, HOCHTIEF ViCon GmbH, Essen, Germany ; Research Associate, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, gabrielepasettimonizza@fraunhofer.it, orcid.org/0000-0003-2197-6267 ; Head of Fraunhofer Italia, Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy, dominik.matt@unibz.it, orcid.org/0000-0002-2365-7529. Full Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy }, abstract={Collaboration has always been a core element of Lean Construction. However, the current pandemic is changing the way collaborative environments can be created. Moving away from face-to-face discussions, concepts are needed that allow people to collaborate without meeting in person. Lean Construction methods implemented with digital technologies are a possible way to achieve this. Digital technologies in the built environment sector rely often on the Building Information Modelling (BIM) process. When information is managed and exchanged in a BIM process, Common Data Environments (CDE) as central information hubs come into play. How Lean concepts can make use of a standardized CDE workflow to access reliable information needed, e.g. for construction process planning, is yet to be addressed by the scientific community. This paper outlines a concept for using CDE workflows together with a digital variant of the Last Planner® System that has been devised from a Design Science Research initiative. We hypothesize that this concept allows for achieving similar positive collaboration effects in remote planning sessions as in physical ones. First findings from a mock-up implementation of this concept in a Focus Group environment are presented and discussed in this paper. }, author_keywords={Common data environment, BIM, Last Planner® System, lean construction, information management. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salazar2021, author={Salazar, Luis A. and Pardo, Daniela and Guzmán, Sebastián }, editor={ }, title={Results of Key Indicators From Linguistic Action Perspective in Pandemic: Case Study}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={363-372}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1847}, doi={10.24928/2021/0114}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad,Católica de Chile. Assistant Profesor, Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2661 8346, lasalaza@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001- 7339-8935 ; MSc. in Civil Engineering, Civil and Envir. Engineering. Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, d.pardo12@uniandes.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-3732 ; Civil Engineering Student, Civil and Envir. Engineering. Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, sa.guzmanv@uniandes.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-7318 }, abstract={Due to the low productivity of the construction sector and current global pandemic conditions, it is essential to analyze interpersonal relationships at work, engagement and labour productivity, through the management of commitments. Therefore, this article seeks to measure and analyze key Linguistic Action Perspective (LAP) indicators to examine commitment management in Last Planner® System (LPS) weekly work planning meetings during the pandemic (virtual and face-to-face meetings). The case of study methodology was used in 27 projects of a construction company in Colombia, in which the authors analyzed the results of LAP engagement indicators and compared them to the PPC, determining Spearman´s correlation coefficient in each indicator and finding that the projects that had strong correlations were those where: the percentage of progress was between 65% and 95%; average PPC was between 60% and 90%; a “Big Room” was used; and the meetings had between 10 and 20 attendees. For future research, we propose the use of other methods of relationship, causation and/or prediction analysis, such as Structural Equation Models or Machine Learning, a future methodology for virtual or semi-face-to-face meetings and the study of other performance indicators. }, author_keywords={Linguistic action perspective, pandemic, case Study, Last Planner® System. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wandahl2021, author={Wandahl, Søren and Neve, Hasse H. and Lerche, Jon }, editor={ }, title={What a Waste of Time}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={157-166}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1848}, doi={10.24928/2021/0115}, affiliation={Professor, Dept. of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, +45 4189 3216, swa@cae.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 ; Consultant, Senior Associate, PhD, PwC, Aarhus, Denmark, +45 2879 1838, hasse.hojgaard.neve@pwc.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-3529 ; PostDoc, PhD, Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark, +45 6013 3595, jon.lerche@btech.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-9630 }, abstract={The elimination of waste is a core focus of lean construction. Reducing waste will increase work efficiency. For several years it has been debated how flow and the efficiency of processes can be measured. Kalsaas, Koskela, and others conclude that in order to operationalize workflow measures, it must be disconnected from productivity and throughput measures and instead focus on work efficiency. However, an extensive and valid baseline of work time efficiency is missing in the community. The establishment of such becomes the objective of this research. The method is an extensive litterateur review that identified 474 case studies of time waste measures from the 1970s until today. This sample is analyzed in different ways, among others showing that the average direct work time is 43.6%. The results show that the sample contains considerable uncertainty, which is mainly due to an inconsistent understanding of direct work, indirect work, and waste work in the many different studies. Besides, the results show no statistically significant difference between the performance of varying trades or between countries. The construction industry can use this research as a baseline for the current direct work level and apply this as a benchmark in a continuous improvement process. }, author_keywords={Waste, time, work sampling, productivity }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2021, author={Seppänen, Olli and Lavikka, Rita and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Improving Street Reconstruction Projects in City Centers Through Collaborative Practices}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={373-382}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1849}, doi={10.24928/2021/0116}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Senior Scientist, Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Finland, rita.lavikka@vtt.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-1200-4773 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi , orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Renovation and relocation of underground utilities and renovating the streets are essential to maintain urban infrastructure. In cities, street reconstruction projects cause substantial harm to citizens in the form of traffic jams, noise, and poor access to businesses. Although some harm is unavoidable, the harm could be mitigated, for example, by decreasing overall construction durations. We used design science research to diagnose the current state of street reconstruction projects in the City of Helsinki and to develop a new model aimed at shortening project durations. The diagnosis was made based on interviews, workshops, observations, a survey, and an archival study. The identified key root causes of problems were lack of collaboration and inflexible contract forms in projects with high uncertainty. The new model was co-created with stakeholders participating in these projects, including a collaborative development phase, a shared situation picture among actors, and joint risk analysis of all parties. The study's key contribution was the way to use design science research to start a lean implementation in a challenging project type with multiple public stakeholders. The City of Helsinki will pilot and further develop the model in three street reconstruction projects. }, author_keywords={Street reconstruction, contract forms, collaboration, trust, design science research }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ng2021, author={Ng, Ming Shan and Hall, Daniel Mark }, editor={ }, title={Teaching Target Value Design for Digital Fabrication in an Online Game: Overview and Case Study}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={249-258}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1850}, doi={10.24928/2021/0117}, affiliation={Scientific Researcher, Chair of Innovative and Industrial Construction, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, ng@ibi.baug.ethz.ch, orcid.org/0000-0003-2610-3561 ; Assistant Professor, Chair of Innovative and Industrial Construction, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, dhall@ethz.ch, orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-484X }, abstract={Digital fabrication (DFAB) for construction automation is emerging in the industry. However, DFAB requires better integration of fabrication-related information and organisation into the design process. Discrete processes in traditional delivery models such as Design-Bid-Build can hinder DFAB implementation when stakeholders find it hard to manage project costs. Target Value Design (TVD) has been proposed as possible approach to manage the DFAB design process, but management of DFAB using TVD is still new in the industry. Meanwhile, existing educational games have been successful at teaching players the basic principles of TVD principles. However, these games do not explicitly consider how players should select from advanced fabrication processes. They also have not yet been adopted for online play. This work presents an overview of an online TVD for DFAB game that can 1) help players understand basic TVD principles and 2) explicitly considers fabrication processes and resulting production times as an additional project value. The paper presents the results of a validation case played by 36 construction professionals, researchers and students in December 2020. Overall, this work contributes to the body of knowledge in learning and teaching TVD, online lean games, and technology adoption. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design (TVD), digital fabrication, target cost, collaboration, concurrent, integrated project delivery, design management. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lohne2021, author={Lohne, Jardar and Drevland, Frode and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Agency Problems as a Driver for Crime in the AEC-Industry}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={383-392}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1851}, doi={10.24928/2021/0123}, affiliation={Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), jardar.lohne@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000- 0002-2135-3468 ; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), frode.drevland@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000- 0002-4596-1564 ; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), ola.laedre@ntnu.no, +47 911 89 938, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={The paper seeks to outline agency problems as a fundamental driver for crime occurring in the AEC industry. The investigation uses Principal/Agent-theory to articulate how specific industry mechanisms serve as structural drivers of crime and how they can be counteracted. This paper is conceptual, based on former empirical investigations—the approach springs from industry knowledge, extensive literature reviews and empirical research. The research reveals that little discussion has been carried out concerning the root causes of criminal activity within the AEC industry. Widespread theoretical insights from economics and criminology can explain significant parts of the challenges. Production control efforts seem to be an auspicious path for combatting crime. Being under-analysed to such a degree as identified, the theoretical conditions for criminal activity within the AEC industry needs more in-depth consideration. This need for further exploration especially concerns the implications of criminal activity on advanced process-driven production systems approaches. Establishing effective countermeasures depends heavily on such an understanding. }, author_keywords={The paper seeks to outline agency problems as a fundamental driver for crime occurring in the AEC industry. The investigation uses Principal/Agent-theory to articulate how specific industry mechanisms serve as structural drivers of crime and how they can be counteracted. This paper is conceptual, based on former empirical investigations—the approach springs from industry knowledge, extensive literature reviews and empirical research. The research reveals that little discussion has been carried out concerning the root causes of criminal activity within the AEC industry. Widespread theoretical insights from economics and criminology can explain significant parts of the challenges. Production control efforts seem to be an auspicious path for combatting crime. Being under-analysed to such a degree as identified, the theoretical conditions for criminal activity within the AEC industry needs more in-depth consideration. This need for further exploration especially concerns the implications of criminal activity on advanced process-driven production systems approaches. Establishing effective countermeasures depends heavily on such an understanding. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rodriguez2021, author={Rodriguez, Maria Guadalupe Mandujano and Alarcon, Luis Fernando and Dave, Bhargav A. and Mourgues, Claudio and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Understanding the Interaction Between Virtual Design, Construction and Lean Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={107-115}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1852}, doi={10.24928/2021/0124}, affiliation={CEO, MARO Consulting, Huejutla de Reyes, Hidalgo, Mexico, Phone +52-789-89-609-69, info@maroconsulting.mx, orcid.org/0000-0002-3588-2002 ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 360, Correo 22, Santiago de Chile, Phone (56 2) 2354-4201, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 ; Senior Researcher, Dept. of Computing, Aalto Univ., Espoo 02150, Finland, Phone +358-50-4364717, bhargav.dave@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-506X ; Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 360, Correo 22, Santiago de Chile, Phone (56 2) 2354-4245, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-6706-2255 ; Professor, School of Art, Design, and Architecture, Univ. of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK, Phone: +44-01484-472892, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 }, abstract={There have been important advances regarding the synergies between Building Information Modeling (BIM) – as part of Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) – and Lean Construction. However, the literature does not fully explore the nature of these synergies nor the conceptual reasons behind them. This better understanding of these synergies would allow the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry to achieve better Lean and VDC implementations and would provide a stepping-stone for the academia to continue building on these synergies. This article presents a thorough literature review based on leading international journals, conference proceedings and books, to explore the synergies between Lean Construction and VDC, including BIM (product), process and organization modeling. As part of this review, the article tests mechanisms about interaction mechanisms, previously mentioned in the literature. The findings indicate that using the entire VDC framework, the positive interactions between Lean and VDC increased significantly with respect to the same analysis restricted to the interaction between Lean and BIM. Identifying these new interactions and interaction mechanisms can help the AEC industry take a more holistic approach and generate improvements in every project phase. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, collaboration, BIM, VDC, synergy }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Asadian2021, author={Asadian, Elnaz and Leicht, Robert M. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Teams and Behavioral Dynamics: Understanding the Link}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={393-402}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1853}, doi={10.24928/2021/0125}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Architectural Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA, eza234@psu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3146-7725 ; Associate Prof., Architectural Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA, rml167@psu.edu, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6705-8141 }, abstract={The emphasis of lean thinking on eliminating waste and improving production makes it easy to relate to the construction domain to have more successful projects. Several tools and techniques have been introduced to simplify lean adoption. However, the human side of lean has not yet seen the emphasis it deserves. Interdisciplinary teams are the implementers of lean practices within projects. Therefore, this study seeks to shed light on the nature of lean teams within construction projects. The human dynamics are mapped to the lean principles to investigate the link between these constructs and lean initiatives implementation. To support the alignment of team enablers with lean principles, eight constructs from the A_B_C framework of team psychology have been identified through the literature search, including openness, trust and psychological safety, cohesion, team viability, collaboration and communication, conflict, information sharing, and knowledge exchange. The findings highlight that organizations should consider the behavioral side of lean in a team context if they want to realize the full benefits of lean transformation. By emphasizing the importance of lean foundations within the organizational culture and team member behavior, construction teams will be able to develop the link necessary between team members' interactions and lean principles adoption. }, author_keywords={Team dynamics, lean construction, collaboration, trust, culture }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hatoum2021, author={Hatoum, Makram Bou and Nassereddine, Hala and Badurdeen, Fazleena }, editor={ }, title={Reengineering Construction Processes in the Era of Construction 4.0: A Lean-Based Framework}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={403-412}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1854}, doi={10.24928/2021/0126}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, mbh.93@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-3941 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, hala.nassereddine@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-7952-5034 ; Professor and Director of Graduate Studies for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, badurdeen@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-8471-1074 }, abstract={Industries around the world continue to be reshaped, and the construction industry is no exception. Being one of the oldest industries, construction did indeed undergo major transformations over the years. However, for the past few decades, traditional businessas-usual in construction has reached a stagnation point, adding pressure on organizations to rethink their current processes. Two major transformations changed and continue to change the landscape of the construction industry: Lean Construction and Construction 4.0. While Lean has taken a hold of construction, Construction 4.0, a counterpart of Industry 4.0, is a growing transformation that leverages the power of technology. While the importance of Construction 4.0 has been highlighted, the “how” component of achieving a Construction 4.0 state has not been yet discussed. A process reengineering methodology is needed to assist construction companies in adopting technologies, especially since the existing construction processes have been mostly designed before current technologies became available. Therefore, this paper proposes a holistic conceptual framework to reengineer construction processes in the Construction 4.0 era. The proposed Construction 4.0 Process Reengineering (CPR4.0) framework, which embodies the Futures Triangle methodology, is inspired by Kurt Lewin Change Management Model, and consists of three phases that build on existing reengineering methodologies, people-process-technology methodology, and Lean principles. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, process reengineering, Construction 4.0, futures triangle, lean framework. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Prado2021, author={Prado, Guillermo }, editor={ }, title={Challenges of Virtual Design and Construction Implementation in Public Projects}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={413-422}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1855}, doi={10.24928/2021/0129}, affiliation={ Research Assistant, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, guillermo.prado@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5325-1132 }, abstract={The Peruvian AEC industry has started implementing VDC and BIM in public projects due to recent regulations that state the progressive adoption of BIM (as a methodology) in public construction. Regardless of the benefits of these new approaches, some challenges to VDC implementation have emerged as a response to the resistance to change of the Peruvian AEC industry, which is stronger in the Peruvian public sector. The aim of this paper is to present the challenges found in the author´s VDC implementation experience in a public project, as part of the third VDC Certificate Program in Lima lead by CIFE from Stanford University. These challenges will be identified based on a schema, constructed by the literature review. The results show that the main challenges found are the lack of commitment and the lack of collaboration between stakeholders. These results suggest the need to overcome this resistant-to-change environment by focusing on training programs and conducting capability assessments within public institutions before start implementing VDC, so more benefits will be achieved by the Peruvian public institutions. }, author_keywords={Process, collaboration, commitment, challenges, VDC }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Engebø2021, author={Engebø, Atle and Torp, Olav and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Development of Target Cost for a High-Performance Building}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={3-12}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1856}, doi={10.24928/2021/0131}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 905 719 02, atle.engebo@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-0176 ; Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 226 73, olav.torp@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-5097 ; Professor, dr. ing. , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={Target costing aims at making both cost and value to drivers for design. Still, few have studied how this is done in a high-performance building project, where a set of parameters beyond the typical cost, schedule, and quality parameters are optimised. Here we explore how a construction project team collaborated to reach the owner's allowable cost during design using observations and document study. The findings show that the owner should precisely describe expectations before starting Target Value Design. If not, the owner will get disengaged or develop suspicion towards provided cost estimates. Furthermore, we argue that the typical development of expected cost can inhibit a high-performing design team. The expected cost typically starts at the owner's allowable cost, increases drastically during design, and has to be substantially reduced. The consequence is that a highperforming team's mood moves from optimism towards realism and eventually into a realm where challenges occur. The domain where challenges arise is when the project team must substantially reduce the expected cost to reach an acceptable level. To remain high-performing throughout, the project team should avoid a drastic increase in expected cost in the initial stages. }, author_keywords={Target cost, Target Value Design, collaboration, team development }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pütz2021, author={Pütz, Carla and Lühr, Gunnar J. and Wenzel, Mona and Helmus, Manfred }, editor={ }, title={Potential of Gamification for Lean Construction Training: An Exploratory Study}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={259-268}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1857}, doi={10.24928/2021/0134}, affiliation={PhD student, civil engineering, dept. construction management, University of Wuppertal, Germany, +49 202 439 4190, puetz@uni-wuppertal.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-0793-1428 ; PhD student, Alma Mater Europaea – ECM, Maribor, Slovenia, +386 2/250 1997, gunnar.luhr@almamater.si, orcid.org/0000-0002-7288-6133 ; Student, civil engineering, dept. construction management, University of Wuppertal, Germany, +49 202 439 4190, mowenzel@zechbau.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-8607-8911 ; Professor, civil engineering, dept. construction management, University of Wuppertal, +49 202 439 4412, helmus@uni-wuppertal.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-5421-9142 }, abstract={For several years, Lean Construction has been an established management approach in the construction industry. Despite the high popularity of Lean Construction, the philosophy is far from being applied in all companies and projects. When changing the construction management methods, the use of Lean Construction represents a massive transformation of working methods and project culture. Studies show examples of failed implementations of Lean Construction and barriers like lacking understanding of Lean Construction methods. Thus, accompanying change by systematic change management processes is important in order to implement it successfully in the long term. Efficient and targeted training to enable the workforce to apply Lean Construction methods is one way to foster the change. Gamification supports a motivating design of such training. The concept pursues the game-like design of non-game contexts to transfer the motivation gamers show in videogames to those non-game contexts. Despite its success in other industries, gamification has not been used frequently in the construction industry. Nevertheless, approaches of the concept are already included in Lean Construction training. In this paper we propose an exploratory study to improve the effectiveness of training on Lean Construction using Gamification. Various trainings on different Lean Construction methods like the Last Planner® System, takt planning and takt control, 5S and A3, were observed and show the potential of gamification for Lean Construction, but also room for improvements. The presented exploratory study provides guidance for the integration of gamification in Lean Construction training. Applying the concept of Gamification can improve the learning outcome of trainings and employee’s motivation to use Lean Construction methods. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, gamification, training, change management }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2021, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Alves, Thaís da C. L. and Liu, Min }, editor={ }, title={The Emergence and Growth of the on-Line Serious Games and Participatory Simulation Group “APLSO”}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={269-278}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1858}, doi={10.24928/2021/0135}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843 USA, o: (979) 845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004 ; Associate Professor, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu, orcid.org/0000- 0001-7928-9190 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA 27695-7908, o: (919) 513-7920; E-mail: min_liu@ncsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3070-7109 }, abstract={Lean simulations provide a critical “aha moment” that helps with the understanding and buy-in of key lean principles. The purpose of this article is to share the process of development and implementation of an ongoing international on-line Lean-IPD simulation experimentation community called Administering and Playing Lean Simulations Online (APLSO). The group emerged following the arrival of the COVID19 pandemic to include academicsfrom 38 universities(70%) and consultant practitioners (30%). This paper documents the inception and growth of this community so that lessons learned can be shared with the international lean construction community. Serious games and simulations were transitioned to an online format, relying heavily on commonly available software such as Zoom™ and Google Slides™. The most frequently developed simulations tended to be those most typically played by academics and consultants prior to the pandemic. The authors classified games presented, as well as identified physical simulations still needing to be converted to an online format. }, author_keywords={Serious games, participatory simulations, on-line simulations, COVID-19, lean principles }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cisterna2021, author={Cisterna, Diego and Hergl, Mariana and Oprach, Svenja and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Digitalization of Lean Learning Simulations: Teaching Lean Principles and Last Planner® System}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={279-288}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1859}, doi={10.24928/2021/0136}, affiliation={Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721 608 45476, diego.cisterna@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-4282-1141 ; MSc. Industrial Engineering. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Economics and Management, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)173 974 5642, mariana.hergl@t-online.de ; Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721 608 41513, svenja.oprach@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-1791 ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721 608 42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 }, abstract={Lean simulations are an effective way to learn Lean principles and experience the impact on process optimization. However, to date, in construction these have mostly been conducted physically on site or in the office. As digital solutions for collaboration and teaching are increasingly developed in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, Lean simulations also need to evolve by being decentralized from the project team and driven by digitalization. This paper examines the adaptation and creation of Lean simulations that can be run on a digital platform that supports interactions between multiple participants in real time. Specifically, two simulations were created through a three-phase iterative development. The first simulation focuses on Lean principles and the second on the Last Planner® System. To evaluate the developed digital simulations, feedback was collected from the participants through questionnaires. It can be noted that all rating results were in the upper range. Research objectives were achieved: The evaluation of the technology, the fun and the design indicate that the participants can successfully interact with each other via the chosen digital platform. It also proved that digital simulations offer high flexibility, integration of technology with low costs and effort as well as a high level of sustainability. }, author_keywords={Lean principles, Last Planner® System, digital lean simulation, collaboration, action learning. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mourão2021, author={Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. do A. and Filho, Antonio N. de Miranda and Nogueira, Rebeca Nara and Neto, José de P. Barros and Costa, Jorge Moreira da }, editor={ }, title={Using Storytelling to Understand a Company´s Lean Journey}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={423-432}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1860}, doi={10.24928/2021/0140}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civ. Eng. M.Sc., Fac. of Engin., Univ. of Porto, Technical Director, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza/Bazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-9711-970X ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D., CEO, Construtora Santo Amaro Ltda., Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-8107-5159 ; M.Sc. Candidate, Fed. Univ. of Ceará, rebecanara@alu.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4423-500X ; Professor, Dept. of Acad. and Technol. Integ., Fed. Univ. of Ceará, Fortaleza/Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 ; Assoc. Professor, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, jmfcosta@fe.up.pt, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-2952 }, abstract={Lean implementation has become a recurring topic in literature. Scholars have studied lean tools, implementation barriers and proposed strategies, audit tools, and maturity models to overcome such barriers. However, despite the importance of these methods, over the years, researchers have realized that "best practices" emerge from a combination of contextual factors and coherent strategic choices affecting workforce management, supplier relationship, and other "soft" factors. Therefore, through exploratory research structured according to business storytelling fundamentals, the authors describe a company's lean journey along a timeline to provide an overview to understand the strategic choices and even the underlying rationale aligning strategic, tactical, and operational level decision-making. Findings suggest that lean implementation is a never ending journey, which requires organization-wide changes for achieving success. Furthermore, strategic choices enhancing organizational stability and predictability seem to have played a crucial role in the company's success in lean implementation, knowledge retention, and capability development. }, author_keywords={Lean implementation, organizational stability, strategic choices, business storytelling. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Retamal2021, author={Retamal, Fabián and Salazar, Luis A. and Alarcón, Luis F. and Arroyo, Paz }, editor={ }, title={Monitoring of Linguistic Action Perspective During Online Weekly Work Planning Meetings}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={433-442}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1861}, doi={10.24928/2021/0142}, affiliation={MSc Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Researcher – GEPUC, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, faretamal@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-6554-5576 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Assistant Profesor, Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad. Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2661 8346, lasalaza@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7339-8935 ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 ; Quality Leader, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, paza@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-8098-8172 }, abstract={There is a need to improve construction productivity through project planning and control. In this study, the authors measured and analyzed the Key Indicators for Linguistic Action Perspective (LAP) in the Last Planner® System (LPS) through the Lean Implementation Plan (LIP) research method. This research was carried out for four high rise construction projects in different Colombian cities. Some of the most notable results were that the positive LAP indicators increased in three of the four projects during the first five weeks of intervention. In addition, there was a positive trend for all the projects regarding the LAP indicators in the long term. Furthermore, the percentage of plan completed (PPC) stabilized in all projects, improving the level of LPS maturity. The research was successful even though it was performed using online intervention due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the authors propose future research that focuses on finding other patterns, adding additional variables to the study, and analyzing projects with different characteristics and in other countries. }, author_keywords={Linguistic action perspective, Last Planner® System, lean implementation, case study }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hao2021, author={Hao, Xinyue and Florez-Perez, Laura }, editor={ }, title={The Effect of Classroom Environment on Satisfaction and Performance: Towards IoT-Sustainable Space}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={443-453}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1862}, doi={10.24928/2021/0145}, affiliation={Postgraduate student, The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK, WC1E7HB, xinyue.hao.19@ucl.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001- 7136-9612 ; The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK, WC1E7HB, l.florez@ucl.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-9286-6949 }, abstract={The physical classroom environment includes the overall design and layout facilities that are provided in a classroom. Classroom facilities should be organised to maximise the satisfaction and performance of students. With the increased demand of well-equipped classrooms, upgrades in new high-technology need to be adopted to enable the optimisation of the students’ perceptions and behaviours. A number of studies have investigated the impact of classrooms in high schools. However, few studies have investigated the impact of the physical classroom environment in university settings. This paper examines the impact of the physical classroom environment on students’ satisfaction and performance in a university setting. A total of 173 responses from students were obtained regarding their perceptions of five physical classroom environment factors, namely, classroom layout, noise, temperature, lighting and colour. The questionnaire results showed that students have different demands for the physical classroom environment. Using the guidance of the person-environment fit theory, a smart IoT-enabled classroom has been proposed. The results of this study could be used by managers who make capital decisions on classroom construction upgrades and facility managers who aim to improve the satisfaction and performance of students in higher education institutions. }, author_keywords={Process, design science, person-environment fit, internet of things (IoT). }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brandalise2021, author={Brandalise, Fernanda M. P. and Pedo, Barbara and Viana, Daniela D. and Formoso, and Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Exploring Visual Management Purposes in Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={289-298}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1863}, doi={10.24928/2021/0146}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, +5551999302604, fernandampbrandalise@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-5126-4741 ; Ph.D. Candidate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, b.pedo@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-0981 ; Adjunt Professor, Interdisciplinary Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, danidietz@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-4708 ; Professor, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 }, abstract={The application of the lean construction principle of increasing process transparency is the main purpose of Visual Management (VM), a strategy for making information clear and accessible. There are other purposes of VM, such as continuous improvement, job facilitation, and simplification. However, the connections among those purposes are not fully explored in the literature, which limits the current conceptual understanding of VM. The aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual map of the VM purposes in construction projects, based on the analysis of three VM practices. This research study is part of a broader ongoing research project which objective is learning and teaching about VM through a serious game that considers different VM aspects. Design Science Research was the methodological approach adopted in this investigation. The main findings of this study are concerned with some connections between different VM purposes. Some of these purposes are specific, while others are more generic. Moreover, a specific purpose may have a different meaning for each practice, so context analysis plays an important role. Finally, different ways of shared understanding by using VM practices have been identified, such as by adhering to standards or by encouraging collaboration. }, author_keywords={Visual management, purpose, lean construction, learning, teaching }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Trentin2021, author={Trentin, Bianca T. and Etges, Bernardo M. B. S. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction and Organizational Knowledge Creation}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={299-308}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1864}, doi={10.24928/2021/0149}, affiliation={M.Sc. Eng. Student, Lean Construction Consultant, Climb Consulting Group, University of Rio dos Sinos, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bianca8tt@gmai.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-6023-0439 ; PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bernardo.m.etges@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 }, abstract={It is essential for the construction industry to continuously create new knowledge, aiming at innovation and maintaining competitiveness. As for Lean Construction in addition to improving construction processes, the characteristic inherent in its implementation is that of creating collaborative, interdisciplinary moments with a high level of information sharing, which shows the great potential of the methodology for the creation of knowledge. This article sets out to analyze how people participating in Lean Construction implementation projects see the potential of Lean Construction for creating knowledge. To do so, in addition to a thorough review of the literature on the subject, the results of a form-based survey conducted with six Brazilian construction companies, partners of a consultancy company, are presented. The results show that everyone surveyed agrees that Lean Construction increases the sharing of information between people, the creation of improvement actions for projects, and finally, knowledge creation for the company. This perception is sharper in people who occupy management positions than in those in operational positions. Also, the present study concludes that the most effective way to generate organizational knowledge in Lean Construction implementation projects is to combine tools, methods and training that make use of both tacit and explicit knowledge. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, tacit knowledge, explicit knowledge, learning, knowledge creation. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dragone2021, author={Dragone, Isabela S. and Biotto, Clarissa N. and Serra, Sheyla M. B. }, editor={ }, title={Evaluation of Lean Principles in Building Maintenance Management}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={13-22}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1865}, doi={10.24928/2021/0151}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Brazil, isabeladragone@estudante.ufscar.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-5754 ; Post-Doctoral Researcher, Postgraduate Programme of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Brazil, clarissa.biotto@ufscar.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-6735 ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Brazil, sheylabs@ufscar.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-9508-976X }, abstract={Buildings do not usually receive the necessary maintenance during their use, which may cause serious accidents. Building maintenance is essential for ensuring the project’s planned performance, safety, and functionality during the phase of use and occupation, which are ensured by the maintenance management. However, with the increasing complexity of buildings, the traditional maintenance management methods have become outdated. The lean mentality is shown as a viable alternative since it is possible to apply it in building maintenance through its principles and practices. The research strategy adopted was the case study carried out in a building maintenance company. A lean maintenance checklist was created, composed of 46 practices grouped in the five lean principles, which support identifying the level of lean maintenance deployed in the activities and processes of building maintenance management adopted by the company. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean maintenance, building maintenance management, construction industry. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Obulam2021, author={Obulam, Rajeswari and Rybkowski, Zofia K. }, editor={ }, title={Development and Testing of the 5S Puzzle Game}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={309-319}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1866}, doi={10.24928/2021/0152}, affiliation={Graduate student, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843 USA, o: (979) 845-4354, raji.obulam@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-6739-9747 ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843 USA, o: (979) 845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004 }, abstract={Lean methods were originally developed in the manufacturing industry in the early 20th century to reduce the use of resources that did not contribute to added value. In the 1990’s, there was steady growth in a movement to replicate the successes of manufacturing in the construction industry. By effectively deploying lean methods on the construction site, material and human labor that was expended with no increase in the value of the constructed work can either be reduced or reapplied to increase value. The 5S methodology was originally developed in Japan and implemented by Toyota. The 5S system is a type of visual management tool used to handle and maintain workplace organization and efficiency. The 5S method has been adopted by lean thought leaders to improve productivity by more rigorously organizing the workplace via five sequential steps: sort, set in order, shine, standardize, and sustain. Inspired by a popular participatory simulation to introduce players to 5S, this “5S Puzzle game” simulation was created to present the topic in a way that is more aligned with the way construction companies practice. This simulation was developed to be administered on-line in either of two ways: (1) with a single individual, or (2) with up to 4 players. The puzzle session consists of five rounds, each representing one of the S’s that help a player progress from low levels of efficiency to maximally efficient processes. The stated goal of the simulation is to complete the puzzle. The actual goal is to help players experience an “aha” moment by quantifying the impact of each successive step as the player(s) progress through each round. }, author_keywords={Construction sector, serious game, simulation, 5S, continuous improvement. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Peltokorpi2021, author={Peltokorpi, Antti and Seppänen, Olli and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Pikas, Ergo and Alhava, Otto }, editor={ }, title={Developing a Framework for Systemic Transformation of the Construction Industry}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={454-463}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1867}, doi={10.24928/2021/0154}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, ergo.pikas@taltech.ee, orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-685X ; CTO, Fira Group Oy, Vantaa, Finland, otto.alhava@fira.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-685X }, abstract={In the era of customer-driven and digitalized businesses, the construction industry has still demonstrated inadequate performance development. This research aims to disentangle the industry’s current problems and present justified paths toward sustainable improvement. Following the design science research approach, the paper develops a conceptual framework about the path toward the systemic transformation of the construction industry. We first argue how current efforts to improve construction system are often limited to changes in sub-systems, namely in a) products, b) processes, c) organizing and people, d) information systems, or e) value creation models, therefore lacking a systemic approach needed for significant and sustainable improvements. We then propose a framework that underlines the need to simultaneously develop all the identified five sub-systems to achieve successful transformation. Three cases are presented as partial solutions to such systemic innovations. The paper provides new insights into how a systemic approach could be utilized when transforming the construction industry. More specifically, takt production is identified as one key driver for systemic change. The theoretical contribution lies in the identified five sub-systems and their parallel development as a source for sustainable transformation. However, the paper is conceptual and limited to three partial cases. More empirical research is needed to validate the framework and to specify the most effective transformation paths. }, author_keywords={Systemic innovation, transformation, construction industry, design science approach. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frantz2021, author={Frantz, Lena and Hanau, Anna and Budau, Maximilian R.-D. and Haghsheno, Shervin and Väth, Cornelius and Schmidt, Jan-Simon }, editor={ }, title={Trust and Control in the Context of Integrated Project Delivery}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={464-473}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1868}, doi={10.24928/2021/0158}, affiliation={Research assistant, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, lena.frantz@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-0199-5399 ; Project manager, Väth & Schmidt, info@vaeth-schmidt.de, +49 711 / 49004-337, orcid.org/0000- 0001-8438-9057 ; Research assistant, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, maximilian.budau@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-1176 ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 ; Managing Director, Väth & Schmidt, info@vaeth-schmidt.de, +49 711 / 49004-337, orcid.org/0000- 0001-8416-9206 ; Managing Director, Väth & Schmidt, info@vaeth-schmidt.de, +49 711 / 49004-337, orcid.org/0000- 0002-3537-6396 }, abstract={Project delivery models with a high level of integration of the involved partners like "Project Alliancing" (e.g. in Australia and Finland) and "Integrated Project Delivery" (IPD) (e.g. in the US and Canada) have been used successfully for many years. These models differ from traditional models particularly by integrating key project participants at an early stage and offer incentive models based on the success of the project. In this article the term “Integrated Project Delivery” (IPD) is also used as a generic term for project delivery models with a high level of integration. The successful implementation of these models requires a high degree of trust between the partners. At the same time a certain level of control can be beneficial or even required. The following article examines the question which elements in an IPD project influence the level of trust between the partners and to what extent control is required in turn. Therefore elements of IPD that require trust are identified and their configuration depending on the level of trust is analysed. }, author_keywords={Trust, control, integrated project delivery, IPD }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jacobsen2021, author={Jacobsen, Emil L. and Strange, Nikolaj S. and Teizer, Jochen }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction in a Serious Game Using a Multiplayer Virtual Reality Environment}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={55-64}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1869}, doi={10.24928/2021/0160}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, elj@cae.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-2333 ; MS student, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmar ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, teizer@cae.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-8071-895X }, abstract={Whereas Lean Construction is a state-of-the-art practice in construction, associated simulation games in academic or professional education still rely on manual data input and analysis. Proposed is a digital learning platform that teaches the concept of lean construction using an active, hands-on serious gaming environment involving multiple players simultaneously in virtual reality. The novelty is to share rapid feedback with the participants while playing the game. Findings through testing demonstrate they benefit from the run-time data analysis and more effectively understand lean principles to eliminate waste, allow collaboration, and optimize quality in the value-added building chain. }, author_keywords={Lean, education and training, multiplayer virtual reality, runtime data, serious gaming. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hua2021, author={Hua, Duan and Schwartz, Thomas }, editor={ }, title={LPS Implementation Using Physical and Digital Visual Management-Based Tools: A Case Study in Luxembourg}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={65-74}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1870}, doi={10.24928/2021/0161}, affiliation={R&D Engineer, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg, duan.hua@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-8793-285X ; Senior R&D Engineer, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg, thomas.schwartz@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-1775-0524 }, abstract={The Work described in this paper presents the results of a lean construction research project. The objective was to evaluate the impact of Visual Management-based tools to improve Last Planner® System implementation in Luxembourg. To drive this project, a Design Science Research methodology has been used on two construction sites. The first step of the research focuses on the use of physical supports to design visual management-based tools to implement LPS conversations. The results show a very positive impact as it tackles LPS implementation challenges (collaboration between trades, skills acquisition, change management) but also show that the workload to manage LPS conversation is a serious problem. The second step of the research tackles this workload issue by digitizing the Visual Management-based tools designed in the first iteration. The results show a huge improvement for users allowing more efficient meetings, better access to data, improved use of LPS outputs to communicate between the client and the project management team and even more flexibility to respect COVID 19 sanitary rules. The paper concludes with the limit of the digital solution which was used in this project. As it is not specially dedicated to LPS it lacks the possibility to calculate and simulate planning and production data. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, digital, visual management, obeya }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Malvik2021, author={Malvik, Tobias O. and Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Shabani, Rouzbeh and Sandvik, Karl Oscar }, editor={ }, title={The Impact of BVP in a TVD Based Project Delivery}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={23-32}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1871}, doi={10.24928/2021/0162}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 986 70 354, tobias.o.malvik@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-7588-1899 ; Professor, Dr Ing, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway, bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4383-1683 ; PhD Candidate, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, rouzbeh.shabani@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0001-8781-7862 ; Independent Researcher, Trondheim, Norway, karl.oscar.sandvik@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003- 0882-4306 }, abstract={Best Value Procurement (BVP) and Target Value Delivery (TVD) are registered to be increasingly applied in construction, and in some cases, also in the same project. The purpose of our paper is to address these two concepts theoretically and empirically to see if challenges occur when combining BVP and TVD. We deduce the proposition from a theoretical analysis: Best Value Procurement (BVP) is inconsistent with the Target Value Delivery (TVD) approach. We have examined a theoretical-oriented case study of a Norwegian highway construction project. Data was gathered by document analysis, direct observation, and semi-structured interviews. One finding was that BVP did not hinder the client from being a proactive actor and solution enabler in collaboration with the general contractor team. The study shows a lack of alignment of joint project development with a BVP and TVD structure. BVP has proved good results in projects using transactional contracts. However, in projects based on a relational contract, a more direct dialogical procurement approach may be more productive. The paper contributes to the literature by pinpointing conceptual and empirical counterproductive differences when combining BVP and TVD. }, author_keywords={Best value procurement, Target Value Delivery, contradiction, decision-making }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pedo2021, author={Pedo, Barbara and Tezel, Algan and Koskela, Lauri and Whitelock-Wainwright, Andrew and Lenagan, Daniel and Nguyen, Quynh Anh }, editor={ }, title={Lean Contributions to BIM Processes: The Case of Clash Management in Highways Design}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={116-125}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1872}, doi={10.24928/2021/0164}, affiliation={PhD Student and KTP Associate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, b.pedo@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-0981 ; PhD Student and KTP Associate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, b.pedo@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-0981 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Associate Technical Director, Arcadis, UK, andrew.whitelock-wainwright@arcadis.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0517-3563 ; Sector BIM Manager, Arcadis, UK, daniel.lenagan@arcadis.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-9960-4116 ; PhD Student, School of Art, Design and Architecture, U }, abstract={Managing design is still considered a challenge and few design and construction companies apply Lean and BIM in an integrated manner to support it. The interactions of Lean and BIM have been explored for more than 10 years. Despite this, most of the practical and theoretical discussions have focused on BIM capabilities' and features' contributions to Lean goals and techniques. Therefore, this paper aims to explore and discuss Lean contributions to BIM processes, which is still missing in the analysed context. Initial findings of an ongoing research project on exploring Lean and BIM synergies in the UK are presented. The investigation adopts case study as its research strategy, while exploring the potential implementation of Lean into the BIM-based clash management in highways design. The paper contributes to knowledge by determining how Lean could reduce waste and increase value of a clash detection and resolution process. The results indicate that Lean can contribute to the BIM processes, beyond the BIM capabilities and features, to support BIM process improvements. The wide range of intervention opportunities in BIM processes from a Lean perspective needs further investigation for Lean to have a firmer place in BIM discussions. }, author_keywords={Lean and BIM, clash management, process, design management, waste }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2021, author={Alves, Thais da C. L. and Martinez, Manuel and Liu, Min and Scala, Natalie M. }, editor={ }, title={Project Delivery Contract Language, Schedules, and Collaboration}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={33-42}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1873}, doi={10.24928/2021/0168}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Civ., Const. & Env. Eng. Dept., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA, +1 619 594-8289, talves@sdsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-9190 ; Research Assistant, Civ., Const. & Env. Eng. Dept., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182,USA, manamrt1@gmail.com , orcid.org/0000-0001-6093-6212 ; Associate Professor, Civ., Const. & Env. Eng. Dept., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA, +1 919 513-7920, mliu2@ncsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3070-7109 ; Associate Professor and Graduate Program Director, Towson Univ., Towson, MD 21252, USA, +1 410 704-2773, nscala@towson.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2851-134X }, abstract={The construction industry has developed a variety of project delivery methods, contractual arrangements, and scheduling methods in order to facilitate collaboration of stakeholders to maximize project performance. It is critical to investigate how project delivery methods and contractual arrangements might influence collaboration during scheduling practice. Understanding this influence can help managers choose/adapt available project delivery methods to their needs and develop strategies to enforce collaboration when they plan for future projects. This research reviewed contractual language in project delivery methods from the perspective of how those methods accommodate stakeholders’ collaboration. Twenty-six professionals were also interviewed to reveal their insights on how contractual arrangements influence collaborative scheduling practices. Contract clauses were identified and categorized based on their level of supporting compliance or collaboration. Finally, the results from the interviews were compared and contrasted with the analysis of contracts for cross validation. Results show that schedules are commonly used as contractual documents, and a need exists to improve contractual arrangements to address the lack of application of collective knowledge to develop, review, and validate schedules for construction projects regardless of the delivery method used }, author_keywords={Collaboration, transactional, relational, language, schedules }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wickramasekara2021, author={Wickramasekara, Amila N. and Gonzalez, Vicente A. and O’Sullivan, Michael and Walker, Cameron G. and Abdelmegid, Mohammed A. }, editor={ }, title={Exploring Controlled Experimental Settings for Lean Construction Research}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={177-186}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1874}, doi={10.24928/2021/0170}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, awic135@aucklanduni.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-4964-3539 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Founder and Research Lead Smart Digital Lab, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Founder and Research Lead Smart Digital Lab, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ; Associate Professor, Department of Engineering Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, cameron.walker@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3176-9341 ; Professional Teaching Fellow, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand, m.abdelmegid@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-6205-570X }, abstract={In recent years, an increasing number of research articles have been published to demonstrate the benefits of applying Lean tools using different approaches within the construction domain. However, there is a need to enhance the effectiveness of Lean Construction (LC) research by incorporating it within a controlled experimental environment. Due to the fact that many compound effects impact on the variable(s) of interest, it is challenging to develop controlled experiments in real construction projects. This controlled experimental environment can be achieved by developing a Serious Game-based Experimental Setting (SGES) for construction. For this paper, a literature review was conducted to identify synergies between the Agile Project Management (APM), Design Thinking, Lean Start-up and Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM) for establishing effective SGESs for construction management. We found that little research used Serious Games to establish controlled experiments for construction management. In conclusion, we propose 7 research questions to guide the development of SGESs for construction project management research in future. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, design science, integration, collaboration, experiments }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Huaman-Orosco2021, author={Huaman-Orosco, Cristian and Erazo-Rondinel, Andrews A. }, editor={ }, title={An Exploratory Study of the Main Barriers to Lean Construction Implementation in Peru}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={474-483}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1875}, doi={10.24928/2021/0173}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, chuamano@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-8125-3768 ; Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, aerazor@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-573X }, abstract={Lean Construction (LC) has been implemented for 20 years in Peru in different types of projects: buildings, sanitary works, mining, sports infrastructure, and for the development of people, finding significant benefits after its implementation. However, some barriers make complicated Lean Construction from being applied in many projects in Peru. This research aims to identify and classify the obstacles that lead to poor implementation of Lean thinking. First, the study started with a literature review and consultation with six experts with more than ten years of experience in the implementation of Lean Construction in different types of projects, identifying thirty-two barriers to Lean Construction implementation, dividing the barriers into four types: culture barriers, technology barriers, lean philosophy, and other barriers. One hundred and twenty-four engineers from various projects are surveyed, and the main obstacles to Lean Construction implementation are ranked. The findings identified that "lack of government policies," "lack of alliances between academy and organizations," and "high use of time and cost with no return" are the main barriers related to the implementation of Lean. Research is the basis for generating a roadmap and lines of research. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, challenges, barriers, Peru, Latin America. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soliman-Junior2021, author={Soliman-Junior, Joao and Awwal, Samira and Bridi, Marcelle Engler and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Koskela, Lauri and Gomes, Danilo }, editor={ }, title={Living Labs in a Lean Perspective}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={484-493}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1876}, doi={10.24928/2021/0176}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, j.solimanjunior@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8089-8628 ; PhD Student, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, samira.awwal@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-1511 ; PhD Student, Laboratory for Construction Management Research (LAGERCON), University of Campinas, Brazil, marcelle.bridi@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-5938 ; Professor, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 ; Associate Professor, Laboratory for Construction Management Research (LAGERCON), University of Campinas, Brazil, adgranja@m.unicamp.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-2964-5609 ; Professor, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Senior Lecturer, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, d.gomes@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-392X }, abstract={Living Labs (LLs) consist of social and dynamic environments that enable end-users and stakeholders to collaborate towards an innovation. This paper presents the concept of LLs and analysis on how it can foster communication and collaboration from a lean perspective. Key concepts, such as co-creation, common ground, shared understanding and boundary objects are discussed in relation to LLs. The paper highlights the synergies between LLs and lean, including the focus on users’ needs and values, the use of participatory approaches and early inclusion of stakeholders in the decision-making process, for example. There is however lack of clarity in the literature regarding the concept of LLs and, hence, there is a need for future empirical research to enable a better understanding of the synergies between Living Labs and lean. }, author_keywords={Living labs, co-creation, common ground, shared understanding, boundary objects }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2021, author={Koskela, Lauri and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={ }, title={Shifting the Focus of Discussion: From Cost (Under)Estimation to Cost Reduction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={43-52}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1877}, doi={10.24928/2021/0177}, affiliation={Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Research Associate, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, gballard@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0948-8861 }, abstract={In the last five years, two fierce academic debates have emerged in connection to cost planning in infrastructure projects – a domain which usually is not known as raising passions. The topic debated is alleged – or recommended – underestimation of project costs. Flyvbjerg has promoted the view that cost overruns in transport infrastructure projects are caused by initial cost underestimation, due intentional strategic misrepresentation on the part of project promoters. Love and his co-authors have attacked on Flyvbjerg’s views, claiming that such cost overruns are primarily caused by natural, evolutionary scope changes. In turn, Flyvbjerg has objected the earlier suggestion of Hirschman to underestimate project costs, for getting the project started and for unleashing the creativity needed achieve the budget. Both debates have created several rounds of papers. In this presentation, we contend that in these debates, the focus is partially misplaced, and the conceptualisation of cost planning too narrow. We argue that the primary focus of cost management should be on cost reduction, rather than on cost estimation. We contend that cost formation is a process controlled by man: costs inflate if they are allowed to do so; costs are reduced with will, effort and apt conceptual and methodological knowledge. For justifying this argument, it is helpful to consider the underlying inferences in cost management. Deduction of total costs from the costs of components is a common inference in cost management. Induction of cost estimates from prior cost data is likewise very common. Reasoning backwards, in terms of regressive or abductive reasoning, is also used. Regressive reasoning answers to the question: How much can we get when using a given sum of money? Abductive reasoning answers to the question: How can we creatively reduce the costs? The common conceptualization of cost management as cost estimation leads to a situation where deduction and induction are given a privileged or exclusive role as types of reasoning, thus overlooking regressive and abductive reasoning. We recommend applying regressive and abductive reasoning actively as means towards controlling and reducing costs }, author_keywords={Cost estimation, cost management, inference type }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2021, author={Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu and Viana, Daniela Dietz and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tommelein, Iris D. and Koskela, Lauri and Fireman, Marcus and Barth, Karina and Bataglin, Fernanda and Coelho, Rafael and Singh, Vishesh and Zani, Carolina and Ransolin, Natália and Disconzi, Claudia Guerra }, editor={ }, title={Slack in Construction - Part 2: Practical Applications}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={197-206}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1878}, doi={10.24928/2021/0178}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5888 ; Adjunct Professor, Interdisciplinary Department, NORIE, UFRGS, dietz.viana@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-4708 ; Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; PhD Candidate, NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Consultant and Managing Partner at LD Consulting, kbertotto@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9612-6246 ; PhD Candidate, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, fernanda.saidelles@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8859-1201 ; PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, rvcoelho@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-3622 ; PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, visheshvs@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-9727 ; PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, visheshvs@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-9727 ; PhD Candidate, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; PhD Candidate, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 }, abstract={Construction projects are exposed to a wide diversity of variabilities, which suggests the existence of a correspondent wide diversity of variability coping mechanisms, whether they are designed or not. This wide diversity is not properly accounted for by the concept of buffer, as it neglects the social and informal dimensions of coping with variability. The use of the concept of slack is proposed as an alternative. A companion IGLC 29 paper defines slack and discusses its relationships with proxy concepts such as flexibility and resilience. This paper presents nine practical examples of slack in managerial processes and topics that are of interest for the lean construction community. These examples suggest that, while slack has been concealed by the lack of theorization and consistent terminology, it is ubiquitous in lean construction. Opportunities for future studies are outlined }, author_keywords={Slack, complexity, concept map }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salhab2021, author={Salhab, Diana and Noueihed, Karim and Fayek, Ahed and Hamzeh, Farook and Ahuja, Ritu }, editor={ }, title={A Framework for Implementing the Last Planner® System in a Virtual Environment}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={75-84}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1879}, doi={10.24928/2021/0179}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta (U of A), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, salhab@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-6193 ; M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, noueihed@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-3308 ; M.Eng. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, ahed@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-6124-6747 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-000203986-9534 ; Lean Integration Leader, Kinetic Construction Ltd., Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, rahuja@kineticconstruction.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-0941-4659 }, abstract={The Last Planner® system (LPS) has witnessed a major shift in implementation at the onset of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Governed by maintaining social distancing and many other safety restrictions, some construction practices including LPS implementation are now taking place in the virtual environment. However, potential challenges and enablers of implementing LPS in such an environment are yet to be investigated. This paper presents a framework based on lean philosophy and aims at successful implementation of LPS in a virtual environment. The framework calls for embracing a strong lean culture in the virtual work environment. The study also seeks to outline the challenges and enablers of this implementation. The framework was tested on a construction project through an expert panel. Results show that the framework is promising, and that although COVID-19 inflicted many challenges, it also had some positive impacts on LPS implementation. The framework will help practitioners and managers adopt a systematic approach from initiation to implementation of LPS in a virtual environment. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System (LPS), challenges, enablers, COVID-19, virtual environment }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sosa2021, author={Sosa, Alvaro A. and Torre, Jorge R. De La }, editor={ }, title={Feasibility of Stakeholder Management to Improve Integration and Communication Using Big Room, Lean Construction, PMBOK and PRINCE2 in Multifamily Projects in Times of Change}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={494-503}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1880}, doi={10.24928/2021/0180}, affiliation={Bachelor of School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru, +51 995 904 426, u201518172@upc.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-1324-6865 ; Magister Civil Engineer, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru, +51 975 355 556, pccijdel@upc.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3596-8196 }, abstract={The purpose of this article is to corroborate the feasibility of stakeholder management for multifamily projects using Big Room as the main tool and Lean Construction, PMBOK6 and PRINCE2 as management methodologies. In Peru, multifamily projects have a great lack of integration and communication between stakeholders in all phases of execution. For this purpose, a survey was conducted among engineers with expertise in construction project management with emphasis on stakeholder management and a comparative technical analysis to highlight the best of each methodology. Finally, a stakeholder management proposal was developed taking into account these changing times due to the pandemic. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, big room, integration, management }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamzeh2021, author={Hamzeh, Farook and González, Vicente A. and Alarcon, Luis F. and Khalife, Salam }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction 4.0: Exploring the Challenges of Development in the AEC Industry}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={207-216}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1881}, doi={10.24928/2021/0181}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 ; Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, khalife@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-4547 }, abstract={In 1994, Lean Construction was understood as the application of Toyota Production principles to Construction. Since then, Lean Construction researchers and advocates have made two fundamental contributions: i) Lean Construction has become a production management theory in its own right; ii) Lean Construction has involved not only production management, but also people, technology, sustainability, safety, education, among others. With the arrival of the “fourth industrial revolution” or Industry 4.0, there has been seminal research attempts to acknowledge the influence of Industry 4.0 on the architecture-engineering-construction (AEC) industry (e.g. Construction 4.0), where the focus has been primarily on technology. However, for Lean Construction to keep evolving and serving the AEC industry, it must embrace the changes propelled by Industry 4.0, but maintain the people-processes-technology triad at its core. We argue that a shift towards Lean Construction 4.0 is needed, paying attention to the synergies between production management theory and digital/smart technologies. The term “Lean Construction 4.0” does represent the vision where we envision the AEC industry to be in the future, rather than its current status. The goal of this paper is not to propose an implementation plan, but to identify research needs and to motivate a discussion on the role of Lean Construction in facing the challenges of adopting Industry 4.0 in the AEC industry. }, author_keywords={Production management theory, industry 4.0, integration, people-process-technology }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thompson2021, author={Thompson, Benjamin R. and Nassereddine, Hala }, editor={ }, title={The Lifecycle Value of Facility Management Professionals}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={217-226}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1882}, doi={10.24928/2021/0182}, affiliation={Graduate, Civil Engineering Department, Construction Engineering and Project Management, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, + 1 931 801-8524, benjamin.r.thompson11@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-7241-3195 ; Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Construction Engineering and Project Management, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA, +1 859 257-1687, hala.nasserddine@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-8870-5854 }, abstract={As the construction industry focuses its effort on adopting lean principles to eliminate waste during project execution, an argument exists to reorient the industry’s lean journey to start with the operations phase. The continued absence of Facility Managers in the design process will prolong the inefficiencies of current project delivery methods. The failure to adapt planning processes to include Facility Management (FM) professionals prevent a total lean transformation of the construction industry. A question then arises about what value-adding activities exist in the operations phase to impact lifecycle costs of future projects. Using insights gained from existing literature, this paper assesses the lifecycle value of the FM industry and applies it to the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction industry to maximize the delivered value. This paper identifies five interactions between FM and Lean Principles that justify the integration of FM professionals into the development phase of a facility’s lifecycle. This paper is limited to the scope of FM and design and does not account for external pressures and requirements caused by contractual agreements, fiscal requirements, or regulatory guidance. }, author_keywords={Facility management, lean, stakeholder integration }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Formoso2021, author={Formoso, Carlos and Tommelein, Iris D. and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu and Koskela, Lauri and Fireman, Marcus and Barth, Karina and Bataglin, Fernanda and Viana, Daniela and Coelho, Rafael and Singh, Vishesh and Zani, Carolina and Ransolin, Natália and Disconzi, Claudia }, editor={ }, title={Slack in Construction - Part 1: Core Concepts}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={187-196}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1883}, doi={10.24928/2021/0183}, affiliation={Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-659 ; Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, UFRGS, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5888 ; Professor of Construction and Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture. University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449- 2281 ; PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; Adjunct Professor, Interdisciplinary Department, NORIE, UFRGS, dietz.viana@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-4708 ; Graduate Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, rvcoelho@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-3622 ; Graduate Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, visheshvs@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-9727 ; MSc Student, Postgraduate Program in Production Eng. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, zani.carol@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-2432 ; PhD Candidate, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; PhD Candidate, Postgraduate Program in Industrial Eng:, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, claudiaguerraep@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-4224-5167 }, abstract={Construction projects are known to be complex, due to being subject to uncertainty and variability. The use of buffers to protect them from the detrimental impact of variability has been well-researched. A key managerial choice is not whether or not to buffer variability, but rather how to define the necessary combination of buffers. Slack is a concept related to buffers but has been used in the literature to describe a broader range of strategies for coping with complexity. It allows an organisation to adapt to internal pressures for adjustment or to external pressures for change in policy. This paper aims to further develop the concept of slack and to unveil its relationships with other concepts and ideas that are partly overlapping such as buffers, resilience, robustness, flexibility, and redundancy. A concept map was devised in order to articulate the nature of the slack concept. This paper explores in detail this concept map and proposes a conceptual role for slack in the realm of Lean. }, author_keywords={Slack, buffer, complexity, variability, uncertainty, concept map, waste }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jacob2021, author={Jacob, Georgie and Sharma, Nimish and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Devkar, Ganesh }, editor={ }, title={Target Value Design: Development and Testing of a Virtual Simulation}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={320-329}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1884}, doi={10.24928/2021/0185}, affiliation={Teaching Associate, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India +919961957876, georgie.jacob@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0001-6548-9538 ; Post Graduate Student, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India +918368938579, nimish.sharma@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-8050-7893 ; Associate Proffessor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, zrybkowski@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004 ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Technlogy, CEPT University, Ahmedabad – 380009, India +919099010303, ganesh.devkar@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-1221 }, abstract={Early in the development of a lean project, Target Value Design (TVD) practices define owner value, and it is toward actualization of defined owner value that all subsequent lean practices should flow. Participatory simulations have been used to help stakeholders comprehend TVD processes before they are implemented on an actual project, enhancing their effectiveness. This paper introduces results from testing of an online version of a TVD simulation that was being used to teach TVD at universities and to practioner stakeholders before embarking on a sometimes lengthy TVD journey. The online TVD simulation described in this paper arose out of the need to continue to teach TVD despite social distancing requirements that emerged during the global COVID-19 pandemic. This paper chronicles the details associated with the online simulation: the template design, choice of suitable online platform, strategy for playing the simulation, and facilitation of post-simulation discussions. The developed simulation was tested with post graduate students of Construction Engineering and Management Programme at CEPT University. The post simulation discussion and analysis of questionnaire responses received indicate that participants enjoyed this simulation and learned important principles related to TVD. This online simulation is an evolved version of the Marshmallow Tower TVD simulation. Hence, it indicates the growing trend towards evolution of lean simulations and serious game to adjust to changing conditions. }, author_keywords={Target Value Delivery, collaboration, target cost, virtual online simulation, lean simulation. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2021, author={Arroyo, Paz and Schöttle, Annette and Christensen, Randi }, editor={ }, title={The Ethical and Social Dilemma of AI Uses in the Construction Industry}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={227-236}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1885}, doi={10.24928/2021/0188}, affiliation={Quality Leader, DPR, San Francisco, CA, PazA@dpr.com, and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-8172 ; Partner, Head of Refine Cell Munich, Refine Projects AG, Schelmenwasenstraße 34, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany, +4915156561529, annett.schoettle@refine.team and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320 ; Associate Technical Director (Lean), COWI, RMCH@cowi.com and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3377-7057 }, abstract={Given the growth in data collection and application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the construction industry, there is a need to study the ethical and social considerations for employees in the industry and for society in general. AI could support more efficient ways of working where technology is better equipped for the tasks compared to humans. With new technologies such as AI, many decisions will be made by algorithms and not by humans. This paper explores the ethical and social dilemmas that are intrinsic in decisionmaking, and how they will also impact the decisions made by AI algorithms. The paper presents definitions of ethical and social dilemmas, a definition of AI, and summarizes current applications of AI in construction. It also discusses several questions associated with the current and future application of AI in the construction industry and the ethical and social dilemmas defined. This is an exploratory paper and the aim of the authors is to spark further research and discussion on the topic within the Lean Construction community, given that lean is based on respect for people a }, author_keywords={Artificial intelligence, decision-making, ethical and social dilemma, biases }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bhatnagar2021, author={Bhatnagar, Shaurya and Devkar, Ganesh }, editor={ }, title={Development and Testing of a Simulation Game on Waste Elimination Using Lean Practices}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={330-339}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1886}, doi={10.24928/2021/0190}, affiliation={Shaurya Bhatnagar1 and Ganesh Devkar ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Technlogy, CEPT University, Ahmedabad – 380009, India +919099010303, ganesh.devkar@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-1221 }, abstract={Lean concepts of waste elimination and analysis of Value-Adding (VA) and Non-Value-Adding (NVA) activities holds the potential for improved processes in a construction project and enhanced value creation for the client. Simulation games can be effectively used to impart knowledge about these concepts and tap the potential of lean philosophy in the construction industry. This paper reports the development and testing of a simulation game that focuses on waste elimination and value maximisation using lean principles. This paper chronicles the details of setting game requirements, prototype design, material selection, sequence of work, room set up, roles and scenarios and rules for different rounds. The simulation game consisted of three rounds. Round 1 involved traditional construction processes in which, lean wastes are evident, which adversely affects variables like time, cost and quality. In Rounds 2 and 3, various lean practices are introduced, with an aim to eliminate waste and to understand value-adding and non-value-adding activities. The developed simulation was tested with post graduate students at CEPT University, India. The post simulation discussion indicated that the simulation game resulted in enhanced understanding on waste, value and lean practices. This simulation game can be further enhanced by integrating aspects of value stream mapping of construction process. }, author_keywords={Lean, simulation game, waste elimination, value maximisation, cost, lead time }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kallassy2021, author={Kallassy, Jessica and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Developing a Lean Culture Index in Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={504-513}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1887}, doi={10.24928/2021/0192}, affiliation={Masters Graduate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, jfk06@aub.edu.lb ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Metrics and indices have become commonly available for construction planners in general, and Lean practitioners in particular, to evaluate and control their projects’ performance. Amidst the ample availability of such measures, the fight against specious Lean implementation in different construction firms has been the concern of many researchers. In order to address this issue, and in an attempt to provide practitioners with new methods to assess the Lean culture, this research develops a Lean Culture Index that can be used to measure Lean culture and the readiness of an organization to apply Lean. It presents a comprehensive model to assess Lean culture, and it can be used as a basis for future models of Lean implementation. It also provides practitioners with a diagnostic tool that measures where areas need further improvement. The paper utilizes a thorough literature review to identify features of Lean culture. Then, a survey is conducted to assess the derived features. Analysis of the data revealed that although surveyed construction companies showed some relation to Lean culture such as flexibility and consistency, there is still room for improvement in areas such as training and human focus. The study is capped with recommendations and conclusions. }, author_keywords={Lean construction index, lean culture, organizational culture }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Perez-Apaza2021, author={Perez-Apaza, Fernando and Ramírez-Valenzuela, Andre and Perez-Apaza, Juan D. }, editor={ }, title={The Toyota Kata Methodology for Managing the Maturity Level of Last Planner® System}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={514-523}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1888}, doi={10.24928/2021/0194}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, National University of Engineering, Perú, jfperez@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-0322-9110 ; Chief Executive Officer at Sonder Hub, Lima, Perú, raramirezv@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-4585-9946 ; Civil Engineer, Peruvian Union University, Perú, judipeap@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2277-3189 }, abstract={The implementation of the Last Planner® System (LPS) generates reliable production flows in construction projects and improves the competitiveness of companies that adopt the system. Research shows a greater number of implementations in construction companies and also recognizes that the effectiveness of LPS in projects is not achieved due to partial, short-term implementations, and without continuous feedback. This paper describes a proposal for managing the LPS maturity level with the objective of implementing all the components of the methodology and developing the project organization. It proposes the use of a method based on the LPS maturity model proposed by the Lean Construction Institute and the Toyota Kata methodology, described by Myke Rother, to help organizations achieve improvement actions. The proposed methodology was evaluated in a case study and the results were compared based on literature regarding the level of adoption of the organizations implementing the LPS components. The results and indicators obtained were compared with studies on the implementation of LPS in projects. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, lean construction, continuous improvement, toyota kata, maturity }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Veras de Carvalho2021, author={Veras de Carvalho, Yan Mota and Olimpio, Luiz Carlos Magalhães and Lima, Matheus Gomes and Lima, Mariana Monteiro Xavier and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={BIM and Visual Programming Language Supporting Project Constructability}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={126-135}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1889}, doi={10.24928/2021/0199}, affiliation={Lean Consultant of Capital Projects and Infrastructure, VerumPartners, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 88 99660-3141, yanveras00@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-6038-4056 ; Engineering Analyst - Lean Planner, Cortez Engenharia Ltda., Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 98638-7670, olimpio@alu.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-3576-0547 ; Master’s Student, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 88 99765-0743, matheusgsdelima@alu.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-6243-6075 ; Adjunct Professor, Department of Architecture and Urbanism and Design, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil, mariana@daud.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-6560-4070 ; DBA., Full Professor, Department of Structural Engineering and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99969-1871, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br. orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 }, abstract={Construction projects need to consider the multiplicity of constructive aspects on its development process via predefined parameters. Constructability is a concept that comprehends these features, and has a direct relationship with time, cost, and quality criteria. However, it is often neglected due the difficulty in measuring its indicators during project design process. Additionally, the indicators measurement is usually laborious, resulting in waste of resources during design stage. Recognizing this scenario, this research proposes a practical tool for designers and integrated with a design software. One of the steps of the model is the identification of project performance indicator’s regarding its constructability. Following is the development of a programmable routine, created on Dynamo, used for the data collection from the BIM model. The indicators are updated in real time, granting project constructability evaluation during the modelling process. The alghorithm developed allows users to propose solutions that are almost impossible when using only a modeling software and that would require many operations. Some limitations that were identified are: the developed routines may not support unforeseen variations and since the model was built with a visual programming tool (Dynamo), it may have to undergo some adaptations for correct efficiency in other tools. }, author_keywords={Constructability, visual programming, product development, lean construction }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Biotto2021, author={Biotto, Clarissa N. and Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Salazar, Luis A. and Pérez, Cristina T. and Luna, Roberto M. and Rodrigheri, Priscila M. and Serra, Sheyla M. B. }, editor={ }, title={Virtual Parade Game for Lean Teaching and Learning in Students From Brazil and Chile}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={340-349}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1890}, doi={10.24928/2021/0203}, affiliation={Post-Doctoral Researcher, Postgraduate Programme of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Brazil, clarissa.biotto@ufscar.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-6735 ; Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, and Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile, lasalaza@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7339-8935 ; Post-Doctoral Researcher, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, cristina.toca.perez@cae.au.dk. orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-1492 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, raluna@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7647-7049 ; Master Candidate, Postgraduate Programme of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil, eng.priscilamr@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-6067-8943 ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil, sheylabs@ufscar.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-9508-976X }, abstract={The use of games in engineering teaching is common practice in classes with lecturers all over the world. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, undergraduate civil engineering education became virtual and remote. In this context, many games traditionally played in person among students have undergone adaptations to the digital environment. The game "Parade of Trades" or "Parade Game" is used worldwide to teach the effects of variability in construction workflows in linear, dependent and sequential production systems. An adapted version of the game to the virtual environment was proposed by ASKM & Associates LLC and Navilean LLC. It was presented at the International Group for Lean Construction Congress (IGLC 2020). This version of the Parade Game was applied in three different high education institutions in Brazil and Chile. The game's effectiveness for teaching the variability concept was tested by administering a questionnaire before and after the game with the Production Planning and Control course's students in Civil Engineering. The main contribution of this study is the evaluation of learning brought by the game. Results show an increase of 20% in the correct answers in the post-game questionnaire, demonstrating that the students captured the game's main concepts. }, author_keywords={Engineering education, lean games, parade game, COVID-19, virtual teaching. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gordon2021, author={Gordon, Elizabeth and Rawlinson, Keila and Reed, Dean }, editor={ }, title={Assessing Impact of Organizational Change for a Systems Approach to Quality}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={524-533}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1891}, doi={10.24928/2021/0207}, affiliation={Quality Leader, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, +1 650 339-9588, elizabethg@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-0459 ; Operations Data Business Analyst, DPR Construction, Denver, CO 80112, USA, +1 303 349-0831, keilar@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9718-5483 ; Owner and Consultant, Capability-Building, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA, +1 650 207-3486, dean@deansreed.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2916-8558 }, abstract={This paper explains what leaders of a change initiative for a new systems approach to Quality did and how they assessed the impact of their work within a large US construction management and general contracting company. All three of the authors were engaged directly or indirectly in the initiative. The research question is to understand what the organizational change agents did to measure the impact of the work contemporaneously and overall. The ideas of three well-known organizational change thought leaders influenced the work of these agents. This paper describes the iterative development of the change initiative over seven years and how leaders used data in combination with participant feedback to assess the impact of the work. Key findings are: the systems approach to Quality was applicable in all five of the organization’s core markets, and onethird of all projects by revenue in the five years of data studied attempted to implement the approach }, author_keywords={Organizational change, quality, capability, data, impact }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chuquín2021, author={Chuquín, Frank and Chuquín, Cristhian and Saire, Romina }, editor={ }, title={Lean and BIM Interaction in a High Rise Building}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={136-144}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1892}, doi={10.24928/2021/0208}, affiliation={Lecturer, Researcher at Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, frank.chuquin@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0001- 8342-6602 ; Civil Engineer, Researcher at Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, chuquin.cr@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002- 4080-9600 ; Research Assistant at Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, rsairecanales@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-1301 }, abstract={Lean Design has been spreading its use in the AEC industry along with the emergence of Building Information Modelling (BIM).Those two methodologies; Lean and BIM are being implemented first independently and then together. as new means to deliver more efficient projects. This paper researches some tools of Lean and BIM that permit a positive interaction by focusing on a case study related to a high rise building for residential use. Those tools are; from Lean Construction, set based design and value stream mapping. From BIM were used a 3D model and Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE) sessions. Also, the paper describes the interaction between those tools in the design phase and its impact in the construction stage. }, author_keywords={Lean design, BIM, set based design, value stream, ice session }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skaar2021, author={Skaar, John and Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={ }, title={The Importance of Alignment}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={534-541}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1893}, doi={10.24928/2021/0211}, affiliation={PhD Student/Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, john.skaar@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003- 2290-2374 ; PhD Student/Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, john.skaar@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003- 2290-2374 }, abstract={Illeris learning model for working life claims that learning only happens if both the individual psychological level and the interaction with the surrounding environment is aligned. With an assumption that a principle-based leadership framework can support and maintain lean initiatives, a conceptual walkthrough is conducted by putting the principlesbased framework up against Illeris’s model for learning in working life. Learning is a fundamental prerequisite for behavioural change, so by discussing how principles can enhance learning in an organization crucial insight is ggained. This insight will further support ongoing fieldwork on action-based research implementing principles within the construction business. A principles-based leadership framework can help align, activate and increase the overlapping area both on work identity and on working practice and therefore be an important contribution for behavioural change in the construction business. }, author_keywords={Experimental learning, commitment, action research, continuous improvement and leadership. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Erazo-Rondinel2021, author={Erazo-Rondinel, Andrews A. and Huaman-Orosco, Cristian }, editor={ }, title={Exploratory Study of the Main Lean Tools in Construction Projects in Peru}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={542-551}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1894}, doi={10.24928/2021/0213}, affiliation={Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, aerazor@uni.pe , orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-573X ; Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, chuamano@uni.pe , orcid.org/0000-0002-8125-3768 }, abstract={Lean Construction (LC) has been applied in various construction projects in Peru for over 20 years in different projects: buildings, roads, sanitary works, mining, sports infrastructure, energy, oil, and industrial plants; as well as a series of tools such as Last Planner System (LPS), takt time, visual management, among others. However, in Peru, practitioners are focused on LPS, leaving aside other lean tools that can help manage construction projects. The research aims to identify the main lean tools applied in Peru's construction projects and classify them according to the project type. First, a literature review of lean tools applied in Peru is conducted; second, expert judgments are interviewed to validate the tools, and fourteen main LC implementation tools are identified. Then, one hundred and twenty-four engineers answered the survey from various types of projects and classified the primary tools that have been implemented in their respective projects. The data is analysed by linear correlation and reliability. It was found that the primary tools used in Peru are: LPS, Visual Management (VM), Continuous Improvement, Feedback, Big Room, and Value Stream Mapping (VSM). The study found that professionals do not know the benefits of each tool or when to apply it. Also, the professionals implement few tools in the design stage of the projects. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, tools, benefits, Perú, Latin America }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Garcia2021, author={Garcia, Alejandro and Murguia, Danny }, editor={ }, title={A Scenario-Based Model for the Study of Collaboration in Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={552-561}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1895}, doi={10.24928/2021/0216}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, garcia.alejandro@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-1347-0824 ; Assistant Professor, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, dmurguia@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-4058 }, abstract={The construction sector has been widely criticized for its low productivity, fragmented structure, and adversarial relationships. To address these problems, some industry actors are adopting innovations such as lean construction, digital technologies, and collaborative contracts. However, these transformative innovations are underpinned by interorganizational collaboration within complex supply chain networks. Understanding collaboration in theory and practice is a difficult task. Therefore, this study aims to investigate factors influencing collaboration and develop a model for inter-organizational collaboration. To achieve this aim, first, a literature review on collaboration in construction was conducted. Second, qualitative data were collected via semi-structured interviews using the critical incident technique. Third, data were deductively and inductively analyzed using thematic nodes. Data showed that collaboration can be classified into four dimensions: trust, project uncertainty management, client’s operational capability, and business relationships. Finally, an empirical framework was constructed using the scenario technique. Client attributes and Supply Chain Capabilities were found to be the most influential and uncertain factors. Based on these, four collaboration scenarios were developed and assessed with illustrative implications derived from the empirical data. The scenario-based model would provide a further understanding of inter-organizational collaboration within supply chains and would aid Lean Construction practitioners to develop collaborative relationships. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, supply chain management, lean construction, relationships, scenarios }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Paucar-Espinoza2021, author={Paucar-Espinoza, Anthony F. and Erazo-Rondinel, Andrews A. and Yong-Zamora, Seiko }, editor={ }, title={Choosing by Advantages for the Selection of a New Member of the Project Team}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={562-571}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1896}, doi={10.24928/2021/0219}, affiliation={Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, apaucare@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5369-1584 ; Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería,, Lima, Peru aerazor@uni.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-573X ; Planner, Consorcio Sihuay, Ancash, Peru, seiko.yong@consorciosuyay.com, orcid.org/0000-0003- 0635-374X }, abstract={The construction industry works through projects; each project needs people who make its realization possible, and these people relate to each other, forming work teams. Thus, there is an important relationship between the projects and the team members of a construction project, who must be selected based on competencies that allow them to satisfactorily perform their role in the project and thus contribute to the project's success. This research aims to provide a systematic approach while also providing decisionmakers with best practices by demonstrating the application of the Choosing By Advantages (CBA) system tabular method in selecting a member of the project team. To this end, the research begins with a bibliographic compilation to consolidate the main factors that allow us to choose a new member of the project team. Later, the team is trained in the CBA system. The choice is determined by applying the Tabular CBA method to support a collaborative virtual platform and a remote communication program. Finally, the team decided and chose the new member to be part of the project team in the Project Control area. }, author_keywords={Choosing by Advantages, project team, multi-criteria decision analysis, CBA tabular method, project controls }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Reed2021, author={Reed, Dean and Powell, Will and Berg, Peter }, editor={ }, title={Competitive Capability-Building for Integrated Design Scheduling and Management}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={572-581}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1897}, doi={10.24928/2021/0221}, affiliation={Owner and Consultant, Capability-Building, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA, +1 650 207 3486, dean@deansreed.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2916-8558 ; Integrated Design Scheduling and Management Subject Matter Expert, DPR Construction, San Diego, CA 92122, USA, +1 858 597 7070, willpo@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4720-4572 ; Project Executive, DPR Construction, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA, +1 602 808 0500, peterb@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8227-2012 }, abstract={This paper explores the relevance of Takahiro Fujimoto’s theory of the role capabilitybuilding played in the emergence of the Toyota Production System to design and construction. It is the third in a series on this topic. The research question is whether Fujimoto’s explanation of how capability was built within Toyota can help project teams build better capability leading to system-level improvement. In this new paper the authors connect Fujimoto’s evolutionary perspective with the possibility that complex systems theory is a useful starting point for understanding design and construction. The authors explain Fujimoto’s theory and how they used it to evaluate building-capability for Integrated Design Scheduling and Management on several projects they reviewed retrospectively. Key findings are: 1, effective use of routines is important and a prerequisite for effectiveness; 2, routinized capability (regular patterns of doing essential things) is essential to affect change at system level; 3, entrepreneurial leadership is necessary for effective capability-building, and 4, system emergence, where there is no relationship between the content and pattern of system changes, together with routinized capability is possible although rare; 5; this is also possible, but even more rare with a second, systems level of problem solving. }, author_keywords={Theory, capability, complexity, emergence, evolutionary }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neve2021, author={Neve, Hasse H. and Lerche, Jon and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={ }, title={Combining Lean Methods to Improve Construction Labour Efficiency in Renovation Projects}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={647-656}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1898}, doi={10.24928/2021/0107}, affiliation={Consultant, Senior Associate, PhD, PwC, Aarhus, Denmark, +45 2879 1838, hasse.hojgaard.neve@pwc.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-3529 ; PostDoc, PhD, Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark, +45 6013 3595, jon.lerche@btech.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-9630 ; Professor, Dept. of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, +45 4189 3216, swa@cae.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 }, abstract={The construction industry has experienced stagnation and perhaps even a decline in construction labor productivity for decades. This is problematic as labour costs in construction constitute up to 60% of the total project costs. This research aimed to investigate further how much complimentary lean construction tools could impact Construction Labor Efficiency (CLE). CLE is a key element in the denominator when calculating Construction Labor Productivity (CLP) because CLP focuses on maximizing value-adding-work time (numerator) and minimizing nonvalueadding-work time (denominator). A case study research approach with four renovation projects was used to collect Lean Implementation Degree (LID) and CLE data. The research findings showed a strong positive correlation between LID and CLE in the four renovation projects. The findings have implications for both academia and industry professionals. Academia now has initial results on which future research can be built. Industry professionals now have a better understanding of how lean improves efficiency and hereby better arguments for why lean construction methods must be implemented in future renovation projects. The research was limited by a small sample size of only four renovation projects. Thus, further research is needed to validate the effects in renovation projects and other types of construction projects as well. }, author_keywords={Performance, productivity, work sampling, efficiency, implementation, lean }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cossio2021, author={Cossio, Natalia A. and Salazar, Luis A. }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Elements of Last Planner® System in the Orchestra Wheel Method}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={657-666}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1899}, doi={10.24928/2021/0108}, affiliation={Student Civil Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, n.cossio@uandresbello.edu ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad, Católica de Chile, and Assistant Professor, Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2661 8346, lasalaza@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001- 7339-8935 }, abstract={Due to the high costs and low level of productivity of high-rise building constructions, it is necessary to plan the Tower Crane’s stay on site. In a first instance and to establish a baseline, a survey was conducted along with a Panel of Professional Experts to validate how the Tower Crane works and the performance indicators mostly used in Chile. The authors then developed a planning methodology, which has its origin in the “Orchestra Wheel” method but incorporates elements from the Last Planner® System. The primary aims were to achieve strategic planning and greater logistical detail to program the crane, generating greater control of the fulfillment of tasks, adding stages for better planning, and improving productivity. This new method was validated with an expert in the "Orchestra Wheel" methodology and with a Panel of academic experts and researchers who specialize in LPS—posing as future research, implementing this methodology in different high-rise building construction projects. }, author_keywords={Planning system, orchestra wheel, Last Planner® System, high-rise building }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lerche2021, author={Lerche, Jon and Neve, Hasse and Gross, Allan and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={ }, title={A Model to Link Takt Schedules and Operations in Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={667-676}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1900}, doi={10.24928/2021/0111}, affiliation={PhD, Dept. of BTech., Aarhus University, Birk Centerpark 15, 7400 Herning, Denmark, jon.lerche@btech.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-9630 ; PhD, Consultant, Denmark, hasse_neve@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-3529 ; Professor, Dept. of BTech., Aarhus University, Birk Centerpark 15, 7400 Herning, Denmark, agr@btech.au.dk ; Professor, Aarhus University, Dept. of Technology Management & Engineering, Inge Lehmanns Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, swa@cae.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 }, abstract={This research paper presents a model for construction that can bridge the gap between the schedules (takt planning or location-based management) and the on-site operations using visual management (VM). The model was developed using design science. It was shaped in a modular construction environment and evaluated theoretically. The knowledge base consists of; takt planning, location-based scheduling (LBS), plan-do-check-act, and visual management. The evaluation of the model revealed that a generic model could accommodate both schedule methods and incorporate continuous learning. The discussion provided knowledge about the industrial implication and how managers could apply this in Takt or LBS planned and controlled projects. This research further contributes to the literature by extending the existing knowledge of scheduling and visual management. }, author_keywords={Design science, location-based management (LBM), takt planning (TP), visual management, work structuring. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sahlberg2021, author={Sahlberg, Jenni and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Takt Production in Renovation Projects}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={677-686}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1901}, doi={10.24928/2021/0113}, affiliation={Site Engineer, YIT Suomi Oy, Finland, jenni.sahlberg@yit.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-8498-6230 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={Renovation projects are a special type of construction projects. The unique features of renovation projects make production control challenging, as they often cause a great deal of variation, resulting in waste in production and reducing profitability. Takt production has been applied to renovation, but its specific suitability and benefits in renovation projects have not been studied widely. This paper describes a design science study that i) examines the suitability of takt production in renovation projects through literature and interviews, ii) designs a process model for applying takt production in renovation projects, and iii) applies and validates the designed process model in a case project. The findings imply that takt production can benefit renovation projects. The study highlights the significance of fulfilled prerequisites and well-managed supporting functions in takt production. If these requirements are not fully met, the significance of proactive problem-solving in production control and collaborative practices increases. }, author_keywords={Design science, lean construction, takt planning and control, renovation }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lehtovaara2021, author={Lehtovaara, Joonas and Heinonen, Aleksi and Ronkainen, Miika and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Takt Production as Operations Strategy: Client’s Perspective to Value-Creation and Flow}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={829-838}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1902}, doi={10.24928/2021/0118}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi , orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Partner, Vison Oy, Finland, aleksi.heinonen@vison.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-2027-9646 ; Business Director, Vison Oy, Finland, miika.ronkainen@vison.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-0488 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Takt production is the most recent iteration of location-based production planning and control methods, adopting insights from lean construction and manufacturing operations management literature. In this research, we aim to advance the discussion between these domains further, especially considering the client’s viewpoint. We approach takt production as a form of a project’s operations strategy, allowing an explicit connection between client value-creation, production flow, and takt planning and control. Five key performance indicators are proposed to aid the client’s understanding in assessing (and challenging) the effectiveness and value-creation capability of a specific takt production system. Furthermore, the approach is illustrated by applying it to a master planning phase of a large hospital project. The study has implications for clients and other stakeholders to evaluate their capability to operate with takt production from the lenses of valuecreation and production flow. We also hope that the study encourages scholars and practitioners to engage in further discussion with the nature of takt production, observing it from various theoretical and practical viewpoints. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, takt production, operations strategy, production planning and control, production system design }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Power2021, author={Power, William and Sinnott, Derek and Lynch, Patrick and Solorz, Chris }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner® System Implementation Health Check}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={687-696}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1903}, doi={10.24928/2021/0119}, affiliation={Productivity & Performance Manager, DPS Group, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Co. Cork, Ireland T45 YR13, willie.power@dpsgroupglobal.com, +353217305000, orcid.org/0000-0001-5791-846X ; Senior Lecturer, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland, dsinnott@wit.ie, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3969-8699 ; Lecturer, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland, plynch@wit.ie, orcid.org/0000-0002- 5406-3846 ; Last Planner Engineer, DPS Group, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Co. Cork, Ireland T45 YR13, chris.solorz@dpsgroupglobal.com, +353217305000, orcid.org/0000-0001-7718- 2103 }, abstract={Achieving consistency of Last Planner® System (LPS) implementation is a persistent challenge for owners, contractors, and practitioners alike. This research evaluated the application of all functions of LPS within an Engineering, Procurement, Construction Management and Validation (EPCMV) consultancy and sought to develop a Guideline and Implementation Health Check (IHC) to assist consistent LPS implementation across all company projects. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach utilising case study design and data collected from a literature review, project documentation review, purposeful semi-structured interviews, two pilot implementations, and a focus group workshop conducted within the case company and across two projects. Findings posit an implementation assessment tool (IHC) should be considered as an aid to sustaining consistent LPS implementation across projects. Construction should strive to standardise its processes (like the IHC introduction) and adopt a ‘process improvement’ view and mindset. The IHC highlights the critical components of the functions of LPS and allows project teams to check whether each is being utilised effectively. LPS and its functions constitutes a systematic process for construction planning however, best results will only accrue once all components are in place. While the IHC will ensure the physical infrastructure is in place, successful LPS implementation necessitates deeper consideration of how people think, communicate, engage, commit, and collaborate. Successful and sustainable LPS implementations must be founded on a desire and motivation to improve existing delivery processes and necessitate senior management commitment from all stakeholders. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Last Planner® System, collaboration, health check }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Berroir2021, author={Berroir, Fabrice and Guernaccini, Pierre and Boje, Calin and Maatar, Omar }, editor={ }, title={Reducing Construction Logistics Costs and Embodied Carbon With Ccc and Kitting: A Case Study}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={935-944}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1904}, doi={10.24928/2021/0120}, affiliation={R&D Engineer, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, fabrice.berroir@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0392-1011 ; R&D Engineer, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, pierre.guernaccini@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-5395-9042 ; Doctor, R&D associate, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, calin.boje@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-5150-9355 ; Managing Director, Compagnie Luxembourgeoise d’Entreprises (CLE), Capellen, Luxembourg, omar_maatar@cle.lu, orcid.org/0000-0001-6933-787 }, abstract={Supply chain management was originally proposed to improve construction sites performances, nonetheless this simultaneously presents a potential solution for reducing the carbon footprint of the construction sector. Therefore, both environmental and cost impacts must be considered in order to raise the sector’s awareness and foster change towards more sustainable practices. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the applicability of such a model for the supply chain by implementing Just-in-Time deliveries using kitting and a Construction Consolidation Centre managed by a ThirdParty Logistics operator on a real-life construction project. Data was collected on actual tasks durations, time losses for site’s workers and deliveries, and used as input to estimate the corresponding values with a traditional logistics and to model impact on both direct and indirect costs for comparison and discussion. Findings indicate that this new logistics paradigm can lead to productivity improvements and overall reduction in transportation needs. These have an implicit positive impact on both the environment and cost savings, which are calculated and discussed. Based on these results, it is argued that the adoption of this model contributes to a lean-green deal by demonstrating the positive impact of Lean Construction techniques towards better supply chain integration. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management (SCM), sustainability, action research, CCC, kitting. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Van Dijkhuizen2021, author={Van Dijkhuizen, Martin J. and Vrijhoef, Ruben and Bakker, Hans L. M. }, editor={ }, title={A Conceptual Model to Determine the Impact of Off-Site Construction on Labour Productivity}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={945-954}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1905}, doi={10.24928/2021/0121}, affiliation={Doctoral Researcher, Delft University of Technology, and HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, PO Box 182, NL-3500 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands, martin.vandijkhuizen@hu.nl, orcid.org/0000- 0002-5913-8915 ; Senior Researcher, Delft University of Technology, and Professor, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, r.vrijhoef@tudelft.nl, orcid.org/0000- 0002-7303-838X ; Professor, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, h.l.m.bakker@tudelft.nl, orcid.org/0000-0002-2421-4711 }, abstract={Despite the efforts of governments and firms, the construction industry is trailing other industries in labour productivity. Construction companies are interested in increasing their labour productivity, particularly when demand grows and construction firms cope with labour shortages. Off-site construction has proved to be a favourable policy to increase labour productivity. However, a complete understanding of the factors affecting construction labour productivity is lacking, and it is unclear which factors are influenced by off-site construction. This study developed a conceptual model describing how 15 factors influence the construction process and make a difference in labour productivity between off-site and on-site construction. The conceptual model shows that all 15 factors affect labour productivity in three ways: through direct effects, indirect effects and causal loops. The model is a starting point for further research to determine the impact of off-site construction on labour productivity. }, author_keywords={Labour productivity, construction process, off-site construction, modelling }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Marte Gómez2021, author={Marte Gómez, José A. and Daniel, Emmanuel I. and Fang, Yanqing and Oloke, David and Gyoh, Louis }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of BIM and Lean Construction in Offsite Housing Construction: Evidence From the UK}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={955-964}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1906}, doi={10.24928/2021/0122}, affiliation={MSc Graduate, School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, jamartegomez@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3311-4851 ; Sr. Lecturer in Constr. Mgmt., School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, E.Daniel2@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-1845 ; PhD Graduate, School of Management Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics, China. fangyq_lc@sina.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2989-9737 ; Sr. Lecturer, School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, D.A.Oloke@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-0730-7262 ; Principal Lecturer, School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, L.Gyoh@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8257-9380 }, abstract={The benefits of integrating Lean construction (LC) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) have been discussed in recent research studies. However, the effects of implementing these methodologies as an integrated approach in offsite housing construction (OSHC) processes have not been explored in the UK. This research aims at assessing the current situation of the implementation of BIM and LC in OSHC in the UK. A quantitative research method was adopted in the study and thirty-two questionnaire survey responses were received from professionals and practitioners of Lean, BIM and offsite methodologies in the UK construction industry. The study found that there is increasing use of LC and BIM in the development of OSHC projects in the UK. It further reveals that these two methodologies when appropriately implemented can bring several benefits. This study sheds light on the current status of implementation of BIM and LC in OSHC and the benefits of the implementation of both BIM and LC in OSHC processes in the UK. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, building information modelling, offsite construction. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2021, author={Kim, Taehoon and Kim, Yong-Woo }, editor={ }, title={Early Due Low Uncertainty (EDLU) for Improving Supply Chain Performance Under Order Variability in Precast Concrete Production}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={965-973}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1907}, doi={10.24928/2021/0128}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Architectural Engineering Dept., Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea, kimth0930@korea.ac.kr, orcid.org/0000-0003-1637-7753 ; Professor, Construction Management Dept., University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, +1 206 616 1916, yongkim@uw.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-7020-0700 }, abstract={The AEC (architect, engineering, and construction) industry finds a trend that more projects are adopting a prefabrication for various reasons. In a context of prefabrication, reliable supply chain is one of critical factors for project success. One of prefabricated products being adopted in building construction is precast concrete. A precast conctete supplier needs to optimize his production schedule while meeting various demands from multiple customers (i.e., contractors on project site). Most suppliers rely on dispatching rule in their production scheduling. However, contractor’s order variability makes an impact on a supplier’s production schedule and the reliability of supply chain. The authors proposed a new dispatching rule (EDLU, early due low uncertainty)taking into account a contractor’s order reliability, followed by simulation experiments. The study suggests that (1) order variability leads to variance of prefabricated product delivery; (2) EDLU is more effective than traditional dispatching rules when order variability increases; (3) a proposed dispatching rule of EDLU gives incentives to a contractor’s reliable order by giving production priority to orders with low uncertainty }, author_keywords={Precast concrete, production schedule, dispatching rule, EDLU (early due low uncertainty), operational strategy. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chuquín2021, author={Chuquín, Frank and Chuquín, Cristhian and Saire, Romina }, editor={ }, title={Lean Design in Hydraulic Infrastructure – River Defenses and Dikes - A Case Study From Peru}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={584-594}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1908}, doi={10.24928/2021/0130}, affiliation={Lecturer, Researcher at Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, frank.chuquin@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0001- 8342-6602 ; Civil Engineer, Researcher at Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, chuquin.cr@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002- 4080-9600 ; Research Assistant at Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, rsairecanales@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-1301 }, abstract={The construction sector has been changed in different aspects since the implementation of best practices of lean construction and others. It is crucial to remark that those new methodologies have been trying to address construction issues related to the execution part but with little attention to the design stage. In Peru, the use of lean construction started as part of an initiative from the private sector and specifically in the execution part. In that sense, lean design was introduced later and always by the private sector. Little by little the public sector started to get used to lean construction. Nevertheless, in hydraulic infrastructure such as river defenses and dikes the progress of introduction lean design has been insignificant in the country. This paper describes step by step the implementation of lean design in capital projects related to hydraulic infrastructure in Peru specifically for river defenses and dikes.It is the objective of this paper to address the difficulties founded in the implementation and what strategies have been deployed in order to overcome those barriers. Two tools of lean design that were used are: set based design and value stream mapping along with concepts of change management. }, author_keywords={Change management, lean design, set based design, value stream,. hydraulic infrastructure }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rehman2021, author={Rehman, Muhamamd Atiq Ur and Chaabane, Amin and Khan, Sharfuddin Ahmed }, editor={ }, title={Review of Construction Supply Chain Optimization Papers for Performance Improvement}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={974-984}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1909}, doi={10.24928/2021/0132}, affiliation={PhD Student , Department of Systems Engineering,École de technologie supérieure ÉTS, 1100 Notre-Dame St W, Montreal, Quebec H3C 1K3, Canada, muhammad.atiq-ur-rehman.1@ens.etsmtl.ca, orcid.org/0000-0001-9659-9510 ; Associate Professor, Department of Systems Engineering , École de technologie supérieure ÉTS, 1100 Notre-Dame St W, Montreal, Quebec H3C 1K3, Canada, amin.chaabane@etsmtl.ca, orcid.org/0000- 0002-1113-7630 ; Assistant Professor , Department of Industrial Engineering,University of Sharjah, University City Rd, University City ,Sharjah ,UAE, skhan@sharjah.ac.ae, orcid.org/0000-0002-5822-0933 }, abstract={For many countries, improving the construction sector's productivity is becoming more critical for achieving a sustainable long-term competitive advantage. Moreover, the construction industry is increasingly considering digitization, automation, and Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to achieve this objective. Advanced analytics application in supply chain optimization plays a critical role in supporting enterprise performance optimization in many sectors. Therefore, this research aims to provide researchers with an overview of the recent developments of optimization techniques on the construction supply chain (CSC) for maximizing performance or minimizing cost and highlight the current research gaps in the field. The systematic desk methodology has been used in this research. The findings of this study shows that there is need of a framework that integrate all CSC processes for its overall optimization as very few studies incorporated design phase processes with procurement and execution phase processes in their optimization model. }, author_keywords={Off-site construction, supply chain management, modular construction, optimization, Integration. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rocha2021, author={Rocha, Cecilia Gravina da and Kemmer, Sergio }, editor={ }, title={Product Variety in Construction: A Critical Review and Way Forward}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={594-604}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1910}, doi={10.24928/2021/0133}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia. cecilia.rocha@uts.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0001-6764-1724 ; Director, SK Consultoria e Treinamento, Curitiba – Parana, Brazil (https://www.sergiokemmer.com) contato@sergiokemmer.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0803-2096 }, abstract={This paper presents a critical analysis of current construction literature on product variety. In particular, two theoretical bases, namely, (i) hierarchical product breakdown and (ii) generic supply chain types, that address such conceptualization are reviewed. Three limitations were encountered, which hinder their application in measuring levels of product variety and associated disruptions in the production flow of building projects. Hierarchical product breakdowns (i) do not reflect the production sequence employed for erecting a building and (ii) do not enable spatial and layout changes (a key aspect of variety in building projects) to be appropriately framed. Supply chain types, in turn, provide only a high-level understanding of the effect of product variety (or customisation) on the production flow, and thus do not allow product variety to be assessed and compared at a project level. The paper concludes by discussing a number of conceptualizations (Work structure & Work Packages, Product Variants, Decoupling Point, Modules, and Design Structure Matrix) that can advance in the understanding of product variety in construction. }, author_keywords={Customization, process, flow, work packages, modularity }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mossman2021, author={Mossman, Alan and Ramalingam, Shobha }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner, Everyday Learning, Shared Understanding & Rework}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={697-706}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1911}, doi={10.24928/2021/0137}, affiliation={The Change Business; +44 7968 485627, alanmossman@mac.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1769-9164 ; Associate Prof, National Institute of Construction Management and Research (NICMAR), Pune, India, sramalingam@nicmar.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0003-4026-5866 }, abstract={Tasks most likely get done right when the performers’ criteria match the criteria of those who receive the completed task (the customers). Knowledge in construction is mostly tacit. Making the tacit explicit is challenging and has to be conversational. Everyday learning and the structured planning conversations in the Last Planner® System (LPS) can help make tacit knowledge explicit. This conceptual paper explores the connections between learning, understandings of criteria and rework in project-based production to understand, how can we reduce rework on projects that arise from performers’ misunderstanding of customer criteria for each task? The preliminary findings are a) Less rework will be required when performers can develop a shared understanding of the criteria for each work task with their customers; b) Shared understanding is most likely when the criteria are explicit; c) Everyday learning will enable the process of making tacit information more explicit. This paper has implications for practitioners as everyday learning and shared understanding will help workers at all levels to continuously share and learn while feeling psychologically safe enough to make mistakes and learn from them. It also suggests further multi-disciplinary research in the area of shared understanding and rework. }, author_keywords={Reliable promising, Last Planner® System, flow, rework, everyday learning }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lima2021, author={Lima, Mahara I. S. C. and Melo, Roseneia R. S. and Costa, Dayana B. }, editor={ }, title={Contribution of UAS Monitoring to Safety Planning and Control}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={883-892}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1912}, doi={10.24928/2021/0138}, affiliation={Mahara I. S. C. Lima1 , Roseneia R. S. Melo2 , and Dayana B. Costa3 ; PhD, Research Assistant, Post-Graduation Program in Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil. Email: roseneia.engcivil@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9171-7274 ; Associate Professor, Post-Graduation Program in Civil Engineering, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, School of Engineering, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil. Email: dayanabcosta@ufba.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-6401 }, abstract={Among the technologies used for safety management at construction sites, Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) stands out due to its ability to capture images and videos of large areas, reduce data collection and processing times, and improve risk identification at the jobsite. Despite the advances in safety monitoring using UAS, there is still a gap regarding the effective use of information provided by this technology for assisting Safety Planning and Control (SPC). This study proposes a set of practices to incorporate the information collected from a UAS safety monitoring system into SPC routines. The research strategy used was the Design Science Research (DSR), and preliminary implementation of the artifact occurred during 14 weeks in a residential construction project. The evaluation involved establishing a set of constructs and variables such as transparency, collaboration, and utility to analyze the contributions of the practices proposed. As preliminary contributions, results show that the visual display implementation significantly impacted the sharing of safety information, the awareness of safety conditions, and the promotion of new learnings for workers. Moreover, the practices implemented provided foreman participation in decision-making related to safety and construction site organization and housekeeping. }, author_keywords={Safety management, safety inspection, unmanned aerial systems(UAS), construction site, digital technologies }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barbosa2021, author={Barbosa, Amanda da S. and Costa, Dayana B. }, editor={ }, title={Productivity Monitoring of Construction Activities Using Digital Technologies: A Literature Review}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={707-716}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1913}, doi={10.24928/2021/0141}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Master’s Student, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil, barbosa.amanda@ufba.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-1982-6633 ; Associate Professor, Engineering School, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-6401 }, abstract={Although the engineering and construction sector is one of the largest in the world economy, it has historically been characterized by a low level of productivity and innovation. Traditional methods for productivity assessment at construction sites, despite being effective, are time-consuming and based on manual data collection and direct observation of activities on-site, which hampers the obtaining of reliable and up-to-date information of activities productivity. To contribute to future research in this area, this study aims to identify and analyze the main existing methods for measuring, analyzing, and improving productivity at construction sites using digital technologies, based on a systematic literature review. A total of 35 papers dated from 2010 to 2021 were selected using Scopus, ASCE Library, and Web of Science databases. Results show that technologies based on computer vision and sensors are the most used by researchers, being able to automate data collection for work sampling and activity analysis, measure inputs, outputs, and cycle times, and monitor factors that can influence workers’ productivity. These technologies also have the potential to assist in the development of data collection methods for the assessment of productivity, ergonomics, and worker wellbeing. This integration, despite valuable, has been little explored in the literature }, author_keywords={Waste, flow, time compression, construction productivity, digital technologies. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barazi2021, author={Barazi, Alaa Al and Seppanen, Olli and Pikas, Ergo and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Enhancing Internal Vertical Logistics Flows in High-Rise Construction: An Exploratory Study}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={717-726}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1914}, doi={10.24928/2021/0143}, affiliation={Doct. Cand., Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, alaa.albarazi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-7241-9597 ; Assoc. Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Asst. Prof., Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, TalTech University, Tallinn, Estonia, ergo.pikas@taltech.ee, orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-685X ; Doct. Cand. Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Asst. Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Vertical logistics systems are important for enhancing production performance in highrise buildings (HRBs). However, researchers studying vertical logistics have focused on examining the flow of individual resources in isolation. Only a few studies adopt a holistic approach to optimizing the flow of resources. For example, research on the combined effect of the number, characteristics, and rules of elevators uses and break rooms' location on the production system's performance remain scarce. Methods and tools like agentbased modelling (ABM) and simulation could be used to study and predict vertical logistics systems' performance holistically. This research uses hypothetical strategies to investigate opportunities to enhance performance and develop more effective vertical logistics systems. The proposed agent-based model and simulation is validated with a simple, hypothetical takt plan. The simulation results show that the logistic system's performance varies when changing parameters like the number of elevators and the location of break rooms. This research's main contribution is a new way to study these systems and potentially enhance their performance. Furthermore, possibilities to maximize performance and remove logistical bottlenecks are suggested. }, author_keywords={Vertical transportation systems, internal logistics, simulation, agent-based, production planning and control }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lappalainen2021, author={Lappalainen, Eelon and Uusitalo, Petteri and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Design Process Stability: Observations of Batch Size, Throughput Time and Reliability in Design}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={605-612}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1915}, doi={10.24928/2021/0144}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, eelon.lappalainen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-344X ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, petteri.uusitalo@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7230-0788 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Despite recent developments in construction design management, too much variability still occurs in design processes. Batch size (BS) and throughput time (TT) reduction are recurring concepts in the lean construction literature related to the Last Planner© System (LPS). These three parameters are often used to reduce variability and improve flow and reliability in work processes. Some have attempted to reduce design variability through lean design management (LDM) and agile methods, but very few studies have analysed the interaction of these parameters in the design process. The purpose of this study is to investigate these variables and their interactions. Design process stability and reliability were measured over nearly two years in this study by using three parameters. According to the results, design teams with smaller BS’s of design tasks and higher percentages of planned tasks completed also had shorter design task TT’s. Designers may use these findings to improve their workflow monitoring and as a novel addition to LDM and coordination metrics. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Last Planner® System, agile, design }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sharma2021, author={Sharma, Anjali and Trivedi, Jyoti }, editor={ }, title={Application of Information Theory in Last Planner® System for Work Plan Reliability}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={727-735}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1916}, doi={10.24928/2021/0147}, affiliation={Masters Student, M.Tech Construction Engineering and Management, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, India, +91 7874 180 260, anjali.sh1303@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-7107-3616 ; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad , India, +91 9925 009 609, jyoti@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-7939 }, abstract={Last planner® system (LPS) is an effective tool for continuous monitoring and improvement of the planning. One of the main parts of LPS is the constraint removal discussion. Identifying and removing the constraints before the execution can influence the reliability of the plan and can ultimately improve the project performance. Previous research works have indicated the use of Information theory to quantify the effect of constraint removal discussion on the performance of the weekly work plan while using Percentage Plan Complete (PPC) as an indicator of work plan reliability and considering a limited range of constraints categories. Earlier studies have proved that Task Anticipated (TA) and Task Made Ready (TMR) are better indicators of the project duration than PCC. In this paper, the researchers have used information theory to assess the effect of the constraint removal discussion on PPC, TA, and TMR of the construction projects while considering a wider range of constraints. The results signified that the important constraint categories vary for improving PPC and improving TA & TMR. Identifying and discussing the main constraint categories could improve the work plan reliability indicators up to 18%. The framework can be used repeatedly and the results can contribute to improving the effectiveness of weekly meetings in the future. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, constraint analysis, make-ready planning, work plan reliability, information theory }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{McHugh2021, author={McHugh, Kevin and Koskela, Lauri and Tezel, Algan }, editor={ }, title={Reality Capture Connecting Project Stakeholders}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={737-746}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1917}, doi={10.24928/2021/0148}, affiliation={Associate Director, Construction Mace group. Kevin.Mchugh@macegroup.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 6017-4585 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, UK, a.tezel@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-6126 }, abstract={Digital media and point cloud captures have been used extensively in the mapping and surveying fields. As technology has advanced digital photographic and Lasor scanning information can be captured on site and processed rapidly. This has led to developing software that can use the processed information, for reconstructing it with the help of photogrammetric methods and connecting it to the 3D Building Information Model (BIM). This paper will review the effectiveness of reality capture digital process in a pandemic situation. Reality Capture (RC) is becoming an important part of the information dynamics on construction projects. Lidar, Drone imagery, Laser scanning and Photogrammetry captures are now used extensively to document the construction process. Platforms that can, host, and overlay and compare scans and photographs to BIM models and 2D plans have been developed. RC provides a rich source of imagery that can also be used to support the production control process. Designers and project managers can focus on value added work utilizing the latest project imagery to co-ordinate and collaborate and to assist developing short term look ahead plans and validate prepared work plans. As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic worldwide societal and industrial shutdowns occurred the reduce the spread of disease. As industry returned safeguards had to be developed to protect workers and prevent the spread of disease. This paper outlines how a RC strategy that has been developed as a countermeasure to fragmented teams caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and how RC can be used to increase engagement by project stakeholders on construction projects in a post pandemic digital era. This paper discusses how digital tools can support established lean construction process and how action research can assist the continued development of new processe }, author_keywords={Reality capture, BIM, Last Planner® System, digital construction. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Johansen2021, author={Johansen, Peder and Christensen, Søren and Neve, Hasse H. and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={ }, title={Lean Renovation – a Case Study of Productivity, Flow, and Time Improvements}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={839-848}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1918}, doi={10.24928/2021/0150}, affiliation={Market director, Enemærke og Petersen a/s, Denmark, pej@eogp.dk, +45 9137 6708 ; Proces Manager, Enemærke og Petersen a/s, Denmark, sci@eogp.dk, +45 6193 8726 ; Consultant, Senior Associate, PhD, PwC, Aarhus, Denmark, +45 2879 1838, hasse.hojgaard.neve@pwc.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-3529 ; Consultant, Senior Associate, PhD, PwC, Aarhus, Denmark, +45 2879 1838, hasse.hojgaard.neve@pwc.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-3529 }, abstract={Renovation is a particular branch of construction where the production condition is more chaotic and complex than new build. Nevertheless, renovation as a production system has attained less focus than other project types in the Lean Construction community. Moreover, renovation is a significant driver for the green transition. Thus, knowing how to enable high-performing renovation projects is essential to disseminate both in academia and in the industry. This industrial paper documents the improvement and turnaround of a renovation project faced with cost and time overruns. The case was changed by implementing first the Last Planner System and daily huddles meeting, and later extending with the implementation of Location-Based Scheduling and a developed concept of visible site management. The entire transformation was monitored as productivity data were collected longitudinally during three years. The result was a productivity improvement of 54%, achieved even though the contractor capitalized on the productivity improvement by reducing the on-site workforce by 25% and still manage to complete the project one month ahead of the deadline. }, author_keywords={Lean, renovation, productivity, case study }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pikas2021, author={Pikas, Ergo and Seppänen, Olli and Koskela, Lauri and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Challenges in Industrialized Renovation of Apartment Buildings}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={985-994}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1919}, doi={10.24928/2021/0155}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia, ergo.pikas@taltech.ee, orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-685X ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Motivated by the European Green Deal framework, an ambitious 30-years long renovation strategy has been established in Estonia. This renovation strategy requires a substantial increase in the annual renovation capacity. New capabilities in terms of industrialization and digitalization of sustainable renovation processes need to be promoted. This explorative research aims to identify and understand existing practices, main barriers, and opportunities to industrialize and digitalize sustainable renovation of existing apartment buildings. Interviews and secondary data sources are used for data collection and analysis. Still many barriers exist, and more research and development in core elements of the industrialized renovation of apartment buildings is required. For example, further standardization of renovation products and processes is needed. Also, digitalization and automation of industrialized renovation of apartment buildings were the least developed core element. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, renovation, industrialization, lean renovation, standardization }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Collins2021, author={Collins, Dave and Johansen, Agnar and Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Temeljotov-Salaj, Alenka and Hamdy, Mohammed }, editor={ }, title={Brought by Degrees: A Focus on the Current Indicators of Lean ‘Smartness’ in Smart Cities}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={167-176}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1920}, doi={10.24928/2021/0156}, affiliation={Post-Doctoral Fellow, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, 0047 92501501, david.collins@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-0290-0486 ; Post-Doctoral Fellow, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, 0047 92501501, david.collins@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-0290-0486 ; Professor, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway, 0047 97082582, bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4383-1683 ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, 0047 46445072, alenka.temeljotov-salaj@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-4139-5278 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, 0047 92052876, mohamed.hamdy@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-3472-0386 }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to look at the indicators to which a city can be considered to be a smart city based upon the degree it meets specific indicators within the categories of ‘Social Smartness’, ‘Technological Smartness’ and ‘Environmental Smartness’. The data collection for this paper was conducted through desk research in academic and nonacademic articles and publications that focus on smart cities and their associated indicators. This study found out common factors based upon the indicators studied. ‘Social Smartness’ had a focus on the quality of life, civic engagement and wellbeing. ‘Technological Smartness’ was centric on flexible technology, well utilised and defined applied technology and data. ‘Environmental Smartness’ was focused on optimisation, waste management and sustainable thinking. This study offers possibilities to advance Lean thinking by looking at indicators to attribute a degree of ‘Smartness’ to cities which in turn will optimise the development and operation of a Smart City and Smart Districts. }, author_keywords={Lean thinking, smart cities, smart cities indicators, social indicators, sustainability }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Torre2021, author={Torre, Jorge R. De La and Taboada, Luisa J. and Picoy, Pool E. }, editor={ }, title={Road Construction Labor Performance Control Using PPC, PCR and RNC During the Pandemic}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={747-756}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1921}, doi={10.24928/2021/0166}, affiliation={Magister Civil Engineer, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru, +51 975 355 566, pccijdel@upc.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3596-8196 ; Bachelor of School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru, +51 994 324 260, u201521217@upc.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-8413-5011 ; Bachelor of School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru, +51 922 542 234, u201316815@upc.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-2372-9083 }, abstract={At the beginning of 2020, the Coronavirus pandemic had various countries negatively affected in the development of their economic activities, as their industries had to interrupt production, hindering their performance and economic development. Before this occurrence, it was known that the evolution of construction labor performance on site was minimum and had high indicators of variability. Due to this, extensive literature reviews have presented Last Planner® System as a methodology to mitigate and improve performance, mostly, in building construction. However, this deficiency presents itself with more frequency in road projects and worsens because of the pandemic. Having this said, it is important to control labor performance during the sanitary crisis in road projects. Therefore, in this context, the objective of this investigation is to validate the use of Last Planner® System methodology indicators (Percentage of Plan Completed and Percentage of Constraint Removal) as mechanisms of labor control. The findings evidence a direct relationship between improving indicators of Last Planner® System and a better labor performance while meeting budgeted yields.This in turn has validated the use of Last Planner indicators. Regarding the Reasons for non Completion, the impact of external factors merits and additional investigation due to frequency of occurrence. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, lean construction, variability, performance, labor. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daliri2021, author={Daliri, Sajad and Young, Brendan K. and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Last Planner® System on the Minnevika Bridge Project}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={757-766}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1922}, doi={10.24928/2021/0167}, affiliation={MSc Candidate, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway/PNC Norge AS, Oslo, Norway, +4796859654, sajadd@stud.ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-3355-8807 ; Managing Site Manager, PNC Norge AS, Oslo Norway, +4747713728, brendan.young@pnc-norge.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-2532-8670 ; Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +4773594739, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={Construction companies around the world have adopted the Last Planner® System (LPS) to reduce variability, increase workflow and improve reliability on their projects. This study explains the implementation of LPS in an infrastructure (railway bridge construction) project. Strengths and weaknesses of the implementation were examined and possible measures to overcome the experienced challenges were discussed. Finally, attitude changes towards the LPS during the project were measured. Data was collected through case-specific observations, semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions, and two surveys. The findings revealed that the project benefitted from implementing LPS, but benefits could have been reinforced if critical team members had participated continuously in the necessary meetings, followed the system without resistance and maintained their commitments. Additionally, LPS on the Minnevika bridge project was the novel start and detected challenges are often experienced by every organization at the beginning of implementation of a new system. Indeed, the Minnevika bridge project can be considered as a point of departure and being persistent will help the parties to benefit even more in the next project. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, challenges, infrastructure, attitude }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamerski2021, author={Hamerski, Douglas Comassetto and Fernandes, Luara Lopes de Araujo and Porto, Mattheus Souza and Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Costa, Dayana Bastos }, editor={ }, title={Production Planning and Control as-Imagined and as-Done: The Gap at the Look-Ahead Level}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={767-776}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1923}, doi={10.24928/2021/0169}, affiliation={PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, douglas_hamerski@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 3804-4047 ; PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil, luara.fernandes@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4041-8025 ; MSc Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, mattheus_porto@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1754- 7718 ; Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5888 ; Professor, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-1457- 6401 }, abstract={The Last Planner® System (LPS) of Production Control is widely acknowledged as fit to tackle the complexity of construction projects. However, the implications of complexity in the implementation of LPS itself have not been investigated. Those implications are investigated in this paper by exploring the gap between production planning and controlas-imagined and as-done at the look-ahead level. For that purpose, a case study was conducted in the refurbishment of a department store in which the LPS was implemented. Data collection involved document analysis, participant observation at the look-ahead and short-term planning meetings, and unstructured interviews. The Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) was used for modeling variability and interactions between the managerial functions at the look-ahead planning level. Results indicated several differences between production planning and control-as-imagined and as-done, which reflect hidden activities required for the removal of constraints. These activities took time and effort from managers and therefore they can partly explain why the LPS was not strictly followed as-imagined in theory. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, look-ahead planning, production planning and control, complexity, FRAM. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bataglin2021, author={Bataglin, Fernanda S. and Viana, Daniela D. and Coelho, Rafael V. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={ }, title={Buffer Types and Methods of Deployment in Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={849-858}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1924}, doi={10.24928/2021/0171}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering: Construction and Infrastructure (PPGCI), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, fernanda.saidelles@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8859-1201 ; Adjunct Professor, PPGCI, UFRGS, dietz.viana@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-4708 ; Graduate Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, rvcoelho@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-3622 ; Graduate Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept., University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, rvcoelho@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-3622 ; Professor, PPGCI, UFRGS, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 }, abstract={Flow is a key concept in Lean Production and is particularly important in construction. Due to the complexity of projects, in part due to managerial practices adopted, much variability exists in construction resource flows. Production system design can be used to eliminate at least some unwanted variability and then reduce the impact of remaining variability by using buffers in order to improve such flows. Accordingly, planners may add buffers of certain sizes in certain locations into the system, or use more systematic, adaptive, data-driven methods. With this in mind, the authors initiated a systematic literature review (SLR) on buffers in construction. The paper contributes to knowledge by defining the term ‘buffer’ and providing a characterization of buffer types and methods of deployment. Despite advances in understanding and method development, no one method stands out. The methods as described fall short of being able to both proactively determine buffer sizes and locations in the production system to suitably accommodate anticipated needs, and also reactively adjust them in light of system design changes. The use of SLR as the research methodology has well-known limitations, but the findings were revealing, and follow-on research will cast a wider net for relevant literature. }, author_keywords={Buffer, slack, contingency, flow, variability. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ransolin2021, author={Ransolin, Natália and Marczyk, Carlos Emilio Stigler and Gering, Rafael Parmeggiani and Saurin, Tarcísio Abreu and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Grøtan, Tor Olav }, editor={ }, title={The Built Environment´s Influence on Resilience of Healthcare Services: Lessons Learnt From the Covid-19 Pandemic}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={613-622}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1925}, doi={10.24928/2021/0172}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil Engineering Post-Graduate Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; PhD Candidate, Civil Engineering Post-Graduate Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; PhD Candidate, Civil Engineering Post-Graduate Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; PhD Candidate, Civil Engineering Post-Graduate Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; Professor, Civil Engineering Post-Graduate Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000- 0002-4772-3746 ; Professor, Civil Engineering Post-Graduate Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000- 0002-4772-3746 }, abstract={The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges for healthcare services, which have been forced to upscale their capacity to cope with successive surges in demand. The adjustments to match capacity to demand and deal with a new disease have involved creativity and solutions that were not part of the pre-pandemic standardized operating procedures. Those changes are considered manifestations of resilience. This paper focuses on the role played by the built environment of healthcare services during the pandemic, in terms of how it is integral to resilient performance. As such, we investigated the experience of a leading private hospital in Brazil, documenting the main changes related to the built environment and how they influenced resilience. Data collection involved eight interviews with hospital staff. A content analysis allowed the development of a generic functional model of the patient journey and the identification of ten resilience practices. Based on this, six lessons learnt were devised. These lessons are expected to be useful for the design and use of the built environment, supporting the resilience of services. }, author_keywords={Healthcare services, complexity, resilience, COVID-19, built environment. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dahlberg2021, author={Dahlberg, Terje Øvergaard and Drevland, Frode }, editor={ }, title={Preventing the Parade of Delays in Takt Production}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={777-786}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1926}, doi={10.24928/2021/0175}, affiliation={M.Sc. student, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 924 39 786, terjedahlb@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-1144-9036 ; Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1564 }, abstract={In recent years, takt has become an increasingly more common method to structure work in construction projects. Because of the tight coupling of activities in takt, ensuring that activities are done on time is crucial. The literature stresses having good takt plans and discusses how to react to delays in the takt production. However, there exists little literature about how site management can work proactively during takt execution to prevent delays. This paper presents a case study of Consto – a major construction company in Norway – and their experience working proactively to prevent takt production delays. The paper identifies several causes for delays experienced in the company and several approaches used in the case company to prevent them. We found that if delays were not prevented, they tended to propagate and compound through the production system, leading to a parade of delays. Furthermore, working proactively to prevent delays is contingent on having a high degree of buy-in and commitment from all trades participating in the takt. A key to achieving this was to involve all the trades in the takt planning process actively. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, takt, production planning and control }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kortenko2021, author={Kortenko, Sergei and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Can Last Planner® System Help to Overcome the Negative Effects of Design-Bid-Build?}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={787-796}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1927}, doi={10.24928/2021/0184}, affiliation={Researcher, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Drees & Sommer, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, +491727698610, sergei.kortenko@hud.ac.uk, kortenko86@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-0968-2100 ; Professor of Construction/Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +441484472892, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Professor of Construction/Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +441484472892, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +4972160842646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 }, abstract={The design-bid-build (DBB) procurement method has negative effects on construction projects. To find out whether those effects found in the literature appear in the field and to find ways to overcome them, nine interviews with practitioners from the architecture, engineering and construction industry have been conducted. It was found that building a lean culture in the DBB projects and/or setting up a management system that acknowledges lean ideals can help to overcome the negative effects of DBB. Using compatibility assessments of teams and “add-ons” to the standard contracts such as FAC-1 (Framework Alliance Contract) or Construction Manager at Risk were also mentioned as ways to overcome the problems existing in DBB environment. It was found from the interviews that Last Planner System supports tackling the existing problems of DBB in number of ways. It enables building lean culture in the DBB projects through improving communication, visualization, transparency and collaboration, building trust, enhancing mood and relationships, as well as overcoming claim culture. It does help to minimize the negative effects of the DBB procurement method on construction projects. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, design-bid-build, cost-led procurement, collaboration, action research. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nguyen2021, author={Nguyen, Quynh Anh and Koskela, Lauri and Potter, Doug and Tezel, Algan and Pedo, Barbara and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Application of Ji Koutei Kanketsu in Highways Design Process Improvement}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={623-633}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1928}, doi={10.24928/2021/0186}, affiliation={PhD student, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Univ. of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield UK, quynhanh.nguyen@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-0945-6584 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Univ. of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Associate Technical Director & CDM Principal Designer Manager, Arcadis Consulting (UK) Ltd, Manchester UK, doug.potter@arcadis.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-9785 ; Senior Lecturer, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Univ. of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield UK, a.tezel@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-6126 ; PhD student and KTP Associate, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Univ. of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield UK, b.pedo@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-0981 ; Associate Dean of Research, School of Art, Design and Architecture, Univ. of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 }, abstract={This paper provides an introduction to ‘Ji Koutei Kanketsu’ (JKK) as a recently developed Lean method and illustrates its potential to support the improvement of BIM-based highways design work processes. JKK is developed based on the concept of jidoka to enhance the autonomation in non-physical work processes. This method provides the employees the confidence to complete their own processes without defects, while requiring a strong collaboration between the managers and their teams. The paper is based on an action research study for trialing the use of JKK in a large engineering company. It is concluded that JKK, when its prescription is compared to the current state, focuses attention to the following issues: defining individual work activities, their support factors, their pre-conditions, the judgment criteria of their outputs, and continuous improvement. JKK is also evaluated by comparing it to other, overlapping methods. }, author_keywords={Lean, BIM, jidoka, ji koutei kanketsu }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Espinoza2021, author={Espinoza, Lisseth R. and Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Brioso, Xavier }, editor={ }, title={Use of Value Stream Mapping in a Case Study in Basement Construction}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={995-1004}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1929}, doi={10.24928/2021/0189}, affiliation={Research, Catholic University of Santa Maria, Arequipa, Peru, rocioespinozataype@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-5038-0863 ; Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 ; Professor, GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-0241 }, abstract={The Value Stream Mapping (VSM) as a management tool helps evaluate the waste within the workflow. However, it must be adapted to the construction since it was originated in manufacture. This adaptation is possible through appropriate process mapping. This study aims to map the process of the basement construction system in the execution of a building in Lima-Peru city. The building in the case study will have nine basements and 11-floor levels. An adaptation of the optimization cycle for construction projects was used. It allows mapping all the relevant activities and proposing and implementing improvements in the construction system. As a result, three maps were obtained. The first one is a map of the current state (VSM 1). The second one is a map of the current state with improvements (VSM 2). Finally, a third map of the future state with improvements (VSM 3). This study demonstrated that it is possible to adapt the VSM in basement construction and the usefulness of this tool to evaluate and reduce waste within the workflow. }, author_keywords={Value stream mapping, lean construction, production, continuous flow, VSM in construction }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gordon2021, author={Gordon, Elizabeth and Rawlinson, Keila and Eldamnhoury, Ebrahim and Marosszeky, Marton and Reed, Dean }, editor={ }, title={The Impact of Implementing a System Approach to Quality: A General Contractor Case Study}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={893-902}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1930}, doi={10.24928/2021/0193}, affiliation={Quality Leader, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, +1 650 339-9588, ElizabethG@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-0459 ; Operations Data Analyst, DPR Construction, Denver, CO 80112, USA, +1 303 349-083, KeilaR@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9718-5483 ; Business Process Analyst, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, +1 650 474 9057, Ebrahime@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-7980-1246 ; Managing Director, Marosszeky Associates P.L., Mandalong NSW 2264, Australia, marton@marosszekyassociates.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-5774-126X ; Owner and Consultant, Capability-Building, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA, Dean@deansreed.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2916-8558 }, abstract={This paper introduces a novel General Contractor approach to quality management called the Systems Approach to Quality (SAQ), which shares the Behavior-Based Quality (BBQ) concern for individual initiative and responsibility, and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) principles. Building on that previous work, this paper investigates the quantitative and cultural impacts of implementing a company’s SAQ approach in its construction projects across the U.S. To do so, the authors examine lagging indicators of various performance areas including cost, schedule, quality, safety, and changes for a group of projects that implemented the SAQ approach and compare them to another group of projects that did not. The hypothesis under investigation is that SAQ implementation in projects improves performance across a range of critical indicators. Furthermore, the study compares project culture in projects where SAQ was implemented to those where it was not using Quinn’s Competing Values Framework (CVF). The early results from this work indicate that the implementation of an approach such as SAQ leads to significant financial and non-cost benefits including improved collaboration. }, author_keywords={Action learning, complexity, process, waste, collaboration, trust, system approach, quality function deployment (QFD), performance metrics, quinn competing values. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Grönvall2021, author={Grönvall, Max and Ahoste, Henri and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Reinbold, Ana and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Improving Non-Repetitive Takt Production With Visual Management}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={797-806}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1931}, doi={10.24928/2021/0195}, affiliation={Development Engineer, Skanska Oy, Finland, max.gronvall@skanska.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-8635- 128X ; Production Engineer, Skanska Oy, Finland, henri.ahoste@skanska.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-5932-375 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, ana.reinbold@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-7984 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={Takt production is gaining increasing visibility in the construction industry. To further improve the current takt production practices, visual management tools could offer improved efficiency in the production control phase. However, the effects of visual management in takt control setting have not yet received much attention in research. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various visual tools in a takt production setting to gain knowledge on how these tools could aid takt control efficiency. The research utilized a design science research approach to create visual management tools and iterate them based on feedback. Interviews, site observation, and takt progress tracking were used to evaluate the implemented tools. The findings indicate that workers on site want to be more aware of the production plan, and information helps them to work in the right location at the right time. To help workers, visual management tools need to recognizable, explicit, and contain correct and up-to-date information. However, there are cultural issues related to implementation, especially on the need for information going through foremen to crews. }, author_keywords={Visual management, takt control, lean construction, takt production, production planning and control. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Slosharek2021, author={Slosharek, Benjamin and Dlouhy, Janosch and Schneider-Marin, Patricia and Lang, Werner }, editor={ }, title={Takting the Sustainability of Construction Processes: An Environmental Assessment Method}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={902-912}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1932}, doi={10.24928/2021/0198}, affiliation={Junior Project Manager, KVL Bauconsult GmbH, +49 15773597610, benjamin.slosharek@kvlgroup.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-3935-8918 ; Lean Expert, BMW AG, +4915160171327, janosch.dlouhy@bmw.de, orcid.org/0000-0001-5954- 9936 ; Research Fellow, Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building, Technical University of Munich (TUM), patricia.schneider@tum.de, orcid.org/0000-0003-3728-5938 ; Professor, Institute of Energy Efficient and Sustainable Design and Building, Technical University of Munich (TUM), w.lang@tum.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-6593-8388 }, abstract={The building sector is key to achieving global sustainability targets due to its significant resource consumption, associated emissions, and waste generation. Life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental quality of buildings to identify improvement possibilities. However, current research activities limit their focus on a few life cycle phases, while the construction phase receives none to little attention. At the heart of the problem lies the lack of information about on-site processes and the lack of tools to evaluate the environmental quality of construction processes. The authors developed a conceptual framework to assess this aspect using an interdisciplinary approach. The proposed solution is based on two main methods, namely LCA and Takt Planning (TP). Based on literature research we identified the main categories for environmentally relevant in- and outputs of construction processes. This allows a structured, standardized, and scalable assessment of each single process step from an environmental perspective We anticipate this method to be a starting point for a holistic sustainability approach for construction process assessment. Further development of this framework aims to broaden the current environmental evaluation in the building sector and to improve both, the construction process and the building product from an environmental point of view. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, takt planning (TP), life cycle assessment (LCA), lean construction (LC), process, theory. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2021, author={Arroyo, Paz and Gomez, Sulyn }, editor={ }, title={Building Quality Builders: Lessons Learned From a Companywide Training on Behavior-Based Quality}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={913-922}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1933}, doi={10.24928/2021/0201}, affiliation={Quality Leader, DPR, San Francisco, CA, PazA@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-8172 ; PhD Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, sulyn@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2367-9880 }, abstract={This paper describes the process of designing, testing, and adjusting a virtual workshop called Building Quality Builders (BQB) to train a general contractor’s employees on a Behavior-Based Quality (BBQ) approach with the purpose of increase implementation and reduce re-work. The paper summarizes a two-year journey that started in March 2019 and ramped up in 2020 due to the increased use of virtual training caused by Covid-19 pandemic. This paper describes the continuous improvement process and the lessons learned along the way. Lessons learned from developing and implementing this training are 1) BQB workshop main purpose to help participants improve the delivery of quality has been achieved by including a commitment to action from participants who took the workshop, 2) BQB format and content can be constantly improved if feedback from participants is being used for continuous improvement, and 3) BQB workshop is highly recommended by participants who took it, the recommendation extends to everyone in the company due to the benefits participants identified from BQB. }, author_keywords={Behavior-based quality (BBQ), virtual workshops, quality. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Oliva2021, author={Oliva, Carolina A. and Granja, Ariovaldo D. and Bridi, Marcelle E. and Soliman-Junior, João and Ayo-Adejuyigbe, Moralake and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Strengthening Target Value Design Benefits in Real Estate Market Through Living Labs}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={634-643}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1934}, doi={10.24928/2021/0202}, affiliation={Post-Doctoral Researcher, University of Campinas, Brazil, carol_oliva@yahoo.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2079-5472 ; Associate Professor, Laboratory for Construction Management Research (LAGERCON), University of Campinas, Brazil, adgranja@m.unicamp.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-2964-5609 ; PhD Student, Laboratory for Construction Management Research (LAGERCON), University of Campinas, Brazil, marcelle.bridi@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-5938 ; Research Assistant, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, j.solimanjunior@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8089-8628 ; PhD Student, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, morolake.ayoadejuyigbe@hud.ac.uk ; Professor, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 }, abstract={The Target Value Design (TVD) is a collaborative process where value drives the design process to achieve the client’s expectations while maintaining the costs and schedule under control. Its application has been successful ing several construction projects, especially in the healthcare context. Applying TVD to the real estate context, however, can be challenging. This paper aims to identify links between TDV and the Living Lab (LL) concept which may potentially help overcome these challenges. LLs are usercentred initiatives that focus on developing innovative solutions through cocreation and collaboration among stakeholders in a real-life context. A review on existing literature was performed to identify how a LL approach can strength TVD in a real state context. The results present opportunities to synergize TVD and LL for a beneficial result. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design, living labs, innovation, real estate }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fischer2021, author={Fischer, Anne and Grimm, Niklas and Tommelein, Iris D. and Kessler, Stephan and Fottner, Johannes }, editor={ }, title={Variety in Variability in Heavy Civil Engineering}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={807-816}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1935}, doi={10.24928/2021/0204}, affiliation={PhD Student, Chair of Materials Handling, Material Flow, Logistics, Dept. of Mech. Engrg., Techn. Univ. of Munich, Germany, +49 89 289 15932, anne.fischer@tum.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-2106-3735 ; Graduate Student, Chair of Materials Handling, Material Flow, Logistics, Dept. of Mech. Engrg., Techn. Univ. of Munich, Germany, niklas.grimm@tum.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-4798-6028 ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, +1 510 643-8678, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; Academic Director, Chair of Materials Handling, Material Flow, Logistics, Dept. of Mech. Engrg., Techn. Univ. of Munich, Germany, +49 89 289 15925, stephan.kessler@tum.de , orcid.org/0000-0001- 7330-0790 ; Professor, Chair of Materials Handling, Material Flow, Logistics, Dept. of Mech. Engrg., Techn. Univ. of Munich, Germany, +49 89 289 15918, j.fottner@tum.de, orcid.org/0000-0001-6392-0371 }, abstract={VARIETY IN VARIABILITY IN HEAVY CIVIL ENGINEERING }, author_keywords={Lean construction, earthwork, heavy civil engineering, process, value stream, variability }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ramírez-Valenzuela2021, author={Ramírez-Valenzuela, André and Gamarra-Díaz, Gilberto G. and Erazo-Rondine, Andrews A. }, editor={ }, title={Proposal Model for the Management of Construction Based on Flows – a Complex Adaptive System}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={859-869}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1936}, doi={10.24928/2021/0205}, affiliation={CEO of Sonder Hub, Lima, Peru, raramirezv@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-4585-9946 ; Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería,, Lima, Peru, gilberto.gamarra.d@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-1469-7342 ; Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería,, Lima, Peru aerazor@uni.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-573X }, abstract={Project management models understand construction as an ordered and simple phenomenon without considering its complexity, dynamism, and high variability. Also, they are models adapted from other sectors such as manufacturing and information technology (IT). This research aims to be a new trend for developing management models, typical of construction, from complexity. The following points are considered, as a first step, to this new trend of holistic construction management: 1. Generate and manage flows, which are the main components for the production in construction—beginning to understand each flow, its importance, and its properties; and 2. Manage complexity in construction projects by understanding and promoting the production system as a Complex Adaptive System (CAS) that requires organizations of action and learning as an Operational Excellence Organization. The proposed model offers a holistic analysis of the system considering flow management as a basis. It relates the project management approaches proposed by Bertelsen and Koskela (2005), the Value – Flow – Operation (VFO) model proposed by Bertelsen (2017), and the seven preconditions of Koskela (2000), except for external conditions by which these are a threat of flow, but do not flow in the proposed model. }, author_keywords={Complexity, flow integration, value, management, complex adaptive system (CAS). }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Espinoza2021, author={Espinoza, Lisseth R. and Brioso, Xavier and Herrera, Rodrigo F. }, editor={ }, title={Applying CBA to Decide the Best Excavation Method: Scenario During the Covid-19 Pandemic}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={870-879}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1937}, doi={10.24928/2021/0209}, affiliation={Research, Catholic University of Santa Maria, Arequipa, Peru, rocioespinozataype@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-5038-0863 ; Professor, GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-0241 ; Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 }, abstract={On January 30 of 2020, The World Health Organization declared the pandemic crisis as the first public emergency with international importance. Because of this, many building projects were paralyzed since then and the building industry experienced changes that have brought the inclusion of new tools to achieve the objectives of the projects. The purpose of the present paper is to present the application of Choosing By Advantages (CBA) methodology to select the best alternative in the material removal system in the execution of basements in a project that was paralyzed by the health emergency COVID19. CBA is a lean tool used to make decisions with clarity and transparency and in this case is used to consider the constraints of COVID-19 protocol to guide in decisions making. This methodology was applied to a case study for a building project in the basement construction phase that restarts its activities in the excavations. For that, an expert panel was formed to analyze and decide the best alternative solution. Finally, the selected alternative was implemented on-site, validating the methodology. It is concluded that CBA is an excellent tool to transparently document the selection process of the removal system. Additionally, this methodology allows including activities regarding the COVID-19 protocol, without affecting the project's productivity. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Choosing by Advantages (CBA), decision-making, excavations, COVID-19. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lagos2021, author={Lagos, Camilo Ignacio and Alarcón, Luis Fernando }, editor={ }, title={Composition and Impact of Reasons for Noncompletion in Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={817-826}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1938}, doi={10.24928/2021/0210}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, colagos@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-0039 ; Ph.D. Student, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, colagos@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-0039 }, abstract={The Last Planner® System (LPS) uses short systematic cycles of work preparation, shortterm execution commitments and identification of Reasons for Noncompletion (RNCs). LPS based software capture quantifiable information that allows to assess RNC impact on execution. RNCs can be categorized using detailed information and their impact can be obtained assessing task progress and compliance. This research aims to determine the main categories, sources and responsible parties affecting compliance, based on empirical data from 25 High-rise Building (HR) and 25 Industrial Construction (IC) projects. Weekly project information representing 22.636 RNCs was assessed to categorize each RNC by type, source and party. The task, commitment and progress information were used to determine their frequency and impact, based on the duration of the affected task and differences between committed and actual progress. The RNC categories were compared across the sample and between HR and IC projects using statistical analyses. Results showed that approximately two in every three RNCs correspond to factors controllable by the main contractor, while collaboration with the client and subcontractors could allow preventing up to 90% of noncompliance issues. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, standardization, reasons for noncompletion, collaboration, reliable promising. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Verán-Leigh2021, author={Verán-Leigh, Daniel and Brioso, Xavier }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of Lean Construction as a Solution for the Covid-19 Impacts in Residential Construction Projects in Lima, Peru}, journal={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 29th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2021}, pages={923-932}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1939}, doi={10.24928/2021/0215}, affiliation={Chief Construction Engineer, VyV Bravo Construction Group. GETEC Research Group and PELCAN Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Lima, Peru, daniel.veran@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-6174-2054 ; Professor, GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-0241 }, abstract={At the beginning of 2020, a virus discovered in the province of Wuhan in China identified as SARS- COV-2, denominated COVID-19, began to spread globally, being identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on March 13 since the epidemic has spread to several countries in all the continents and affects a large number of people (WHO 2020). In Peru the entry of COVID-19 caused the Peruvian government to take different options to control its spread such as mandatory quarantines and lockdowns. In front of this scenario, the Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector had to reinvent itself since it is a sector where work depends on a significant amount of personnel (IPE 2020). Furthermore, the level of industrialization in Peru is significantly lower compared with industrialized countries, generating that the consumption of labor is greater as well as the cost of the project, searching for new solutions to improve productivity. Moreover, considering the new sanitary measures for COVID-19 including new health protocols, controls, and improvement of working sanitary standards. Therefore, the main purpose of the present paper is to present a planning proposal for a system that integrates the Lean tools and the COVID-19 protocol for armed concrete buildings in Peru and present the preliminary results of its modification on the production system, design of work schedules, planning meetings, among other aspects of the construction system. }, author_keywords={COVID-19, lean construction, Last Planner® System, construction system. COVID-19, began to spread globally, being identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on March 13 since the epidemic has spread to several countries in all the continents and affects a large number of people (WHO 2020). In Peru the entry of COVID-19 caused the Peruvian government to take different options to control its spread such as mandatory quarantines and lockdowns. In front of this scenario, the Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector had to reinvent itself since it is a sector where work depends on a significant amount of personnel (IPE 2020). Furthermore, the level of industrialization in Peru is significantly lower compared with industrialized countries, generating that the consumption of labor is greater as well as the cost of the project, searching for new solutions to improve productivity. Moreover, considering the new sanitary measures for COVID-19 including new health protocols, controls, and improvement of working sanitary standards. Therefore, the main purpose of the present paper is to present a planning proposal for a system that integrates the Lean tools and the COVID-19 protocol for armed concrete buildings in Peru and present the preliminary results of its modification on the production system, design of work schedules, planning meetings, among other aspects of the construction system. }, address={Lima, Peru }, issn={ }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mohsen2022, author={Mohsen, Osama and Naumets, Serhii and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Lean Thinking to Improve Curriculum Delivery in Civil Engineering Using Monte Carlo Simulation}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1-12}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1940}, doi={10.24928/2022/0101}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Architectural Engineering Dept., College of Design and Built Environment, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, osama.mohsen@kfupm.edu.sa, orcid.org/0000-0002-3992-9357 ; PhD Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engrg. Dept., Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, naumets@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0001-8653-0667 ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engrg. Dept., Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Lean education can refer to teaching Lean principles or applying Lean thinking to improve educational content delivery. Applying Lean in education can enhance supportive services such as admissions and program selections. In this paper, we developed a simulation study to examine course offerings in the third and fourth years of civil engineering at the University of Alberta, given an anticipated number of students registered in different subdisciplines. This study uses Monte Carlo simulation to model student enrolment in the curriculum aiming to reduce curriculum planning time and incorporate the end users’ (i.e., the students) preferences into the course offerings by evaluating various what-if scenarios. The study investigates the effect of course selection flexibility on curriculum delivery and estimates the seating capacity to accommodate all enrolled students. In one scenario, all variables were simulated using random numbers and predefined statistical distributions. In a second scenario, we introduced restrictions where one subdiscipline offers limited courses, and graduate course offerings are restricted. In a third scenario, an additional restriction was added by raising the GPA eligibility threshold for graduate courses. The results show that simulation is an effective tool to test and incorporate Lean ideas into curriculum planning and management. }, author_keywords={Continuous Improvement, Curriculum Development, Engineering Education, Learning, Simulation. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fish2022, author={Fish, Mohamed Abou El and Salhab, Diana and Urizar, Mark and Shoeb, Mohammed and Neeraganti, Thirupal and Majed, Ali }, editor={ }, title={Takt Planning Effectiveness Into One Billion Dollars Projects}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={13-24}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1941}, doi={10.24928/2022/0102}, affiliation={ Lean Construction Manager, KEO International, Doha, Qatar, mohamed.elfish@keoic.com ; 2 Ph.D. student, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, salhab@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-6193 ; Co-owner, AAAX architecture, Brunswick East, Victoria, Australia, aaaxaus@gmail.com ; Lean Lead, TriConstruct, Doha, Qatar, shoeb.m@triconstruct.com ; Lean Lead, Darwish Engineering, Doha, Qatar, thirupalappa.neeraganti@boomconstruction.net ; Lean Lead, TriConstruct, Doha, Qatar, ali.m@triconstruct.com }, abstract={Takt Planning (TP) is a prominent Lean tool that is gaining wide applicability on construction projects; it helps assess project progress status from the beginning of a project until the end. TP techniques pinpoint the weaknesses in a project’s scope of work and assist in identifying appropriate ways to integrate resources into any given project. The approach has been thoroughly studied in building projects but not on infrastructure ones, and little empirical results have been reported. Hence, this paper presents results from a case study of applying TP in mega infrastructure projects in Qatar. The paper showcases issues faced by teams during the execution of work, their TP approach to remedy the situation, their approach for integrating TP into the existing system, and the corresponding outcomes. Results show that adoption of TP helped the construction team to properly control, organize, and place resources into projects to achieve desired goals. This study is an accurate example of how TP technique can resolve project problems and provide a clear ‘X-ray’ to scan large projects. }, author_keywords={Takt Planning, Infrastructure Projects, Lean tools }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Stevens2022, author={Stevens, Matt }, editor={ }, title={Nine Innovation Barriers in Australian Construction Contracting }, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={25-35}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1942}, doi={10.24928/2022/0103}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney Univeristy, Penrith, NSW AU, matt.stevens@westernsydney.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0003-2301-1311 }, abstract={The Australian construction industry ranks below average in intellectual property and software creation value compared to other sectors. The innovation performance of the built environment contractors is well chronicled. Importantly, these organisations have the most time and cost risk of all stakeholders. Therefore, improvements should have significant benefits to them and their customers. However, their innovation efforts face significant economic, regulatory and market barriers that are stubborn. This paper asserts that these sector characteristics slow the creation of novel products, services, and information technology more than most major industries. Overcoming these invention barriers should enable faster innovation and more significant improvement. This paper outlines the nine most significant innovation barriers researched by the author in Australian construction contracting and suggests potential solutions. Addressing the seminal reasons for the lack of invention should decrease the impact of these obstacles leading to a better system and culture of innovation, thereby producing better industry performance. The relationship between construction organisation characteristics and industry innovation is relatively unexplored. }, author_keywords={Construction invention, constructor innovation, breakthroughs, system barriers, novel products }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maraqa2022, author={Maraqa, Musab Jamal and Sacks, Rafael and Spatari, Sabrina }, editor={ }, title={Role of Lean and VDC in Reducing Physical and Operational Waste and Environmental Impact}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={36-47}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1943}, doi={10.24928/2022/0104}, affiliation={Ph.D. Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, +972 59 8218363, musab_maraqa@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 7756- 2787. ; Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, +972 4 829 3190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-5053. ; 3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, +972 54 668 4373, ssabrina@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-7243- 9993. }, abstract={Lean construction focuses on eliminating process and operational wastes. The reduction of waste improves environmental performance by reducing GHG emissions. This research quantified the impacts of lean construction and VDC in reducing physical and operational wastes related to partition walls. The researchers observed worker activities at construction sites and compared them with observations from past projects. The activities were classified into value-adding and non-value-adding activities. The researchers observed the construction of different block types (gypsum, autoclaved aerated concrete, and concrete blocks) to estimate the operational wastes related to the construction method. The results showed that lean and VDC improved the value-adding activities using gypsum block to 68.4% compared to 25.8% in a traditionally managed project using concrete block, an improvement of 167%. Moreover, the embodied GHG emissions in the lean-VDC project per partition area are 12 kg CO2e m-2 compared to 58.4 kg CO2e m-2 in the traditionally managed project. The reduction in GHG emissions is due to reducing waste in the lean-VDC project and using more sustainable materials. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, sustainability, waste, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lappalainen2022, author={Lappalainen, Eelon and Uusitalo, Petri and Abou-Ibrahim, Hisham and Seppänen, Olli and Hänninen, Aku and Söderström., Kristian }, editor={ }, title={Effects of Daily Management on Design Reliability}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={48-59}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1944}, doi={10.24928/2022/0105}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, eelon.lappalainen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-344X ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, petri.uusitalo@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-906X ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, hisham.abouibrahim@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-4261-9322 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Master of Science, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, aku.hanninen@ideastructura.com ; Master of Science Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Kristian.soderstrom@aalto.fi }, abstract={Building Design Management (DM) is challenging due to the fragmentation of project partners, the iterative nature of design and the tradition of informal management of designers. Therefore, many contractors do not trust the promises of designers and protect the construction schedule with schedule buffers that increase project lead times. To act upon this situation, several researchers have suggested using the Last Planner™ System (LPS) as a method for DM. Using two case studies, we present how the use of the LPS method as a tool for Daily Management (DAM) increases the reliability of the design and how, correspondingly, not using it can affect design reliability. So far, very little attention has been paid to the role of DAM in DM, and this short article seeks to provide new insights into this research gap for both researchers in the field and DM professionals. These early and exploratory results, despite the limited number of cases, can be utilised in further research as well as in practical project management, especially when the reduction of schedule buffers between construction and design is targeted }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean design management, last planner, PPC }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lappalainen2022, author={Lappalainen, Eelon and Ibrahim, Hisham Abou and Seppänen, Olli and Palsola, Ilari }, editor={ }, title={Findings on the Use of the Last Planner System—a Case Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={60-71}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1945}, doi={10.24928/2022/0106}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, eelon.lappalainen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-344X ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, hisham.abouibrahim@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-4261-9322 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Bachelor of Engineering student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Oulu University of Applied Sciences, Finland, t1pail01@students.oamk.f }, abstract={The last planner system™ (LPS) is a production control method used in lean construction projects that has offered good results to construction companies in terms of improving labour productivity, increasing collaboration and the possibility for developing continuous learning. This short study contributes to LPS research on the reliability of promises and how parties perceive their effects on schedule and productivity. The study was conducted using a case study on an industrial construction project in which LPS had been in use since its start. Research data were collected using a semi-structured survey conducted online due to the pandemic. The study also utilized project progress data and measurement data from the LPS sessions. The most interesting result of the study was how little the LPS participants felt they had to compromise their goals. We also found how scheduling methods used in parallel with LPS can frustrate users and contribute to reducing its usefulness. Our findings can be used in further research in several ways, either by utilising the questionnaire we developed or by comparing our findings to other studies. We believe that practitioners using LPS will benefit from our results and can use them to address these shortcomings identified in future projects. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, last planner, reliable promises }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Russmann2022, author={Russmann, Eduard and Budau, Maximilian R.-D. and Hickethier, Gernot and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Development of an Educational Game to Teach Integrated Project Delivery Principles}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={72-83}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1946}, doi={10.24928/2022/0109}, affiliation={Project Manager, Yukon Projects, Karlsruhe, Germany, eduard.russmann@yukon.pm, orcid.org/0000- 0002-5919-3279 ; Research Assistant, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, maximilian.budau@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-1176 ; Project Manager, Yukon Projects, Karlsruhe, Germany, gernot.hickethier@yukon.pm, orcid.org/0000- 0002-0380-3787 ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Director, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 }, abstract={Although IPD exists as a project delivery option especially for high complex buildings, the construction industry continues to use traditional approaches and methods for project delivery. The major barriers to the use of IPD are a general fear of change as well as a lack of knowledge and understanding. Educational games can be used to build knowledge and understanding. These games enable competence-oriented, experience-based, and motivated learning. Starting with the basics of game didactics, this paper describes the development of an educational game to teach IPD principles. Existing educational games from the field of Lean Construction are used to convey an understanding of methods used in IPD. IPD cannot be reduced to a single method, the game developed takes a more holistic approach. Therefore, the game is intended to teach principles of IPD through experience-oriented learning and to show the necessary process of change that accompanies this type of project delivery. This is achieved by simulating a construction project that makes IPD principles easier to understand and more tangible. The participants independently gain experience in the field of IPD through active involvement and group reflection. The paper also includes experiences with first applications of the game.se shortcomings identified in future projects. }, author_keywords={lean construction, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), action learning/research, educational game, live simulation game. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2022, author={Seppänen, Olli and Görsch, Christopher }, editor={ }, title={Decreasing Waste in Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing Work}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={84-94}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1947}, doi={10.24928/2022/0111}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, christopher.0.gorsch@aalto.fi, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-4031 }, abstract={Eliminating wasted effort is an important part of lean philosophy. Waste has typically been measured with time sampling or time motion studies, where the share of direct work is estimated. However, few studies have taken the next step and investigated the root causes of wasted effort. This paper reports the results of an extensive time and motion study and focuses on qualitative evidence on the root causes of wasted effort. 15 MEP workers and foremen on four projects carried a helmet camera for one calendar week and quantitative time-motion analysis was done based on these videos. All participants were interviewed, and video footage was reviewed together with the participants to evaluate root causes of waste. The root causes of wasted effort were poor communication, issues with production planning and control, uncoordinated design, poorly organized material flow and a high share of preparatory work steps. The best direct work share was achieved in the only project which implemented takt production even though it was also the project with least repetitive work and largest distances due to large floor area. The biggest impact could be achieved with better constructability of design which would also enable just in time logistics and greater share of prefabrication. The results could be used to convince practitioners to adopt lean principles }, author_keywords={Lean construction, waste, workflow, time-motion study }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Picard2022, author={Picard, L. and Blanchet, P. and Bégin-Drolet, A. }, editor={ }, title={Assembly Process in Off-Site Construction: Self-Lock Device as a Key to a Lean Approach}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={95-106}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1948}, doi={10.24928/2022/0112}, affiliation={ Ph.D. Candidate, Laval University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Quebec, Canada, Laurence.picard.3@ulaval.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-4299-7393 ; Professor, Laval University, Wood Sciences and Forests Department, Holder of the NSERC Industrial Chair in Eco-Responsible Wood Construction (CIRCERB), Québec, Canada, pierre.blanchet@sbf.ulaval.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-0289 ; Professor, Laval University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Quebec, Canada, andre.begindrolet@gmc.ulaval.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-3963 }, abstract={The implementation of lean construction in off-site construction is an ongoing combination aiming to improve the efficiency and reduce all forms of waste in the construction industry. Modular construction offers a high level of off-site value creation, and consequently leaner processes associated to the well-known off-site construction advantages as waste management, shorter project timeline, improved health and safety conditions for workers, better quality control, optimal material handling, and efficient working stations. Nonetheless, the on-site activities needed to connect the modules are often identified as critical sources of waste. In response, many connecting devices and models for calculations were developed in recent years, but very few present an automated locking mechanism for modular connection. While most connecting devices include the use of fasteners that need to be manually fixed to complete the connection of modules, an automated connecting device could significantly reduce the quantity of onsite activities by including an engineered mechanism that ensures self-lock. This research aims to evaluate the impact on leanness of an automated connecting device as well as to present a new plug-in self-lock device. }, author_keywords={Off-site construction, Modular assembly, Connecting Device, Automated locking mechanism, Waste management }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2022, author={Tillmann, Patricia A. and Eckblad, Stuart and Whitney, Fred and Koefoed, Niall }, editor={ }, title={Rethinking Project Delivery to Focus on Value and Innovation in the Public Sector}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={107-117}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1949}, doi={10.24928/2022/0113}, affiliation={Senior Manager for Lean Project Development, The Boldt Company, San Francisco, USA. Patricia.tillmann@boldt.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3420-3132 ; Vice President, Health Major Capital Projects, UCSF Real Estate, San Francisco, USA. Stuart.Eckblad@ucsf.edu ; Director Project Delivery, UCSF Real Estate, San Francisco, USA. Fred.Whitney@ucsf.edu ; Senior Project Manager, Cambridge CM, San Francisco, USA. N.Koefoed@ccm.to }, abstract={With the intent to move towards value generation, public organizations have been increasingly searching for alternative procurement and project delivery routes. Countries like the U.S., Finland, U.K., Norway, and Australia are pioneers in adopting alternative means to project delivery in the public sector. Past studies have documented the benefits of more collaborative arrangements in that sector. However, their impact on project performance and their ability to generate value still lack evidence and documentation. In addition, little is known about project management practices that helped organizations focus on value and achieve better project performance within this context. Thus, this paper aims to provide evidence about the impact of alternative delivery methods on generating better project outcomes in the public sector, highlighting fundamental mechanisms and lean management practices that have contributed to these results. This research follows a multi-case study approach, reporting the journey taken by The University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Health to rethink its project delivery methods in the public sector. A close collaboration between the University of California Berkeley (UC Berkeley) and UCSF allowed data to be collected throughout the years. This paper results from a reflection of collected data and new insights gained through focused group discussions. }, author_keywords={Lean in the Public Sector, Value generation, Integrated Project Delivery }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rankohi2022, author={Rankohi, Sara and Bourgault, Mario and Iordanova, Ivanka and Carbone, & Carlo }, editor={ }, title={Towards Integrated Implementation of IPD and DFMA for Construction Projects: A Review}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={118-129}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1950}, doi={10.24928/2022/0114}, affiliation={1 PhD Student, Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, sara.rankohi@polymtl.ca, ; Professor, Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, mario.bourgault@polymtl.ca, ; 3 Professor, Department of Construction Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, QC, Canada, Ivanka.Iordanova@etsmtl.ca ; Professor, École de design, Université du Québec à Montréal, QC, Canada, carbone.carlo@uqam.ca }, abstract={Integrated project delivery (IPD) and Design-for-Manufacturing-and-Assembly (DfMA) are emerging topics in the construction literature, which have attracted considerable attention in recent years. DfMA is known as a philosophy and a method whereby products’ designs are optimized for downstream manufacturing and assembly. Similarly, IPD, is known as a philosophy and a method which enhance integration throughout the project life-cycle. Although literature identified the ability of both DfMA and IPD principles to enhance project performance metrics, little research has investigated their potential synergies. Keeping in view the opportunities accruable from this combination, this paper conducted a systematic literature review of papers that discuss minimum one of these two methods, and identified common principles or practices shared among IPD and DfMA. Finally, a framework is developed based on synergies between IPD, and DfMA in construction projects. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery, DfMA, IPD, Design-for-Manufacturing-and-Assembly, Architecture and Construction, Lean, Literature Review. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Görsch2022, author={Görsch, Christopher and Jianyu, Zhao and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Value-Adding Index - Share of Direct Work Included in Uninterrupted Presence Time}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={130-141}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1951}, doi={10.24928/2022/0115}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, christopher.0.gorsch@aalto.fi, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-4031 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, jianyu.zhao@aalto.fi, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8519-6177 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={Continuous improvement depends on appropriate productivity measures. Productivity can be measured through time-motion studies but relies heavily on manual efforts and therefore contributes insufficiently to real-time awareness in dynamic environments such as construction. Indoor positioning shows potential determining shares of construction workers VA (Value-adding), based on Bluetooth Low Energy technology in real-time. Different studies show positive correlations between VA and productivity. However, it is unknown from location data how much workers engage in VA work while being present. Applying both methods simultaneously to one worker, this paper shows how to numerically quantify direct work (DW) and VA. Such combined data can show how much VA and DW occur when uninterrupted presence is detected while applying thresholds, indicating minimum durations spent inside work locations. Utilizing a small data sample enabled proof-of-concept testing and resulted in numerical quantifications of DW and VA. Preliminary findings show larger proportions of DW and VA when uninterrupted presence time is higher. Future research needs to enlarge the included data. If findings hold true, uninterrupted presence with higher thresholds could predict more accurate workers´ VA levels in real-time. The study also contributes to knowledge positively impacting construction by bridging workers’ behaviors on-site with monitoring technologies detecting movement }, author_keywords={Time-motion study, indoor-positioning, continuous improvement/kaizen, flow, lean construction }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Görsch2022, author={Görsch, Christopher and Al Barazi, Alaa and Seppänen, Olli and Abou Ibrahim, Hisham }, editor={ }, title={Uncovering and Visualizing Work Process Interruptions Through Quantitative Workflow Analysis }, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={142-152}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1952}, doi={10.24928/2022/0116}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, christopher.0.gorsch@aalto.fi, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-4031 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, alaa.albarazi@aalto.fi, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7241-9597 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; 4 Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, hisham.abouibrahim@aalto.fi, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4261-9322 }, abstract={Continuous improvement requires visualizing process constraints which interrupt workflows. Production control from a management perspective often operates at lower levels of information granularity than required at operational levels to perform work without interruptions. If not controlled in detail, causes and effects of workflow interruptions remain unclear in environments of high complexity and non-standardized work. Workflow efficiency has been studied through work sampling or time-motion studies, estimating shares of direct work. However, few studies exist that show how to create digital representations of workflows and analyse them for interruptions, contributing to smoother workflows. The paper examines workflows of plumbing work from video footage. This video data is classified and analysed for frequency, causes, and effects of work interruptions. Results indicate that value-supporting activities caused the largest proportion of interruptions. Moreover, the proportion of non-value-adding activities increases when durations of interruptions rise. Based on the results, the paper contributes to further understanding of workflow interruptions in plumbing work. Finally, it provides suggestions on how to close gaps of information granularity between management and operational levels, through the development of simulation models and the application of automated data collection, contributing to developing digital twins of construction processes. }, author_keywords={continuous improvement/kaizen, production control, job-sequencing, time-motion study, workflow }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abdel-Jaber2022, author={Abdel-Jaber, Omar and Itani, Anas and Al-Hussein, Mohamed }, editor={ }, title={Hybrid Lean Decision-Making Framework Integrating Value Stream Mapping and Simulation: A Manufacturing Case Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={153-163}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1953}, doi={10.24928/2022/0118}, affiliation={ MSc. Student, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, abdeljab@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0001-8856-3374 ; PhD. Student, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, aitani@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0001-5516-8829 ; Professor, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, malhussein@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-1774-9718 }, abstract={Lean value stream mapping has been applied extensively in manufacturing settings to benefit the industrial sector by boosting productivity, improving product quality, and decreasing capital costs, in turn leading to customer satisfaction and manufacturer profitability. Notwithstanding the benefits, lean value stream mapping can be enhanced to dynamically reflect the statistical productivity and economic improvements to enhance the process efficiency of production lines. Findings reported in the literature points to the benefits of integrating simulation-based tools with traditional lean value stream mapping in a hybrid framework to validate the feasibility of a given improvement. The main criteria are to reduce lean waste, increase productivity, and dynamically optimize manufacturing trade-offs for push–pull and just-in-time production systems by enhancing the efficacy of lean value stream mapping using a simulation-based approach. In this context, the proposed framework leverages value stream mapping to visualize the production system's current state. It then integrates the discrete-event simulation model in order to assess the various lean improvement scenarios proposed that to transform the system to its future state. The framework is implemented in a window manufacturing production stream to test and validate its feasibility in a mass customization environment. The case study results demonstrate the value of the framework in assisting decisionsmakers to evaluate different scenarios and visualize their impact for better transform }, author_keywords={Lean value stream mapping, simulation-based, push–pull, just-in-time, mass customization }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Halttula2022, author={Halttula, Heikki P. I. and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Situational Awareness in Construction Projects Using Takt Production}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={164-174}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1954}, doi={10.24928/2022/0119}, affiliation={Managing director, Civil Soft Ltd., Espoo, Finland, Heikki.halttula@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 2897-104X ; Associate professor, Operations Management in Construction, Aalto University School of Engineering, Helsinki, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={The construction industry is improving its processes targeting to increase productivity. Lean construction has been in use for decades, and now lean is expanding in the form of takt production. Takt production gives clear steps to apply lean in daily construction projects. Takt production transfers the improving flow from the manufacturing industry’s conveyor belts to construction sites. Digital situational awareness systems are good examples of new digital solutions in construction. They provide possibilities to construction stakeholders to better control and improve their processes by visualizing waste and helping find the root causes of problems to be fixed. This paper aims to study how digital awareness systems support takt production in construction projects. This study is a qualitative case study based on a project implementing a digital situational awareness system and relies on project staff interviews and the data available on the project. The project team has successfully improved takt production with digital awareness systems for revealing and fixing waste. They have successfully improved the productivity of tasks. Digital situational awareness systems can play an important role in the continuous improvement of processes in the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Productivity, lean construction, situational awareness, takt production, waste. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Power2022, author={Power, William and Sinnott, Dr Derek and Lynch, Dr Patrick }, editor={ }, title={Scrum Complementing Last Planner System – a Case Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={175-186}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1955}, doi={10.24928/2022/0120}, affiliation={Productivity & Performance Manager, DPS Group, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Co. Cork, Ireland T45 YR13 willie.power@dpsgroupglobal.com +353217305000 ORCID-0000- 0001-5791-846X ; Senior Lecturer, South East Technological University, Waterford, Ireland, derek.sinnott@SETU.ie ORCID-0000-0003-3969-8699 ; Lecturer, South East Technological University, Waterford, Ireland, patrick.lynch@SETU.ie ORCID0000-0002-5406-38 }, abstract={Scrum emerged from the software sector and has been identified as a novel methodology that is radically different from traditional project management teaching. However, there is a paucity of data from real life case studies that affirm Scrum can benefit construction execution. This paper reports on a 20-week Scrum implementation across seven teams on a construction project that must achieve a critical building weathertight milestone. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach utilising case study design and data collected from a literature review, project documentation review, direct observation, purposeful semi-structured interviews, and a focus group workshop. Scrum complements Last Planner® System (LPS) implementations and bringsspecific benefits at point of work execution by reducing weekly missed tasks resulting in increased and more reliable Planned Percent Complete (PPC). An 11 percent increase in average PPC accrued from utilising Scrum to complement LPS by reducing reasons for noncompletion (RNC) of work tasks at crew level work interfaces. Additional softer benefits in the form of enhanced inter-trade communications and collaboration, as well as greater involvement of the entire crew in striving to achieve task execution. Further in-practice and academic research is required in aligning construction processes and methodologies with the concepts and definitions found in Scrum. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, agile, scrum, last planner system, collaboration. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pérez2022, author={Pérez, Cristina T. and Salling, Stephanie and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={ }, title={Location-Based Work Sampling}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={187-198}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1956}, doi={10.24928/2022/0121}, affiliation={Postdoc, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, cristina.toca.perez@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-1492 ; Research Assistant, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, stsa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7088-6458 ; Professor, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, swa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 }, abstract={Previous studies have applied the Work Sampling (WS) technique in different job sites to determine how workers employ their time in relation to a taxonomy of various work activities. However, no other significant contribution has been discussed for including location information of the work activities. This study added a geographic location to each random WS observation for a more comprehensive work efficiency analysis. In this paper, an implementation analysis was presented based on the findings from a case study. The research process followed four steps: (1) clarifying the categories of the activities; (2) deciding the confidence interval; (3) collecting and extracting data; and (4) analyzing the data. For adding location data to the technique, the authors used the geographic coordinates provided by smartwatches used by the research team connected to two Global Navigations Satellite Systems (GNSS), and the coordinates obtained from photos taken for each observation. Each observation made contained the following information: (1) photo; (2) timestamp; (3) trade observed; (4) work category; and (5) geographic coordinates, consequently, workspace category. This paper presents as the main contribution an adaption of the WS technique, named Location-based Work Sampling (LBWS), which can provide a better understanding of the ongoing activities’ behavior. }, author_keywords={Location-based Management (LBM), Visual Management, Waste, Work Sampling, Geographic location observations. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cisterna2022, author={Cisterna, Diego and Lauble, Svenja and Haghsheno, Shervin and Wolber, Jan }, editor={ }, title={Synergies Between Lean Construction and Artificial Intelligence: AI Driven Continuous Improvement Process}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={199-210}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1957}, doi={10.24928/2022/0122}, affiliation={ Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721 608 45476, diego.cisterna@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-4282-1141 ; 2 Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721 608 41513, svenja.lauble@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-1791 ; 3 Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721 608 42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 ; Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721 608 41513, jan.wolber@kit.edu, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-7374-1585 }, abstract={Both, Lean Construction (LC) techniques and Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods strive for the continuous improvement of production systems in projects and organizations. A combined implementation of both approaches is an ongoing research area. Therefore, the question arises as to whether the added value generated by implementing both approaches jointly is greater than the added value generated by implementing them independently and what is the significance of people in their combined use. This paper explores theoretically the potential of synergies between LC and AI in the AEC sector with exemplary use cases as well as their resulting effects. Humans play a crucial role as interface between a combined use of both of them. As a result, a framework containing LC, AI and people is formed as basis for further combined developments. Therefore, change management, an area in which Lean has spent several years developing, can help both approaches gain traction. With the results, targeted applications can be developed, and practice can be supported. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, artificial intelligence, continuous improvement, integration, cultural change }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lagos2022, author={Lagos, Camilo I. and Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Muñoz, Javiera and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Influence of Last Planner® System Adoption Level on Project Management and Communication}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={211-222}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1958}, doi={10.24928/2022/0124}, affiliation={ Ph.D.(c) Production Management Centre, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, colagos@uc.cl, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-0039 ; Ph.D. Professor, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 ; Student, Universidad de Talca Chile, javmunoz14@alumnos.utalca.cl, https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 8725-506X ; Ph.D. Professor, Production Management Centre, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 }, abstract={Construction projects require complex management of people, resources and goals. The Last Planner® System (LPS) provides a systematic framework based on short cycles of work preparation, commitment, and control to allow implementing corrective actions. Successful LPS implementations require the combination of homogeneous mature practices and efficient horizontal collaboration. Nevertheless, partial implementations prevent liking collaboration through mid-term planning, the make-ready process and short-term work-flow stabilization. Therefore, this study aims to assess the relationship and cross-impacts of LPS adoption levels, team collaboration and project performance through an in-depth comparison of two Chilean case-study projects. LPS adoption was measured through a 50 items survey applied to 10 key actors in each project and collaboration was captured through Social Network Analysis (SNA) applied to general interaction, planning, problem-solving, feedback, learning, and leadership surveys answered by all last planners in each project. Also, each project was monitored for at least 18 weeks to capture their Percent Plan Complete (PPC), Reasons for Noncompliance (RNCs) and Schedule Performance Index (SPI). The results, consistent with previous literature, showed that mature LPS adoption significantly aids collaboration and performance. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, collaboration, social network analysis, make-ready planning }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salling2022, author={Salling, Stephanie and Pérez, Cristina T. and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={ }, title={Breakdown Work Sampling}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={223-234}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1959}, doi={10.24928/2022/0125}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, stsa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7088-6458 ; Postdoc, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, cristina.toca.perez@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-1492 ; Professor, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, swa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 }, abstract={The Work Sampling (WS) technique has been used in the construction industry since the 1960s to understand how workers spend their time. However, the WS categories have exhibited variation throughout history due to interpretation and application discrepancies. This lack of consensus on what represents Value-Adding-Work (VAW) and Non-ValueAdding-Work (NVAW), has hindered the use of data from previous WS studies for further analysis. For this reason, this research aims to understand how the data obtained from the WS application can be analyzed to discuss value. To address this question, the authors adopted a case study as the primary research strategy. The phenomenon of the present study comprises the activities involved in the renovation process in residential buildings. The phenomenon is studied through the application of the WS technique. The authors adopted previous analyses from the existing literature and proposed new types of analyses. The discussion section presents various kinds of analysis based on a breakdown of categories into codes: (1) general analysis; (2) a category breakdown analysis; (3) one single component/material analysis; (4) recategorized activities analysis; and (5) correlation analysis. The proposal of a detailed code classification, named breakdown work sampling, represents the main novelty of this study. }, author_keywords={Work sampling, construction site, waste time, direct work }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Araújo2022, author={Araújo, Caroline Silva and Costa, Dayana Bastos and Corrêa, Fabiano Rogerio and Ferreira, Emerson de Andrade Marques }, editor={ }, title={Digital Twins and Lean Construction: Challenges for Future Practical Applications}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={235-246}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1960}, doi={10.24928/2022/0126}, affiliation={PhD Student, Structural and Construction Engineering Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BR, araujo.caroline92@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-7363-5299 ; Associate Professor, Structural and Construction Engineering Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BR, dayanabcosta@ufba.br, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-1457-6401 ; 3 Professor, Civil Construction Engineering Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BR, fabiano.correa@usp.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-9742-3971 ; 4 Professor, Structural and Construction Engineering Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BR, ferreira.eam@gmail.com, orcid.org/ 0000-0001-9219-5447 }, abstract={The construction industry has experienced the opportunity to incorporate new technologies to solve problems in terms of information flow, collaboration, quality, costs, productivity, and predictability. Digital Twins (DT) can support solving some of these problems, mainly when associated with lean principles. However, there are still many gaps in the literature regarding the state of practice of DT for construction. This study investigates how current research on the integrated use of BIM-based DT and lean for construction projects has been positioned in front of practical challenges, aiming to identify research directions that support future applications in the construction phase. The research method adopted was a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). A total of 14 publications were identified and analyzed from the perspective of challenges for practical applications, considering seven aspects regarding DT application in other industries: cognitive and technical level of people, technology and infrastructure, support tools, standards, and specifications, cost control and management, cyber security and intellectual property rights, and insufficient development of DT. The results suggest that the challenges for DT implementation may become more complex due to the dynamic and unique nature of the construction site and that there is still a large field for further research on DT with lean. Finally, some future research directions are proposed. }, author_keywords={Digital Twins, Lean Construction, Production Planning and Control, Integration, BIM }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wandahl2022, author={Wandahl, Søren and Pérez, Cristina Toca and Salling, Stephanie and Lerche, Jon }, editor={ }, title={Robustness of Work Sampling for Measuring Time Waste}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={247-258}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1961}, doi={10.24928/2022/0127}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, swa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 ; Postdoc, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, cristina.toca.perez@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-1492 ; Research Assistant, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, stsa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7088-6458 ; Postdoc, Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark, jon.lerche@btech.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-9630 }, abstract={Construction can be considered a socio-technical system, which is challenging to model due to the many agents interacting either in a managed way or autonomously. Therefore, cause and effect models are hard to validate, and a traditional correlation approach is insufficient. In this study, the method of robustness testing was applied to test the effect stability when assumptions of a model are changed. The research objective is to apply robustness testing on WS data to assess the robustness and validity of the WS method. An actual refurbishment project was the case for this study, where data was acquired through nine days of continuous WS application. Time-series data were grouped into Direct Work (DW), Indirect Work, and Waste Work. Several different robustness tests were applied. It can be concluded that the WS method is robust, i.e., the effect (DW) is stable even if the assumptions are changed severely. Deleting 90% of the sample does, for instance, almost not change the effect. Likewise, if errors are infused into the sample, the effect is stable. Also, if certain structural parts are excluded from the sample, e.g., observations during morning startup, etc., the effect is still stable. }, author_keywords={Value stream, Waste, Trust, Robustness, Work Sampling }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pereira2022, author={Pereira, Fernando and Farias, Thiago and Fireman, Marcus and Etges, Bernardo and Lopes, Leonardo }, editor={ }, title={Collaborative Method for Training and Implementing the Line of Balance}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={259-270}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1962}, doi={10.24928/2022/0128}, affiliation={Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, Graduate in Civil Eng. Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. Civil Eng. fernando@climbgroup.com.br, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1584-2249 ; Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, Graduate in Civil Eng. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. thiago@climbgroup.com.br, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8604-7082 ; PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bernardo.m.etges@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3037- 5597 ; Lean Cooordinator, Graduate in Production Eng, Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, leonardocamposlopes@hotmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6485-3908 }, abstract={The Line of Balance (LOB) is a planning technique that has been used for more than 30 years in construction. However, what is rarely discussed is how the LOB should be applied in projects already in progress. Thisresearch was developed in the Design Science Research (DSR) format and sought to analyze how LOB can bring about significant changes in the management of collaboration, planning and production. This paper puts forward a collaborative method of training on LOB in projects that are already in progress for which it draws on a two case studies on multifamily residential building. The benefits of LOB for those involved in the workshop were collected by gathering multiple pieces of evidence and analyzing the correlations. In the participants' perception, there are three main benefits concerning to adopting LOB: (i) understanding the sequencing of activities and how to achieve the uninterrupted flow of teams; (ii) assessing the risk of mobilization and remobilization; (iii) assessing milestone dates and constraints. Moreover, participants´ perception, the training had a excellent evaluation, and it contributed to increasing their collaboration and engagement in relation to the planning of the project. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Line of Balance, Collaboration, Visual management, Design Science }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Diaz 2022, author={Diaz , Maria Alejandra }, editor={ }, title={Challenges and Importance of Human Beings Within the Last Planner System in Colombia: A Case Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={271-282}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1963}, doi={10.24928/2022/0129}, affiliation={ Project manager architect, MACA Construcciones, Ibagué, Colombia, madiaz0495@gmail.com, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-9781-9594 }, abstract={The Last Planner® System (LPS) is a system that optimizes the workflow through the measurement of the reliability of commitments made by workers on a construction site. This system has achieved various benefits in the control of production in construction projects, such as minimizing execution times, reducing variability and uncertainty. However, when applied, obstacles have arisen, which leads to a revision of the methodology and/or partial implementations. In 2021, an update of the system was made in order to expand the scope of the system and respond to doubts and concerns. Therefore, this article seeks to identify the main challenges and give a proposal to solve them from the implementation and use perspective, according to the Colombian context through the identification of the possible causes of these difficulties found during the literature review and interviews to construction professionals. In the investigation, it was found different challenges consisting of 13 main obstacles in terms of the implementation and use perspective (divided by user type), and 8 needs which can be solved with the LPS update and other proposed solutions that holds the organization transformation (human perspective) and a detailed explanation of the whole process (practical perspective). }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, Culture, People, Implementation, Case study. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rocha2022, author={Rocha, Cecilia Gravina da and Wijayaratna, Kasun and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Why Is Flow Not Flowing in the Construction Industry?}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={283-294}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1964}, doi={10.24928/2022/0130}, affiliation={ Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia, cecilia.rocha@uts.edu.au, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6764-1724 ; Senior Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia, kasun.wijayaratna@uts.edu.au, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4604-7256 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St., Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom, L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 }, abstract={The concept of flow, a core notion of lean, has been proposed and discussed throughout the construction literature for over three decades but is not yet widely applied and disseminated across industry. This paper sets out to perform an exploration of potential underlying root causes of this problem by examining a number of concepts across varied disciplines: (i) metaphysics and ontological assumptions (already discussed in the construction context), (ii) particle/wave duality (from quantum physics), (iii) coemergence (or non-duality) (from Buddhist philosophy), and (iv) cognitive biases and fallacies (based on the work by Tversky and Kahneman). A set of six preliminary and non-exhaustive hypotheses are formulated seeking to provide insights to the problem at hand, namely, “Why is flow not widely understood and applied in construction practice?”. Two experiment designs are proposed to test the last three hypotheses, which are related to the pragmatic aspect of this question, and thus these findings can potentially assist in a more widespread adoption of flow in practice. }, author_keywords={Flow, theory, ontology, construction physics, metaphysics. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Malvik2022, author={Malvik, Tobias O. }, editor={ }, title={Putting the Collaborative Style of a Successful Football Team in a Lean Construction Context}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={295-306}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1965}, doi={10.24928/2022/0131}, affiliation={ PhD Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, tobias.o.malvik@ntnu.no, https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 7588-1899 }, abstract={The Norwegian football club Rosenborg BK (RBK) was a well-recognized force in European club football during its heyday in the 1990s. Led by the legendary coach Nils Arne Eggen, they regularly shocked Europe’s top teams with great results after implementing a successful philosophy based on collaboration. The importance of collaboration is well-emphasized in Lean Construction (LC) theory, but more discussion about creating a willingness and culture for collaboration seems to be lacking. Therefore, this conceptual paper suggests broadening the existing theory by presenting Nils Arne Eggen’s “Best Foot theory” principles through a new theoretical lens. The collaborative “Best Foot theory” is seen in an LC context and discussed with the “Five Big Ideas” presented by Lean Project Consulting, Inc. as the starting point. The “Best Foot theory” expands current theory by giving successful practical examples to create a culture for the practitioners in a performance group to want to collaborate }, author_keywords={Lean construction, collaboration, culture, trust }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2022, author={Alves, Sharina and Melzner, Jürgen and Hollermann, Sebastian }, editor={ }, title={Lean Simulation Game With BIM-Based Progress Monitoring for Takt Control}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={307-317}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1966}, doi={10.24928/2022/0132}, affiliation={Research Associate, Civil Engineering Department, Jade University of Applied Sciences Oldenburg, Germany, sharina.alves@jade-hs.de, orcid.org/0000-0001-5091-7990 ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Bauhaus University Weimar, Germany, juergen.melzner@uni-weimar.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-6435-0283 ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Jade University of Applied Sciences Oldenburg, Germany, sebastian.hollermann@jade-hs.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-6592-5245 }, abstract={Lean Construction (LC) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) are two approaches that help to optimize, structure, monitor and control processes better. As a method of LC, Takt Time Planning (TTP) and Takt Control (TC) can lead to an increase in productivity and value creation, as the associated processes are an essential part of the value chain in the construction industry. But while there are already some solutions to link these methods in real life, simulation games in education are currently mostly done analogously and detached from the BIM model. As a result, the benefits of BIM in terms of regularly updated building data are not fully exploited within the simulation game and thus not made clear to the participants. This paper examines how digital support for TC can be integrated within a LC simulation game. For this purpose, an analogue building model is linked to an associated 3D building model through QR codes and enriched with information about the stage of completion during the process of TC. The possibility of linking both models shown here manages to highlight the advantages of the BIM method and inspires the participants to apply this to their projects. }, author_keywords={Serious gaming, Lean Construction, Takt Time Planning (TTP), Building Information Modeling (BIM), phase scheduling. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Matta2022, author={Matta, Michel and Nakouzi, Reem and Kalach, Mayssa }, editor={ }, title={A Framework for Enhancing the Engineering Review Process in Oil and Gas EPC Projects}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={318-329}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1967}, doi={10.24928/2022/0133}, affiliation={ ME Student, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, mgm43@mail.aub.edu ; ME Student, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, rhn10@mail.aub.edu ; Lecturer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, mk314@aub.edu.lb, orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-3911 }, abstract={The construction industry, which has been for long suffering from schedule and cost overruns, is witnessing a growing focus on lean and digitalization as means to overcome process inefficiencies. However, the application of such concepts and tools in the specialized Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) Oil and Gas industry is still immature and lacks thoroughness. This paper illustrates how digital transformation and lean concepts can complement each other to enhance the engineering review process in a typical Oil and Gas EPC project. Namely, this study illustrates a unified platform that merges the traditional engineering document review stages and brings the stakeholders together for concurrent and collaborative engineering to reduce the nonvalue-added time in the process of engineering drawings review and approval. The platform shall act as a framework for Oil and Gas companies, based on which they can develop a flexible system tailored to their specific needs and requirements. }, author_keywords={Obeya, oil and gas, engineering review, waste, collaboration }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Paulsen2022, author={Paulsen, Sigurd B. and Engebø, Atle and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Strategic Partnering Between Contractors and Designers}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={330-341}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1968}, doi={10.24928/2022/0134}, affiliation={MSc Student, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)/Project Engineer, Multiconsult AS, +47 954 88 252, sigurdbpaulsen@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-5566-9049 ; Researcher, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 905 71 902, atle.engebo@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-0176 ; Professor, dr. ing., Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={In recent years, the concept of strategic partnering has gained attention in the Norwegian construction industry. As a project delivery method, strategic partnering shares similarities with the Lean project delivery perspective as they both seek to achieve more collaborative projects. The paper has structured strategic partnering into three essential Lean Construction (LC) elements: contract, organization, and collaboration. Consequently, this paper contributes to knowledge about strategic partnering between contractors and designers by answering the two research questions: 1) How is the current practice associated with strategic partnering, and 2) What are the experiences with strategic partnering between contractors and designers. An exploratory case study was conducted to examine how strategic partnering can be improved in future projects. A combination of literature review and semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. The findings reveal an improvement potential when implementing strategic partnering in the construction industry. The paper concludes that more attention should be paid to contract elements and the project organization at the company levels to improve strategic partnering. However, at the individual level, good effects have been identified. Findings also showed that external factors like political decisions can lead to postponements and thus changes in personnel in the organization. }, author_keywords={Strategic partnering, collaboration, Lean Construction, relational, case study. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arefazar2022, author={Arefazar, Yasaman and Rybkowski, Zofia K. }, editor={ }, title={Developing & Testing a Value Stream Map Simulation: Helping the Construction Industry Learn to See}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={342-353}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1969}, doi={10.24928/2022/0135}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, o: (979) 422-6385, yasamanarefazar@tamu.edu, orcid.org/ 0000-0003-2827-572X ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, o: (979) 845-43zrybkowski@tamu.edu, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-0683-5004 }, abstract={Resources to interactively teach value stream mapping (VSM) to construction practitioners and students of lean are currently limited. While traditional value stream mapping methods make sense for those with a background in manufacturing or industrial engineering, they are arguably neither intuitive to construct nor easy to understand by those in the building industry. There is a need for a value stream mapping method that implements and communicates in ways that are already familiar to those in construction. The objective of this research is to develop and test a VSM simulation as a preliminary study that makes intuitive sense for those in the construction industry and so can serve as a training method for the identification and removal of waste. A virtual simulation was developed and tested using a design research methodology to facilitate scalability and to enable on-line play. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, value stream mapping, continuous improvement / kaizen, waste, workflow, lean simulation }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vieira2022, author={Vieira, João P. P. and Etges, Bernardo Martim Beck da Silva and Pellegrino, Renato A. and Lins, Monique A. and Costa, Larissa L. }, editor={ }, title={Kaizen as an Improvement Method for Concrete Walls Construction in Social Housing Project}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={354-365}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1970}, doi={10.24928/2022/0136}, affiliation={M.Sc. Eng., Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil, joao@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-2570 ; PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bernardo@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 ; M.Sc. Eng., Project Coordinator at Climb Consulting Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil, renato@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-3610-0137 ; Eng., Lean Civil Engineer at MRV Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, monyque.lins@mrv.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-1319-8733 ; Eng., Construction Engineer at MRV Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, larissa.lcosta@mrv.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-6313-9227 }, abstract={Making production processes stable is the basis of the Toyota Production System (TPS) for improving processes and consequently of increasing the value of production activities. Hence, the set of tools based on the TPS that can be used within the kaizen approach emerges as an opportunity to seek to optimize processes and to increase productivity. The research points out the possibilities of improving production processes in social housing projects through the implementation of structured kaizen events. This article describes the implementation of kaizen events developed in a Brazilian company that constructs residential buildings with a focus on standardizing and stabilizing the process for producing the structure of buildings with a concrete wall typology. The methodology used to develop this study is action research. Based on a kaizen methodology structured in four stages: Definition and preparation; Execution; Monitoring and standardization; and support, the main steps that form the process of building concrete walls were analyzed. The main results obtained are flow improvements in the main stages that make up the construction process, a reduction in the workload and a contribution to reducing and adhering to the total lead time in the concrete wall stage, in addition, providing a reference for structuring kaizen events in the construction environment. }, author_keywords={Kaizen, Stabilization, Concrete Wall, Last Planner System }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Silva2022, author={Silva, Matheus Almeida Miranda and Etges, Bernardo Martim Beck da Silva and Pereira, Mariana del Carlo }, editor={ }, title={Using Pull Planning as a Method for the Certificate of Occupancy Process}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={366-375}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1971}, doi={10.24928/2022/0138}, affiliation={Msc. Eng., Lean Civil Engineer at MRV Engenharia, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, matheus.miranda@mrv.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-3064 ; PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bernardo@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 ; Msc. Eng., Lean Coordinator Engineer at MRV Engenharia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, mariana.pereira@mrv.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5066-1390 }, abstract={In Brazil, the procedure for obtaining a Certificate of Occupancy is bureaucratic, timeconsuming and dependent on decisions that should have been taken in the early execution phases or even during design approval phases. Considering that fit for occupancy legalization is an important milestone in the life cycle of a real estate construction project, this research describes how the Pull Planning approach has been used to ensure that construction planning could reach the whole construction life cycle: since the design phase until customer hand over. The Pull Planning workshops were part of a larger project considering Lean Construction implementation in a large construction company in Brazil. Nine Pull Planning Workshops were applied when mapping the life cycle of a real estate construction company. This research will describe how the Lean Philosophy was applied and what benefits the Pull Planning workshops brought to the whole project planning perspective in terms of communication, collaboration and decision-making process clearer. A survey was conducted with the workshop participants to understand which benefits were perceived and which improvements could be implemented in the method. The results are that the Company succeeded in standardizing a new Planning tool that clarifies the whole life cycle of projects. The main benefits that the workshop participants highlighted are: Collaboration and multidisciplinary involvement in the Workshops, Clarity of information, View of the whole project and View of sequence }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Pull Planning, Certificate of Occupancy, Collaboration. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ahonen2022, author={Ahonen, Toni and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Peltokorpi, Antti and Uusitalo, Petri }, editor={ }, title={Continuous Improvement of Takt Production With Data-Driven Knowledge Management Approach}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={376-387}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1972}, doi={10.24928/2022/0140}, affiliation={Production Engineer, YIT Suomi Oy, Finland, toni.h.ahonen@yit.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-6957-0704 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, and Visiting Researcher, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000- 0002-4761-3811 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 ; Post-Doctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, petri.uusitalo@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-906X }, abstract={This study investigates how data-based continuous improvement could be applied in construction projects utilizing takt production. The purpose is to define a process model that will guide how such a continuous improvement system can be created in an organization utilizing takt production methods, and how the system can then be improved. This research follows design science approach to highlight the practicality of the solution. Research consists of diagnosis, process model creation, validation of the process model, discussion, and conclusion. Diagnosis is performed with a literature review and empirical research, including interviews and observations of current practices in a case company. Validation is performed by collecting external feedback and by organizing internal interviews. The findings indicate that the created process model provides a system that can be used to improve the takt production process with data, and that the process can be supported by also handling tacit knowledge. A defined learning system will help in tackling the current barriers facing the construction industry related to inefficient data processing and unclear knowledge management. As the system utilizes the terminology and theory of takt production, it is proposed that the system can be expanded to other projects and construction functions with further research. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, takt planning, continuous improvement, knowledge management. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Peltokorpi2022, author={Peltokorpi, Antti and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Managing Product Information for Lean Construction: Use Cases and a Proposed Process}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={388-398}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1973}, doi={10.24928/2022/0142}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland. antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland. olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={This paper explores how the flow and management of product information could enable lean construction operations. Recent research has underlined the need and possibilities to integrate product information with building information modelling (BIM). This research extends that knowledge by investigating more thoroughly (1) what are the use cases in construction project life cycle for product information management (PIM)?, and (2) what kind of solutions and processes would support these use cases in lean and BIM-based building projects? Design science approach was used to identify six common use cases for PIM and to identify sub-solutions. In total 36 representatives from Finnish Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) companies are used as informants and participants in workshops. Finally, a process for the PIM was proposed based on the use cases and the identified sub-solutions. The process helps construction practitioners in their efforts towards smoother product information flow which finally contributes on better operations flow in building projects. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Supply Chain management (SCM), Logistics, Product information management, BIM }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elfving2022, author={Elfving, Jan A. and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Is Construction Industry Still Performing Worse Than Other Industries?}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={399-409}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1974}, doi={10.24928/2022/0143}, affiliation={ Senior Vice President, Skanska Finland, jan.elfving@skanska.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7909-6759 ; 2 Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={It is difficult to find a cross-industry comparison where the construction industry is not one of the worst performing industries. Countless studies demonstrates that the industry is lacking other industries in productivity development and safety. But are we actually comparing apples-to-apples, or, moreover, are there areas where construction industry is performing better than most industries? It is easy to show what does not work but it seems to be harder to show what works. This paper presents some early results of performance measures that large number of leading engineering and construction companies have agreed to measure performance on in the Finnish construction industry. We compare reliability, user experience, sustainability, productivity, and customer satisfaction. Based on this baseline progress in the industry will be followed and also compared to other industries. There are already some interesting points to be lifted, like schedule reliability in Finland seems to be higher than in studies in other countries. Another interesting observation is customer satisfaction and Net Promotor score, where construction industry scores higher than most other industries. Based on the performance measures the paper discusses about industry performance in general. }, author_keywords={benefits realization, continuous improvement, lean construction, waste }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2022, author={Santos, Mírian F. and Silveira, Bruno F. and Costa, Dayana B. }, editor={ }, title={Location-Based Planning to Promote Safe Distancing During Construction Activities}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={410-420}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1975}, doi={10.24928/2022/0144}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Ph.D. Student, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, miriancfarias@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4956-8652 ; Civil Engineer, Ph.D. Student, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, miriancfarias@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4956-8652 ; Associate Professor, Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-6401 }, abstract={Brazil has been harshly affected by COVID-19. Several decrees applicable at a national and local level have been emitted with general and specific protocols for construction activities aiming at social distancing. Location-Based Planning (LBP) is a valuable technique to size and allocate crews considering space availability; thus, there is an opportunity to test this production planning and control approach to support social distance at construction sites. This work proposes using LBP to verify and measure crews’ conflicts at the construction site to keep social distance as part of the COVID-19 measurement. The research was designed into two phases: (1) characterization of the scenario regarding the implementation of social distancing measures based on surveys, and (2) identification of crews’ conflicts in location-based planning and implementation of actions against Covid-19 based on a case study. The results indicated that the proposed LBP and the Minimum Distance Indicator (MDI) could help identify and reduce total and unsafe crew conflicts. The main contribution of this work is a practical implementation to verify the possibility and effectiveness of using LBP associated with indicators to promote social distancing at construction sites. }, author_keywords={Location-based Plan (LBP), Indicator, Safe Distancing, Workers, Covid-19. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nguyen2022, author={Nguyen, Danh Toan and Sharmak, Walter }, editor={ }, title={Hybrid Simulation for Value Stream Mapping to Improve the Environmental Performance of the Construction Phase}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={421-432}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1976}, doi={10.24928/2022/0145}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Kassel, Hessen, Germany, dtnguyen@student.uni-kassel.de, orcid.org/0000-0003-4147-9583 ; 2 Professor, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, TH Lübeck-University of Applied Sciences, Lübeck, Germany, walter.sharmak@th-luebeck.de, orcid.org/0000-0003-4440-216x }, abstract={The environmental impact assessment of the construction phase is often not fully considered compared to other phases of the project life cycle. Previous studies on environmental impact reduction have often focused on technical aspects rather than organisational aspects. The value stream mapping (VSM) method has been extended to capture and improve environmental performance by systematically adopting lean methods in the manufacturing process. However, in the construction field, this approach encounters difficulties establishing state maps and considering the interrelationships between different processes in an uncertain and dynamic environment. This study proposes a hybrid approach combining Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) and System Dynamics (SD) based on process patterns to overcome these obstacles. First, process patterns, including activity packages, are developed to assist the VSM in creating state maps and identifying environmental impact sources. Then, construction operations with their state maps and needed resources are modelled as autonomous agents containing causal-effect loops (SD modules) in a MAS model. These agents interact with each other to describe the construction operating mechanism. Finally, different lean methods are analysed to find opportunities to improve environmental performance. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, value stream, process, environmental assessment, hybrid simulation. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vásquez-Hernández2022, author={Vásquez-Hernández, Alejandro and Ortega, Jesús and Giménez, Zulay and Alarcón, Luis Fernando }, editor={ }, title={Method of Industrialization Potential Analysis of Construction Systems}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={433-444}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1977}, doi={10.24928/2022/0147}, affiliation={ PhD Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Assistant Professor, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia, avasquez5@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-4038 ; 2 PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, jaortega2@uc.cl, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-1148-937X ; 3 Professor, School of Civil Construction, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, zmgimenez@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-1434 ; 4 Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 }, abstract={Construction is a production system characterized by inefficiencies associated with its processes. Industrialized construction (IC) is a promising approach as an optimization mechanism based on decreased variability. In this regard, it stimulates the standardization of work, which is an essential lean management principle to improve the production system. However, IC presents an incipient level of adoption and implementation. This paper describes a method for the industrialization potential analysis of construction systems (IPA), allowing design teams to identify construction systems whose standardization, modular coordination, and preassembly have more potential to improve project performance. It was developed through an action-oriented framework based on the action research methodology. Researchers, construction companies, and the cohesive entity of the construction sector (Industrialized Construction Council, ICC) participated. }, author_keywords={Industrialized construction, standardization, modular coordination, preassembly }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ismail2022, author={Ismail, Nada and Kalach, Mayssa and Kleib, Yorgo }, editor={ }, title={Towards a Citizen Centered Smart City: Integrating LeanThinking and Social Wellbeing}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={4454-455}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1978}, doi={10.24928/2022/0149}, affiliation={ME Student, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, noi01@mail.aub.edu ; Lecturer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, mk314@aub.edu.lb, orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-3911 ; ME Student, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, yfk04@mail.aub.edu }, abstract={Smart Cities have long been viewed from the triple bottom line of the environmental, social, and economic sustainability dimensions paired with an overemphasis on technology adoption. Recently, researchers started to unveil the importance of the social aspect as a core “smartness” indicator on the one hand, and the synergy between “smartness” and lean thinking on the other hand. While lean philosophy aligns well with the sustainability context, it (more importantly) places people at the root of its practices. This paper argues for a Lean Smart City model that elevates the citizens’ social wellbeing and places their values at the core of decision-making to establish for a Citizen-Centered Smart City (CCSC). This is achieved through: (1) investigating the Smart City concepts through a thorough literature review, (2) synthesizing a comprehensive list of social wellbeing indices and mapping them with the underlying lean management principle(s) and (3) developing a framework for a CCSC implementation plan. The framework considers citizens’ social wellbeing indices as key values in implementing smart city principles. }, author_keywords={Lean thinking, smart city, collaboration, integration, social sustainability. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ortega2022, author={Ortega, Jesús and Vásquez-Hernández, Alejandro and Giménez, Zulay and Alarcón, Luis Fernando }, editor={ }, title={Ideation Framework in Industrialized Construction}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={456-467}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1979}, doi={10.24928/2022/0150}, affiliation={ PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, jaortega2@uc.cl, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-1148-937X ; PhD Student, Department Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Assistant Professor, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia, avasquez5@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-4038 ; Professor, School of Civil Construction, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, zmgimenez@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-1434 ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 }, abstract={Currently, industrialized construction (IC) is no longer an option, as it has become a necessity for companies that wish to maintain competitiveness and mitigate the pressures in terms of quality, cost, time, and sustainable performance in the construction sector. However, the way to industrialize effectively is still full of uncertainty; companies do not conceive of the incorporation of IC from the early stages, but they start late in the advanced design or even close to the execution phase, which results in the failure of the adoption of these industrialized systems, because such systems require, as a basic condition, thinking early about its incorporation and developing new design integrated and collaborative practices/knowledge. This paper proposes an Ideation Framework in Industrialized Construction (IFIC) that mainly improves the ideation process of ideas/actions within the IC design phase. The IFIC was developed under the design science research methodology. For the evaluation of this framework, the research was based on four case studies. The main contribution is the creation of two fundamental axes for ideation processes: (i) Ideation by self-assessment and (ii) Referral Ideation, which allows devising and incorporating industrialized solutions in a reliable way in IC projects }, author_keywords={Industrialized construction, DFMA, design science, integration, collaboration }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soliman-Junior2022, author={Soliman-Junior, Joao and Awwal, Samira and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Ayo-Adejuyigbe, Morolake and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={Eliciting Requirements in Social Housing Retrofit Projects: Tools and Processes Within a Living Lab Setting}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={468-479}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1980}, doi={10.24928/2022/0152}, affiliation={ Lecturer, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), School of Arts and Humanities, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, J.SolimanJunior@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8089-8628 ; PhD Student, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, samira.awwal@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-1511 ; Professor, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, Director, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), School of Arts and Humanities, University of Huddersfield, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000- 0002-8740-6753 ; PhD Student, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, morolake.ayoadejuyigbe@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-9600-7746 ; Professor, School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Australia, M.Kagioglou@westernsydney.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-1484 }, abstract={Requirements’ elicitation is a critical step in construction projects as it affects design development, construction, and ultimately, impacts on value generation. In social housing retrofit projects it becomes especially relevant due to the improvement character underlying such initiatives, which offers an opportunity to better address residents’ needs, but also to consider the effects of disruption and cost implications. Despite different tools and processes being widely acknowledged by existing literature, their practical application in this type of project is often shallow and do not effectively support the definition of requirements that meet users’ and other stakeholders’ needs. This paper reports on preliminary findings from an ongoing research project focused on the use of living labs during the retrofit of 8 social housing dwellings in West Yorkshire, UK. It aims to better understand how different tools (i.e., Virtual Reality immersive cave, virtual walkthroughs, and value cards) are useful in the context of generating value within living labs. Key findings relate to the description of how tools were used in this context, as well as the participants’ assessment of their benefits and limitations. }, author_keywords={Requirements, Value, Social Housing, Retrofit, Living Labs, Tools, Virtual Reality. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Asadian2022, author={Asadian, Elnaz and Leicht, Robert M. }, editor={ }, title={Social Interactions and Team Dynamics in a Last Planner Meeting: an Observational Method}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={480-491}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1981}, doi={10.24928/2022/0153}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Architectural Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA, eza234@psu.edu, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3146-7725 ; Associate Prof., Architectural Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA, rml167@psu.edu, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6705-8141 }, abstract={The Last Planner System TM (LPS) is one of the most widely recognized lean techniques in construction to improve production planning reliability. Previous studies have suggested there is still room to maximize the benefits of LPS by identifying the missing parts in the implementation process or identifying the barriers to the effective adoption of this strategy. As one of these shortcomings, LPS has had limited study concerning its human aspect and participants' social interactions to inform the technique's effectiveness. This study seeks to understand the relationships among the LPS technical procedure, social interactions and team dynamics, and the actual planning outcomes in construction projects. An observational methodology is proposed to investigate the hypothesis that if construction teams more closely adhere to LPS procedures, the technical processes would be aligned with positive social interactions among team members leading to improved team dynamics. To support this hypothesis, the procedures and norms from literature were extracted to define the observable characteristics for capturing and comparing the implementation. This methodology can be used as a resource for construction companies to investigate the quality of the current operating procedures of LPS and develop corresponding implementation and improvement standards to secure the full benefits of LPS. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, process, observable traits, team, collaboration. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chaize2022, author={Chaize, Eva and Balkhy, Wassim Al and Morael, Vincent and Lafhaj, Zoubeir }, editor={ }, title={Impact of Lean Practices in the Planning of Design Tasks: Evidence From Two Projects in France}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={492-503}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1982}, doi={10.24928/2022/0154}, affiliation={ Lean Manager, COEFF Lean Management Consulting Company, Paris, France, echaize@coeff.fr ; 2 Doctoral Candidate, Centrale Lille, CNRS, UMR 9013-LaMcube, Lille, France, wassim.albalkhy@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-8133 ; Founder and CEO, COEFF Lean Management Consulting Company, Paris, France, vmorael@coeff.fr ; 4 Full Professor, Centrale Lille, CNRS, UMR 9013-LaMcube, Lille, France, zoubeir.lafhaj@centralelille.fr, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-9176 }, abstract={Lean construction, through its different tools, has enriched the construction industry with several ways to present reliable planning for the construction process. Nevertheless, the focus on planning design tasks is still incomparable to that devoted to the construction tasks. Additionally, lean construction and its planning tools and principles are still not routinely practiced in many areas of the world. This article tries to contribute to the existing efforts and shows the integration of lean construction with digital tools to improve the reliability of planning activities for design tasks in two projects in France in time of the COVID-19 pandemic. The article results show that the use of lean practices helped avoid delays in design, better consider the client’s expectations, and improve the collaboration between the participants in the design phase. The current study brings new insights into the applicability of lean practices in improving design management in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Last Planner® System(LPS), lean design, planning, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pedó2022, author={Pedó, Bárbara and Nguyen, Quynh anh and Koskela, Lauri and Tezel, Algan and Vrabie, Elena and Whitelock-Wainwright, Andrew and Potter, Doug and Robinson, Stuart and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={ }, title={Devising and Implementing Process Models Within Infrastructure Engineering Design}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={504-515}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1983}, doi={10.24928/2022/0155}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom (UK), b.pedo@hud.ac.uk, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-0981 ; PhD Candidate, IDL, University of Huddersfield, UK, quynhanh.nguyen@hud.ac.uk, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0945-6584 ; Professor, IDL, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, https://orcid.org/0000-0003- 4449-2281 ; Lecturer, School of Infrastructure & Sustainable Engineering, Aston University, UK, a.tezel@aston.ac.uk, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-6126 ; Senior Technical Director, Arcadis, UK, elena.vrabie@arcadis.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0854- 6484 ; Associate Technical Director, Arcadis, UK, andrew.whitelock-wainwright@arcadis.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0517-3563 ; Associate Technical Director & CDM Principal Designer Manager, Arcadis, UK, doug.potter@arcadis.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-9785 ; Technical Director, Arcadis, UK, stuart.robinson@arcadis.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5350-6281 ; Professor, IDL, University of Huddersfield, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-8740-6753 }, abstract={A plethora of process models have been developed over the years with the aim to improve the performance of design and construction processes. However, effective adoption of process models is still limited; lack of guidance on which model type would be applicable in the given contexts, and an excessive focus on the design of the process models themselves instead of their implementation may be some of the reasons for this. This research investigates how process models should be used within infrastructure engineering design, considering also how different methods suit different purposes. Findings from an ongoing research project in the UK are presented, following case study as its research strategy. This paper reviews the use of process models and clarifies their relationships by describing the adopted models and comparing them with the models explored in the literature, increasing the understanding of process models within infrastructure engineering design. Benefits, limitations and challenges are also discussed, supporting future applications. }, author_keywords={Lean Design, Infrastructure, Process Models, Value Stream Mapping, Ji Koutei Kanketsu }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hernández2022, author={Hernández, Fernando Daniel Lazcano and Armiña, Eugenio Pellicer and Rodríguez, Salvador García }, editor={ }, title={Visual Management Standard of the Reinforcement Steel Process in Mexico.}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={516-527}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1984}, doi={10.24928/2022/0156}, affiliation={ Doctoral student, Programa de Doctorado en Infraestructuras de Transporte y Territorio, Universitat Politécnica of Valencia (UPV), fdlazher@doctorado.upv.es ; Research Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Engineer Faculty, Benemérita Autonomous University of Puebla, México, fernando.lazcano@correo.buap.mx, orcid.org/0000-0003-0641-8291 ; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, España, pellicer@upv.es ; Tecnologico de Monterrey, campus Monterrey, México, sgr@tec.mx }, abstract={The importance of standardizing processes is one of the basic principles of "Lean" practices, it reduces the workload for the Construction Industry. It is important, particularly because of its artisanal process in Mexico. We can ask ourselves, how to adapt the standard with Visual Lean Management of a steel reinforcement work process that is used in Housing in the Construction Industry in Mexico? This attempt is still in its infancy, that is, the vast majority of the processes are not standardized. The studied process is based on the Mexican competency standard ECO-351-Manufacture of structural elements with reinforcing steel, as a spearhead to standardize the processes, of the concepts in general of the construction, to close the entire work cycle of the work, this article aims to highlight the importance and promote standardization, always seeking continuous improvement of the process by the user, but with a visual management approach (VM), so that production workers understand it faster and easier ; it was carried out through the cycle of continuous improvement of Deming (PDCA). }, author_keywords={Standardization, Visual Management, Lean Construction, Continuous Improvement }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Stevens2022, author={Stevens, Matt }, editor={ }, title={Superior Contractor Performance: a Barrier to Lean Construction Adoption in Australia}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={528-539}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1985}, doi={10.24928/2022/0157}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney Univeristy, Penrith, NSW AU, matt.stevens@westernsydney.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0003-2301-1311 }, abstract={The Australian construction industry produces twice as much value per dollar while enduring four times the competition than manufacturing. Impressively, this sector outpaces six of nine major industries in the country. However, their quantitative success may dampen Lean Construction's adoption, hurting the industry long-term. Practices significantly transform the value of the inputs, and contractors do it better than manufacturing. However, the industry is much riskier than manufacturing, so contractors hesitate to change to new ones quickly. It appears that organisations will not rapidly adopt Lean's methodology partially due to the success and risk of the Australian construction Industry. This paper proposes a survey methodology of practices to convince contractors of Lean Construction’s improvement potential. Obviously, they should search wherever there may be promising methods. However, this research outlines a straightforward process to validate valuable practices that can be executed internally in the industry and clarify practices' value and timely completion. The aim is to convince already superior performing contractors to see the LC approach as a competitive opportunity. }, author_keywords={Construction contracting management, best practice, performance improvement, innovation. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lerche2022, author={Lerche, Jon and Wandahl, Søren and Neve, Hasse }, editor={ }, title={Identifying the Impact on Labor Productivity From Design Choices Through Work Sampling}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={540-551}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1986}, doi={10.24928/2022/0159}, affiliation={PhD, Dept. of BTech., Aarhus University, Birk Centerpark 15, 7400 Herning, Denmark, jon.lerche@btech.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-9630 ; Professor, Aarhus University, Dept. of Technology Management & Engineering, Inge Lehmanns Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, swa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035. ; PhD, Consultant, Denmark, hasse_neve@hotmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-3529 }, abstract={Productivity within construction and production is about the relationship between earned value and input of resource value. Researchers have dominantly focused on measuring how the hours are spent categorically in relation to the total amount of hours spent in order to understand productivity. Little has been done to investigate how the decision before execution affects productivity or process durations. Through a case study investigating assembly of cables at numerous locations with similar configurations, two companies are asked to install and terminate cables between switchgear. Their technical design solutions are compared, as the exterior around these is considered homogenous. This allows an understanding of how two design choices affect productivity and process durations. The results show how the design affects the productivity, where both contractors achieve a 25 % value-adding work, while the durations are significantly different- up to a 94 % difference at times. The results are contributing to the practical understanding of technical solutions and how the processes are thought into the design, The results contribute to the literature by raising the question of whether our quality management systems are adequately attuned to this situation. }, author_keywords={Process, productivity, time compression, waste, work sampling }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2022, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Bølviken, Trond and Skaar, John }, editor={ }, title={The Dual Nature of Complexity in Construction Management–Call for a Renewed Debate}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={552-563}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1987}, doi={10.24928/2022/0160}, affiliation={Professor Emeritus, Dr Ing., Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4383- 1683 ; Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, trond.bolviken@outlook.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4834-2408 ; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, john.skaar@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003- 2290-2374 }, abstract={The paper is conceptual, with the aim of raising a new debate on complexity and value creation within IGLC. The topic of complexity in construction projects was first raised in the Nineties before it in the early 2000s was introduced on the Lean Construction and IGLC agenda. When facing a complex problem, there are two possible strategies to pursue with reference to the Cynefin framework for complexity. The first is to transform and move the problem into the complicated or even simple domain, thereby making it manageable. The second is to handle the problem within the complex domain. The dominant approach within both Project Management and Lean is the first, namely, to emphasize efficiency, flow, standardization, best practice, planning, reliability, and control. The paper challenges this lop-sidedness by pointing out its potential reductionism and argues that we should also appreciate, exploit, and take advantage of complexity instead of just combatting it. Value creation is reliant upon both strategies and is therefore not a question of either or, but of balance and trade-offs based on an inherent dualism }, author_keywords={Complexity, complicated, Cynefin, value creation, desig }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thajudeen2022, author={Thajudeen, Shamnath and Elgh, Fredrik and Lennartsson, Martin }, editor={ }, title={Applying a DFMA Approach in the Redesign of Steel Bracket -a Case Study in Post and Beam System}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={564-575}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1988}, doi={10.24928/2022/0161}, affiliation={ Ph.D. Student. Department of Industrial Product Development, Production and Design, School of Engineering, Jönköping University,, Jönköping, Sweden, +46725323356, shamnath.thajudeen@ju.se, orcid.org/ 0000-0003-2239-973X ; Professor, Department of Industrial Product Development, Production and Design, School of Engineering, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden, +46706401672, fredrik.elgh@ju.se, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-3677-8311 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Product Development, Production and Design, School of Engineering, Jönköping University,, Jönköping, Sweden, +4636101631, martin.lennartsson@ju.se, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-6619-7489 }, abstract={Design for manufacturing and assembly (DfMA) has gained increased attention in the construction industry as the process has been industrialized and shifting towards a combination of factory prefabrication and assembly on site. The aim of this study is twofold. Firstly, to apply the DfMA approach in the redesign of a steel bracket from a post and beam building system to simplify the design for reducing the cost and improving manufacturability. Secondly, to experimentally evaluate the mechanical properties of the redesigned bracket for implementation. An experimental case study has been conducted in a multistorey post and beam building system. The empirical data were collected from five semi-structured interviews and two workshops. The result shows that the DfMA approach has the potential to improve the manufacturability and cost of building components in Industrialized house building (IHB) and is comparable to lean design. Moreover, the proposed steel bracket offers satisfactory load-bearing capacities and shows an improvement with a reduction of cost by 15%, lead time by 50%, and material efficiency by 25%. DFMA can be used as a promising approach for aligning the design phases of IHB with the production and assembly by improving cross-functional collaboration. }, author_keywords={Off-site construction, Design management, design for manufacturing, design for assembly, lean construction. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tezel2022, author={Tezel, Algan and Kifokeris, Dimosthenis and Formoso, Carlos and Koskela, Lauri and Koch, Christian }, editor={ }, title={A Conceptual Framework for Lean Construction and Blockchain Synergy}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={576-587}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1989}, doi={10.24928/2022/0162}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Aston University, UK, a.tezel@aston.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000- 0003-3903-6126 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, dimkif@chalmers.se, orcid.org/0000-0003-4186-8730 ; Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Professor, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449- 2281 ; Professor, Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Denmark, christiank@build.aau.dk, orcid.org/0000-0003-3750-976X }, abstract={Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology referring to decentralized databases existing across multiple locations and participants, in which the need for intermediariesto process, validate or authenticate transactions is reduced or eliminated. Such transactions are synchronously held by computer nodes in distributed copies, with cryptographic signatures validated through consensus protocols and transparency achieved through peer-to-peer transactional access among the nodes. Blockchain-based applications can be preferred over centralized databases on the basis of high levels of trust, data security, immutability, transparency, and multi-user consensus protocols. There is growing interest in blockchain in the built environment, with a focus on procurement, the management of supply chain project-life cycle, smart cities, intelligent systems, sustainability, and decentralized organizations. However, there is little discussion on whether and how blockchain will affect the advances in lean construction (LC) and vice versa. This paper therefore proposes a framework that establishes interactions between blockchain and lean construction, which can potentially facilitate the implementation of both. It is based on a synthetic literature review. The results indicate that blockchain can facilitate the implementation of LC (e.g., recording and retrieving of Last Planner data), and vice versa (e.g., value stream mapping guiding the integration of blockchain with processes). }, author_keywords={Lean construction, distributed ledger technology, blockchain, smart contracts, framework, synergy. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Christensen12022, author={Christensen1, Randi }, editor={ }, title={Defining More Sustainable and Innovative Solutions Through Choosing by Advantages}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={588-598}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1990}, doi={10.24928/2022/0163}, affiliation={PhD, Sustainability Director COWI, Co-Founder of collabdecisions.com. rmch@cowi.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3377-7057 }, abstract={The nature, characteristics and traditions of the Architect, Engineer and Construction (AEC) Industry can be a challenge for enabling innovations and development. As projects are limited in time and scope and often under cost pressure, it can be difficult to prioritize time to innovate. However, as we recognize the negative impact our industry has on e.g., climate changes, loss of biodiversity and social inequalities, the industry needs to change and develop at a higher pace. If we want to be part of the solution and not the problem, we need to ask some very important questions on e.g., the methods we work by, the solutions we design, and the materials we use. Lean methods like Choosing by Advantages (CBA) have proven to enable cross disciplinary and collaborative decision making. But CBA could also set the framework for targeted innovation and development within a project setting. This paper presents the idea of how CBA could support targeted innovation within project constraints. The method was tested on a case, where the client was seeking improvements within specific areas compared to a 'standard' solution. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, Choosing by Advantages (CBA), Learning, Action Research, Innovation }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Biotto2022, author={Biotto, Clarissa and Kagioglou, Mike and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Serra, Sheyla }, editor={ }, title={Project Pull Planning Based on Location: From Construction to Design}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={599-610}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1991}, doi={10.24928/2022/0164}, affiliation={ Professor, Architecture and Urbanism and Design Department, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil, clerwice@gmail.com, 0000-0002-2433-6735 ; Dean of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Australia, M.Kagioglou@westernsydney.edu.au, 0000-0003-3521-1484 ; Professor, University of Huddersfield, UK, L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk, 0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Professor, University of Huddersfield, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, 0000-0002-8740-6753 ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Brazil, sheylabs@ufscar.br, 0000-0002-9508-976X }, abstract={Construction project management is known for being fragmented and disconnected between the stages of design, supply and construction. Lean construction has a variety of well known production planning and control methods that may be used to integrate and improve the information flow between these stages. These methods and techniques include location-based tools and the Last Planner System (LPS). However, the combined use of location-based tools with the LPS to allow an entire project, including the design, supply and construction, to be pull planned, has not been described in the literature. This paper presents results of one study in which location-based planning tools were deployed to pull the project planning from construction to design. The study is part of a doctoral thesis which used the design science research as a mode to produce new knowledge. The main contribution of the paper is the model to develop a location-based project management including the use of the LPS in construction, supply and design. The model enables project managers to have a holistic view of the project plan, and structure it as a pull flow from construction to design, reducing work-in-progress and batch sizes between stages, and improving the information flow among project stakeholders. }, author_keywords={Project management, pull planning, location-based schedule, design, construction. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Landim2022, author={Landim, Gabriela Linhares and Rocha, Larissa de Moraes and Nogueira, Rebeca Nara and Neto, José de P. Barros }, editor={ }, title={The Synergies Between Lean and BIM: A Practical and Theoretical Comparison}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={611-622}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1992}, doi={10.24928/2022/0165}, affiliation={M.Sc. Candidate, Fed. Univ. of Ceará, gabriela.linhares@alu.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-6485-4801 ; M.Sc. Candidate, Fed. Univ. of Ceará, larissarocha@alu.ufc.br, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-3058-3900 ; M.Sc. Candidate, Fed. Univ. of Ceará, rebecanara@alu.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4423-500X ; Professor, Dept. of Acad. and Technol. Integ., Fed. Univ. of Ceará, Fortaleza/Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 }, abstract={Lean and BIM combined have proven to positively impact productivity in the construction sector. This paper aims to identify how the synergies between Lean and BIM have been happening in practical and real-life applications and compare them with the Sacks et al. (2010) matrix, using the information on processes of Brazilian construction companies that work with Lean and BIM. We carried out semi-structured interviews with three construction companies to identify the interactions between Lean and BIM in their processes. As a result, we identified synergies in both Sacks et al. (2010) and the construction companies' practices; other synergies were identified only in Sacks et al. (2010), while others were identified only in the companies interviewed. These new interactions may be due to the technological advances during the last decade that made possible new uses of BIM or the level of implementation of Lean and BIM by companies, amongst other factors. This work contributes to technical and scientific knowledge since it brings a practical view of a topic that has a more theoretical approach. With the results, we can indicate the more common interactions to be implemented by companies, creating a safer way to be followed by companies seeking to implement Lean and BIM. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling, Lean Construction, BIM and Lean Interaction Matrix, synergy. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Padia2022, author={Padia, Shubham Ashok and Divatia, Ami and Saripally, Durga }, editor={ }, title={Employee’s Mental Wellbeing With Reference to IEQ and Managerial Environment in Office Spaces}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={623-634}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1993}, doi={10.24928/2022/0167}, affiliation={VDC Project Engineer at vConstruct Private Limited and Post-Graduate student from CEPT University, India, +91- 8401683451, shubhamashokpadia@gmail.com ; Freelance Researcher consultant and Visiting Faculty, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, India, +91 – 9898246887, amidivatia@yahoo.co.in ; Operations Manager, vConstruct Private Limited, Pune, India, +91- 8446001611, durgas@vconstruct.in }, abstract={Pre-corona the economy flourished but number of employees suffering from mental-wellbeing issues was rising. This set the stage for understanding the relationship between workplace mental-wellbeing, Indoor environment quality and Managerial Environment. As employees are a significant expenditure for companies, human-centric design and workplace optimization is gaining ground. WHO reported that the costs incurred on the global economy because of depression and anxiety was estimated as 1- trillion US dollars per-annum in lost productivity in 2019. This lost in cost and productivity can be considered as waste which can be eliminated by using Lean construction to optimize the workplace environment. Therefore, the main research question here was to know that to what extent the IEQ parameters and Managerial Environment, relate to mental wellbeing while working at corporate office spaces. Employees of diverse scale firms of Ahmedabad were considered. A mixed-research methodology was being adopted and data was collected by means of a questionnaire survey and interviews. Data analysis was done with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics of the survey and coping strategies were noted with the help of interviews. This study would be a thirst area for a balanced work-environment considering the physical, social, and mental wellbeing of the employees. }, author_keywords={Lean construction; safety, quality, health; waste; mental wellbeing; workplace optimization. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chauhan2022, author={Chauhan, Krishna and Peltokorpi, Antti and Abou-Ibrahim, Hisham and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing Coordination Practices: Case Finnish Construction Market}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={635-644}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1994}, doi={10.24928/2022/0169}, affiliation={ Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Krishna.chauhan@aalto.fi ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, hisham.abouibrahim@aalto.fi ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Olli.Seppänen@aalto.fi }, abstract={MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) coordination is a challenging task in construction projects. Failing to properly manage the MEP activities can lead to consuming up to 60% of the total budget, as noted in literature. Previous studies have documented several challenges of MEP coordination; however, they did not focus on understanding different stakeholders' perspectives. Thus, in this research, we have analyzed the challenges of MEP coordination from different stakeholders’ perspectives taking the Finnish construction sector as a case. The study employed semi-structured interviews, web-based surveys, and experts’ workshops as means of data collection. In addition, we have also analyzed current practices for MEP coordination and presented possible ways to improve the MEP coordination in Finnish construction industries. The results showed significant shortcomings including non-accurate initial design plans, lack of trust between parties, unforeseen MEP cost at early phases, and unavailability of realtime progress monitoring tools. As a contribution, this study presented several challenges, especially in the regional context. Furthermore, this study also analyzed currently used MEP coordination practices in the Finnish construction market and presented suggestions for improvements. The findings of this study will help in the reduction of construction wastes, delays, and cost overruns in construction projects. }, author_keywords={MEP coordination, challenges, solutions, lean tools }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Conte2022, author={Conte, Manoela and Trentin, Bianca and Pedó, Bárbara and Bernardo Martim Beck da Silva, Etges and Navarrete, Santiago }, editor={ }, title={Exploring the Use of Digital Visual Management for Last Planner System Implementation}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={645-656}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1995}, doi={10.24928/2022/0172}, affiliation={Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil ; ; ; ; }, abstract={The Last Planner system has been widely implemented seeking to offer greater transparency and predictability for construction projects through collaborative production planning. A major challenge in this context is increasing process transparency, which is one of the visual management (VM) purposes and a basic principle of the Lean production philosophy. Achieving this has required extrapolating the limits of the physical environment through the use of digital tools, which lead to the digitalization of VM and to virtual collaboration. This process was accelerated due to the COVID-19 context, the physical boundaries constraints, and the need for real-time information sharing and collaboration. This paper aims to explore and discuss the use of digital VM tools for LPS implementation. Action research was the methodological approach adopted in this research. The investigation was based on a consultancy in a construction company in Brazil. The digital VM tools and practices adopted in the different planning levels were assessed through requirements considered relevant to this context, including visual and non-visual aspects. Their impact in collaborative production planning is discussed. The ongoing results indicate that digital tools were better suited to the strategic and tactical levels, while traditional tools showed more suitable for the operational level. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, Visual management, Collaboration, Digitalisation, Miro }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lujan2022, author={Lujan, Guillermo Prado and Murguia, Danny }, editor={ }, title={Lean Public Construction in the Project Definition Phase: The Case of Peru}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={657-668}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1996}, doi={10.24928/2022/0173}, affiliation={Researcher, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, guillermo.prado@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5325-1132 ; Assistant Professor, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, dmurguia@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-4058 }, abstract={Public construction in developing countries is characterized by a lack of quality design information, poor front-end engineering studies, fragmented procurement, and financial obstacles. As a result, projects exhibit major delays, cost overruns, and contract resolution during construction which end up in failed projects. These issues cause dramatic losses in value for end-users and society. Current literature suggests that the main issues in public construction are rooted in the strategic definition, briefing, and concept design. To tackle these problems, the current research will focus on understanding the valuegenerating principles of public construction at the project definition phase by using the Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS). The methodology in this research is inductive and based on qualitative data. The case of Peru was used as a case representing a developing country. The findings show that the value-generating principles for public construction are end-user consideration, asset functionality, transparency, efficiency, predictability, and efficacy. However, the institutional pressures both enable and constrain public managers’ ability to deliver the expected outcomes and value. This represents a great opportunity to deploy lean methods at the beginning of the project to improve transparency, collaboration, and drive innovation. Future studies can develop a leanenabled framework for public construction and scrutinize the constraints for value generation. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, LPDS, project definition, public construction }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Davoudabadi2022, author={Davoudabadi, Soudabeh and Pedo, Barbara and Tezel, Algan and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={A Cognitive Review for Improving the Collaboration Between BIM and Lean Experts}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={669-680}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1997}, doi={10.24928/2022/0174}, affiliation={ Master Student, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, UK U2070281@unimail.hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-5350-5166 ; PhD Student and KTP Associate, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, UK, b.pedo@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-0981 ; Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Aston University, UK, a.tezel@aston.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000- 0003-3903-6126 ; Professor, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449- 2281 }, abstract={Collaboration between Lean Construction and BIM teams is a key factor in exploiting the synergies between Lean and BIM. Although various studies have underlined the importance of team cognition and Team Mental Models (TMM) in the success or failure of collaboration amongst teams, those concepts have not been sufficiently explored from a Lean/BIM perspective. Therefore, this study attempts to introduce the concept of TMM to the Lean-BIM domain by conducting a cognitive review of the Lean-BIM joint implementation at an engineering design firm in the UK with the principal aim of developing a set of suggestions to improve the collaboration between BIM and Lean experts. To collect data, this study used a mixed research approach including secondary research, a case study and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was conducted through Thematic Analysis to find the main barriers hindering an effective Lean-BIM joint implementation. Findings also suggest that improving the components of TMM can result in an improved Lean-BIM joint implementation. A set of recommendations for Lean and BIM teams’ collaboration is also given in the paper. }, author_keywords={Design, team mental models, team cognition, BIM and Lean collaboration, BIM and Lean synergy. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Apgar2022, author={Apgar, Becca and Smith, James P. and Copenhaver, Daryn }, editor={ }, title={How Does Flow Impact Data Center Roofing Durations? A Case Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={681-692}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1998}, doi={10.24928/2022/0175}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student, Civil and Construction Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, USA, bapgar@byu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-8528-0544 ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Construction Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, USA, james_smith@byu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-8925-5680 ; 3Lean Innovation Manager, Mortenson Construction, daryn.copenhaver@mortenson.com }, abstract={Throughout the last few decades, a slow shift from the Critical Path Method to other, flow-focused scheduling methods has occurred in the industry. However, they have not yet been widely implemented by construction companies. This case study was conducted on a private data center project on a large site in which the project team has applied Takt time, pull planning, and location-based scheduling (i.e., Takt planning). The case study takes into consideration the roofing schedules for five buildings constructed over a span of three years and compares their total roofing task duration before and after the implementation of these techniques. The analysis has shown that a focus on flow and implementation of Takt planning on a large data center project decreases the overall duration of roofing construction tasks. This case study serves as a support for the transition from the traditional Critical Path Method to Takt planning or a flow-based approach since it has effectively decreased total roofing duration in this project. }, author_keywords={Takt planning, location-based management (LBM), flow, pull planning }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lota2022, author={Lota, Paramjit Singh and TM, Vijayashree and Dave, Bhargav }, editor={ }, title={Projects Are Becoming ‘Lean’, but Not Organisations}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={693-703}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1999}, doi={10.24928/2022/0177}, affiliation={Solution Specialist, VisiLean, India, paramjit.lota@visilean.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4187-337X ; Solution Specialist, VisiLean, India, vijayashree@visilean.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-4552-0873 ; CEO, VisiLean, India, bhargav@visilean.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-506X }, abstract={There is significant evidence of successful lean implementation at the project level. However, there is limited evidence of lean percolating through organisations in both literature, as well as industry. While the critical aspects of strategic adoption of lean to overcome organisational resistance have been clearly highlighted, the implementation is in most cases limited to select projects and not all projects across an organisation’s portfolio. Despite proven benefits on projects within their own portfolio and the knowledge and skills for successfully implementing lean, organisations still fail to change their approach towards continuous improvement and driving efficiency as a whole. The paper here focuses on the need for a revised approach towards the adoption and sustenance of lean within companies at a business level by highlighting the importance of culture across the company’s portfolio. The authors reflect on their experience of working with client and contractor organisations across multiple projects to review the difference in the maturity and implementation of lean. Following this, the authors corroborate their findings from discussion with a major public sector body and its supply chain on their lean journey over the last decade, to shed light on the approach needed today for successful lean implementation for organisation-wide sustenance. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Lean Culture, Lean Implementation }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vaitla2022, author={Vaitla, Raviteja and Gaikwad, Vrinda A. and S., Abhinav Reddy and Yoon, Jong Han }, editor={ }, title={Developing a Multi Project-Collaboration Based IPD Framework for Small & Medium Scale Enterprises in the Construction Industry}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={704-714}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2000}, doi={10.24928/2022/0179}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Building construction and Facility Management Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA, rvaitla3@gatech.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6518-2314 ; Graduate Student, Building construction and Facility Management Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA, vgaikwad7@gatech.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3783-4100 ; Graduate Student, Building construction and Facility Management Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA, asingireddy7@gatech.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-6344-9516 ; 4 PHD Candidate, Building construction and Facility Management Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA jyoon337@gatech.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6303-6241 }, abstract={Small and medium enterprises (SME) in construction projects frequently struggle to manage labour, materials, finances, and equipment. The Integrated Project Delivery method (IPD) has the potential to solve these challenges. However, the existing IPD framework has a low feasibility rate in SMEs due to technological, financial, and managerial challenges. This is because IPD is a project delivery system that requires adequate capital, communication channels, software, training for workers, etc. which are usually available with large-scale construction projects but not with SME-based projects. Accordingly, this paper proposes a new IPD framework more specific to small and medium scale construction projects by improving the existing framework in terms of resource management and cross-validation of stakeholders. The proposed framework enables the SME projects to acquire and manage the resources for conducting IPD through the concept of “Multi-Project collaboration”. In the collaboration, multiple contractors with individual projects cooperate with one another for achieving a positive impact on their performance through the IPD method. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by enabling the construction industry to understand the effective application of the IPD method to SME projects. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Collaboration, Alliancing, SME, Challenges. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lehtovaara2022, author={Lehtovaara, Joonas and Tommelein, Iris D. and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={How a Takt Plan Can Fail: Applying Failure Modes and Effects Analysis in Takt Control}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={715-726}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2001}, doi={10.24928/2022/0182}, affiliation={ Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, and Visiting Researcher, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002- 4761-3811 ; Professor, Director of Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={Construction projects need adequate planning to set a structure and direction for production, but simultaneously call for effective control to maintain the direction when something unexpected happens. Effective control is of utmost importance for takt production, which is especially vulnerable when disruptions occur. While previous takt production research has primarily focused on how to form a good takt plan, little attention has been given to how to control and continuously improve takt production systems effectively. Addressing the gap, this study inspects takt control through the lenses of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). First, we argue that takt control can be perceived through three different failure categories: failures within wagons, failures in handoffs, and failures in takt trains. We discuss the peculiarities of takt control through these categories and provide examples of failures with their respective failure mode(s) and possible control action(s). Second, we construct an FMEA-based framework for effective takt control that shows how to recover from failures and avoid them altogether. Future research may consider validating the failure categories and the framework through case studies or simulations, and examining their applicability in supporting digital takt production. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, takt production, failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), production planning, production control }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gimenez2022, author={Gimenez, Victor and Diepenbruck, Thomas M. and Rodegheri, Priscila M. and Serra, Sheyla M. Baptista and Anumba, Chimay J. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Solutions for Program Development for Construction Daily Report}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={727-737}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2002}, doi={10.24928/2022/0183}, affiliation={Architect, Trutec, São Paulo, Brazil, victor_sg@outlook.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2421-9301 ; Master Science, Technical Superintendent, HTB Engenharia e Construção SA; Sao Paulo, Brazil, thomas.diepenbruck@htb.eng.br ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0812-9119 ; Civil Engineer, Civil Engineering Postgraduate Program (PPGECiv), Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil, priscilamr@ufscar.br, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6067-8943 ; Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, UFSCar, Brazil, and Visiting Scholar at DCP/UF, USA, sheylabs@ufscar.br, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9508-976X ; Professor and Dean, College of Design, Construction and Planning (DCP), University of Florida (UFL), Gainesville, Florida, USA, anumba@ufl.edu, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4583-5928 }, abstract={The construction industry follows societal trends in the Fourth Industrial Revolution and seeks to apply new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). ICT can capture, store, process, and distribute information electronically and in large quantities. Thus, ICT can contribute to many construction documents, such as the Construction Daily Report (CDR), which has a considerable amount of data for processing and shared responsibility with several project team members. The research method used is the case study through a qualitative analysis of the information management software. The results demonstrated that its use enabled greater control of the production process, shared responsibility with the corporate sectors, and became a basis to minimize conflict between the stakeholders. The solutions incorporated in the program are presented to meet the principles of standardization, flow improvement, and increased transparency. Furthermore, the software collaborates with the solidity and quality of the enterprise’s official document and their management information, bringing better storage reliability and greater agility in information retrieval. }, author_keywords={Information management, Contract management, Production planning and control, Construction industry, Site construction. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Herrera2022, author={Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Lagos, Camilo I. and Luna, Roberto M. and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Method to Allocate Covid-19 Preventive Means of Construction Works Based on Expert Prioritization}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={738-749}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2003}, doi={10.24928/2022/0185}, affiliation={Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 ; PhD Candidate, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, colagos@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-0039 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, raluna@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7647-7049 ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 }, abstract={COVID-19 has severely impacted construction projects, not only by contagions and imposed restrictions but also by dynamically changing supply, work, and labor conditions. Management teams have had to adapt to these dynamically constrained conditions, mostly reacting through trial and error. Since decisions regarding planning, resource, and preventive means allocation must consider multiple internal and external conditions such as restrictions, schedule impacts, risks, and costs; this study proposes a method to evaluate the compared criticality of multiple construction work items and select sets of recommended preventive and reactive means accordingly. A criticality assessment tool was developed in collaboration with 11 academic and industry experts using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, which allowed to weight the compared impact of nine criticality criteria. The empirical application in nine work items from three Chilean construction projects allowed to determine four ranges of critically, where expert’ proposed sets of measures were recommended. The instrument allows assessing the items using a fivelevel evaluation scale in nine criteria to determine compared criticality, assign them to one of four criticality ranges and obtain a set of recommended actions. }, author_keywords={COVID-19, safety, health, action research, construction work prioritization }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bellaver2022, author={Bellaver, Gustavo B. and Santos, Diego O. R. S. and Etges, Bernardo M. and Santos, Pablo H. J. and Mota, Wesley de S. }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Lookahead Planning and Digital Tools to Enable Scalability and Set of Information in a Multi-Site Lean Implementation}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={750-761}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2004}, doi={10.24928/2022/0186}, affiliation={M.Sc. Civil Engineer, Project Coordinator, Climb Consulting Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil, gustavo@climbgroup.com.br, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4937-5861 ; 2 Civil Engineer, Consultant, Climb Consulting Group, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, diego@climbgroup.com.br, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4996-4989 ; PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bernardo@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 ; Civil Engineer, Planning and Control Consultant, MRV&CO, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, pablo.santos@mrv.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-6839-7233 ; Civil Engineer, Planning and Control coordinator, MRV&CO, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, wesley.mota@mrv.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-9652 }, abstract={This paper seeks to demonstrate the implementation of lookahead planning in the current largest construction company and developer in Latin America and how best to consolidate and manage data from a large number of construction sites. This is demonstrated starting with the planning of the implementation pilot, defining the routine model, the participants, the methodology and tools and goes on to the part of continuous improvement within the implementation cycles. The project expansion and project support stages reached 162 sites within a year. This was split into three implementation cycles, led to training 40 multipliers in the lean philosophy and the last planner system within the company in question. The article also presents difficulties encountered in the process of implementing this high volume of sites. Using the preliminary data collected in the routines, it was identified that more than 56% of the restrictions are not removed on time and these, when delayed, cause a delay of 20 days. In addition, it was identified that material correspond to approximately 55% of the total restrictions found in the survey. }, author_keywords={Lookahead planning, Last Planner® System, constraint analysis, application development }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Yoon2022, author={Yoon, Jong Han and Pishdad-Bozorgi, Pardis and Sierra-Aparicio, Monica Viviana and Quintana, Emilio J }, editor={ }, title={Framework for Blockchain-Enabled Building Information Modeling (BIM) Data Sharing in Construction Supply Chain}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={762-771}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2005}, doi={10.24928/2022/0188}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, School of Building Construction, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA, jyoon337@gatech.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6303-6241 ; Associate Professor, School of Building Construction, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA, pardis.pishdad@design.gatech.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-4208-9755 ; Assistant Project Manager, Landmark Properties, Inc, Atlanta, USA, moni9431@gmail.com ; Graduate Student, School of Building Construction, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA, equintana8@gatech.edu }, abstract={Sharing construction project data among the construction supply chain (CSC) stakeholders (e.g., Architects, General Contractors, Subcontractors, and Suppliers) is critical for the successful delivery of construction projects within time, budget, and expected quality. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an advanced technology for the stakeholders to create and share the construction data. However, BIM data is not effectively shared among the stakeholders because of the difficulty in determining BIM data ownership and the ambiguity in clarifying who will be responsible for BIM data inaccuracies. Consequently, the stakeholders cannot trust that their data are safe from data ownership and liability issues, hesitating to share their data. This study examines the potential of blockchain to address the limitations of BIM by analyzing blockchain use cases in construction and other industries. Furthermore, based on the findings, this paper proposes a novel framework for a blockchain-enabled BIM data sharing application to improve the quality assurance process in the CSC. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by 1) enabling the construction industry to understand the potential of blockchain through construction and other industries’ blockchain use cases and 2) providing a practical framework for blockchain-enabled BIM data sharing to improve the quality assurance process in the CSC. }, author_keywords={BIM, Blockchain, Construction Supply Chain, Data Sharing, Trust }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skaar2022, author={Skaar, John }, editor={ }, title={Sensemaking of Guiding Principles in Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={772-783}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2006}, doi={10.24928/2022/0189}, affiliation={ Assistant Professor/Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, john.skaar@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003- 2290-2374 }, abstract={Processes and operations can be supported, improved, or scrutinized as an active response to guiding principles that challenge the status quo. When it comes to the subject of complexity vs simplicity the principles can contradict each other, and even flow tends to work towards simplicity while value generation adds complexity. By addressing the importance of awareness of their counter effects they can be used with care and gain even larger value as a result. Done in ignorance their use might create chaos, project loss, or production failure. The sensemaking tool, Cynefin, is used together with some core principles of lean to illustrate and explain the intent of the paper. A fundamental difference in viewpoint of a project's nature is addressed since the right sensemaking of appropriate domain in Cynefin is important for the right use of lean principles. A discussion on a fundamentally different understanding of the phenomenon of projects adds to the ontological training urged by other IGLC members. This paper argues that projects are fundamentally unpredictable and hence should be more often sensed in the complex domain, rather than in the complicated or simple domain. }, author_keywords={Simplicity, complexity, transformation-flow-value, continuous improvement, Cynefin. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saeedi2022, author={Saeedi, Sarow and Koohestani, Kayvan and Poshdar, Mani and Talebi, Saeed }, editor={ }, title={Investigation of the Construction Supply Chain Vulnerabilities Under an Unfavorable Macro-Environmental Context}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={784-794}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2007}, doi={10.24928/2022/0190}, affiliation={ Researcher, Industrial Engineering Department, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran, sarow.ie@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3624-5582 ; Researcher, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, koohestani@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-3688 ; Lecturer, Built Environment Engineering Department, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-2985 ; Sr. Lecturer, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, saeed.talebi@bcu.ac.uk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6711-0931 }, abstract={International trades rely on robust supply chains. However, supply chains are vulnerable to disruptions. Before implementing lean construction, identifying construction supply chain vulnerabilities (CSCV) is crucial to avoid failure. Meanwhile, an unfavorable macro-environmental context (e.g., challenging economic and political situations) can potentially affect the behavior of CSCV. This paper aims to identify and prioritize CSCV under an unfavorable macro-environmental context in a real-world case and then analyze the changes in CSCV in a period coinciding with the Covid-19 outbreak. A literature review led us to extract 26 variables that were then prioritized using the responses from questionnaires distributed among 72 participants in the studied country. A descriptive statistical approach was used to analyze the results, which showed that unlike the normal contexts mentioned in previous studies, under an unfavorable context, such CSCV as "price and exchange rate fluctuations", "supply-demand volatility", "financial issues", and "political challenges" gained priority. Moreover, analyzing the changes in CSCV indicated that the studied construction supply chain has become more vulnerable in the mentioned period. Considering the identified CSCV, this paper suggests that managers focus more on tools such as the Last Planner System and value stream mapping when implementing lean. }, author_keywords={Construction Supply Chain Vulnerabilities (CSCV), Lean Construction, Unfavorable macro-environmental context }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schulze2022, author={Schulze, Felix and Dallasega, Patrick }, editor={ }, title={Empirical Validation of Lean Implementation Barriers in Engineer-to-Order Companies: An Exploratory Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={796-807}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2008}, doi={10.24928/2022/0192}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, felix.schulze@natec.unibz.it, orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7891-2606 ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, patrick.dallasega@unibz.it, orcid.org/ 0000-0001-6120-8620 }, abstract={Enterprises employing an Engineer-to-Order (ETO) manufacturing strategy produce complex products designed specifically to customer requirements, on a project basis, under time and cost constraints. As a result of this complexity, wastes and inefficiency occur within the internal and external supply chain. To improve productivity, companies are striving to implement Lean practices in ETO environments but encounter implementation barriers. Based on the comprehensive literature study on Lean implementation barriers in ETO companies, this study empirically validates the occurrence of these barriers in practice. For this purpose, empirical evidence was gathered using a survey questionnaire followed by semi-structured interviews with 15 companies from the ETO sector in construction, mechanical engineering, and shipbuilding. As a result, the barriers mentioned in the literature are compared with the barriers that occur in practice. Simultaneously, new barriers not described in the literature are also identified. This study can guide Lean professionals in the ETO environment in their Lean efforts to identify corresponding barriers in their own organizations while trying to understand the relevant causes and fields of action to mitigate them. Future research should aim to explore other methods and strategies along with emerging technologies of Industry 4.0 that could help overcome Lean implementation barriers. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, barriers, engineer-to-order (ETO), complexity, waste }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hatoum2022, author={Hatoum, Makram Bou and Ammar, Ashtarout and Nassereddine, Hala and Dadi, Gabriel }, editor={ }, title={Preparing Construction Employers for the Gen-Z Workforce: A Case Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={808-819}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2009}, doi={10.24928/2022/0193}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, mbh.93@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-3941. ; Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, ashtarout.ammar@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9656-4761. ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, hala.nassereddine@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-7952-5034. ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, gabe.dadi@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-7903-3598. }, abstract={The construction industry has been facing many challenges in the recent years such as labour shortage, aging workforce, productivity decline, and resistance to change. These challenges have pushed both practitioners and academicians to investigate and invest in new transformations that can alter the industry’s traditional business-as-usual model. To successfully address the challenges and create an industry that successfully adapts to and fits in the changing environment, construction employers must prioritize attracting, recruiting, and retaining the new workforce generation. Thus, it becomes important to understand the expectations that construction students are looking for in organizations after graduation. Such studies are still missing, notably on Generation-Z and the construction industry in USA. This paper attempts to fill the gap through providing the first case study on Gen-Z students graduating from of the state of Kentucky and wanting to join the construction industry. A total of 51 students were surveyed and asked to evaluate the importance of 27 factors when accepting a job offer, describe their ideal workplace, and elaborate on whether the COVID-19 pandemic shifted their perspective on the workplace. Findings of this paper can help construction employers in and around the state of Kentucky in preparing for the Generation-Z workforce. }, author_keywords={The construction industry has been facing many challenges in the recent years such as labour shortage, aging workforce, productivity decline, and resistance to change. These challenges have pushed both practitioners and academicians to investigate and invest in new transformations that can alter the industry’s traditional business-as-usual model. To successfully address the challenges and create an industry that successfully adapts to and fits in the changing environment, construction employers must prioritize attracting, recruiting, and retaining the new workforce generation. Thus, it becomes important to understand the expectations that construction students are looking for in organizations after graduation. Such studies are still missing, notably on Generation-Z and the construction industry in USA. This paper attempts to fill the gap through providing the first case study on Gen-Z students graduating from of the state of Kentucky and wanting to join the construction industry. A total of 51 students were surveyed and asked to evaluate the importance of 27 factors when accepting a job offer, describe their ideal workplace, and elaborate on whether the COVID-19 pandemic shifted their perspective on the workplace. Findings of this paper can help construction employers in and around the state of Kentucky in preparing for the Generation-Z workforce. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Noueihed2022, author={Noueihed, Karim and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={The Need for a Human Centric Approach in C4.0 Technologies}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={820-831}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2010}, doi={10.24928/2022/0194}, affiliation={MSc Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, noueihed@ualberta.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-3308 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-000203986-9534 }, abstract={Construction industry is amidst a radical shift towards digitalization. The promising benefits of Construction 4.0 (C4.0) are yet to be harvested; however, the implications of the C4.0 technologies are still being explored after adoption. Among the various impacts of adoption are social impacts, which have been overlooked in this fast-paced revolution despite their grave consequences on the industry and the people involved. This paper explores the literature on the social impacts of these technologies and tackles artificial intelligence as a specific case. This study compares different findings, analyzes them, and reflects on how practitioners need to consider a more humane approach when implementing new technologies. }, author_keywords={Construction 4.0, human-centric, social impacts, Lean Construction, artificial intelligence }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khan2022, author={Khan, M. A. Hamza and Leicht, Robert M. }, editor={ }, title={Categorization of Construction Tasks for Robotics Using Lean vs Value-Added Effectiveness Framework}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={832-843}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2011}, doi={10.24928/2022/0195}, affiliation={ Ph.D. Candidate, Architectural Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA, mmk6554@psu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3346-7809 ; Associate Professor, Architectural Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA, rml167@psu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-6705-8141 }, abstract={Robotics and automation are still considered a novelty in the U.S. construction industry, as compared to manufacturing, despite its proven advantages for production. Due to the continuing advancement of technology needed, there are limited applications of robotics in construction to date. To better identify the potential tasks that would benefit from the use of robotics on construction sites, we consider methods for assessing the craft labor tasks that occur in construction. In this paper, we decompose construction tasks of an observed activity of installation of stone veneer system and compared two systems of categorizing the construction tasks based on value added assessment and lean (waste) assessment of tasks. The analysis compares the two categorization systems using a matrix which highlights consistency in the alignment of value adding tasks, such as final placement, as well as ineffective tasks with type two muda, but discrepancies emerge regarding the idea of contributory tasks related to logistical support of construction activities. The focus of the discussion is derived from the intersection of contributory tasks with type one muda tasks. The contributory tasks offer an opportunity to reduce the use of craft labor for wasteful tasks elimination by leveraging automation and robotics. }, author_keywords={Wastes, value, lean, construction tasks categorization. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2022, author={Arroyo, Paz and Schöttle, Annett and Christensen, Randi and Arthur, Chad }, editor={ }, title={CBA as a Differentiator to Win Projects in Pursuit: A Case Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={844-854}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2012}, doi={10.24928/2022/0196}, affiliation={Quality Leader DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA. paza@dpr.com ; Partner & Head of refine cell Munich, Refine Project AG, annett.schoettle@refine.team ; Sustainability Director, COWI, rmch@cowi.com ; Design Manager, DPR Construction, Sacramento, CA. chadar@dpr.com }, abstract={This paper presents a case study where a Design and Construction project team, general contractor and architect were asked to use Choosing By Advantages (CBA) during the pursuit phase of the project. The paper describes how the design and construction project team implemented CBA throughout the project pursuit, including details surrounding the team’s preparation and decisions developed during confidential conversations with the Owner. Ultimately the team implemented CBA when selecting the structural system, external facade, and the project programming. The researchers integrated the Owner's perspective to understand the motive(s) to utilize the CBA decision making method, why they chose the winning team, and the ways CBA methodologies were implemented beyond the project pursuit phase. This paper presents unique viewpoints, from both the project team and Owner’s, on the benefits of using CBA during project pursuit and beyond. The aim of sharing this case study is to inspire more owners to request the use of the CBA method at the start of the project. Choosing By Advantages simplifies the internal decision-making process, which many team find as a challenge. CBA allows for project teams to approach owners with a decision-making process that allows for optimal owner feedback leading to productivity and clarity within the phases of the project. }, author_keywords={Choosing by advantages, pursuit, collaboration, decision-making }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2022, author={Arroyo, Paz and Hinsley, Emilee and Romayor, Ralph and Nelson, JD and Komuravelli, Raj and Holland, Ellie and Tolle, Robert and Tern, Stephen }, editor={ }, title={Building Quality Builders: Lessons Learned From Scaling a Companywide Training}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={854-865}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2013}, doi={10.24928/2022/0197}, affiliation={Quality Strategic Team, DPR Construction paza@dpr.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-8172 ; Quality Strategic Team, DPR Construction, emileeh@dpr.com ; Quality Leadership Network, DPR Construction, ralphr@dpr.com ; Quality Strategic Team, DPR Construction jd.nelson@dpr.com ; Quality Leadership Network, DPR Construction ; Quality Leader Europe, DPR Construction, ellieh@europe.dpr.com ; Quality Leadership Network, DPR Construction, robertto@dpr.com ; Quality Strategic Team, DPR Construction, stephent@dpr.com }, abstract={The fundamental purpose of this paper is to detail how a companywide educational training program has escalated in the USA and Europe in under 3 years' time. Details will include the many challenges faced throughout the process of developing the training structure and content, applying continuous improvement processes that are based off collaborative and integrated efforts, while simultaneously preparing new facilitators and maintaining program relevancy to the company culture and mission. The new virtual environment imposed by ever changing COVID-19 policies has created both challenges and innovative opportunities for the development of workplace training programs. The content of this paper builds on Arroyo and Gomez (2021) where the development of DPR Construction’s Building Quality Builders (BQB) program was first explained and documented. The content of this document’s focus will be aimed at voicing the escalating challenges, improved strategies, and trained facilitator perspectives that were utilized and shared to aid in the continued improvements of the Building Quality Builders training program. The depth of this research includes: the escalation process, communicating lessons learned within learning platforms, facilitator training, training impacts and ideas for improvement from the perspective of those who are performing the work. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2022, author={Tommelein, Iris D. and Emdanat, Samir }, editor={ }, title={Takt Planning: An Enabler for Lean Construction}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={866-877}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2014}, doi={10.24928/2022/0198}, affiliation={Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; President and Co-Founder, vPlanner, Dearborn, Michigan, semdanat@vplannerapp.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-6606-3165 }, abstract={Takt planning is being lauded as a new tool for construction planning. It is described in the academic literature and successfully applied in practice. But is it just a tool for planning? This paper aims to show that takt planning can serve as the basis of a framework that supports the application of various lean tools and methods and, accordingly, is a tool to enable lean thinking in construction. Using this framework, the paper illustrates through examples how a project team benefited from using takt to identify where to apply lean tools and methods. It shows how takt informs when and where in the workflow it is appropriate to apply various lean tools and methods such as identification of bottlenecks, workflow reliability (process stability), underloading, process capability, mistakeproofing, standardization, continuous improvement, and cycle time reduction. The contribution of this paper is to highlight that a lean journey that starts with takt may proceed with implementing numerous lean tools and methods other than those directly pertaining to takt itself. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, takt planning, continuous improvement, project production system design }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2022, author={Tommelein, Iris D. and Singh, Vishesh V. and Coelho, Rafael V. and Lehtovaara, Joonas }, editor={ }, title={So Many Flows!}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={878-889}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2015}, doi={10.24928/2022/0199}, affiliation={Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, visheshvs@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-9727 ; PhD Student, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, rvcoelho@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-3622 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, and Visiting Researcher, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000- 0002-4761-3811 }, abstract={Flow is one of three perspectives in the Transformation-Flow-Value (TFV) conceptualization of project production systems. Accordingly, many papers published in the IGLC proceedings and elsewhere have addressed flow on a theoretical or practical basis. This notwithstanding, quite a few of these papers describe various flows only loosely without defining them formally. For example, a term such as workflow is widely used in the Lean Construction literature, but what exactly does it refer to? This paper poses the question: What kinds of flow can be distinguished? In response, different kinds of flow are listed, some already well-described and others (e.g., assembly flow) seemingly overlooked in the Lean Construction literature. The contribution of this paper is distinguishing and defining a certain number of flows in construction, using a vocabulary that is internally consistent. Flows need comprehensive attention in the design and execution of Lean Construction systems, so it is important to be clear on terminology. The goal of providing definitions regarding flows in Lean Construction is to facilitate research and communication of ideas with scholars and practitioners around the world. }, author_keywords={Flow, assembly flow, equipment flow, location flow, material flow, operation flow, process flow, product flow, resource flow, service flow, tool flow, trade flow, value flow, worker flow, workflow }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alsakka2022, author={Alsakka, Fatima and Darwish, Mohammad and Yu, Haitao and Hamzeh, Farook and Al-Hussein, Mohamed }, editor={ }, title={The Impacts of Lean Implementation Revealed in the Course of Building a Digital Twin of a Construction Manufacturing Facility}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={890-901}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2016}, doi={10.24928/2022/0200}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, falsakka@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1777-1875 ; MSc graduate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, mdarwish@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-1363-7225 ; Research and Development, ACQBUILT, Edmonton, Canada, haitaoy@acqbuilt.com, https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-7798-4867 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, malhussein@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-1774-9718 }, abstract={Successful implementation of lean philosophy in various sectors has inspired many construction manufacturing companies to foster a lean culture and embark on open-ended lean transformation initiatives. This study presents the case of a panelized construction company that has embraced the lean philosophy over the past decade. Experiments undertaken during the process of building a digital twin of the company’s production facility to verify the logic underlying the developed model reveal an increase in productivity. Using the same productivity regression models to model framing operations in two different years, the simulation of combined productive and delay times results in an underestimation compared to actual production data from 2013 but an overestimation compared to actual production data from 2017. Moreover, prominent lean changes implemented over the years that are positively correlated with productivity improvement are identified. These include standardizing the design and manufacturing processes, minimizing waste (including Mura, Muda, and material waste), ensuring a continuous flow, balancing the production line, following a just-in-time approach for the delivery of materials and implementing the 5S program. The findings underscore the long-term benefits of adopting lean thinking in construction manufacturing. }, author_keywords={Lean thinking, construction manufacturing, benefits realization, productivity improvement, continuous improvement. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Drevland2022, author={Drevland, Frode }, editor={ }, title={Teaching University Students the Last Planner System Through Learning-by-Doing}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={902-912}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2017}, doi={10.24928/2022/0201}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1564 }, abstract={Using games and simulation have long been a staple in teaching lean construction. While such games work well for teaching narrow concepts and ideas, they struggle when it comes to teaching all of the complex interactions found in the Last Planner System (LPS). This paper describes the development and implementation of a new approach to teaching university students LPS.Rather than using games or simulations, the students were tasked with using LPS to plan and manage their work on the course assignments. The developed approach led to a superior understanding of LPS than what was previously seen in the course where it was implemented. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, last planner system, teaching }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khalife2022, author={Khalife, Salam and Emadi, Seyyedbehrad and Wilner, Deon and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Developing Project Value Attributes: A Proposed Process for Value Delivery on Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={913-924}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2018}, doi={10.24928/2022/0202}, affiliation={ Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, khalife@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-4547 ; Ph.D., Universitat Politècnica De Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, seyyed.behrad.emadi@upc.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3091-5108 ; Project Manager, IPD practitioner, ISL Engineering and Land Services Ltd., Edmonton, Canada, dwilner@islengineering.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1881-809X ; Associate Professor, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Increasing efforts are being made by lean researchers and practitioners to improve value delivery in the built environment. However, the preliminary process to identify a substantiated list constituting the interests, desires, requirements, and design essentials of different stakeholders on projects is still vague and unorganized. Establishing the Value Attributes List (VAL) is considered fundamental for delivering value. Thus, to answer the question of how to develop the VAL, a set of guidelines and steps are provided. The process was constructed by performing action research and engaging two case studies depicting two Canadian public projects. This paper also provides a generic list of value attributes to be the starting point for the project team. The list included the major categories to be considered on projects. Findings suggested that developing a customized team-led list is particularly important and pursuing a clear direction on the subsequent steps for monitoring is required. The research concludes that an in-house advocate is needed to (1) promote the process and move it onward, and (2) to make sure the whole team and project stakeholders understand the importance of these value discussions. }, author_keywords={Design management, benefits realization, collaboration, value delivery, value creation. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Peralta2022, author={Peralta, Cristian and Mourgues, Claudio }, editor={ }, title={Understanding the Relations Between BIM Maturity Models and Lean Principles}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={925-936}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2019}, doi={10.24928/2022/0203}, affiliation={Researcher, Construction Engineering and Management Department, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, ciperalta@uc.cl ; Associate Professor, Construction Engineering and Management Department, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-6706-2255 }, abstract={The increasing adoption of BIM is requiring organizations to assess their BIM maturity level. For this assessment, several authors have proposed BIM maturity models to assess capabilities of organizations or projects. However, although previous researches have demonstrated positive synergies between Lean philosophy and BIM, it is not clear the role that Lean principles currently have in the assessment of BIM maturity. This study aims at understanding the relation of 5 BIM maturity models with 16 Lean principles. The research shows that the principles related to flow process has the most interaction with the maturity components, where “Reduce Variability” is the principle with the highest number of interactions, followed by “Reduce cycle time” and “Design the production system for flow and value”. The results also showed that “Problem solving”, “Value generation process” and “Developing partners” are Lean principle clusters with low levels of interaction in the analyzed models. Future research should study the convenience of their incorporation in order to align BIM maturity improvement with Lean principles to enjoy the benefits of Lean and BIM synergies. }, author_keywords={The increasing adoption of BIM is requiring organizations to assess their BIM maturity level. For this assessment, several authors have proposed BIM maturity models to assess capabilities of organizations or projects. However, although previous researches have demonstrated positive synergies between Lean philosophy and BIM, it is not clear the role that Lean principles currently have in the assessment of BIM maturity. This study aims at understanding the relation of 5 BIM maturity models with 16 Lean principles. The research shows that the principles related to flow process has the most interaction with the maturity components, where “Reduce Variability” is the principle with the highest number of interactions, followed by “Reduce cycle time” and “Design the production system for flow and value”. The results also showed that “Problem solving”, “Value generation process” and “Developing partners” are Lean principle clusters with low levels of interaction in the analyzed models. Future research should study the convenience of their incorporation in order to align BIM maturity improvement with Lean principles to enjoy the benefits of Lean and BIM synergies. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Breistein2022, author={Breistein, Helene and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Implementing VDC}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={937-948}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2020}, doi={10.24928/2022/0204}, affiliation={ MSc student, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 988 01 476, helene.t.w.b@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1835-5523 ; 2 Professor, dr.ing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.laedre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={Norwegian construction clients are demanding the use of VDC in their projects. Contractors have thus implemented VDC on construction projects. However, little research has been conducted regarding how projects should implement VDC. The study answers four research questions to provide a set of recommendations on how VDC should be implemented in projects: (1) How is VDC implemented in construction projects, (2) Which part of the implementation had positive effects on the implementation, (3) Which part of the implementation had negative effects on the implementation and (4) How should VDC be implemented in construction projects. Three general and five case-specific semi-structured interviews were conducted. The contribution of the study is a set of recommendations concerning how projects should implement VDC. The recommendations are based on seven key elements for implementation, ranked from most influential to least: Anchoring, Communication, Vision, Plans, Project Team, Training, and Engaging. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System; Virtual Design and Construction (VDC); BIM; Lean Construction; Implementation }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filion2022, author={Filion, Carolyne and Valdivieso, Fernando and Iordanova, Ivanka }, editor={ }, title={Integrated Scheduling Platform Based on BIM and Lean Construction}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={949-960}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2021}, doi={10.24928/2022/0205}, affiliation={ Innovation Director – R&D and Special Projects, Pomerleau Inc., 500 St-Jacques, Montréal, Canada, carolyne.filion@pomerleau.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-504X ; 2 Innovation Manager–APEX & Civil Operations, Pomerleau Inc., 500 St-Jacques, Montréal, Canada, fernando.valdivieso@pomerleau.ca , orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-8419 ; Professor, Département de Génie de la Construction, École de Technologie Supérieure (ETS), Montréal, Canada, ivanka.iordanova@etsmtl.ca , orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-2604 }, abstract={This paper presents an integrated scheduling platform (ISP) that was developed and implemented on a major health care construction project. This ISP incorporates both BIM and Lean Construction and provides a framework for developing the master schedule and the detailed schedule, as well as for monitoring the progress of on-site work. Although numerous studies present the advantages of integrating Lean Construction and BIM use, few on-site results have been quantified and published to date. This research therefore aims to identify and evaluate the impacts of using the ISP, as assessed by individuals who work on a construction site. The results obtained through interviews and questionnaires proved that using the ISP, was very positive for the project. Three major benefits were identified during the case study: planning was diligently updated, the information presented in the 3D models and in the visual schedules was always up to date and accurate, and all project stakeholders understood the schedule—which finally led to excellent project performance. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling, Construction Planning, Lean Construction, Visual Schedule, Takt Planning }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shehab2022, author={Shehab, Lynn and Pourrahimian, Elyar and Salhab, Diana and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={LPS Performance Diagnosis Model Using Fuzzy Inference System}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={961-972}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2022}, doi={10.24928/2022/0206}, affiliation={ Ph.D. Student, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, lshehab@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-2708-3550 ; Ph.D. Student, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, elyar@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-2324 ; Ph.D. Student, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, salhab@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-6193 ; Associate Professor, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) has long been used in construction projects to promote reliable planning and enhance productivity. However, despite various attempts to evaluate LPS implementation efforts, the human aspect of the evaluation attempts has not been given enough attention. This issue may be tackled through Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS) to capture more information regarding the gradual and intricate changes in scoring systems. Therefore, this paper aims to offer a standardized diagnosis model for LPS performance in construction projects. This model employs an FIS that analyzes the results of an LPS implementation for a more accurate investigation of the implementation. First, a thorough literature review is conducted to select the most prominent factors influencing the LPS implementation process, followed by expert panel questionnaire development and distribution among LPS experts to rank the selected factors. The obtained questionnaire results are then used to develop the FIS. The objective of this paper is hereby twofold: (1) to allow assessing expected LPS benefits through the qualitative assessment of the performance in the four LPS phases, and (2) to facilitate comparing past, current, and future performances throughout the organization's LPS implementation process to ensure continuous improvement. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, fuzzy logic, implementation evaluation, diagnosis model, design science research. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gordon2022, author={Gordon, Elizabeth and Rawlinson, Keila and Dabhade, Neha and Reed, Dean }, editor={ }, title={Assessing Quality Performance Outcomes and the Relationship With Staffing: A General Contractor Case Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={973-983}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2023}, doi={10.24928/2022/0207}, affiliation={Quality Leader, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, ElizabethG@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-0459 ; Operations Business Analyst, DPR Construction, Denver, CO 80112, USA, KeilaR@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9718-5483 ; Project Engineer, vConstruct Private Limited, Pune, MH 411028, India, nehad@vconstruct.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-6453-6096 ; Owner and Consultant, Capability-Building, Santa Cruz, CA USA, Dean@deansreed.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2916-8558 }, abstract={This paper describes a methodology for understanding how staffing projects may be assessed and considers how it may relate to project team performance when project teams implement a Systems Approach to Quality (SAQ). This paper expands on the 2021 paper “The Impact of Implementing a System Approach to Quality: A General Contractor Case Study” where the authors compared project performance outcomes and team cultural assessments for 11 projects that had implemented SAQ, the Intervention group, to a similar set of projects that had continued with a specification compliance -based approach to quality, the Control group. This study reflects organizational learning in a continuous improvement process and helps clarify distinguishing features of staffing for this General Contractor. The authors findings suggest that applying SAQ can help sustain a project team through the phases of ever-changing project life cycles and contribute to more reliable outcomes when staff is engaged earlier in the project and supported with Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) and outside project management resources. }, author_keywords={Organizational change, quality, data, staffing, impact }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Narum2022, author={Narum, Kristoffer Brattegard and Engebø, Atle and Lædre, Ola and Torp, Olav }, editor={ }, title={Collaborative Project Delivery With Early Contractor Involvement and Target Cost}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={984-995}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2024}, doi={10.24928/2022/0208}, affiliation={MSc Student, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, kristobn@stud.ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0001-9673-6255 ; Researcher, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, atle.engebo@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-0176 ; Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 ; Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, olav.torp@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-5097 }, abstract={Lean and collaborative project delivery aim to increase productivity and create value in construction projects. Early contractor involvement and target costing are key elements in collaborative delivery. This study explores how early contractor involvement and target cost has been implemented, and the effects of these elements, in the collaborative delivery of a building in Norway. After two months of daily observations and a literature study, further data was collected from the main stakeholders through a document study and sixteen semi-structured interviews. Establishing a reasonable scope, allowable cost and procurement strategy in the front-end was identified as important. Early contractor involvement was determined to have improved constructability, commitment, cost estimation, and team building during the design phase. A balanced, equitable and clear risk distribution in the target cost, and continuous involvement of the client and senior management, was identified as important for collaboration in the execution phase. External factors beyond the control of the project group were found to have been impactful throughout the project. The study calls for more research on the impact of external factors, and the involvement of architects, consultants and subcontractors, in Lean and collaborative project delivery. }, author_keywords={Target cost, Open book, Collaboration, Commitment, Early contractor involvement }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mossman2022, author={Mossman, Alan and Ramalingam, Shobha }, editor={ }, title={Capacity Building: Learning From Corporate Successes Outside Construction}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={996-1007}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2025}, doi={10.24928/2022/0209}, affiliation={The Change Business; +44 7968 485627, alanmossman@mac.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1769-9164 ; Associate Prof, National Institute of Construction Management and Research (NICMAR), Pune, India, sramalingam@nicmar.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0003-4026-5866 }, abstract={Industrialization is a response to low productivity and shortage of skilled labour. Advancement in technology is associated with the growing trend. Thus, industrialisation requires upskilling the whole workforce – literacy, numeracy, technical and trade skills. This crisis is exacerbated by the casualization of construction labor over the last ~60 years which means construction companies do not see it as in their interest to upskill those they do not employ. Even though “with every pair of hands comes a free brain” (Henry Ford), the construction sector seems to find it acceptable to do little or nothing to use and develop those brains, to tap into this unused talent. Motivated by these insights, we ask, what can we learn from corporate success outside construction that might help improve industrialised project delivery in construction? This qualitative exploratory analysis of successful major transformations in other sectors uses selective literature review, categorical aggregation of case studies and inductive reasoning. The findings underscore the importance of leaders with ‘constancy of purpose’ driving system change in order to build the capacity and competence of workers. In construction this may mean decasualising labour which will require the creation of pipelines of work to ensure a steady workload. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research and validation in the field. }, author_keywords={Organization, Culture, Industrialisation, Collaboration, Capacity building. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tuesta2022, author={Tuesta, Rodrigo and Vicuña, Mark and Savio, Alexandre Almeida Del and Palpan, Alejandro and Valle, Erika and Quiroz, Felipe }, editor={ }, title={Prefabricated Reinforcement in Construction Using Vdc: Case Study Ovalo Monitor Bridge}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1008-1019}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2026}, doi={10.24928/2022/0210}, affiliation={Student, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru, 20171572@aloe.ulima.edu.pe, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8604-907X ; Student, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru, 20162640@aloe.ulima.edu.pe, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-8754 ; Full Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru, delsavio@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6067-6606 ; Project Coordinator, TSC Innovation, Lima, Peru, apalpan@tscinnovation.com ; Project Coordinator, TSC Innovation, Lima, Peru, evalle@tscinnovation.com ; General Manager, TSC Innovation, Lima, Peru, fquiroz@tscinnovation.com }, abstract={In construction projects, there may be rework and delays associated with construction processes with a low level of industrialization, resulting from the lack of constructability of the designs. To promote industrialization and improve the project's constructability, we implemented the Virtual Design & Construction (VDC) methodology, combined with a system of prefabricated reinforcement cages (PRC) elements in constructing an 870- meter span bridge located in Lima, Peru. The objective was to reduce structural rebars' assembly times, replace the traditional on-site processes of cutting, bending, and assembling steel with an industrial process based on systems of PRC steel elements. As a result, the assembly times of the structural item were reduced by 31%, thanks to the use of PRC elements. In addition, due to the VDC methodology, a 100% buildable design of the PRC elements was achieved. }, author_keywords={VDC, BIM, bridges, industrialized construction, prefabricated reinforcement. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Castaneda2022, author={Castaneda, Jennifer Alejandra Cardenas and Mudireddy, Vedasree and Martinez, Pablo and Ahmad, Rafiq }, editor={ }, title={Addressing Waste During the Design Phase: A Matrix Model for the Interactions Between Robotic Systems and Lean Principles}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1020-1029}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2027}, doi={10.24928/2022/0211}, affiliation={Researcher Graduate Student, Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Design and Automation, University of Alberta, Edmonton Canada, jacarden@ualberta.ca ; Researcher Graduate Student, Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Design and Automation, University of Alberta, Edmonton Canada, mudiredd@ualberta.ca ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom, pablo.rodriguez@northumbria.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003- 3397-9617 ; Associate Professor, Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Design and Automation, University of Alberta, Edmonton Canada, rafiq.ahmad@ualberta.ca }, abstract={This paper aims to provide a visual model with design parameters that are specific to manufacturing to reduce waste in the design stage of a construction project. More construction companies are interested in reducing waste and increasing efficiency. However, one of the main barriers that prevent the construction industry from adopting more technological solutions for its projects is not being clear about the direct benefits that would be obtained. This paper proposes using design parameters applied in a userfriendly visual model to choose the benefit to obtain for designing a construction project. These benefits are displayed as key performance indicator (KPI) options for the construction project. An analysis was carried out in a matrix to obtain the most relevant design parameters for a robotic cell in offsite construction from a manufacturing (not architectural or visual/aesthetic) point of view. Additionally, the visual model is designed using a data visualization structure. The limit of the investigation involves not having the visual tool validated in a case of a real construction company. Additionally, the visual tool is only a guide that is not quantified. }, author_keywords={Key Performance Indicator, Design parameters, Construction industry, Lean, Industry 4.0 }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2022, author={Schöttle, Annett and Arroyo, Paz and Christensen, Randi }, editor={ }, title={How to Choose the Best Media to Implement the Choosing by Advantages (CBA) Tabular Method}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1030-1039}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2028}, doi={10.24928/2022/0212}, affiliation={ Partner & Head of refine cell Munich, Refine Project AG, annett.schoettle@refine.team, and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320 ; Quality Leader DPR Construction, San Francisco, paza@dpr.com, and Founder and CoDirector, CollabDecisions, orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-8172 ; Sustainability Director, COWI, rmch@cowi.com, and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3377-7057 }, abstract={Choosing by Advantages (CBA) applications in the construction industry have been growing over time and teams need to decide which tools they will use to facilitate and document a CBA decision. This paper aims to determine which criteria should be considered when deciding on the tool/media to apply the CBA Tabular method? Researchers analyzed four different tools: (1) analog, (2) spreadsheet, (3) digital whiteboard, and (4) CBA decision-making software. These four tools were selected based on direct experience of the authors on four case studies. Researchers also conducted a survey to expand experiences, collect information on alternatives, and identify factors and define criteria to help users to select the tool. The conclusion is that there is no-one-size fits-all solution, and the authors therefore encourage teams to choose the best tool that suits their context. This paper aims to help teams be aware of multiple alternatives and of the consequences that come with each tool. }, author_keywords={Analog, choosing by advantages, collaboration, digital tools, decision-making }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Asl2022, author={Asl, Negar Mansouri and Najafizadeh, Nazanin and Fakhrzarei, Mahboobeh and Hammad, Ahmed and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Framework for Using LPS in Design on IPD Projects}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1040-1051}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2029}, doi={10.24928/2022/0213}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, nmansour@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-2402-4341 ; MSc student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, nnajafiz@ualberta.ca ; MSc student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, fakhrzar@ualberta.ca ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, ahammad@ualberta.ca ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Design in nature is an iterative and interdependent process. Previous research shows that in some projects, 50% of this process contains waste. The Last Planner System (LPS) proved its efficiency in planning and controlling the execution phase. However, due to the nature of the design process, implementing LPS at this stage contains many constraints. Results show that the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and LPS together can significantly improve design workflow, still some issues remain that do not let the IPD project achieve the full potential of LPS in managing a design process. In this research the main constraints are studied and divided into five categories. Recently, many researchers studied the benefits of implementing LPS and how to optimize this method, especially in the execution phase, but there is no integrated framework that contains the available tools and techniques for overcoming constraints in using LPS at the design process. This study indicatesthat multiple strategies need to be adopted for increasing the applicability of LPS at the design process of a construction project. This paper proposes an integrated framework for addressing design constraints and optimizing the applicability of LPS in the design process on IPD projects. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Integrated Project Delivery, design process, workflow, lean design }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2022, author={Alves, Thais da C. L. }, editor={ }, title={The Silo Game: A Simulation on Interdisciplinary Collaboration}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1052-1063}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2030}, doi={10.24928/2022/0214}, affiliation={ Associate Professor, AGC – Paul S. Roel Chair in Construction Engineering and Management. Civ., Const. & Env. Eng. Dept., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA, +1 619 594-8289, talves@sdsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3070-7109 }, abstract={Collaboration is a highly valued skill in construction, and it has become essential considering the advent of more collaborative delivery methods (e.g., design-build, integrated project delivery). This paper introduces the Silo Game which is a teaching simulation developed to mimic the trade-offs made during the design process to meet client's requirements while also meeting project goals. This simulation mimics the development of an environmentally conscious building using two phases: one illustrating disciplines isolated in teams mimicking silos and another with multi-disciplinary teams. The facilitator assumes the role of an owner and participants are assigned one of the four roles defined for the game: architect, civil engineer, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer to meet the project's conditions of satisfaction defined early in the game. Initially, the professionals are grouped by role and later assigned to multi-disciplinary teams. The game has been played with three undergraduate classes and also with the Administering and Playing Lean Simulations Online (APLSO) community and the instructions are easy to relay. The lessons learned can be directly translated to construction settings sparking discussions about various Lean tenets and systems including integrated project delivery contracts, target value design, collaboration, and conditions of satisfaction. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, sustainability, design, conditions of satisfaction, serious games, simulation }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dazmiri2022, author={Dazmiri, Danial Gholinezhad and Aliasgari, Ramin and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Evaluating Blockchain in Construction Supply Chain Management}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1064-1074}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2031}, doi={10.24928/2022/0215}, affiliation={MSc student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, gholinez@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1196-7340 ; MSc student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, aliasgar@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-0172-9966 ; 3 Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={The supply chain in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction industry is often perceived as inefficient due to a lack of data and traceability links. This study investigates the practitioners’ understanding and acceptance of blockchain to address this inefficiency. A survey is conducted to glean expert opinions concerning implementing blockchain technology in the Construction Supply Chain Management (CSCM) domain. The research hypothesizes that professionals are open to blockchain technology adoption and that this adoption positively impacts four variables that represent the primary factors that can be implemented using blockchain technology. The One-Sample Test of Means is then used to evaluate the four identified variables against the hypotheses. Survey findings reveal that CSCM experts are knowledgeable about innovative technologies such as blockchain and believe that all characteristics of blockchain should be considered during implementation. Findings also show that most experts acknowledge that their current CSCM systems disregard blockchain entirely. }, author_keywords={Blockchain, Supply chain, Smart contract, Lean construction, Trust }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2022, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Howell, Gregory A. }, editor={ }, title={Development of Simulations & Pull Planning for Lean Construction Learning and Implementation}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1075-1086}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2032}, doi={10.24928/2022/0216}, affiliation={Owner, Navilean, LLC; Founder, Building AEC Learning, Inc. (BAECL); Brookline, MA, 02445, USA, Phone +1 510/593-4884, cynthia@navilean.com ; 2 Retired, Lean Construction Institute; Greg developed this paper with Cynthia starting in 2014. He passed away on June 15, 2020. }, abstract={To manage projects based on Lean principles including global optimization, transparency, reliability, and flow, Lean learners need to learn an alternative approach that includes different language and techniques that better support production system management. By helping us model what happens in the real world while focusing on a few key concepts, simulations help Lean learners focus on how they would diagnose problems and determine how to deliver the project better. While Lean learners may think they are learning something during simulations, instructors are really getting them to reflect on how things happen and why. In essence, simulations help with “learning to see” waste and other problems on projects (Rother and Shook 1999) so Lean learners can develop strategies for waste removal and problem solving to generate value better. How did the Lean Construction community adopt this training approach for Lean learners? This paper explores the Lean Construction community’s use of simulations (particularly the Airplane Game and Parade of Trades® ) and creation of the Pull Planning technique. This reflection provides a foundation for instructors to share training practices and collaboratively refine their teaching approaches to accelerate the rate of Lean learning and implementation. }, author_keywords={Simulations, Pull Planning, facilitation, action learning/research, learning }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Paucar-Espinoza2022, author={Paucar-Espinoza, Anthony F. and Erazo-Rondinel, Andrews A. and Arroyo, Paz and Salazar, Luis A. }, editor={ }, title={Reducing Bias in the Hiring Process Through Choosing by Advantages: A Case Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1087-1098}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2033}, doi={10.24928/2022/0217}, affiliation={Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, apaucare@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5369-1584 ; Teaching Assistant, Professional School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Peru, aerazo@continental.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-573X ; Quality Leader, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, paza@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-8098-8172 ; Academic, Departamento de Obras Civiles, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile, luis.salazarf@usm.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7339-8935 }, abstract={Construction projects rely on the people in the project team; people are selected to perform their role satisfactorily in the project and contribute to its success. However, the selection in the hiring process has different biases that are often not perceived by those who decide to hire people. This research aims to present a study applying the Choosing By Advantages (CBA) Tabular method for the hiring process of a new team member, aligning the structure of the selection process with the five phases of the CBA system. The selection process is divided into two parts to reduce bias in decision-making: the first preliminary part uses information associated with objective data from the applicants' CVs without knowing their identities. The second part complements information knowing their identities obtained from personal interviews. In this research, we use a practical approach called the SEEDS Model®, represented in five categories of biases present in everyday thinking (similarity, expedience, experience, distance, and safety). Furthermore, the results demonstrate that CBA and SEEDS Model® help reduce bias in the selection process and choose people for their attributes representing their capacities, avoiding bias in the selection. }, author_keywords={Choosing By Advantages, multi-criteria decision analysis, CBA Tabular Method, SEEDS Model®, hiring process, bias. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Niranjan2022, author={Niranjan, Christopher and Knotten, Vegard and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Digitalizing Collaborative Planning in Design – a Case Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1099-1110}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2034}, doi={10.24928/2022/0218}, affiliation={MSc student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology – Trondheim, Norway, chrisniranjan@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-0560-6610 ; Associate Professor/ Design Manager, Norwegian University of Science and Technology/ Veidekke Entreprenør AS - Trondheim, Norway, vegard.knotten@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5884-4041 ; Professor, dr. ing., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology – Trondheim, Norway, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={Collaborative Planning in Design (CPD) has been used in Norway by the contractor Veidekke since 2009. One of the main principles, collaboration, has previously taken place through co-location of the various actors that take part in the design phase. The COVID-19 pandemic placed restrictions such as social distancing, which led to the digitalization of certain elements in CPD. This paper, based on a construction case in Norway, looks at the effects of the digitalization of CPD. This is done using three research questions: How is digitalized CPD achieved, what strengths and weaknesses arise when CPD is digitalized, and how can the digitalization of CPD improve? The research was done through a literature study and qualitative interviews of eight design participants from the research case. Findings show that the digital start-up session should not be used further, as it has negative ripple effects later in design in the form of less collaboration. Fully digital ICE sessions are effective and worth continuing in the future but are dependent on what type of work is scheduled. Phase scheduling should try to use physical post-it notes during a physical meeting, and later convert the schedule to a digital format. }, author_keywords={Design Management, Last Planner® System (LPS), collaboration, phase scheduling, digital }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Amaral2022, author={Amaral, Tatiana Gondim do and Braga, Pedro Dantas Bezerra and Vieira, Sara Vieira and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={ }, title={Relations Between Preconditions, Categories and Impacts of Making-Do Wastes}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1111-1122}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2035}, doi={10.24928/2022/0219}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Environmental and Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil, tatianagondim@ufg.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-9746-4025 ; Civil engineer, Environmental and Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, pedro_braga@icloud.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2476-8626 ; Full Professor, Structural and Civil Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 ; Full Professor, Structural and Civil Construction Department, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 }, abstract={Civil construction is known for its high production of waste and low productivity. Understanding the causes of making-do waste makes it possible to minimize waste in construction processes. This study aims to analyze possible causes and consequences among possible relations between prerequisites, categories and impacts of making-do waste in order to act more effectively in combating waste reducing the main problems identified that cause their occurrence. Some existing prerequisites can be determined: information, materials and components, and labor, are highly likely to occur. Concerning the categories, the following can be highlighted: component adjustment, sequencing, and storage. These combinations generally affect the seven impacts caused by making-do waste. The main contribution of this study was to analyze the possible causes and consequences of the relationship between prerequisites, categories and impacts of making-do waste. Using the dashboard developed in the Power BI platform, relations between the chosen parameters could be determined, and how prerequisites, categories and impacts interacted with other variables in the database }, author_keywords={Making-do. Improvisation. Waste. Rework. Business intelligence }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Golestanirad2022, author={Golestanirad, Pooria and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Dixit, Manish and Luhan, Gregory A. }, editor={ }, title={Building Interdisciplinary Teams Through Student Design Competitions: A Case Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1123-1133}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2036}, doi={10.24928/2022/0222}, affiliation={ Graduate Student, Dept. of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-6871-2608 ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, o: 979-845-4354, zrybkowski@arch.tamu.edu, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-0683-5004 ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, orcid.org/ 0000-0001-8622-8388 ; Professor, Dept. of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, orcid.org/ 0000- 0002-1568-3866 }, abstract={The owner, architecture, engineering, and construction (OAEC) industries have grown increasingly complex, necessitating improvements to both design and construction procedures—requiring increased collaboration among all lean stakeholders. However, universities are often criticized for not developing essential, generic skills in their graduates, especially the ability to work collaboratively in teams. Attempting to better prepare students, academic institutions are creating vehicles to help their students acquire effective teamwork skills. Competitions, for example, have spread to almost every discipline, including the OAEC-related ones, since they have much to offer students of the built environment. The researchers assessed the participants’ experience of an interdisciplinary design competition to determine if such competitions are an effective means to impart teamwork skills to future collaborative stakeholders of the built environment. Additionally, this research aimed to identify areas where educators should prioritize their efforts to better prepare students for enhanced teamwork performance. In addition to highlighting that teams should be appropriately composed of members with critical, needed skill sets, results from a post-event survey of the case study competition also suggest there is a need to teach students how to develop clear and shared goals, develop clear and understandable roles, and communicate more effectively when working in teams. }, author_keywords={Teamwork, collaboration, OAEC / AECO, interdisciplinary competition, Lean Integrated Product Delivery / Lean IPD }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mulholland2022, author={Mulholland, Sean M. and Banasiak, Meredith and Clevenger, Caroline M. and Staton, Jamie and Brown, Qadry }, editor={ }, title={Establishing Design Metrics to Inform Design Change, Increase Project Team Communication, and Reduce Waste: A Healthcare Case Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1134-1143}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2037}, doi={10.24928/2022/0223}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, United States Air Force Academy, USA, sean.mulholland@afacademy.af.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6598-6830 ; Director of Research, Boulder Associates Architects, Boulder, USA, mbanasiak@boulderassociates.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8483-419X ; Professor, Civil Engineering, Assistant Director, Construction Engineering and Management, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, USA, caroline.clevenger@ucdenver.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2265-8447 ; Project Executive, GE Johnson Construction Company, Colorado Springs, USA, statonj@gejohnson.com ; Cadet, US Air Force Academy, USA, C22Qadry.Brown@afacademy.af.edu }, abstract={This study aims to evaluate via a case study the process in establishing post-construction performance goals and their perceived impact to a design and construction project team’s culture. Performance goals were established from an iterative quantitative approach, while the impact to the design and construction team were evaluated by a qualitative method. Preliminary results appear to indicate a likely positive impact to a project team’s culture, level of effort, and trust. Specifically, results may indicate a net positive impact from unambiguous post-construction performance goals to a project team’s perception of its communication and overall project environment, reduction in traditional sources of process waste, and a positive impact to elements associated with cost, schedule, and quality. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, Case study, Integration, Value, Integrated Project Delivery }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Verán-Leigh2022, author={Verán-Leigh, Daniel and Murguia, Danny and Brioso, Xavier and Calmet, Matias }, editor={ }, title={Evaluation of Construction Performance With the Use of LPS and Precast Slabs in Residential Buildings}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1144-1154}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2038}, doi={10.24928/2022/0224}, affiliation={ Senior Construction Manager, VyV Bravo Construction Group. Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC) and PELCAN Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, daniel.veran@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-6174-2054 ; Assistant Professor, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, dmurguia@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-4058 ; Professor, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-0241 ; Research Assistant, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Lima, Peru, matias.calmet@pucp.pe }, abstract={The implementation of the Last Planner System (LPS) and off-site construction has been identified as means to improve production management and, thus, increased productivity and project performance. Nevertheless, the sector lacks an evaluation system that allows clients, designers, and contractors to identify areas for continuous improvement and encourage further adoption of the LPS and off-site manufacturing. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze performance during the construction of the reinforced concrete structural frame of two similar high-rise residential projects in Lima-Peru. Both projects used the LPS. However, the first case used traditional on-site poured slabs, and the second used a mix of precast slabs and additional on-site pouring. Data was collected during the construction process and included labor data, production data, schedules, site visits, and observations. Data were analyzed to obtain cycle times, production and productivity rates, and labor density. The results show that the building using precast slabs performed 14% better in terms of time and 16% in terms of productivity compared to the traditional slab. Further research can measure performance and productivity by implementing other precast components such as shear walls, beams, and columns. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Off-site construction, performance measurement, productivity, Lean Construction. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mulholland2022, author={Mulholland, Sean M. and Clevenger, Caroline M. }, editor={ }, title={Quantifying Participation: An IPD Case Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1155-1164}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2039}, doi={10.24928/2022/0225}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, United States Air Force Academy, USA, sean.mulholland@afacademy.af.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6598-6830 ; Professor, Civil Engineering, Assistant Director, Construction Engineering and Management, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, USA, caroline.clevenger@ucdenver.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2265-8447 }, abstract={As the construction industry moves to greater project collaboration, greater participation and involvement by project team members is necessary for project success. Quantifying participation by project participants can present challenges though. The COVID-19 epidemic presented an opportunity to quantify participation due to the government mandated limitations of in-person meetings and the subsequent transition to videoconferencing. This paper presents a method via a case study utilizing videoconferencing to quantify project member participation. Findings indicate that utilizing videoconferencing is a possible method to measure project member participation but may not evaluate characteristics of the participation. }, author_keywords={As the construction industry moves to greater project collaboration, greater participation and involvement by project team members is necessary for project success. Quantifying participation by project participants can present challenges though. The COVID-19 epidemic presented an opportunity to quantify participation due to the government mandated limitations of in-person meetings and the subsequent transition to videoconferencing. This paper presents a method via a case study utilizing videoconferencing to quantify project member participation. Findings indicate that utilizing videoconferencing is a possible method to measure project member participation but may not evaluate characteristics of the participation. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mehran2022, author={Mehran, Donya and Poirier, Erik Andrew and Forgues, Daniel }, editor={ }, title={Impact of Fragmentation on Value Generation-Towards a BIM-Enabled Lean Framework }, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1165-1176}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2040}, doi={10.24928/2022/0229}, affiliation={PhD Student, École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS), Montréal, Canada, donya.mehran.1@ens.etsmtl.ca ; Professor, École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS), Montréal, Canada, erik.Poirier@etsmtl.ca ; Professor, École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS), Montréal, Canada, daniel.forgues@etsmtl.ca }, abstract={Fragmentation in the construction sector has been identified as a main concern by several scholars over the years as it creates silos not only between the actors and stages across an asset's lifecycle but also across a portfolio of projects. Among other things, fragmentation has a negative impact on the flow of information between participating organizations, thereby affecting value generation. Despite the rising digitization of this sector, these challenges remain and even compound issues such as the effective management of information throughout the built asset's lifecycle. Research and development pertaining to the management of information and generation of value has mainly focused on separate phases of assets or the delivery stage. However, a gap in knowledge and theory for information management and requirements management throughout the use phase of the asset's lifecycle still remains. This paper highlights the consequences of fragmentation from an information management perspective and its impact on value generation across an asset's lifecycle. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, value stream, benefits realization, BIM, Fragmentation. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Majumdar2022, author={Majumdar, Tulika and Rasmussen, Steinar G. and Savio, Alexandre Almeida Del and Johannesdottír, Katrin and Hjelseth, Eilif and Fischer, Martin A. }, editor={ }, title={VDC in Practice: A Preliminary Categorization of Production Metrics Reported in Scandinavia and Latin America}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1177-1185}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2041}, doi={10.24928/2022/0230}, affiliation={Ph. D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, USA, tulika@stanford.edu ; Hæhre Entreprenør, steinar.rasmussen@akh.no ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, University of Lima, aalmeida@ulima.edu.pe ; Trimble Solutions Sandvika AS, katrin_johannesdottir@trimble.com ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway, eilif.hjelseth@ntnu.no ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, USA, fischer@stanford.edu }, abstract={Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) teams are increasingly using emerging management methods involving collaboration, lean construction, and digitization for managing projects. Production metrics (PM) are being used to assess the impact of these methods on project performance during run-time. A lack of common vocabulary hinders comparison of PM, making it difficult to repeat strategies used for improving project performance and for benchmarking PM across projects. Through a detailed content analysis, 2 datasets of 904 PM reported by 195 Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) practitioners in Scandinavia and Latin America were curated. Qualitative coding was used to categorize the PM into the three key VDC elements, i.e., Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE), Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Project Production Management (PPM) and to validate the categorization. This research enabled a comparison of PM categories across the two regions for the first time. PM categorized as ICE and PPM were reported by more than 68% professionals in both the regions. BIM PM had a disparity in reporting (Scandinavia: 30%, Latin America: 91%). It also opened a pathway to develop a common vocabulary of PM to compare, benchmark and standardize PM across VDC implementations. }, author_keywords={Production metrics, continuous improvement, concurrent, standardization, process }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Formoso2022, author={Formoso, Carlos T. and Flores, Patrícia and Barth, Karina B. and Suarez, Martin and Magalhães, Ivo and Ksiazenicki, Verónica and Acquarone, Álvaro }, editor={ }, title={Developing a Flow-Based Planning and Control Approach for Linear Infrastructure Projects}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1186-1197}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2042}, doi={10.24928/2022/0236}, affiliation={ Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Assistant Professor, Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay, pflores@farq.edu.uy ; Managing Director, LD Consulting, Brazil, karina@ldconsulting.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-9612- 6246 ; Site Superintendent, Stiler Engineering, masuarez@stilerpm.com.uy ; Project Manager, Stiler Engineering, idemagalhaes@stilerpm.com.uy ; Innovation and Continuous Improvement Manager, Stiler Engineering, vksiazenicki@stilerpm.com.uy ; Site Superintendent, Stiler Engineering, aacquarone@stilerpm.com.uy }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) and Location Based Planning and Control (LBPC) have been successfully used in many projects, either separately or together. Despite previous studies that have discussed the role of each of them, the complementarity between LPS and LBPC still needs to be further explained by using core Lean Production concepts. Moreover, most implementations reported in the literature of those two planning models have been concerned with building projects. Only a few cases are related to infrastructure projects, which have different types of complexity in relation to conventional building projects. This paper reports the initial results of the development of a planning and control model for linear infrastructure projects. This investigation was based on a case study carried out in a construction company from Uruguay. The development of the model considers some specific complexity features of linear infrastructure projects, such as high uncertainty, and independent linear processes spread around large urban or rural areas. The main insights provided by this study are concerned with devising a flow-based planning and control tool for look-ahead planning, the definition of criteria for devising location-based systems, the emphasis of work-inprogress control, and the use of visual management. }, author_keywords={Flow, production planning and control, linear projects, Last Planner, Location-based management, visual management. }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Abou-Ibrahim2022, author={Abou-Ibrahim, Hisham and Lappalainen, Eelon and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Digital Twin of a Design Process: An Exploratory Study}, journal={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2022}, pages={1198-1209}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2043}, doi={10.24928/2022/0238}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Researcher, Building Design and Construction, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland. hisham.abouibrahim@aalto.fi. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4261-9322 ; PhD Student, Building Design and Construction, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland. eelon.lappalainen@aalto.fi. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-344X ; Associate Professor, Building Design and Construction, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland. olli.seppanen@aalto.fi. orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={Digital twinning is a new approach to enhance the management of design, planning and construction operations. A construction digital twin aims to enhance the reality capture of ongoing operations using sensing technologies and AI functions to enable proactive process management. While a digital twin is clearly defined in the context of construction operations, where a digital replica is generated out of a physical site; a design digital twin lacks a clear framing as both twins are digital. This paper explores an approach to creating a design digital twin using agent-based simulation to mimic real BIM-based design projects. Accordingly, a digital replica is generated as an agent-based model. In addition, several KPIs are introduced to capture data related to BIM model dynamics. The results show that the suggested KPIs can increase the transparency of the design process, capture development dynamics at the level of BIM model elements, increase situational awareness among designers related to model development status, and identify higher clashing risk zones. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Visual Management, Process, Design Digital Twin }, address={Edmonton, Canada }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lepold2023, author={Lepold, Andreas and Binninger, Marco and Wolfbeiß, Oliver }, editor={ }, title={Integration and Development Model for Supplier Relationship Management in Construction}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1617-1629}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2044}, doi={10.24928/2023/0100}, affiliation={Department Lean Construction weisenburger bau GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany, a.lepold@weisenburger.de ; Department Lean Construction weisenburger bau GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany, m.binninger@weisenburger.de ; CEO weisenburger bau GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany, o.wolfbeiss@weisenburger.de }, abstract={The construction industry faces the challenge of selecting and developing partners for its projects. Although partner selection models and criteria have been extensively studied, the construction industry does not yet have optimized tools for selecting partners. Partner development is becoming increasingly important in the context of Lean Construction, which encompasses both Takt Planning and Takt Control (TPTC) and Last Planner System (LPS) approaches. To solve this challenge, a comprehensive literature review identified methods for partner selection in both the stationary and construction industries. The selection of the partners to be developed was presented using a best-practice example from the automotive industry. With the help of expert workshops, a model tailored to the selection of partners to be developed in the construction industry was developed and necessary criteria identified. The resulting conceptual model was tested through case studies and found to be effective. The selected criteria can be flexibly varied and adapted to the corporate strategy. The model was successfully applied to different partners of a general contractor with the help of case studies. The model is currently being tested in practice at a general contractor in an extended project scenario. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management (SCM), Supplier relationship management, collaboration, trust, integration }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pérez2023, author={Pérez, Cristina T. and Salling, Stephanie T. and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={ }, title={MEASURING TIME SPENT IN VALUE-ADDING WORKSPACES USING SMARTWATCHES}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1440-1450}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2045}, doi={10.24928/2023/0101}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, cristina.toca.perez@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-1492 ; Research Assistant, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, stsa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7088-6458 ; Professor, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, swa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 }, abstract={This study addresses the lack of procedures for automatically measuring the share of time that construction workers spend on value-adding activities as a way to automate the work sampling technique. While previous studies aimed to automate this technique by focusing on activity recognition using sensors or video-based technologies, this research is concerned with identifying workers' locations on job sites using location-based sensors embedded in smartwatches. For this, the authors conducted a case study, which aims to measure the share of time workers spent in different outdoor workspaces. The study was carried out on a renovation project and involved five steps: (1) clarifying the workspace categories (production, preparation, and transportation); (2) data collection of carpenters' locations using geographic data points collected by smartwatches during 7 days; (3) data extraction and data aggregation; (4) data cleaning; and (5) data analysis using a Python script to automatize the classification of the data points into workspaces. The main contribution is a visual tool to visualize workers' positions on the job site in 2D. This information can be useful to indicate how many hours per day they spend in different workspaces and to understand the nature of a given construction activity. }, author_keywords={Work flow, workspaces, smartwatches, digitization, visual management. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lappalainen2023, author={Lappalainen, Eelon and Hänninen, Aku and Uusitalo, Petri and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Learning From Delays in Daily Design Work – Comparison of Root Cause Analysis and Functional Resonance Analysis}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1013-1024}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2046}, doi={10.24928/2023/0102}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, eelon.lappalainen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-344X ; Master of Science, Ideastructura Ltd., Finland, aku.hanninen@ideastructura.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9451- 2725 ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, petri.uusitalo@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-906X ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={Procurement and construction work depend on error-free and on-time designs. However, the design process may be erroneous and behind schedule, which often causes cascading delays and problems in the construction process. Hence, when a major delay occurs, practitioners often query the design process, and much time and many resources may be required to find the root cause. However, minor delays and mistakes that occur in everyday work are not usually investigated, even though they can contain information necessary to avoid significant adverse events. This study aimed to determine how three deviations that occurred in a normal, well-progressing project can be investigated using two different methods, as well as the significance of small errors and events in preventing larger errors and events in the future. Root cause analysis and functional resonance analysis were the research methods. The findings of this study showed that slight variability in trivial design and design management tasks generated a considerable number of unnecessary tasks and delays. Therefore, examining variability in the outputs of tasks could benefit designers and design management }, author_keywords={design, root cause analysis, Ishikawa diagram, functional resonance analysis, FRAM, RCA }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Stevens2023, author={Stevens, Matt and Olayiwola, Kola }, editor={ }, title={Examining the Gap Between Construction Software Modules and Lean Contractor Practices}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={13-23}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2047}, doi={10.24928/2023/0103}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Engineering, Design and Construction Management. Western Sydney University, Kingswood NSW Australia, matt.stevens@westernsydney.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0003-2301-1311 ; PhD Student, School of Engineering, Design and Construction Management. Western Sydney University, Kingswood NSW Australia, k.olayiwola@westernsydney.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-1025-66461 }, abstract={Construction contracting software has existed for over three decades while this industry has suffered many of the same problems, such as disproportionately high bankruptcy rates and stagnant multifactor productivity. This paper reviewed industry software operating manuals and conducted executive interviews to examine a significant blind spot in the Australian construction industry. This gap is the lack of support their products give to the accepted practices of contractors' operations. Software developers appear to have not pursued the clear Lean ideal of "perfection". All their client's needs and wants have not been met. Many small and medium-sized contractors rely on customising computer spreadsheets to calculate supporting information needed to execute some practices. In contrast, others are unaware of the methods or have not taken this additional step. The researcher has identified eight specific processes to research software firms' product literature to discover the extent of the gap. The sources of these issues are many; however, tailoring construction software to enable effective practices while "hardwiring" them into a company's process could lessen industry problems. Lean Construction researchers have asserted that this is the potential of Information and Communication Technology through a "push" approach. }, author_keywords={Construction software, contractor ICT, built environment technology }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lappalainen2023, author={Lappalainen, Eelon and Reinbold, Ana and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Planned Percentage Completed in Construction – a Quantitative Review of Literature}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1104-1115}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2048}, doi={10.24928/2023/0104}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, eelon.lappalainen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-344X ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, ana.reinbold@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-7984 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={Although several systematic literature reviews have focused on the Last Planner® system (LPS) and lean construction, few reviews have focused solely on the planned percentage completed (PPC) value. In this light, the present quantitative literature review aims to synthesize individual PPC-related studies from around the world. The research data consisted of 36 peer-reviewed research articles and conference papers published between 1998 and 2021; in these, PPC values were presented such that they could be collected and analyzed quantitatively. As a main finding, a statistically significant difference was observed between the mean PPC values presented in studies published in lean-focused journals and other peer-reviewed journals. The mean PPC values published in lean-focused journals were lower than those published in other peer-reviewed journals. This may indicate that results with higher PPCs are selected for other peer-reviewed publications; therefore, a potential publication bias should be investigated further. The study also revealed mean PPC values over time and geography, thereby enabling an evaluation of the construction industry’s global progress by using PPC values as a benchmark. }, author_keywords={lean construction, last planner, planned percentage completed (PPC), literature review. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Adekunle2023, author={Adekunle, Samuel A. and Aigbavboa, Clinton and Ejohwomu, Obuks and Ikuabe, Matthew and Aregbesola, Tunde }, editor={ }, title={Strategies for the Implementation of Greenbim in a Developing Country}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={24-31}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2049}, doi={10.24928/2023/0105}, affiliation={Postdoctoral research fellow, University of Johannesburg, adekunlesamueladeniyi@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-9230-2924 ; Professor, University of Johannesburg, caigbavboa@uj.ac.za, orcid.org/0000-0002-9230-2924 ; Associate professor, University of Manchester, obuks.ejohwomu@manchester.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002- 9230-2924 ; Postdoctoral research fellow, University of Johannesburg, matthewikuabe@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 9230-2924 ; PhD candidate, University of Johannesburg, aregbesolaganiu13@gmail.com }, abstract={Incorporating BIM and green buildings is a continuous task in the construction industry to achieve sustainable designs and achieve energy efficiency and performance. It entails integrating BIM, building energy performance assessment and sustainable design. Achieving GreenBIM in the construction industry has, however, struggled to achieve this successfully. This study identified the strategies for achieving the implementation of GreenBIM in a developing country context. Data was collected using a well-structured questionnaire from construction industry professionals in South Africa. The collected data were appropriately analysed. It was found that industry leadership, support assistance and promotion of BIM education programmes were the top three strategies for achieving GreenBIM. The study identified and ranked the strategies. This is important for industry stakeholders to achieve the implementation of GreenBIM }, author_keywords={BIM, Sustainability, South Africa, sustainable construction, SDG }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wolber2023, author={Wolber, Jan and Cisterna, Diego and Tercan, Özgür and Haghsheno, Shervin and Lauble, Svenja }, editor={ }, title={Utilising Design Thinking to Refine Customer Requirements – a Case Study Using the Concrete Supply Chain as an Example}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1630-1640}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2050}, doi={10.24928/2023/0106}, affiliation={Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, jan.wolber@kit.edu, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1585 ; Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, diego.cisterna@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-4282-1141 ; Research Fellow, Deutscher Beton- und Bautechnik-Verein E.V.; tercan@betonverein.de ; 4 Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 ; Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, svenja.lauble@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-1791 }, abstract={The concrete supply and value chain in Germany is characterised by a large number of project participants and, as a result, numerous interfaces must be regulated continuously in every building project. The industry’s high degree of fragmentation leads to a situation where information must be prepared and transferred from one system to another with a great deal of manual effort. However, initial attempts to establish a continuous information chain using digital technologies did not bring the desired success. It became clear that the past attempts placed an excessive emphasis on technological aspects and neglected the needs of the actual users. This paper describes a human-centred research methodology that puts the human being and therefore the ultimate customer more in the foreground and actively involves the person in the development of solution concepts. The aim is to reduce waste as well as repetitive and unnecessary activities for those involved in the concrete supply chain. For this purpose, the Design Thinking method is used and adapted to the current context. Summarized this paper contributes an exemplary procedure on how to use Design Thinking to refine customer requirements using the concrete supply chain as an example. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, customisation, logistics, Design Thinking, concrete supply chain. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Malaeb2023, author={Malaeb, Zeina and ElMenshawy, Mohamed and Badreddine, Anas and Azakir, Omar and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={A Fuzzy Framework for Contractor Selection on IPD Projects}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={276-284}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2051}, doi={10.24928/2023/0107}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, malaeb@ualberta.ca ; Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, elmensha@ualberta.ca ; MSc. Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, badreddi@ualberta.ca ; MSc. Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, azakir@ualberta.ca ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca }, abstract={The construction industry is characterized by complexity, budget and schedule overruns, quality and safety problems, and increased claims and disputes. To successfully manage the inherent complexity of construction projects, optimal contractor selection is integral for project success. Choosing the best-fit contractor is especially important in Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), since this procurement route relies heavily on the efficient collaboration of project stakeholders and necessitates trust to guarantee successful outcomes. However, the numerous methods and tools for contractor selection in the literature target traditional delivery routes and are unsuitable for IPD, considering the latter’s distinct features and stakeholder roles. As such, owners transitioning to IPD do not fully understand the requirements for optimal contractor selection, which jeopardizes the success of IPD projects. To address this need, this paper conducts a comprehensive literature review and investigates twelve unique IPD case studies to identify contractor selection criteria important to IPD. The paper presents a decision-making framework for contractor selection in IPD projects, using the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS), that provides an indication of the best-fit contractor for the IPD project. This research fills a significant gap in the literature by providing a tool to assist IPD practitioners to select the right contractor }, author_keywords={Contractor selection, fuzzy inference system (FIS), integrated project delivery (IPD), qualification-based selection, multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tool }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chauhan2023, author={Chauhan, Inshu and Lappalainen, Eelon and Reinbold, Ana and Palsola, Ilari and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Inventory and Piling Waste: A Computer Vision Approach}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={435-444}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2052}, doi={10.24928/2023/0108}, affiliation={Doctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, inshu.chauhan@aalto.fi, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-3257-2535 ; Doctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, eelon.lappalainen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-344X ; Doctoral Researcher, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, ana.reinbold@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0002-7774-7984 ; Project Engineer, Lean and Last Planner in construction, Fimpec PMO Ltd., Finland, ilari.palsola@fimpec.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-2144 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={Construction sites contain a lot of waste, and eliminating it enables productivity gains and health and safety improvements. Computer vision is a promising technology that is being used in various construction applications. Construction sites with limited human resources could benefit from automated computer vision-based waste analysis. This paper presents preliminary findings related to the algorithm-based waste detection of piling works and explores potential applications from a visual management perspective. An experimental approach was used in the study, and images from a construction site in Finland were used to train the algorithm. The main findings revealed that the amount of waste shown by the images was substantial and that ground-level and drone images could be combined to create a comprehensive view of pile waste inventories. This paper also presents potential applications of image-based pattern recognition for infrastructure sites where the use of drone and ground-level images is standard practice. Several problems emerged when using transfer learning to train the algorithm, the most significant of which were variations in the scenery of images used for training and the limited number of images. The solutions to these problems lie in collecting more data and experimenting with other deep learning-based methods which will be explored in future. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, waste, visual management, computer vision, piling. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bosché2023, author={Bosché, Frédéric and Larabi-Tchalaia, Kat }, editor={ }, title={Enhancing Earned Value Analysis With Instrinsic Schedule Performance Metrics }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1116-1126}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2053}, doi={10.24928/2023/0109}, affiliation={Reader, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, f.bosche@ed.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-4064-8982 ; Civil Engineer, Assystem UK Ltd, Bristol UK, klarabitchalaia@assystem.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8078-4743 }, abstract={The Earned Value Analysis (EVA) is a well-known, widely taught and used project monitoring method in both public and private sectors. It nonetheless has some limitations that have led to the emergence of complementary methods like the Earned Schedule (ES) or the Earned Duration Method (EDM). In this paper, another method is proposed that aims to address the limitations of EVA in terms of schedule performance assessment. This method introduces intrinsic schedule performance metrics that (1) ensure that the schedule performance of the overall project and that of individual work packages (WPs) can be measured reliably and independently from the performance of preceding WPs; and (2) do not converge to neutral values at the end of the project or WP (e.g. schedule variance converging to zero). This means that not only are project managers provided with reliable data throughout the entire project, but it also allows to record the real schedule performance of past projects for benchmarking and future planning. The proposed metrics and their application are demonstrated using simulations illustrating their benefits, or complementarity with current EVA metrics. }, author_keywords={Earned value analysis, project, schedule, performance, monitoring }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fatai2023, author={Fatai, Ogunbayo Babatunde and Ohis, Aigbavboa Clinton and Liphadzi, Murendeni and Stephen, Ramabodu Molusiwa and Bola, Ogunbayo Shakirat }, editor={ }, title={Assessment of Lean Guided Construction Project Monitoring and Evaluation Practices: Issues and Challenges}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1127-1137}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2054}, doi={10.24928/2023/0110}, affiliation={Post Doctoral Research Fellow, cidb Centre of Excellence & Sustainable Human Settlement and Construction Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, tundeogunbayo7@gmail.com, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4334-9136 ; Professor, cidb Centre of Excellence & Sustainable Human Settlement and Construction Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, caigbavboa@uj.acza, orcid.org/ 0000-0003-2866-3706 ; Lecturer, cidb Centre of Excellence & Sustainable Human Settlement and Construction Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, mliphadzi@uj.ac.za ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, molusiwar@uj.ac.za ; PhD, Department of Education Management Law and Policy, Faculty of Education University of Pretoria, South Africa, shakiratbola83@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-1599-3151 }, abstract={Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) practices in construction projects are valuable for managing the execution and ensuring quality project delivery. However, implementing the lean-guided M&E practice in construction projects faces different issues and challenges. The study considered issues and challenges in lean-guided monitoring and evaluation practices for construction projects in South Africa. A field survey was carried out among construction professionals in Mpumalanga province, South Africa, to identify issues and challenges they faced in lean-guided M&E practices on construction project activities. A random sampling method was used to collect data, and 36 questionnaires were retrieved from the construction professionals within the study area. Data collected were computed using a descriptive statistical approach. The valid mean item score was determined in this study by utilizing a statistical data equation (mathematical equation). The study's findings showed that lack of dedicated management staff, proper documentation, and construction project goals were the highestranked challenges facing lean-guided M&E practices in construction projects. The study concluded that construction professionals should be trained on lean principles and their application in different aspects of construction management and planning to improve the M&E practices on construction sites to achieve set project goals. }, author_keywords={Construction projects, monitoring and evaluation, lean construction, lean thinking, South Africa }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Najafizadeh2023, author={Najafizadeh, Nazanin and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Developing a Framework for Assessing Team Alignment in Construction Using TVD}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={858-869}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2055}, doi={10.24928/2023/0111}, affiliation={MSc graduate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R3, nnajafiz@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0009-5835-1851 ; Associate Professor, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Customers’ value is crucial to the success of a construction project, and team alignment is required to steer projects toward their intended value. Alignment is when the right people work together on a project to generate and achieve values that are consistently communicated and accepted. In the architecture, engineering, and building industry, teamwork challenges are inevitable. The existence of a team does not guarantee the success of the project, and a dysfunctional team might result in project failure, wasting resources such as time, money, and energy. Target value design (TVD) is a lean approach that leads the design and construction phases to meet project objectives while adhering to team and project limits. Based on their values, each project has different conditions, facts, or impacts that help strengthen team alignment (factors). Additionally, a team that is aligned has particular qualities that are recognized as attributes. Measuring and assessing team performance based on TVD using factors is complex. This research fills the gap in the literature review concerning the measurement and assessment of team alignment. The process and its results could help construction project leaders regularly assess and identify team strengths and weaknesses to improve team alignment. A case study is also presented to apply the proposed framework to measure team alignment on a construction project, to improve team performance. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, target value design, collaboration, and team alignment. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Moyo2023, author={Moyo, Cynthia and Emuze, Fidelis }, editor={ }, title={Building a Lean House With the Theory of Constraints for Construction Operations in Zimbabwe: A Conceptual Framework}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={870-881}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2056}, doi={10.24928/2023/0112}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Management, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa, cynthiamhungu@gmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0004-5539-9298 ; Professor, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, femuze@cut.ac.za, ORCID.org/0000-0001-7714-4457 }, abstract={The poor performance of construction projects in Zimbabwe, evidenced by cost overruns, extensive delays, reworks, defects, and accidents, has resulted in the need for cost-effective strategies such as the theory of constraints and lean construction (LC). This is because Lean drives out waste, and the theory of constraints (TOC) identifies constraints on which to act to improve performance. By focusing Lean initiatives on construction projects, TOC will lead to better improvements in performance. Although similar studies have been undertaken in other countries, they need to be more contextually relevant due to the myriad of economic challenges synonymous with the Zimbabwean construction industry. A critical review of relevant literature was conducted to observe how TOC allows for identifying constraints hindering progress on construction projects while LC tools would provide solutions. In effect, LC and TOC could reverse poor outcomes of construction operations in Zimbabwe. This conceptual paper thus proposes a framework that identifies constraints using TOC, followed by an evaluation of Lean tools suitable to deal with the identified constraints. The foundation of the lean house will engender effective problem-solving to remove bottlenecks in the design and construction processes. }, author_keywords={Construction operations, Lean, theory of constraints, performance, Zimbabwe }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Stevens2023, author={Stevens, Matt and Eghbaljoo, Ali and Thevissen, Frans }, editor={ }, title={A Kaizen Event Enabled by System Engineering in an Infrastructure Project}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1451-1462}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2057}, doi={10.24928/2023/0113}, affiliation={ }, abstract={A Kaizen Event is a well-defined and accepted approach to construction outcome improvement. However, rising project complexity is making this a very involved process if it is to be successful. System Engineering (SE) is an emerging practice that can address project complication. This paper will share a journey of a SE team on how to streamline sophisticated internal processes that manifest in better safety, quality and productivity when improved. SE is a recent innovation emerging as an essential discipline considered state-of-the-art. It crystallises the integrated processes of work and their outcomes on projects and allows constructors to standardise their best practices effectively. This case study of a mega infrastructure rail project in Australia is a relatively brief treatment of a complex process, its factors and its results. The project work package delivery was improved, including lower cost, as they were sequentially built. For the future, rapid urbanisation and climate change effects are increasing in Australia, and contractors must respond efficaciously for all stakeholders for the greater society to benefit. Mastering Lean principles such as Kaizen Events can help mitigate or minimise long-suffered construction industry problems. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, SESA, system engineering, kaizen event, continuous improvement }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Neupane2023, author={Neupane, Prajwol and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Safety Culture in Construction Industry of Nepal}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={365-376}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2058}, doi={10.24928/2023/0114}, affiliation={Graduate student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, prajwol@ualberta.ca ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca }, abstract={Safety culture is a critical aspect of ensuring safe and productive construction sites. However, many studies in the field of construction that focus on safety culture overlook the unique attributes of construction environments. Current models for safety culture in construction fail to fully encompass the dynamic and diverse nature of construction sites where individuals with differing backgrounds, professions, and levels of experience collaborate to complete projects. These individuals not only come from different cultures and speak different languages, but they also have various psychological, behavioral, and knowledge traits that can affect their safety practices and behaviors. Moreover, different organizations have different settings and perceptions about the safety of their workers and workplace, which can further complicate the development of effective safety cultures in construction. Therefore, there is a clear need for research that focuses on developing more context-specific models for safety culture in construction that can account for these unique attributes and complexities (Hallowell et al., 2016; Hinze and Tracey, 2016; Lingard et al., 2018). The present study presents a framework that incorporates multiple facets of safety culture, including psychological factors, organizational factors, knowledge and awareness, behavioral factors, safe working conditions, safety-oriented climate, resilience, and unsafe behaviors. The proposed framework captures the relationship between these variables and the safety culture of the construction industry in Nepal. The results inferred from the analysis of the survey showed that among the eight variables included in the study (psychological dimension, organizational dimension, knowledge dimension, behavioral dimension, safe workplace, safety climate, resilience, and unsafe behavior), seven of them (excluding unsafe behavior) had a direct positive impact on safety culture in the construction industry of Nepal. In other words, these seven variables were found to be positively associated with the development of a strong safety culture in the construction industry of Nepal. On the other hand, unsafe behavior was found to have a negative impact on safety culture, implying that if workers engage in unsafe behavior, it can undermine the development of a positive safety culture in the workplace. }, author_keywords={Safety practice, safety culture, construction. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Akinradewo2023, author={Akinradewo, Opeoluwa and Oguntona, Olusegun and Ogunbayo, Babatunde and Aigbavboa, Clinton and Chimbadzwa, Gilbert }, editor={ }, title={Building Information Modelling (BIM) for Project Planning: Measures to Improve Its Adoption}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={32-40}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2059}, doi={10.24928/2023/0115}, affiliation={ Doctoral Candidate, cidb Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, opeakinradewo@gmail.com, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4462-0960 ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Walter Sisulu University, Butterworth, South Africa, ooguntona@wsu.ac.za, orcid.org/ 0000-0001-8963-8796 ; 3 Postdoctoral Fellow, cidb Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, babatundeo@uj.ac.za, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4334-9136 ; 4 Professor, cidb Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, caigbavboa@uj.ac.za, orcid.org/ 0000-0003-2866-3706 ; BSc. Honours Student, Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, gilbert21ch@gmail.com }, abstract={The Architecture Engineering and Construction Industry (AEC) uses Building Information Modelling (BIM) to simplify and enhance sustainability in construction projects. The industry experiences difficulties in achieving project success globally and nationally due to insufficient planning. Technology is required to address this issue by incorporating it into the project planning phase. Therefore, BIM is considered the necessary tool to bridge this gap. This research aims to examine the advantages of implementing BIM during the project planning stage of construction projects. To gather data, a quantitative research approach was employed, and professionals in the South African built environment were surveyed using a questionnaire. The data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential analysis. Findings from the analysis discovered that the top three measures to improve BIM implementation for project planning in the construction industry are competitive advantage, cost and time savings, and collaboration among AEC professionals. The research concluded that these measures could encourage the adoption of BIM among construction professionals in South Africa. }, author_keywords={BIM, built environment, collaboration, management, project planning. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nguyen2023, author={Nguyen, Tran Duong and Pishdad-Bozorgi, Pardis }, editor={ }, title={Overcoming the Barriers Toward Widespread Adoption of Prefabrication: An Approach Involving Emerging Technologies}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={699-710}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2060}, doi={10.24928/2023/0116}, affiliation={Ph. D student, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, dnguyen458@gatech.edu, https://darch221.wixsite.com/nguyentranduong, 0000-0002-0024-4828 ; Ph. D, Associate Professor, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, pardis.pishdad@design.gatech.edu, https://bc.gatech.edu/people/pardis-pishdad-bozorgi, 0000-0003-4208- 9755 }, abstract={Today, prefabricated construction is rapidly expanding due to the development of factoryprefabricated components, fast construction site assembly, and sustainability. Despite the advantages, there are several problems, such as a lack of process standardization, poor communication and coordination, a lack of variety and transportation logistics, and a lack of trust and collaboration among stakeholders. Fortunately, the successful evolution of emerging technologies has facilitated growth in the building sector. By implementing literature reviews, this research aims to understand better the issues disrupting the widespread adoption of prefabricated construction and integrate innovative solutions and approaches to these issues. We will discuss prefabricated construction and its applications within the building sector by (1) comparing it to conventional construction method; (2) investigating the advantages and barriers toward widespread adoption of prefabricated construction; (3) developing an approach for applying advanced technologies in prefabrication, and (4) applying an approach to demonstrate how prefabrication overcomes conventional building issues. Our research suggests that an integrated approach combining advanced technologies during the prefabrication process will help solve the most significant problems that construction projects face, such as productivity, quality, safety, and sustainability. Additionally, the integration will provide a promising strategy to transform the construction industry from traditional to industrial. }, author_keywords={Prefabrication, modular construction, off-site construction, Building Information Modeling, Blockchain. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gabai2023, author={Gabai, Doron S. and Kennard, Nikita S. and Sacks, Rafael and Miera, Mark K. and Cloyd, Tabitha D. }, editor={ }, title={Repeatable, Scalable, Global Implementation of Optimized Cycle-Time Flow (OCF)}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1138-1148}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2061}, doi={10.24928/2023/0117}, affiliation={PMP, PgMP, LCI Israel Chairman, Strategic Planner, Intel Corporation, AZ Construction, USA. doron.gabai@intel.com, https://www.lci-israel.org/, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8297-2476 ; OCF Research Specialist, Intel Corporation, AZ Construction, USA. nikita.kennard@intel.com ; Professor, Virtual Construction Laboratory, Faculty of Civil and Env. Eng. Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, cvsacks@technion.ac.il, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-5053 ; PMP, Senior Director of Construction, Intel Corporation, AZ Construction, USA. mark.k.miera@intel.com ; Director of Construction, Intel Corporation, AZ Construction, USA. tabitha.d.cloyd@intel.com }, abstract={Optimized Cycle-Time Flow (OCF) is a comprehensive lean construction approach to portfolio, process, and operations management of design, demolition, and tool installation projects. It comprises seven principles which teams can implement in sequence to align resources across a portfolio of projects, remove constraints, and plan for continuous uninterrupted execution of each project once it has started. Beginning in 2018, it has been applied to increasingly larger portfolios of projects in an expanding set of Intel facilities, generating consistently reliable results with up to 50% reductions in project cycle-time. A plethora of quantitative data collected through action research over five years indicate that the characteristics of OCF make it more resilient and persistent than many lean construction interventions, overcoming the various barriers to implementation discussed in the literature. The results indicate that OCF principles, vertical integration, leadership, and education make OCF repeatable and scalable. Applying these features to lean construction implementations may help practitioners achieve better results. }, author_keywords={Action Research, Constraint Management, Last Planner® System, Optimized Cycle-Time Flow (OCF), Production Control, Strategic Integration & Planning }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Murata2023, author={Murata, Koichi }, editor={ }, title={Workshop for Learning Visual Management in Japan: A Report}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={620-628}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2062}, doi={10.24928/2023/0118}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Director, Operation and Production Management Laboratory, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Chiba, JAPAN, koichi.murata30@nihon-u.ac.jp, orcid.org/0000-0003-4344-806X }, abstract={This paper provides a report regarding a visual management workshop conducted for business persons in Japan from September to December 2022. The aim of the workshop was to aid the participants in solving their problems via the visual management theory developed. Based on literature review, recent research trends pertaining to visual management show that the concept has disseminated widely. Nonetheless, the presence of various related studies with different contexts suggests the insufficient understanding of the concept. Hence, academics must endeavour to explain the details of visual management in a unified manner such that it can be applied more effectively. The purpose of this study is to address such issues based on the workshop above, as well as to describe and discuss the state of the workshop. For the study, the plan–do–check–action (PDCA) cycle, which is a well-established problem-solving process used in various fields, is applied. This paper summarises the workshop based on four categories: planning, implementation, evaluation, and discussion (based on the PDCA cycle). Data obtained from the workshop include relevant materials, observations from the workshop, as well as interviews with the participants. The conclusions obtained are as follows: First, participants from various industries with their respective issues can participate in the workshop. Second, the outcome of the workshop, i.e., the understanding that visual management connects people, instead of being a tool, is recognised by all the participants. }, author_keywords={Visual management, lean education, workshop, PDCA cycle, Japan context. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dazmiri2023, author={Dazmiri, Danial Gholinezhad and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={A Framework for Design Waste Mitigation in Off-Site Construction }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1025-1036}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2063}, doi={10.24928/2023/0119}, affiliation={MSc graduate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, gholinez@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1196-7340 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={The recent global pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges to the construction industry's survival. Therefore, even minor improvements and the elimination of small sources of waste are crucial. Although they constitute a small percentage of total construction costs, hasty designs and design errors have the potential to be one of the most significant sources of waste within the industry. Also, offsite construction involves a high degree of precision and efficiency. Any waste during the design process can result in time delays, cost overruns, and suboptimal final product performance. The design process should aim for minimal waste to avoid potential delays or errors during construction or manufacturing that could lead to wasted resources and money. To address this challenge, a framework based on lean principles has been developed to minimize waste during the design process for offsite construction. The primary objective is to incorporate lean principles and tools to address waste reduction quantitatively and measurably. Proposed solutions aim to eliminate or reduce these activities, and a framework is presented to guide organizations in mapping out the necessary steps. To assess the recommended interventions, statistical analysis and simulation methods are introduced. The framework is intended to help evaluate processes and increase efficiency during the design phase for off-site construction and built-to-order companies. The innovation of this framework lies in its precise procedures and guidance for improving these phases using Lean tools, which could provide significant benefits for off-site construction and built-to-order companies. }, author_keywords={Off-site construction, waste, value stream, design science, simulation. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zani2023, author={Zani, Carolina Melecardi and Rocha, Cecilia Gravina da }, editor={ }, title={Product and Process Complexity in Construction: An Exploratory Study Using Bill-of-Materials (Bom)}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={711-722}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2064}, doi={10.24928/2023/0120}, affiliation={PhD Student, Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. carolina.zani.21@ucl.ac.uk ORCID 0000-0002-2649-2432 ; Senior Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, Bldg 11, Lv 11, NSW 2007, Australia. cecilia.rocha@uts.edu.au ORCID 0000-0001-6764- 1724 }, abstract={Modularity has been applied in the automotive and computer industries to simplify production and supply chain management. Instead of coping with dozens of hundreds of parts, these are grouped into modules produced and delivered by suppliers, simplifying products assembly. Bill-of-Materials (BOM) is a technique used in manufacturing to map the modules that form a product at distinct hierarchical levels. Yet, to the best of our knowledge, such technique has not been widely explored in construction to assess the complexity involved in buildings production. This paper uses BOM in an empirical case (a house of approximately 400 square meters built in Southeast region of Brazil) to analyse (i) the total number of different modules forming a building and (ii) how these modules are distributed throughout the work packages for producing such building. The results show that the studied house is formed by (at least) 522 different modules, which are unevenly distributed across 18 work packages. Some work packages (e.g. concrete pillars and walls) have more than 200 modules whereas others (e.g. foundations) have less than 10. This suggests the potential for repackaging and organizing the delivery of modules as kits to ease production tasks. }, author_keywords={Complexity, modularity, modules, work packages, work structuring }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Murguia2023, author={Murguia, Danny and Rathnayake, Asitha and Middleton, Campbell }, editor={ }, title={Master Schedule Optimisation With the Use of Flowlines and Performance Data }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1463-1474}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2065}, doi={10.24928/2023/0121}, affiliation={Research Associate, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK, dem52@cam.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-4058 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK, agbrr2@cam.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000- 0002-1389-7801 ; 3 Professor of Construction Engineering, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK, prof@construction.cam.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-0680 }, abstract={In the UK construction industry, Gantt charts and the Critical Path Method (CPM) are the institutionalised and accepted tools for managing construction programmes. Together with the lack of a consistent measurement framework, little is known about current productivity levels and the opportunities for improvement. Using the case of four buildings in London, this paper aims to develop a strategy to optimise the duration of master schedules using real project data and optimised production rates. Data were collected during the structural works and translated into master-level flowlines. Key performance metrics were extracted: start-to-start duration (between levels), number of concrete pours per level, batch area, and production rates. The results showed a high spread of variability in performance within and between projects. However, higher production rates are associated with shorter start-to-start durations between consecutive levels, a higher number of slab concrete pours per level, smaller batch areas, and higher prefabrication levels. The results were applied to the building with the lowest performance. Increasing the number of slab pours would reduce the programme by 39% and increase the production rate by 65%. Whilst more performance data is required to build up a robust database, these initial findings can provide contractors and clients with evidence that there is room for improvement. A client was engaged during this research and is willing to prescribe flowlines and performance metrics in future projects. }, author_keywords={Batching, flowlines, master schedule, performance, productivity. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zegarra2023, author={Zegarra, Omar and Alarcón, Luis Fernando }, editor={ }, title={What Is the Complexity of Production Planning and Control?}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1149-1159}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2066}, doi={10.24928/2023/0122}, affiliation={Doctor of Engineering Science, Department of Construction Management Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, E-mail: ozegarra@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7811-7637 ; PhD, Professor, Dep. of Construction Management Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, (56 2) 354-4201, (56 2) 354 4244, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 }, abstract={Questionable project performance is a common issue in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry, with one contributing factor being the degree of difficulty or complexity of the project. One effective approach to address this issue is to improve the system of production planning and control (PP&C). This strategy, as per the literature, had evolved to include up to four different types of PP&C mechanisms that are related to ´business´, ´production´, ´virtual´, and ´complex´ aspects. Nonetheless, despite the progress, PP&C still disregards various complexity-related aspects. To address this issue, we analyzed the concept of the ´Complexity of PP&C´. This paper discusses its definition, elements, and role. It was found PP&C complexity involves three aspects: project complexity, outcomes complexity, and structural complexity. Thus, we conceptualized PP&C complexity as a feature of the behaviour of outcomes that emerge to answer project stimulus driven by the interaction between the elements of the structure of PP&C, a feature that is both a risk and an opportunity for performance improvement. This perspective offers new insights for PP&C evolution and improvement, although further work is still required. }, author_keywords={Production planning and control, complexity. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alsakka2023, author={Alsakka, Fatima and Yu, Haitao and Hamzeh, Farook and Al-Hussein, Mohamed }, editor={ }, title={Factors Influencing Cycle Times in Offsite Construction}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={723-734}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2067}, doi={10.24928/2023/0123}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, falsakka@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1777-1875 ; Canada, falsakka@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1777-1875 2 Research and Development, Landmark Group of Companies Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, haitaoy@landmarkgroup.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-4867 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, malhussein@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-1774-9718 }, abstract={In offsite construction, various factors contribute to variability in cycle times at workstations in production facilities, leading to imbalanced production lines. Understanding these factors is vital for implementing Heijunka, a fundamental lean principle that consists of levelling out the work schedule. This study presents a qualitative approach for identifying and understanding factors that influence variable cycle times at the workstation level. The application of the approach is demonstrated in reference to a semi-automated framing workstation in a panelised construction facility. A list of 36 potential influencing factors categorised into eight classes is first compiled based on observation of the process, a cross-functional diagram, and a review of relevant studies, and then discussed based on feedback solicited from personnel at the case framing station through a semi-structured interview. The approach, its application, and the results demonstrate the effect of expending effort on the identification and understanding of cycle time-influencing factors in improving the accuracy of cycle time analysis, thereby facilitating the implementation of Heijunka. }, author_keywords={Offsite construction, lean construction, cycle time, influencing factors, Heijunka. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salling2023, author={Salling, Stephanie T. and Pérez, Cristina T. and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={ }, title={Perception of Project Management Among Construction Workers: A Survey in Denmark}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={882-893}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2068}, doi={10.24928/2023/0124}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, stsa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7088-6458 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, cristina.toca.perez@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-1492 ; Professor, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, swa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 }, abstract={According to the Lean philosophy, continuous improvement relies on an investment in people, and Lean methods and tools cannot be sustained without labor. Hence, knowledge about workers' job satisfaction is highly valuable for improving the efficiency of the construction industry. For that reason, a survey was created and applied to understand the level of job satisfaction among construction workers in Denmark within three areas: (1) Project Management; (2) Work Environment; and (3) Health and Safety. The descriptive survey method was adopted as the primary research approach. The study comprised five steps: (1) link to the theoretical level; (2) survey design; (3) pilot test; (4) data collection; and (5) data analysis. This paper presents a part of the survey results concerning project management. The results reveal the most significant issues to be unrealistic commitment plans and poor communication with management and other stakeholders. Respondents generally feel encouraged to suggest improvements to the current practice, however, their knowledge about Lean concepts is very limited. The paper presents two contributions: (1) the identification of the perception of project management among construction workers in Denmark and (2) a survey template that can be applied by others to understand construction workers’ job satisfaction levels }, author_keywords={Job satisfaction, survey, lean construction, collaboration, culture of respect }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{TM2023, author={TM, Vijayashree and Lota, Paramjit Singh and Dave, Bhargav }, editor={ }, title={Framework of Interaction Between ICT, Process, and People in Construction: A Case Study}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={894-904}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2069}, doi={10.24928/2023/0125}, affiliation={Implementation Consultant, VisiLean, vijayashree@visilean.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-4552-0873 ; Manager – Customer Success, VisiLean, paramjit.lota@visilean.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4187-337X ; 3 CEO, VisiLean, bhargav@visilean.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-506X }, abstract={The construction industry is often criticised for lacking a holistic view on applying Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to improve project efficiency. Integration of the three core organisational aspects of people, process, and Information Technology (IT) must be realised to bring true benefits in construction project delivery. However, the industry has not yet reached significant maturity in achieving this synchronisation. The research follows a case study-based approach where the authors were involved in the implementation of an ICT solution that helped streamline project planning and execution through effective collaboration on a Data Centre retrofitting project in USA. The research demonstrates the importance of effective communication through efficient information management by deploying ICT which helped overcome inherent process inefficiencies and challenges on the case study project. Based on the observations, the authors have proposed a framework that highlights the interaction of ICT, people, and process, and mapped the results achieved on this project through their integration }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lombardo2023, author={Lombardo, Sebastiano and Hindenes, Arve and Aslesen, Sigmund and Reff, Sigmund }, editor={ }, title={Sustainability as Target Value – a Parametric Approach}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={445-453}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2070}, doi={10.24928/2023/0127}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway, sebastiano.lombardo@bi.no ; Design Manager, Veidekke Bygg Norge, Norway, arve.hindenes@veidekke.no ; Development Manager, Veidekke Bygg Norge, Oslo, Norway, sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no ; Site Manager, Veidekke Bygg Norge, Oslo, Norway, sire@veidekke.no }, abstract={Our time is characterized by climate changes that impose sustainability in every industrial activity, an additional objective to our design and construction processes. The classic Lean Construction approach needs to be further developed to take sufficient care of the sustainability issue. The design of modern buildings is a work process that can be set up and run with tools that secure a more sustainable final product. This study proposes to extend the classic range of objectives pursued by the Lean construction approach, as to include sustainability in the design process, in a systematic and structured way. The case of a building project is analyzed. In the early design stages, advanced structural design tools are used to explore various alternative designs of the bearing structure. The structural design tools are combined with tools used to calculate embodied carbon in the construction. The levels of embodied carbon following each of the many possible, alternative, structural solutions are estimated. These insights are provided to the owner in a very early stage of the design process. Through these design practices owners and investors can add sustainability targets to the classical project targets (cost, quality, time), and include sustainability as a part of the fulfillment of the client’s functional needs. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Target Value Delivery (TVD), sustainability. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pennanen2023, author={Pennanen, Ari and Metsärinne, Saku and Haahtela, Pyry }, editor={ }, title={Defining CO2 Emissions of a Construction Project on the Basis of Programmatic Information}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={454-461}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2071}, doi={10.24928/2023/0128}, affiliation={ Professor of Practice, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland. Partner, Haahtela Group, Helsinki, ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi ; Head of Product Development, Haahtela Group, Helsinki, saku.metsarinne@haahtela.fi ; Chief Operations Officer, Haahtela Group, Helsinki, pyry.haahtela@haahtela.fi }, abstract={The environmental impact that a product has over its subsequent life is largely determined by decisions taken during the delivery process, i.e. defining needs for the product, choice of geometry, and choice of materials (Ashby W.R). Ashby’s description is universal, covering all kinds of products. But if we make an interpretation to construction, environmental impact is due to 1) programming process (needs for the product), 2) massing during preliminary design (choice of geometry), and 3) choice of materials during detailed design. At the moment, CO2 emissions are mostly defined from the use of materials during detailed design and construction, and from life cycle consumptions based on detailed design. In the detailed design stage, quantities of materials can be measured. And, as the mass of the building, internal conditions (e.g. internal climate) and external conditions (e.g. climate) are known, life cycle emissions can be modeled (or actually, calculated). The problem is that this kind of approach does not involve a project definition or early massing during preliminary design to challenge designers to consider CO2 emissions as they steer early design forward. However, the most important decisions in relation to environmental impact are done during programming and massing in the preliminary design stage. If we set a question whether we need an auditorium or not, the decision made affects vastly more than latter decisions of the materials of the supposed auditorium. The need for an auditorium is not a design problem, rather it is a functional (i.e. programming) problem. And onwards, massing during preliminary design dictates the quantities of the materials measured later (more or less efficient massing, corridors, compact or scattered, more or fewer floors, etc). Longer distances between customer functions affect the quantities of staircases, external wall, air exchange ducts, cabling and site processes during construction in site (Pennanen, Ballard, Haahtela). The authors argue herein that life cycle analysis (LCA) calculations should be used to help customers set goals, i.e., LCA should be used to steer design. Similarly, LCA should steer contractors and designers in detailed design. If CO2 emissions are defined only from material quantities of detailed design, analysis is then rather declarative than helping to steer the design, as the calculation happens after the last responsible moment for programming and material selection. This paper presents a theory and applications to involve the client and early design to proactive steering of CO2 emissions during programming and early design; allowing all partto collaboratively determine what CO2 emission goals to set for a project as well as how best to achieve those goals. }, author_keywords={Lean and green. Product development, value and design management. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sepúlveda2023, author={Sepúlveda, Italo and Alarcón, Luis F. and Barkokebas, Beda }, editor={ }, title={Can Advanced Work Packaging Become a Lean Method?}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1475-1486}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2072}, doi={10.24928/2023/0129}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, ilsepulveda@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-6019-9344 ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, bbarkokebas@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0054-1320 }, abstract={Advanced Work Packaging (AWP) is rapidly becoming a popular methodology to improve efficiency in construction projects. It is an innovative approach to project management that focuses on the planning, organization, and control of construction tasks on the job site is based on the idea that by organizing work effectively and reducing lead times, it is possible to maximize efficiency and productivity in construction. Nevertheless, Lean Construction (LC) practitioners identified significant shortcomings in AWP such as the lack of attention to buffers while arguing that this methodology is not effective in a practical setting. In this context, this research presents a literature review identifying the criticism of LC practitioners to AWP while identifying similarities and possible synergies where both approaches can complement each other to render better results during the delivery of construction projects. This research identifies the implementation of the Last Planner System® (LPS®) as means to address significant AWP shortcomings identified by LC practitioners while taking advantage of AWP’s structured approach to better apply LC concepts. Therefore, the identified synergies and combination of both approaches will contribute to more efficient processes and improvement of construction practices. }, author_keywords={Advanced Work Packaging, Workface Planning, Lean construction, Integration, Collaboration. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Andreassen2023, author={Andreassen, Mikal and Drevland, Frode }, editor={ }, title={Handoffs Between Takt Train Wagons: a Systematic Literature Review}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1487-1497}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2073}, doi={10.24928/2023/0130}, affiliation={MSc Student, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, orcid.org/0000- 0002-6271-8267 ; Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1564 }, abstract={Recent years have seen increased use of takt planning. With takt planning, trades are organized as wagons in a train moving through takt areas in the building. Using takt plans may result in hundreds of handoffs, where finished takt areas are passed on to the subsequent wagons in the train. How these handoffs are carried out can significantly impact a project. This paper aims to gain an overview of the research literature on takt handoffs in construction projects. The paper identifies and analyses what has been written about handoffs in the takt literature through a structured literature review. The study identified 122 papers on takt in construction. While none of the identified papers dealt directly with handoffs, 22 had some discussion of handoff-related issues. From the literature, the paper identifies several issues related to takt handoffs and possible solutions – most notably: 1) To ensure successful handoffs, capacity buffers and progress control may help ensure that the takt areas are completed on time. 2) Requirements for what wagons must do before handoff should be clear to avoid problems that can delay the entire train. 3) Contracts that structure payments after handoffs of fully finished areas will incentivize the wagons to finish their takt areas before the handoff. 4) A handoff protocol can be a helpful tool for structuring handoffs. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, takt planning, handoff }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pérez2023, author={Pérez, Cristina T. and Salling, Stephanie T. and Wandahl, Søren }, editor={ }, title={Location-Based Work Sampling: Field Testing and Utility Evaluation }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1160-1171}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2074}, doi={10.24928/2023/0131}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, cristina.toca.perez@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-1492 ; Research Assistant, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, stsa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7088-6458 ; Professor, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, swa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 }, abstract={Visual management has been developed and used by Lean practitioners to enhance communication and control operations and processes. Lean construction, as a process-focused approach, and emerging IT tools have the potential to transform and facilitate construction operations. The authors of this paper have previously presented a prototype adaption of the work sampling technique, called location-based work sampling, based on the results of a case study. However, the utility of this visual management tool has not yet been tested. Thus, this research aims to assess how the tool can provide managers with helpful information for decision-making. The paper presents the second learning cycle of a research project that adopted the Design Science Research strategy. The second cycle includes five steps. The first four steps consist of the application of LBWS, and the last step represents the evaluation: (1) clarifying work activities & workspaces; (2) data collection; (3) data visualization; (4) data analysis; (5) tool evaluation. The assessment results show that the tool, to a high degree, fulfills the six requirements of a digital visual management practice. However, the assessment also concludes that further development is needed to fully understand user needs and integrate the tool into daily management routines and processes. }, author_keywords={Location-based Management, Visual Management, Waste, Work Sampling, Geographic location observations. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Broadhead2023, author={Broadhead, James P. and Daniel, Emmanuel I. and Oshodi, Olalekan and Ahmed, Sa’id }, editor={ }, title={Exploring Offsite Construction for the Construction Sector: A Literature Review}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={735-745}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2075}, doi={10.24928/2023/0132}, affiliation={Managing Director, Offsite Focus Consulting, Canada. Orcid.org/0000-0002-3528-4176 james@offsitefocus.com ; Senior Lecturer in Construction Management, School of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering., University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, e.daniel2@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000- 0002-5675-1845 ; Senior Lecturer in Construction Project Management, School of Engineering and Built Environment, Anglia Ruskin, University, United Kingdom. olalekan.oshodi@aru.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-6106-7717 ; Lecturer, School of Engineering and the Environment, Department of Civil Engineering, Surveying and Construction Management, Kingston University: London, Greater London, GB. s.ahmed@kingston.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-3815-0683 }, abstract={The construction sector is one of the largest producers of Gross Domestic Product globally and yet has shown little innovation in the last 20 years. Offsite has been touted as cheaper, faster, higher in quality and more environmentally friendly than onsite construction. The purpose of this paper is to review the current research into offsite construction and determine the barriers to adoption and benefits facing offsite construction. A systematic literature review was undertaken to gather relevant knowledge surrounding the subject matter using a database search of Scopus. It was found that knowledge was the largest barrier to adoption and that transcended multiple stakeholders, from the selection of the appropriate delivery methodology, how to design for optimized fabrication and finally how to interface with the onsite requirements. The benefits are a higher build quality, shorter project duration as both site work and fabrication occur at the same time, improved safety, and less material wastage. The Barriers come from design freezes earlier in the process and inflexible design for customization later in the build. }, author_keywords={Off-site construction, modular construction, prefabrication, advantages, disadvantages }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Adekunle2023, author={Adekunle, Peter and Aigbavboa, Cliton and Otasowie, Osamudiamen Kenneth and Adekunle, Samuel }, editor={ }, title={Benefits of Robotic Utilization in the Prefabricated Construction Industry}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={746-754}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2076}, doi={10.24928/2023/0134}, affiliation={Cidb Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa ; Cidb Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa ; Federal University of Technology Owerri ; SARChl in Sustainable Constr Mnmt. and Leadership in the Built Envir }, abstract={Electronically automated machines with a longer lifespan than human work make up robotic technology. The aging workforce in the prefabricated building business may be addressed by robots, which explains why there are less young people employed there than in other sectors of the economy. Robotic technology is cost-effective since it reduces the time required to complete building projects and the expense of manpower, which also lessens the possibility of accidents. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the benefits of robotic technology adoption in the context of the South African prefabricated building industry. The study adopted a quantitative survey method to obtain data from architects, civil engineers, quantity surveyors, mechanical and electrical engineers, construction managers, and project managers. The data were examined using SPSS, and the suitable dispersion measure and inferential statistics were used. According to the report, the key benefits of adopting robotic technology in the prefabricated building business in South Africa include faster construction timeframes, improved work quality, and increased productivity, efficiency, and profitability. The results also showed that improving worker health and safety would result from introducing robotic technology to the prefabricated building industry. The study's conclusions suggest that because of the advantages discovered, the prefabricated building industry in South Africa should adopt robots more swiftly. }, author_keywords={Robotics, Prefabrication, Accuracy, Construction Duration }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bizarro2023, author={Bizarro, Lucas B. and Staudt, Luís C. and Etges, Bernardo M. B. S. and Fireman, Marcus C. T. }, editor={ }, title={Analysing the Value Adding Activities in the Brazilian Construction Companies}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1172-1183}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2077}, doi={10.24928/2023/0135}, affiliation={Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, Graduate in Production Eng. at Pucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil. lucas@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-0341-0879 ; PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng. at Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, São Leopoldo, Brazil. luis@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-2398-2102 ; PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. bernardo@climbgroup.com.br , orcid.org/0000-0002-3037- 5597 ; PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. marcus@climbgroup.com.br , orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 }, abstract={This paper presents an update of a study carried out by Etges (2018) in which an approach to answer the question about the level of value adding activities in Brazilian companies is presented. Taking into consideration the concepts of Lean Construction, adding value and wastes, and Value Stream Mapping (VSM) allied to the perspective of Operational Excellence, the study was conducted in 26 different companies divided into 7 categories of construction works, namely: airports, buildings, renewable energies, highways, Intracity, pipelines and railways. The analysis of the methodology consisted of characterizing the concepts of wastes and of the Value Stream of processes, and this was added to field analyses using the Work Sampling Method (WSM), which consists of measuring and identifying the level of wastage and adding value to the operation at the place of execution. The results show a low level of activities that add value in the sectors analyzed, representing, in the general analysis, 28% of the total time in manhours available. The results are also categorized by the predominant wastes in each category of construction works, and, in the general analysis, 48% of the wastes are related to Waiting. This analysis makes it possible to identify great opportunities for reducing waste and it is extremely important for the construction industry to promote critical actions aimed at leaner construction management. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Value-adding activities, Value Stream Mapping, Work Sampling Method. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Otasowie2023, author={Otasowie, Kenneth and Aigbavboa, Clinton and Ikuabe, Matthew and Adekunle, Peter and Oke, Ayodeji and Adekunle, Samuel }, editor={ }, title={Barriers to the Adoption of Building Information Modeling in Quantity Surveying Practice in South Africa}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={41-49}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2078}, doi={10.24928/2023/0137}, affiliation={cidb Centre of Excellence and Sustainable Human Settlement and Construction Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa ; University of Johannesburg, South Africa ; University of Johannesburg, South Africa ; University of Johannesburg, South Africa ; University of Johannesburg, South Africa ; University of Johannesburg, South Africa }, abstract={One of the occupations in the construction sector is quantity surveying (QS). This duty is essential to the accomplishment of a construction project since it decides whether it will be finished on schedule, on budget, and to the requisite standard. The practice has received several criticisms for failing to correctly carry out her duties. Adoption of contemporary technology like Building Information Modeling (BIM) in its practice has become necessary to eliminate mistakes, inaccuracies, and omissions. However, South African QS practitioners face challenges in implementing BIM. Hence, this study seeks to examine these challenges. A survey approach was utilised. Ninety (90) of the one hundred and fifteen (115) questionnaires that were distributed to quantity surveyors in Guateng Province, SA were returned and considered appropriate for analysis Kruskal-Wallis, percentage, mean item score, and standard deviation were used to analyse the collected data. The results indicate that the main obstacles to the adoption of BIM in QS practice are a lack of BIM competence, a lack of government enforcement, opposition to change, and a lack of client demand for BIM. This study therefore suggests that BIM trainings be given top priority and that the government take the initiative in promoting BIM adoption throughout the nation, especially for public projects. }, author_keywords={BIM Adoption, Barriers, Profession, Quantity Surveying, South Africa. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Adekunle2023, author={Adekunle, Peter and Aigbavboa, Cliton and Oke, Ayodeji and Akinradewo, Opeoluwa and Otasowie, Osamudiamen }, editor={ }, title={Application of Big Data and Internet of Things in the Built Environment: A Bibliometric Review}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={50-58}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2079}, doi={10.24928/2023/0138}, affiliation={acidb Centre for Excellence & Sustainable Human Settlement and Construction Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, Adekunlepeter90@gmail.com ; University of Johannesburg, Nigeria ; University of Johannesburg, Nigeria ; University of Johannesburg, Nigeria ; University of Johannesburg, Nigeria }, abstract={Using big data and internet of things (IoT) technologies is without a doubt growing more and more important on a global basis. The two 4IR components stand out for their innovative methods that might aid organizations in developing high-performing teams and a culture that is performance-focused. Big data platforms offer methods for methodically eliminating data from data arrays that are too intricate to be used in standard data-processing applications. The Internet of Things and big data are used in every sector. The utilization of big data is significantly growing on a global scale. A staggering number of individuals, including architects, contractors, suppliers, and clients, are now involved in the building process. Large data warehouses are mined for information using big data analysis techniques, which then make the information available to all parties involved. With an overview of IoT and big data applications in the built environment, this research aims to tie current trends to them. In order to identify prior studies on IoT and big data in the construction industry, this study did a bibliometric evaluation and looked at the SCOPUS database. In addition, this probe only allowed recovery of documents from the previous 16 months. Papers based on quantitative, qualitative, and literary reviews made up the majority of the contents. The research also revealed that the bulk of articles were published in industrialized countries. Construction is under underway on phases that will largely focus on IoT research as well as an audit and assessment of the expansion of big data applications. The essay also evaluates and discusses recent advancements in the internet of things and big data industries. Data management, storage systems, automation, and retrofitting are the four main clusters of big data and IoT applications, according to the report. It has been shown that there are several potential when big data and IoT are combined. When properly implemented, such solutions provide professionals and other industry participants in the building sector an accuracy of over 90%. }, author_keywords={Adoption, Industry 4.0, Big data, Internet of Things, Trend }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lauble2023, author={Lauble, Svenja and Zielke, Philipp and Chen, Hongrui and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Process Analysis With an Automatic Mapping of Performance Factors Using Natural Language Processing}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={59-68}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2080}, doi={10.24928/2023/0140}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-41513, svenja.lauble@kit.edu ; 2 Research Assistant, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-41518, philipp.zielke@kit.edu 3 M. Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650 ; M. Sc. Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-43650, hongrui.chen@student.kit.edu ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, +49-721-608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu }, abstract={In lean construction projects, much information is collected during the process analysis with the trades. This data is increasingly documented as a reference for use in future construction projects. By doing this, efficient methods are required to use this data. Often, the unstructured naming of data is a challenge for a rule-based allocation of information, and manual work is required to identify the needed data. Therefore, the aim is to develop an automatic mapping of historical performance factors to the tender specifications of a new construction project. To support the process analysis with historical project data, a case study is executed using Natural Language Processing (NLP). With a NLP model, the process descriptions from the tender specifications of the new construction project can be compared with a master database, to filter the right performance factor and calculate the duration for a process. This procedure can be used to support the further process analysis together with the trades to generate a validated construction schedule. The case study shows promising results in the prediction results. First, the mapping quality and second, the prediction accuracy are evaluated. With the developed mapping concept, last planners can validate their estimations of durations in lean construction process planning with a target to support stability in a project. Still, a more detailed description of the processes could increase the prediction results. }, author_keywords={Digitization, lookahead planning, work structuring, process, complexity. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Melo2023, author={Melo, Roseneia Rodrigues Santos de and Costa, Dayana Bastos }, editor={ }, title={Safety-I and Safety-II: Contributions of Uas Safety Monitoring on Construction Sites}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={377-386}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2081}, doi={10.24928/2023/0141}, affiliation={ Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, School of Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil, roseneia.engcivil@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0001-9171-7274 ; Associate Professor, Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, School of Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil, dayanabcosta@ufba.br. orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-6401 }, abstract={Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) have been incorporated into safety management systems to facilitate hazard identification and propose corrective actions on time, meaning practices related to the Safety-I approach. However, its impacts on understanding and dealing with everyday operations in front of adverse conditions, meaning Safety-II practices, are still unknown. Thus, this study investigates the contribution of safety monitoring using UAS to support Safety-I and Safety-II practices in everyday operations. Two case studies in construction projects were conducted, involving the following steps: (a) proposition of UAS monitoring protocol integrated into safety management routines; (b) field tests to monitor safety performance using UASs; (c) data analysis considering Safety-I, Safety-II and Resilience Engineering. As a main result, resilience mechanisms were identified, such as adaptation in the lifeline safety systems, use of photos and videos to improve workers’ awareness, and collaborative work between frontline workers. Regarding the Safety-I approach, most of the identified non-conformities were classified as precarious structures on the construction sites, failures in the Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) use, and safety barriers. The perceived limitations emphasized the difficulty in promoting corrective actions due to the lack of flexibility in the constructive processes, availability of resources timely, and absence of slack. }, author_keywords={Construction sites, safety management, resilience engineering, and digital technologies. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nievola2023, author={Nievola, Tainara P. and Scheer, Sergio }, editor={ }, title={Product Platform Flow to Develop New Products in an Off-Site Company }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1037-1048}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2082}, doi={10.24928/2023/0143}, affiliation={Product Platform Coordinator, Master Student, Post-Graduate Program in Civil Engineer, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil, tai.nievola@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0218-1031 ; Senior Professor, Graduate Program of Civil Engineering, Civil Engineering Research Center, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil, sergioscheer@gmail.com, orcid.org/ 0000-0003-3995-9780 }, abstract={The civil construction’s cost has increased since the beginning of the pandemic, bringing insecurity to the sector. In addition, civil construction is largely responsible for environmental impacts related to greenhouse gases and waste generated globally. Several industries, such as the auto industry, use the product platform concept to optimize their processes, bringing more efficiency and control to their productions and products. The existing theory on the application of a product platform in construction shows that it can be a means of controlling fluctuating costs and reducing environmental impacts, but there is a gap, with few studies showing the application in real cases and the gains obtained. To assess this, the literature review aims to understand how product platforms work in other industries and what we have so far on their application in the construction sector. An action research method is used, applying the product development flow created, to meet two demands for new products in the studied company, using other platform solutions already developed by the company – such as application of common items - to achieve cost reduction. The result of the practical application reached the company's expectations, achieving a significant cost reduction }, author_keywords={Product development, product platform, off-site construction, industrialized construction, standardization. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salam2023, author={Salam, Mona and Forsythe, Perry and Killen, Catherine }, editor={ }, title={Collaboration in the Detailed Design Phase of Construction Projects – a Study of Interdisciplinary Teams }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1049-1060}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2083}, doi={10.24928/2023/0144}, affiliation={Lecturer, School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Australia, mona.abdal-salam@uts.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-522 ; Emeritus Professor, School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Australia, perry.forsythe@uts.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-0997-9118 ; Professor, School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Australia, catherine.killen@uts.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0002-2370-7856 }, abstract={Collaboration in construction projects has become a primary requirement in common delivery methods, especially in the detailed design phase to achieve value for the client. The involvement of multiple organisations, such as the client, architects, design consultants, project managers, contractors, and subcontractors, increases the complexity of implementing successful collaboration. Recent studies have focused on the financial aspect of collaboration but undervalued the social dimension which reflects behavioural actions that can lead to goal misalignment. There is less known about the highly dynamic nature of collaboration at a project level between participants with different views, objectives, and working practices. Through a study of two interdisciplinary teams in the detailed design phase of large-scale construction projects, participants’ perceptions of collaboration were analysed to reveal that participants have different ways of viewing their collaboration, ranging from facilitation factors, working processes, and outcomes. The study advances the theory of collaboration in design management by adopting an inter-organisational practice-based perspective to assess collaboration. The findings suggest a more tailored management approach based on understanding the processes and outcomes and regular monitoring of the behaviour actions for collaboration to succeed. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, interdisciplinary teams, design management, early contractor involvement }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Daghlas2023, author={Daghlas, Mahmoud and Eddine, Rachad Bou Nasser and Tabet, Michel and Kalach, Mayssa }, editor={ }, title={A Framework for Optimizing Material Management Processes in Oil and Gas EPC Projects}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1641-1651}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2084}, doi={10.24928/2023/0145}, affiliation={ME Student, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, mmd71@mail.aub.edu ; ME Student, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, rzb05@mail.aub.edu ; ME Student, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, mmt48@mail.aub.edu ; Lecturer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, mk314@aub.edu.lb, orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-391 }, abstract={In the specialized engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) oil and gas industry, the monetary value of procurement equates to more than engineering and construction combined. However, material management processes are yet to evolve from conventional push systems to more efficient ones. The application of lean concepts to eliminate the waste embedded in the material flow processes of construction projects has become a proven practice for reducing cost overruns and schedule delays. To this end, the objective of this study is to develop a framework relying on just-in-time delivery and pull systems to enhance material management processes in EPC projects. Namely, the proposed framework introduces changes to the responsibility matrix and sets time limits for the concerned material flow stages based on data analysis for electrical and control equipment of an oil and gas EPC project in the Russian Far East. The framework is then tested using a probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation. The results show a significant decrease in the storage cost, as an example of waste reduction. The framework provides a practical material management solution for EPC companies that minimizes non-value-adding durations and ensures a continuous material flow with continuous feedback and accountability loops. }, author_keywords={Supply chain management, design science, flow, integration, wast }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Riekki2023, author={Riekki, Jaakko and Rannisto, Jukka and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Achieving a 4-Hour Takt Time – and Driving Change With It }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1184-1195}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2085}, doi={10.24928/2023/0146}, affiliation={Research assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, jaakko.riekki@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-2165 ; VDC Manager, Haahtela-rakennuttaminen Oy, Finland, jukka.rannisto@haahtela.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4626- 0700 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={This study seeks to validate the hypothesis that takt production can be used as a driver for implementing several lean construction concepts together and for making them work as a system. This is done by studying a single case project where takt production with a 4-hour takt time was a core element of the operating system. In studying the case, a set of lean construction concepts found present in the project are extracted and analysed. It is concluded that takt production and in particular the short takt time worked to integrate the stakeholders and enabled the individual lean construction concepts to work in a tight relationship. Future case studies could be more explicitly designed to further validate the hypothesis. }, author_keywords={takt production, daily management, logistics, continuous improvement, collaboration }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vásquez-Hernández2023, author={Vásquez-Hernández, Alejandro and Ortega, Jesús and Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Pellicer, Eugenio }, editor={ }, title={Contribution of Lean Techniques to Industrialized Construction Adoption: A Barriers Mitigation Approach}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={755-766}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2086}, doi={10.24928/2023/0147}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and School of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain. Assistant Professor, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia, avasquez5@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-4038 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, jaortega2@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1148-937X ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 ; Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, pellicer@upv.es, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9100-0644 }, abstract={Despite the benefits associated with industrialized construction (IC), it has low overall levels of adoption. IC is an innovation that is not aligned with institutionalized project supply chains; it has implications in process integration that intensify adoption barriers. Several studies have shown the effectiveness of implementing Lean techniques in different stages of the IC process. This paper exposes the analysis of the contribution of implementing Lean techniques to performance, process flow, knowledge management, and value addition. The implementation results are analyzed in terms of their contribution to mitigating the IC adoption barriers identified in the Chilean context. A systematic literature review is carried out to identify the Lean techniques implemented in some of the phases of the IC process. The analysis of the results reported and the contribution of the implementation of Lean techniques to the mitigation of the impacts of some of the existing barriers to the adoption of IC is conducted using thematic content analysis. Thirty Lean techniques are identified whose implementation results are related to the mitigation of conditions associated with 76.5% of the IC adoption barriers considered to be of high and very high impact for the Chilean context }, author_keywords={Lean construction, prefabrication, assembly, off-site construction. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Peinado2023, author={Peinado, Hugo S. and Melo, Roseneia R. S. and Santos, Mírian C. F. and Costa, Dayana B. }, editor={ }, title={Potential Application of Deep Learning and UAS for Guardrail Safety Inspection}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={387-398}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2087}, doi={10.24928/2023/0148}, affiliation={PhD Student, Structural and Construction Engineering Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BR, hspeinado2@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-7868-0219 ; 2 Postdoctoral Researcher, Structural and Construction Engineering Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BR,roseneia.engcivil@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9171-7274 ; PhD Student, Structural and Construction Engineering Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BR, miriancfarias@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4956-8652 ; Associate Professor, Structural and Construction Engineering Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BR, dayanabcosta@ufba.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-6401 }, abstract={Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) can provide valuable information about on-site compliance with safety regulations, especially identifying workers in areas without guardrails or fall arrest systems. Despite the advances in using Machine Learning (ML) and, more specifically, Deep Learning (DL) algorithms for detecting safety systems in construction, the literature indicates a gap regarding automatic guardrail recognition. Therefore, this paper proposes a set of criteria for data collecting and processing using UAS and DL for safety inspections in temporary guardrails while producing cast-in-place concrete wall systems. For this research, an exploratory case study was adopted as the research strategy, developed according to the following steps: (a) database image analysis, (b) field study on constructions, (c) formal meetings, and (d) survey carried out with ML/DL specialists. Results show the main failures in guardrails of cast-in-place concrete wall systems, analyzing which can be inspected using UAS visual assets and ML/DL techniques. Also, it indicates the more adequate construction stages to perform safety inspections on guardrails. These findings may guide future research using UAS and DL algorithms for inspecting guardrail safety systems to further contribute to managers’ decision-making. }, author_keywords={Drone, Machine Learning, Construction 4.0, Safety management, case study. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Assaf2023, author={Assaf, Mohamed and Salami, Lena and Salhab, Diana and Hammad, Ahmed }, editor={ }, title={Promoting the IPD Delivery Method in Construction Projects: A BIM-Based Smart Contract Approach }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={69-80}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2088}, doi={10.24928/2023/0149}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, massaf2@ualberta.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6298-8531 ; MEng Student, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, lsalami@ualberta.ca ; Ph.D. Student, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, salhab@ualberta.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-6193 ; Associate Professor, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, ahammad@ualberta.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6411-418 }, abstract={The adoption of integrated project delivery (IPD) provides several advantages over traditional delivery methods, such as shorter schedules, efficient communication, and higher performance quality. However, its implementation is constantly hindered by many barriers. Existing studies on IPD barriers are limited to quantifying and addressing such obstacles. Additionally, hardly any studies have addressed the potential of advanced technologies in exploiting the adoption of IPD projects. Thus, this study presents an automated system that integrates blockchain, smart contracts, and BIM technologies to facilitate the implementation of IPD projects. Hyperledger Fabric and chaincodes are used to develop the blockchain network in accordance with 4D and 5D BIM models. The developed system simplifies various financial transactions throughout different phases of the IPD project implementation. The system allows non-owner participants to submit requests and review transaction records with the aim of minimizing possible conflicts. The methodology is evaluated by testing it on a real-life case study. The case study is modeled using BIM tools, and the corresponding blockchain network and smart contracts are developed. The findings prove the capability of the developed system to provide a secure and trustworthy platform for managing IPD transactions without the need for third-party involvement. }, author_keywords={Integrated project delivery (IPD), smart contracts, BIM, blockchain, construction projects. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{El Zind2023, author={El Zind, Karen and Bakesmati, Salam and Kalach, Mayssa }, editor={ }, title={A Three-Layered Approach for a Lean Subcontractor Procurement Process }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1652-1661}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2089}, doi={10.24928/2023/0150}, affiliation={ME Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, kse12@mail.aub.edu ; ME Student, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, ssb35@mail.aub.edu ; Lecturer, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, mk314@aub.edu.lb, orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-3911 }, abstract={It is generally recognized that subcontractors execute significant parts of construction works. This makes the subcontractor procurement process − from packaging to delivery method selection, budgeting, candidate selection, and so on − a cornerstone for the successful completion of construction projects. While the focus of the extant literature has been mainly steered towards the process of subcontractor selection and its related criteria, little emphasis has been placed on the procurement process itself and its implementation by general contractors. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive lean methodology that may be applied by general contractors to improve subcontractors’ procurement processes. To do so, a three-layered approach is proposed involving the realignment of steps within the process, the application of the choosing-by-advantages methodology, and the introduction of a digitalized subcontractor rating program. Then, the proposed approach is tested on a typical subcontracting procurement process adopted by a well-established construction contracting firm in the Middle East. Results show a significant reduction in the overall duration of the subcontractor procurement process. The offered methodology is viewed as a roadmap that can be generally adopted for reducing rework, eliminating waste, and enhancing the subcontractor selection methodology. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, standardization, process, supply chain management. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valkonen2023, author={Valkonen, Tuomas and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Improving Productivity in Ventilation and Plumbing Installations by Developing Designs}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1061-1071}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2090}, doi={10.24928/2023/0151}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, tuomas.valkonen@aalto.fi, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2710-5190 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 }, abstract={Quality of designs is one of the most important factors impacting the productivity of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing work. Previous research does not investigate problems with design in detail. This research aimed to identify design aspects where additional investments in design would increase productivity in installation. For this purpose, we selected three construction sites to identify deviations from designs, and interview installers on identified deviations and buildability in general. Observed deviations were divided into three main categories based on the cause of deviation: insufficient space reservations, missing model components, and buildability. Based on our findings we suggest five methods for developing designing: 1. BIM should be used in designing. 2. BIM coordination should include the assessment of buildability. 3. Better use of BIM requires high level of detail and high accuracy in all design models. 4. Contractors knowledge on buildability, schedule, and order of installation should be utilized in designing. 5. Optimizing material cost should be part of designing. }, author_keywords={BIM, collaboration, assembly, HVAC, design }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{William2023, author={William, León and Jose, Guevara }, editor={ }, title={Semantic Network Analysis of Lean Construction Literature }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={560-571}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2091}, doi={10.24928/2023/0152}, affiliation={Ph.D. research assistant, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, wm.leon10@uniandes.edu.co, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2533-853X ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, INGECO research group director, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, ja.guevara915@uniandes.edu.co, https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 3485-9169 }, abstract={Lean Construction is a philosophy grounded in production theory that play a crucial role in promoting efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective practices across the Construction and Engineering Management (CEM) sector. To understand its impact, it is important to analyze the related concepts, synergies, information gaps, potential research paths, and new terms associated with such domain. Therefore, this research paper aims to develop a graphical and quantitative analysis of the LC literature using Semantic Network Analysis (SNA). The analysis builds a large network of interactions between concepts related to the implementation of the LC philosophy in construction projects, offering a novel perspective on reviewing the LC literature. It provides metrics and graphical tools to characterize, quantify, and interpret LC concepts such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Last Planner System (LPS), and Sustainable Construction, and enables the observation of emerging relationships with opposing concepts such as Earned Value Management (EVM) or information gaps related to Risk Assessment, Decision-Making, or Planning Reliability, which are equally crucial for the implementation of CEM. Overall, this study offers valuable contributions to the IGLC community by providing new perspectives on potential research routes and emerging concepts in the LC literature. It achieves this by synthesizing the relationships between LC ideas and concepts that are not traditionally connected to LC principles, such as Earned Value Management (EVM). }, author_keywords={Lean construction, construction and engineering management, and semantic network analysis. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Berroir2023, author={Berroir, Fabrice and Guernaccini, Pierre and Sottet, Jean-Sébastien }, editor={ }, title={On-Site Waste Management: A Use Case of Lean Construction and Artificial Intelligence Synergy}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={462-473}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2092}, doi={10.24928/2023/0153}, affiliation={R&D Engineer, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, fabrice.berroir@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0392-1011 ; R&D Engineer, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, pierre.guernaccini@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-5395-9042 ; Senior Researcher, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, jean-sebastien.sottet@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-6371 }, abstract={The construction industry generates more waste than any other industry. Waste management is getting more and more attention as the policies and mentalities evolve to face the challenges ahead: climate change, materials shortage, circular economy. Most of the waste management activities consist in waste sorting and is carried out downstream of the construction execution, resulting in lower material recovery performance. This paper proposes a method to segregate waste (separate waste based on how it is created) to enhance the reuse, recovery, and recycling of construction waste. Therefore, it investigates the applicability of Lean Construction methods and Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools and their potential synergy. Directly applying classical waste management AI tools (as used in recycling centers) was tested based on real case data. It required an excessive need for data and training. Alternatively, a Lean Construction framework based on a combination of the 5S method, and the Takt Time Planning method was proposed. It enables the streamlining of flows in order to mitigate the impact of on-site constraints on AI training. We instrumented this Lean Construction approach with an AI tool that checks the quality of the construction waste segregation process by detecting mixed materials in dumpsters }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, process, sustainability, Artificial Intelligence, waste segregation. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Berroir2023, author={Berroir, Fabrice and Pyszkowski, Magdalena and Maatar, Omar and Mack, Nico }, editor={ }, title={Construction Supply Chain Product Data Integration for Lean and Green Site Logistics}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1662-1673}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2093}, doi={10.24928/2023/0154}, affiliation={R&D Engineer, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, fabrice.berroir@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0392-1011 ; Global Head of Market Management, Knauf Insulation, orcid.org/0000-0001-6045-9225 ; R&D Director, CLE and BPC Group, omar_maatar@cle.lu, orcid.org/0000-0001-6933-7873 ; R&D Engineer, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, nico.mack@list.lu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-6240 }, abstract={Supply Chain Management using Construction Consolidation Centres, kitting and Third-Party Logistics were proposed to streamline material flows in construction and reduce costs. Studies also highlight potential mitigation of the environmental impacts of the Construction Supply Chain but, despite the climate emergency, these solutions struggle to become industry practice. Digitalization, especially with Building Information Modelling based processes, appears as a key enabler for this transition, but it is hindered by heterogeneous data between construction companies and suppliers (made of manufacturers and resellers). Therefore, semantic Digital Twins, that can use Product Information Management, and recent norms on Product Data Templates have been proposed, but they need to be studied through practical cases from both construction site and supply chain perspectives. Consequently, this study applies a Design Science Approach involving 3 pilot projects, a manufacturer and digital supply chain experts around the development of a proof of concept of a Digital Twin tool for Lean and green logistics in construction. We identify what limitations of classical technologies used in the pilots could be addressed by a Digital Twin, we define what product data is needed for such a use case, and we compare practical scenarios for sharing and storing this data. }, author_keywords={Supply Chain Management (SCM), Logistics, Digitization, Digital Twin, Product information management (PIM). }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ferstad2023, author={Ferstad, Herman Kvale and Engebø, Atle and Slette, Paal André and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Strategic Partnering Between Client, Contractor, and Subcontractor }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1674-1685}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2094}, doi={10.24928/2023/0155}, affiliation={MSc Student, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)/Project Engineer Vedal AS, Oslo, Norway, +47 468 54 050, herman.kferstad@outlook.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-3892-6610 ; Researcher, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 905 71 902, atle.engebo@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-0176 ; Portfolio Manager, Vedal AS, Oslo, Norway, +47 472 34 868, paal.andre.slette@vedal.no ; Professor, dr. ing., Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={The concept of strategic partnering has recently gained significant attention in the Norwegian construction industry. Strategic partnering is a project delivery method that emphasizes a more collaborative approach than traditional delivery methods. It shares similarities with a Lean project delivery approach, as both seek to optimize and create more collaborative projects. In this paper, strategic partnering is broken down into three key elements of Lean Construction: contractual, organizational, and relational elements. Through this, the paper aims to contribute to understanding strategic partnering between a client, general contractor, and a key subcontractor by addressing the following research questions: 1) How is strategic partnering practiced in Norwegian construction projects, and 2) What are the experiences of practicing strategic partnering in Norway? An in-depth case study was conducted to investigate ways to enhance strategic partnering in future projects. A combination of a literature review and semi-structured interviews were used for data collection for this paper. The findings show that using strategic partnering improved project outcomes, with trust, early contractor involvement, contingency of key participants, and problem resolution being crucial aspects of the collaboration. However, more attention should be paid to evaluating the other parties in the context of the strategic partnership. }, author_keywords={Strategic partnering, strategic alliancing, project delivery models, Lean construction, collaboration. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2023, author={Gomez, Sulyn and Chousein, Semich and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn and Romayor, Ralph and Diaz, Michelle and Arroyo, Paz and Tekin, Safak }, editor={ }, title={Features of a Behavior-Based Quality System (BBQS)}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={399-411}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2095}, doi={10.24928/2023/0156}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, sulyn@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2367-9880 ; Project Manager, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA, USA, semichc@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 7782-7132 ; Prof., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; Research Associate, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, gballard@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0948-8861 ; Quality Leader Bay Area, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA, USA, ralphr@dpr.com , orcid.org/0000- 0001-8724-7636 ; Student, National University of Engineering, Lima, Peru, mndiazv@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-7711-1695 ; Quality Leader, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA, USA, paza@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8098- 8172 ; Assistant Superintendent, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA, USA, safakt@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000- 0001-9864-3984 }, abstract={Meeting quality expectations is vital to the successful delivery of construction projects. Still, the levels of quality achieved in practice are often unsatisfactory, resulting in rework or acceptance of poor work, and impacting the project cost, schedule, safety, team morale, reputation of the organizations and individuals involved in the project, and overall customer satisfaction. Quality management research has relied on statistical process control, tolerances, and standards development. In the last years, though, attention has been shifting towards theoretical and philosophical foundations of quality, and the role people play in planning to define quality expectations and achieving them. The contribution to knowledge of this paper is to expand on the literature on Behavior-Based Quality (BBQ) by introducing the BehaviorBased Quality System (BBQS) and presenting some of its features. We present theoretical foundations of this system and illustrate some of its features through a case study. The purpose of this paper is twofold, (1) to promote more systemic thinking about the management of quality, and (2) to present features of a system that supports such thinking. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Etges2023, author={Etges, Bernardo Martim Beck da Silva and Caten, Carla Schwengber ten }, editor={ }, title={Lean Supporting a Framework for the Construction Innovation Process}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={81-91}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2096}, doi={10.24928/2023/0157}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng. at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bernardo@climbgroup.com.br, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 ; 2 Full Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul(UFRGS), Director of the School of Engineering at UFRGS, carlacaten@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7904-0974 }, abstract={The construction sector has gradually been restructuring to advance the use of digitalization and taking advantage of Industry 4.0. Recent studies in the IGLC Community have emphasized the need to connect Lean Construction with the innovative movement by promoting and advancing the use of Industry 4.0 technologies. However, it is well known that innovation approaches are successful when they achieve the goal of problem solving. Considering this context two questions are set: (a) Does the innovation process in construction sector understand how to capture pain-points of the industry and in how it organizes itself? (b) Does Lean Construction contribute by offering a conceptual basis for reaching a better understanding of innovation? This paper aims to develop a framework for analyzing and catching the pain-points as the starting point for the innovation process. As a result, a Problem-space-framework (PSF) was proposed and validated in a empirical study. The first question was tackled by conducting a qualitative analysis and holding a workshop, the outcome of which was that eight out of 98 pain-points identified were prioritized towards the solution design. The second question was also fully answered identifying that 89% of the participants understood that Lean Construction contributed to the PSF and most of Lean tools proposed were regarded as having high usability during the implementation phases. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, innovation, pain-points, problem-space-framework }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ørke2023, author={Ørke, Johan C. and Malvik, Tobias O. and Torp, Olav and Fossheim, Terje K. }, editor={ }, title={Life Cycle Cost and Value of Norwegian Sports Facilities}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={285-296}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2097}, doi={10.24928/2023/0158}, affiliation={MSC Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, johan.c.orke@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-6762 ; Ph.D. Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, tobias.o.malvik@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-6762 ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, olav.torp@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-5097 ; Assistant professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, terje.k.fossheim@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0001-8251-0124 }, abstract={Sports facilities are built to create value for owners and users. In the front end, it is crucial to make decisions based on information about the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and the possible benefits of the facility. This paper aims to create knowledge about the relationship between the value and LCC of sports facilities. This has been done through literature review, document studies, and workshops. The construction costs have been compared to the operation and maintenance (OM) costs for 11 sports halls. The results show a ratio between OM and construction costs between 0,1 and 3,7. Diverse aspects could explain this, such as the lack of a standard model for what to include in the OM costs and volunteer work with planning, and OM not counted. Planning in sports facilities construction often relies on volunteers from the sports clubs, leading to a lack of competence and resources to implement value-centered approaches like the Lean Construction methodology. This paper shows that it is challenging to quantify the value generated by sports facilities, and value is highly dependent on perspective. There is a need for a more systematic way to evaluate the OM cost and the value generated by the sports facilities. }, author_keywords={Life cycle cost, value generation, lean construction, sports facilities }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sheikhkhoshkar2023, author={Sheikhkhoshkar, Moslem and El-Haouzi, Hind Bril and Aubry, Alexis and Hamzeh, Farook and Poshdar, Mani }, editor={ }, title={Analyzing the Lean Principles in Integrated Planning and Scheduling Methods}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1196-1207}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2098}, doi={10.24928/2023/0159}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, Epinal, France, moslem.sheikhkhoshkar@univlorraine.fr, orcid.org/0000-0001-9067-2705 2 ; Professor, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, Epinal, France, hind.el-haouzi@univ-lorraine.fr, orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-5342 ; Associate Professor, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, Nancy, France, alexis.aubry@univ-lorraine.fr, orcid.org/0000-0002-7335-821X ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Eng. Dept., Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ; Lecturer, Built Environment Engineering Department, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-2985 }, abstract={The shortcomings and limitations of conventional planning and scheduling methods led to a great deal of emphasis on combining them and developing integrated scheduling methods. Also, lean principles and tools are included in the integrated scheduling methods' structure to develop more effective scheduling strategies. This paper implements a multi-step methodology to identify and analyze the lean principles utilized in integrated scheduling methods. The findings show that integrated scheduling methods, Building Information Modelling (BIM)-Last Planner System (LPS)-Kanban, BIM-LPS, Location-based Management System (LBMS)-LPS-CPM, and BIM-LBMS have included a variety of lean principles into their frameworks. Moreover, improving the reliability of the planning, increasing transparency, identifying and eliminating waste, detecting and solving spatiotemporal conflict, enabling the coordination of the look-ahead plans, and continuous flow of work have received the most attention in the integrated scheduling methods. This paper contributes significantly to the body of knowledge by raising project stakeholders' awareness of the lean principles utilized in integrated scheduling methods in construction projects. }, author_keywords={Lean principles, Integrated Scheduling Methods, SNA, Quantitative Analysis }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Peinado2023, author={Peinado, Hugo Sefrian and Costa, Dayana Bastos }, editor={ }, title={Worker Involvement Strategies in Construction: Insights From the Lean Literature}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={905-916}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2099}, doi={10.24928/2023/0160}, affiliation={PhD Student, Structural and Construction Engineering Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BR, hugospeinado@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-7868-0219 ; Associate Professor, Structural and Construction Engineering Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BR, dayanabcosta@ufba.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-6401 }, abstract={The Human-centric approach concept establishes that human needs must be at the center of the production process. Human needs models propose a sense of belonging among these necessities since people require appreciation, collaboration, and involvement. In this work, the Employee Involvement (EI) concept relies on developing the workers’ sense of belonging to the organization and allowing these workers to change the work environment. Despite the potential contributions, papers systematizing EI strategies in the construction industry were not found in the literature. Therefore, this paper aims to identify worker involvement strategies in construction based on the EI concept in the Lean Construction literature. The research method adopted was a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). A total of 12 papers were considered eligible for this review. 12 EI strategies were identified and analyzed based on three constructs: upskilling workers, communication, and autonomy for decision-making. The results reveal that there are still few empirical studies. Furthermore, the strategies are based on the managers’ and researchers’ points of view, not considering the workers’ points of view. However, the presented strategies and discussion might be considered in elaborating and implementing the HC approach for construction. A set of questions was elaborated to support future research. }, author_keywords={Employee empowerment, Employee participation, Industry 5.0, Lean construction 4.0. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salhab2023, author={Salhab, Diana and Alsakka, Fatima and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={A Narrative Review of Workspace Planning in Construction: Challenges and Insights }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1208-1219}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2100}, doi={10.24928/2023/0161}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, salhab@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-6193 ; h.D. Candidate, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, falsakka@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1777-1875 ; Associate Professor, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Space on construction sites is not abundant as may be thought. In fact, workspace planning could become increasingly challenging at times. Moreover, improper workspace planning may lead to congestion and, hence, potential safety and productivity issues. Workspace planning aligns with Lean thinking through reducing wastes in workers’ productivity, waiting time, double handling, and different types of flow. Meanwhile, there is generally a scarcity of research studies in this area especially in industrial projects. As such, this paper presents a narrative literature review of research conducted on workspace planning in construction. Specifically, the review aims to answer the following questions: What is a workspace? What are some methods used for workspace planning? What are the challenges faced in workspace planning? What decisions are essential for workspace planning? The last question tackles fundamental concepts in workspace planning such as flow types, area patterns, workspace classification structure, and spatial-temporal conflict identification and resolution. The study concludes with considerations to be scrutinized and adopted during the process of developing a well-thought-off workspace planning system. }, author_keywords={Workspace, planning, spatial-temporal conflict, flow, area. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shehab2023, author={Shehab, Lynn and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Zooming Into Workers’ Psychology and Physiology Through a Lean Construction Lens}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={92-103}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2101}, doi={10.24928/2023/0162}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, lshehab@ualberta.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2708-3550 ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Lean construction has long been a constant advocate for perceiving humans as the driving force for most ventures and projects. Among the enablers of investigating the potentials and capabilities of humans are wearable sensors for collecting physiological measurements. Current research on wearable sensors in construction has not yet touched on its applicability or integration with Lean construction. Therefore, this conceptual paper “zooms into the workers’ psychology and physiology through a Lean construction lens” by exploring the potentials of employing wearable sensors in Lean construction. It aims to revamp current applications of wearable sensors by providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of wearable sensor technology and its applications in the construction industry. It also discusses how current studies on wearable sensors may be linked to Lean construction principles and how Lean concepts can further enhance and foster their potentials. The paper concludes by presenting the future possibilities and directions of wearable sensors in Lean construction and the impacts they can have on the industry. }, author_keywords={Wearable sensors, physiology, psychology, measurements, Lean construction. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Eivazi Ziaei2023, author={Eivazi Ziaei, Parastoo and Salhab, Diana and Ahuja, Ritu and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Lean Health Check Framework}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1498-1509}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2102}, doi={10.24928/2023/0163}, affiliation={Master of Science, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, eivazizi@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0009-0006-0743-6589 ; Ph.D. Student, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, salhab@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-6193 ; Lean Integration Leader, Kinetic Construction Ltd., Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, rahuja@kineticconstruction.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-0941-4659 ; Associate Professor, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Lean construction is an approach that prioritizes enhancing quality and value while minimizing waste. Lean management comprises of principles and concepts that must be observed to effectively implement Lean management and leverage its benefits. In line with Lean concepts and principles, appropriate behavior and culture must be properly implemented to achieve successful Lean management, hence necessitating the use of an established health check assessment to evaluate the level of Lean maturity. This study aims to introduce a health check assessment to ascertain the level of maturity of Lean behavior and culture in the construction industry. The health check assessment was formulated by identifying Lean success factors, which were further validated by Lean experts. The methodology employed to achieve the study objectives follows a Design Science Research (DSR) approach, which involves creating a health check framework and evaluating it through an expert panel interview among project parties in a real case study project. In addition to the Lean expert panel interview, other performance metrics, such as percent planned complete (PPC) and constraint information, were collected. The proposed framework was validated, and the results indicate that there may be a correlation between effective team communication and project performance. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Lean maturity level, framework, Lean health check. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Attouri2023, author={Attouri, Emna and Mossman, Alan and Fehlmann, Laetitia and Heptinstall, Ian and Ducoulombier, Laure }, editor={ }, title={IPD en France: Is It Legal}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={297-308}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2103}, doi={10.24928/2023/0164}, affiliation={Research and Development Engineer, Bouygues Construction, France, e.attouri@bouygues-construction.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-6431 ; Principal, The Change Business; +44 7968 485627, alanmossman@mac.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1769-9164 ; Construction Lawyer, Bouygues Construction, France. ; Associate Professor of Project Management, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom, i.heptinstall@bham.ac.uk, orcid.org/0009-0004-2831-4359. ; Research and Development Manager, Bouygues Construction, France, l.ducoulombier@bouyguesconstruction.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8573-4908. }, abstract={Normal design and construction creates poor project outcomes and low productivity. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) was introduced as a response to these and other shortcomings. Despite the advantages this method provides, IPD is not used in France. This paper discusses different interpretations of French procurement legislation and regulations. French procurement legislation is based on the European Directive 2014/24/EU on public procurement. Based on the way the Directive is understood in other EU countries this paper suggests that there is no legal reason why IPD cannot be used for both public and private construction in France. Some will doubtless suggest that this needs testing in the courts before they will risk using it. Limitations of this paper are that it is based on the opinion of a single French construction lawyer and observation of what happens in other EU countries. The implications of this paper for public and private sector clients in France are that they can consider using IPD for more complex projects in their portfolio; for practitioners it is a signal that they can start to learn how to deliver projects using IPD and Target Value Delivery (TVD); for francophone scholars there are whole new areas for research. }, author_keywords={Integrated project delivery, collaborative contracting, legal barriers, habit barriers, system change. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{O’Gorman2023, author={O’Gorman, Tonisha Carys and Daniel, Emmanuel Itodo and Chinyio, Ezekiel }, editor={ }, title={The Impact of an Offsite Production Approach on Mechanical and Electrical Projects: Evidence From the Uk}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={767-777}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2104}, doi={10.24928/2023/0165}, affiliation={BSc Graduate, School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, togsog@aol.com orcid.org/0000-0002-7176-9234 ; Sr. Lecturer in Constr. Mgmt., School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, E.Daniel2@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-1845 ; Reader in Constr. Mgmt., School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, E.Chinyio@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-8448-5671 }, abstract={Previous studies have reviewed the impact of offsite production on the delivery of construction projects, however, there have been limited studies examining the specific impact of offsite on mechanical and electrical installations (M&E). Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of offsite production in the delivery of mechanical and electrical installations for construction projects. In this study, a mixed method was adopted, using quantitative data obtained through a questionnaire survey and qualitative data through case study interviews. In total, primary data was collected from 36 questionnaire responses, and 3 case studies that involved 12 in-depth interviews. This study shows that offsite production has a positive impact on construction project performance indicators for M&E installations regarding factors such as time, quality, health and safety, sustainability, logistics, and collaboration. However, the study showed no general conclusion as to the cost saving impact of offsite construction on the outcomes of projects. Nevertheless, the study established that the offsite approach offers the client more confidence relating to cost certainty. Recommendations from this study are that offsite production should be selected based on its impact on project performance indicators rather than cost alone. The study argued that the offsite production method should be explored as much as possible when maximal benefits are sought; however, it should not be utilised simply for the sake of it but on a case-by-case basis. }, author_keywords={Offsite construction, prefabrication, assembly, modular construction, M&E installations. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ribeiro2023, author={Ribeiro, Yanh and Teixeira, Jorge and Mêda, Pedro and Moreira, Joaquim and Sousa, Rui and Sousa, Hipólito }, editor={ }, title={A Construction Information System as a Lean Information Management Enabler – Case Study}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={104-115}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2105}, doi={10.24928/2023/0166}, affiliation={Researcher, CONSTRUCT-Gequaltec, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, yribeiro@fe.up.pt, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-5288 ; Researcher, CONSTRUCT-Gequaltec, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, jalt@fe.up.pt, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7570-0130 ; Researcher, CONSTRUCT-Gequaltec, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, pmeda@fe.up.pt, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4380-5530 ; Researcher, CONSTRUCT-Gequaltec, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, jjm@fe.up.pt, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3220-0678 ; Researcher, CONSTRUCT-Gequaltec, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, ruysousa@fe.up.pt, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3855-3252 ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, hipolito@fe.up.pt, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-0898 }, abstract={Information Management Systems, or just Information Systems (IS), are important platforms to manage processes with a large volume of information exchange, guaranteeing the appropriate flow of accurate information. In the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, the use of information systems is still modest in contrast with the volume of data produced in the industry. However, with the advance of the digital transformation of Construction 4.0, this information gains even greater prominence and can be considered the most valuable asset during construction phases such as Pre-design, Design, and Procurement. Lean Information management is the application of lean thinking to information management, where the information can be considered a value and able to flow, removing waste, pull, and being in the process of continuous improvement. This paper presents an analysis of an Information Management System, ProNIC, intensively used and endorsed in Portuguese public construction contracts. Originally conceived to add value to the end-user (customer), the Portuguese Government, ProNIC is now being assessed as an enabler of lean processes in the management of construction information. }, author_keywords={Information systems, lean construction, digitization, process, enabling lean }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Awwal2023, author={Awwal, Samira and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike and Soliman-Junior, Joao }, editor={ }, title={Managing User Requirements in Social Housing Upgrading}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1072-1081}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2106}, doi={10.24928/2023/0167}, affiliation={PhD Researcher, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, UK, samira.awwal@hud.ac.uk , orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-1511 ; Professor, Head of Department of Design and Built Environment, Director, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), School of Arts and Humanities, University of Huddersfield, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk , orcid.org/0000- 0002-8740-6753 ; Professor, School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Australia, M.Kagioglou@westernsydney.edu.au , orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-1484 ; Lecturer, Department of Design and Built Environment, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK, J.SolimanJunior@hud.ac.uk , orcid.org/0000-0002-8089-8628 }, abstract={User requirement management is essential to improve value generation in construction projects. Requirements management is also vital in the context of social housing upgrading/retrofit projects, as such projects generally involve a poor consideration of user needs. Design science research is adopted to propose a process model to support the identification of user needs in the social housing upgrade context. Data was gathered through an empirical study carried out in an upgrading project in the UK. The model includes the use of BIM (Building Information Modelling) based tools. The model can help elicit users’ needs and values through a participatory approach and the early inclusion of stakeholders in design decision-making. The process model contributes to an improved approach to managing user requirements, which will promote better value generation through retrofit projects. }, author_keywords={User requirements, social housing upgrading, process model, building information modelling. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lohne2023, author={Lohne, Jardar and Drevland, Frode and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Unethical and Criminal – Predicting “Dark Side” Phenomena in the AEC Industry}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={917-928}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2107}, doi={10.24928/2023/0169}, affiliation={Research Scientist, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 93444930, Jardar.lohne@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-2135-3468 ; Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 92064262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1564 ; Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 91189938, ola.laedre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={This paper outlines prediction of “dark side” (illegal or unethical) phenomena in the AEC industry. “Dark side” phenomena pose a substantial yet unexplored threat to Lean Construction practices. Insights from criminology are used as a starting point for the analysis. A meta-study of the findings from a small research program carried out within the Norwegian AEC industry was conducted. It was enriched by an assessment of literature on crime prediction in criminology and on “dark side” phenomena in the AEC industry. Results show that predicting “dark side” phenomena in the AEC industry ought to take in temporality (when in the process challenges occur), value chain (who in projects are likely to act) and typology (what kind of actions are susceptible to occur). In addition, contextual factors (physical surroundings, geography, belief systems etc.) need consideration. Unlike criminology, predictions within the AEC industry cannot be based on AI approaches fuelled by historical data but need to be based on insights from construction process research. The preoccupation with “best practices” in the contemporary literature ought to be complemented with assessments of “worst practices” within all parts of the built environment. This is work largely left undone. }, author_keywords={Anti-corruption, crime, ethics, prediction models, unethical }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Karaz2023, author={Karaz, Mahmoud and Teixeira, José Manuel Cardoso }, editor={ }, title={A System Dynamic Modelling Approach for Integrated Lean-BIM Planning and Control Methods}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1220-1231}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2108}, doi={10.24928/2023/0170}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, School of Engineering, Guimarães, Portugal, mahmoud.karaz@outlook.com. The Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction (CTAC). ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, School of Engineering, Guimarães. The Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction (CTAC). }, abstract={Traditional planning and control methods do not accurately reflect the construction reality and lack feedback loops. The Last Planner System (LPS) and Location-based Management System (LBMS) have been suggested as socio-technical systems to generate practical and actionable real-life data based on production theories and logic. This data can be effectively communicated, analysed, and managed using the capabilities offered by Building Information Modelling (BIM) workflows. However, a true integration between Lean Construction-BIM is not yet matured, where parallel use of both concepts is still more common. This paper presents a conceptual framework based on a system dynamic modelling approach to elaborate a causal loop diagram (CLD). The CLD explores the interactions between basic management functions and waste, on this basis this paper proposes how the integration between LPS, LBMS, and BIM can be harnessed to apply waste elimination strategies. The results of this study can be applied as lean policy analysis for new lean adaptors to understand the impact of Lean-BIM for planning and controlling various wastes across the construction supply chain }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Location-Based-Management, System Dynamics, Casual Loop Diagram, Building Information Modelling, Construction Waste }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maraqa2023, author={Maraqa, Musab Jamal and Sacks, Rafael and Spatari, Sabrina }, editor={ }, title={Role of Work Flow in Reducing Life Cycle Energy Consumption in Construction}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={474-485}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2109}, doi={10.24928/2023/0171}, affiliation={Ph.D. Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, +972 59 8218363, musab_maraqa@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 7756- 2787 ; Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, +972 4 829 3190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-5053. ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, +972 54 668 4373, ssabrina@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-7243- 9993. }, abstract={Lean construction aims to improve the construction industry by focusing on flow and value and eliminating waste. Reducing waste can also meet environmental goals by reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) and improving environmental performance. Many green building rating systems have emerged over the last three decades as instruments to incentivize the production of buildings that minimize the impact on the environment and human health. However, those approaches are oriented toward the end product only, leaving builders without guidelines on effective processes to reduce operational waste. This research reviews and evaluates opportunities to mitigate GHGs and improve environmental performance through lean construction. It measures the effects of lean principles on reducing GHGs by improving the flow. Case study research was used to measure the quantity of diesel used for heating two construction projects in a cold climate; one is a traditionally managed project and the other is managed using Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) and the Last Planner System (LPS). Results show that the floor cycle time reduced from 189 days to 115 days in the lean-VDC project, a reduction of 64%. Also, the total embodied GHGs reduced from 1,037-tons CO2e to 629-tons CO2e, a reduction of 408-tons CO2e. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, life cycle assessment (LCA), energy consumption, flow, transformation-flow-value }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rathnayake2023, author={Rathnayake, Asitha and Murguia, Danny and Middleton, Campbell }, editor={ }, title={Analysing the Impact of Construction Flow on Productivity}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1510-1521}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2110}, doi={10.24928/2023/0172}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK, agbrr2@cam.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000- 0002-1389-7801 ; Research Associate, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK, dem52@cam.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-4058 ; Professor, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK, prof@construction.cam.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-0680 }, abstract={Construction is one of the least productive industries. A significant reason for this is not viewing the construction process as a combination of flows, i.e. continuous streams of workers, materials or equipment. This paper aims to improve our understanding of construction flow by demonstrating how it can be quantified and how its impacts on productivity can be measured. We discuss two main types of flow: 1) process/location flow, representing the flow of activities performed at a single location and 2) operations/trade flow, representing the activities performed by a single trade through different locations. Based on the literature, we develop a set of metrics for each type of flow. Then, we measure their influence on productivity by using data from four buildings' superstructure work packages. The process flow is compared with the productivity of individual locations, and the operations flow is compared with the productivity of separate crews. The results show that the excess work-in-progress time between successive crews and the mean and variability of production rates for different crews at each location (process flow metrics) can explain 72% of the variation in location productivity. Similarly, the level of work discontinuity (operations flow metric) can explain 52% of the variation in trade productivity. We believe this paper presents convincing evidence of the importance of construction flow in improving productivity. }, author_keywords={Flow, productivity, work in progress/process (WIP), variability, resource continuity }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Carbonari2023, author={Carbonari, Alessandro and Pirani, Massimiliano and Giretti, Alberto }, editor={ }, title={Leveraging BIM and Mixed Reality to Actualize Lean Construction }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={116-127}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2111}, doi={10.24928/2023/0173}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Civil and Building Engineering and Architecture (DICEA), Faculty of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy, alessandro.carbonari@univpm.it , orcid.org/0000-0002-0721-631X” ; Research Associate, Department of Information Engineering (DII), Faculty of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy, m.pirani@univpm.it , orcid.org/0000-0002-4813-7861 ; Professor, Department of Civil and Building Engineering and Architecture (DICEA), Faculty of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy, a.giretti@univpm.it , orcid.org/0000-0001-7208-0845 }, abstract={Lean construction is made of principles, measures and methods that aim at maximizing process efficiency. Several tools have been developed to minimize waste, maximize customer value, improve the conduction of processes, and pursue other sub-objectives in construction. This effort is becoming more and more important due to the rising construction project size and variety, displacement of resources in diverse geographic locations, high-performance pressure. This paper reports the development and on-site tests in a real-life demonstrator of two management tools, which apply some principles of lean construction management at the design and delivery phases. The first one takes advantage of the integration between BIM and mixed reality, having the final aim of improving collaboration and communication among the actors involved. The second one exploits BIM modelling and search algorithms within a process-based management platform, in order to facilitate short-cycle planning and distributed decision-making in the production process. Both tools have been tested in the case of a building renovation project. The results show that they can improve communication efficiency, reduce rework, speed up work monitoring, control and supervising in construction management, and that they can address several of Liker’s lean principles, as classified by the 4P model. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, collaboration, BIM, mixed reality, process. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pourrahimian2023, author={Pourrahimian, Elyar and Shehab, Lynn and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Investigating and Simulating Collaboration Among the LPS Phases}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={929-941}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2112}, doi={10.24928/2023/0174}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, elyar@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-2324 ; Ph.D. Student, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, lshehab@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-2708-3550 ; Associate Professor, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Although heavily studied, collaboration in construction is still perceived as an elusive or intangible aspect because of its complex nature. Its complexity roots in the unfeasibility of quantifying it or its impacts on the performance of a construction project. While some studies acknowledged the need to evaluate or assess collaboration, empirical and numerical methods that pertain to direct quantification of either collaboration or the impacts of collaboration on the performance of a project are still unaddressed. This paper aims to address this gap from a Lean perspective by investigating the effects of collaboration throughout the different phases of the Last Planner System. After a thorough analysis of the collaborative points occurring in each phase, computer simulation is employed to model the progression of a construction project from pull planning to lookahead planning and finally to execution while also modelling collaboration among the project members. Findings on how collaboration during each phase impacts the project performance differently are presented. This study's contribution lies in highlighting the importance of early collaboration in construction projects and emphasizing the need for accurate quantification of such qualitative aspects. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, Last Planner® System, agent-based modelling, and simulation. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gordon2023, author={Gordon, Elizabeth and Rawlinson, Keila and Dabhade, Neha and Reed, Dean and Dunn, Charlie }, editor={ }, title={Assessing Quality Performance Outcomes & the Relationship With RFI and PCI Processes: A General Contractor Case Study}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={412-422}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2113}, doi={10.24928/2023/0175}, affiliation={Quality Leader, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, ElizabethG@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000- 0001-8165-0459 ; Business Analyst, DPR Construction, Denver, CO 80112, USA, KeilaR@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9718- 5483 ; Project Engineer, vConsruct Private Limited, Pune, MH 411028, India, nehad@vconstruct.in, orcid.org/0000- 0002-6453-6096 ; Owner and Consultant, Capability-Building, Santa Cruz, CA USA, Dean@deansreed.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 2916-8558 ; Product Design Leader, DPR Construction, Charlotte, NC 28217, USA, Charlied@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-3093-7203 }, abstract={This paper is the third in the series, taking a cross-discipline view of project performance to investigate and understand the potential correlation between system inputs and outputs. In the 2021 paper “The Impact of Implementing a System Approach to Quality: A General Contractor Case Study,” the authors compared project performance outcomes and team cultural assessments for 11 projects that had implemented a Systems Approach to Quality (SAQ), the Intervention group, against a similar set of projects that had implemented a compliance-based approach to quality, the Control group. This paper continues to investigate the project performance outputs for these two groups and specifically looks at the Request for Information (RFI) and Potential Change Item (PCI) workflows. This case study considers if RFI and PCI metrics can be used to determine if better quality design contributed to better performance outcomes. Then it considers how RFI and PCI processes relate to SAQ implementation. The authors’ findings suggest that applying SAQ resulted in project teams documenting RFIs sooner in the project lifecycle and experiencing faster closure rates compared to the Control group. }, author_keywords={Systems Approach to Quality (SAQ), Request for Information (RFI), Potential Change Item (PCI), Change Order (CO), design quality, performance outcomes }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chen2023, author={Chen, Gongfan and He, Chuanni and Hsiang, Simon M. and Liu, Min and Li, Huaming }, editor={ }, title={A Mechanism for Smart Contracts to Mediate Production Bottlenecks Under Constraints}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1232-1244}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2114}, doi={10.24928/2023/0176}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, USA, gchen24@ncsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-1935-2949 ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, che117@syr.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0482-6243 ; Professor and Department Chair, Dept. of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, Univ. of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA, shsiang1@uncc.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3224-9137 ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Director, Syracuse University Infrastructure Institute, College of Engineering & Computer Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, minliu92@syr.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3070-7109 ; Material Manager, China Jingye Construction Engineering(S) Pte Ltd., Singapore, lihuaming9999@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2999-9260 }, abstract={Central project managers devote massive efforts to monitor, track, coordinate, and take actions to diagnose and prognose governed constraints and remove them to enable a reliable workflow. The blockchain-enabled smart contract can streamline the work process by predefining “intelligent” consensus to facilitate central managers’ jobs. However, the inability of smart contracts to handle unexpected events under complicated environments posited challenges in realizing it automatically. This study aimed to develop adaptive mechanism to mediate production bottlenecks caused by constraints. First, the research identified the four main types of constraints and their levels of variability from a prefabricated project. Then, a simulation model was established to quantify the impacts of different constraints and determine the fair payment rules. Lastly, different constraint-bundled scenarios and execution policies were developed and encoded in the smart contracts for automated executions. Smart contracts can assist construction managers to motivate reliable production and minimize waste caused by bottlenecks in the system. }, author_keywords={Constraint, simulation, smart contracts, Shapley value, modular construction }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Drevland2023, author={Drevland, Frode and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={ }, title={Untangling the Concepts of Value and Values }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={572-583}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2115}, doi={10.24928/2023/0178}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-1564 ; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), jardar.lohne@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-2135- 3468 }, abstract={The concept of value is widely used in lean construction (LC) literature, but researchers and practitioners lack a common understanding of the term. This is partially due to confusion between value (singular) and values (plural), which are two different concepts. This paper aims to provide a clear and concise understanding of the two concepts of value and values, separating them from each other and explaining their relationship. Furthermore, the paper discusses and exemplifies what these two concepts themselves entail. In doing so, the paper also introduces new terminology relevant for understanding and describing value and values in construction projects. Finally, the paper concludes that value and values research should be more precise in terminology than current literature. }, author_keywords={Value, values, lean construction }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chen2023, author={Chen, Gongfan and He, Chuanni and Hsiang, Simon M. and Liu, Min and Li, Huaming }, editor={ }, title={A Mechanism for Smart Contracts to Mediate Production Bottlenecks Under Constraints}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1232-1244}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2116}, doi={10.24928/2023/0179}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, USA, gchen24@ncsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-1935-2949 ; 2 Postdoctoral Researcher, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, che117@syr.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0482-6243 ; Professor and Department Chair, Dept. of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, Univ. of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA, shsiang1@uncc.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3224-9137 ; Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA, shsiang1@uncc.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3224-9137 4 Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Director, Syracuse University Infrastructure Institute, College of Engineering & Computer Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, minliu92@syr.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3070-7109 ; Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA, shsiang1@uncc.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3224-9137 4 Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Director, Syracuse University Infrastructure Institute, College of Engineering & Computer Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, minliu92@syr.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-3070-7109 }, abstract={Central project managers devote massive efforts to monitor, track, coordinate, and take actions to diagnose and prognose governed constraints and remove them to enable a reliable workflow. The blockchain-enabled smart contract can streamline the work process by predefining “intelligent” consensus to facilitate central managers’ jobs. However, the inability of smart contracts to handle unexpected events under complicated environments posited challenges in realizing it automatically. This study aimed to develop adaptive mechanism to mediate production bottlenecks caused by constraints. First, the research identified the four main types of constraints and their levels of variability from a prefabricated project. Then, a simulation model was established to quantify the impacts of different constraints and determine the fair payment rules. Lastly, different constraint-bundled scenarios and execution policies were developed and encoded in the smart contracts for automated executions. Smart contracts can assist construction managers to motivate reliable production and minimize waste caused by bottlenecks in the system. }, author_keywords={Constraint, simulation, smart contracts, Shapley value, modular construction }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pereira2023, author={Pereira, Fernando and Fireman, Marcus and Etges, Bernardo }, editor={ }, title={Slack: What Is Lacking on Supply Chain Resilience Strategies?}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1686-1697}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2117}, doi={10.24928/2023/0181}, affiliation={M.Sc. Student, Postgraduate Program: Operations Management and Sutainability, Fundação Getúlio Vargas FGV, São Paulo, Brazil. Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, fernando@climbgroup.com.br, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1584-2249 ; PhD Student, Postgraduate Program in Civil Eng.: Construction and Infrastructure, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-190, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bernardo.m.etges@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 }, abstract={In complex systems, supply chains are more exposed to variability and uncertainties that lead companies to suffer negative effects on their performance and may even collapse. The civil construction sector is seen as a complex socio-technical system, therefore it must consider strategies that deal with these disturbances. Slack and resilience in the supply chain are topics that have already been discussed in several sectors of the industry and deal with these variables, however the literature is recent for the civil construction sector. It is understood that Slack can provide an improvement in the effect of supply chain resilience, however, there is no theoretical discussion that points out similarities and complementarities between slack and the concept of resilience in the supply chain to shed light on the uses and limitations of the practices. The study in question makes a theoretical discussion based on a literature review about these systems, compares their practices and strategies, similarities and complementarities and finally proposes future research. Findings of this study shows that one of the strategies like flexibility is more advanced on strategic issues such as pricing and flexible contracts in supply chain resilience theory than on slack theory. Other contributions are discussed for collaboration, social capital, margin of manoeuvre, agility and redundancy strategies. }, author_keywords={Supply chain resilience, slack, strategies. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shigaki2023, author={Shigaki, Jeferson Shin-Iti and Yashiro, Tomonari }, editor={ }, title={Off-Site/on-Site Composite Construction Method: An Unconscious Lean Construction Practice}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={778-789}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2118}, doi={10.24928/2023/0182}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, (Current Position: Senior Researcher, Takenaka Corporation Research & Development Institute, Inzai, Chiba, Japan), shigaki.jeferson@takenaka.co.jp, orcid.org/0000-0003-4513-6334 ; Professor, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, yashiro@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp, orcid.org/0000-0003-1675-0212 }, abstract={This paper provides a contemporary outlook on the concept, features, and achievements of the composite construction methods (fukugōka kōhō) developed in Japan between the 1970s and 1990s. The topic has not been widely publicised abroad, contrasting with prefabricated housing and construction robotics research conducted in the same period. However, the “compounding” approach can play a pivotal role in overcoming the present-day challenge of making digital construction technically possible and economically feasible. This research has employed two research methods. The first was a bibliographic survey of historical construction records and academic articles to grasp how fukugōka kōhō helped construction firms to deal with the pressing business and technological needs of that time. The second was focus group interviews with experienced engineers who came across the yielding effects of the compounding strategy and are now developing and implementing new elemental technologies integral to “smart construction systems” as part of R&D initiatives and productivity improvement management policies, which are tacitly lean. The awareness that try-out implementations of digital construction methods reassemble those past experiences put light on the possibility of resurging lean-ish hybrid production models to ensure competitiveness and reliability advantages in the transition period of technological maturation. }, author_keywords={Fukugōka kōhō, prefabrication, off-site construction, work structuring, lean construction }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wandahl2023, author={Wandahl, Søren and Pérez, Cristina T. and Salling, Stephanie and Hansen, Cecilie H. and Nielse, Magnus K. and Nissen, Tom }, editor={ }, title={Daily Huddles’ Effect on Crew Productivity}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1255-1266}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2119}, doi={10.24928/2023/0183}, affiliation={Professor, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, swa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-6035 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, cristina.toca.perez@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-1492 ; Research Assistant, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark, stsa@cae.au.dk, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7088-6458 ; MSc thesis student at Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark ; MSc thesis student at Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark ; MSc thesis student at Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark }, abstract={Construction labor productivity has always been a key focus point in construction management, particularly for the operational part of the management, i.e., the site managers. Nonetheless, it seems that research on the site managers’ tasks and time use is sparse. In the large lean toolbox, several approaches to improving labor productivity and management efficiency are present. One is the Daily Huddle. The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between Daily Huddles and crew productivity. The research design is case-based, as two cases are analysed, one without and one with Daily Huddles implemented. Data based on Work Sampling of both crew and site manager are collected and analysed. The results show a remarkable distinction in the two cases in both site manager time use and crew productivity. However, a scientifically valid conclusion cannot be reached based on two cases only, thus limitations in the current research design and suggestion for future research are discussed as a contribution to the lean construction society. The practical implication of this study is that the benefit of Daily Huddles has been showcased. }, author_keywords={Daily huddle, Flow, Productivity, Work Sampling }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jungmann2023, author={Jungmann, Manuel and Hartmann, Timo and Tomar, Rahul and Ungureanu, Lucian }, editor={ }, title={A Combined Digital Twin and Location-Based Management System}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1267-1278}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2120}, doi={10.24928/2023/0184}, affiliation={PhD candidate, Civil Systems Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany, manuel.jungmann@tuberlin.de, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0557-42 ; Professor, Civil Systems Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany, timo.hartmann@tu-berlin.de ; Managing Director, DigitalTwin Technology GmbH, Germany, Rahul.tomar@digitaltwin.technology, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8000-265X ; Head of Research and Innovation, digit AEC Matters SRL, Iasi, Romania, l.ungureanu@digitaec.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0158-4795 }, abstract={As the coordination of resources’ flow during location-based construction is complex due to limited space and simultaneous movements, management systems have been extended by adding a control stage to handle deviations from the initial schedule. However, a suitable information system has yet to be established. Therefore, a combined digital twin and locationbased management system was developed. The digital twin concept relies on continuous, realtime data collection to provide information about the project's status. The combination of both methods facilitates effective, data-based production planning of the resources’ flow over time and space. The proposed system offers the ability to proactively manage real-time information for ongoing location-based work through discrete event simulation. For improved understanding among stakeholders, the simulated processes are visualised in a 4D game engine. In an exploratory study, the system's effectiveness was demonstrated by using literature-based changes in productivity rates during the construction of finishing work in a high-rise building. The discrete event simulation results indicate that by ordering reasonable actions in response to construction deviations, a high level of resource efficiency can be maintained. This highlights the importance of using real-time data in location-based construction projects. }, author_keywords={Digital Twin Construction, Discrete Event Simulation, Location-Based Management System, 4D Process Visualisation. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Paulsen2023, author={Paulsen, Sigurd B. and Engebø, Atle and Jensen, Morten S. and Simonsen, Rolf and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Strategic Partnerships – Best Practice Across Norway and Denmark}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={309-320}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2121}, doi={10.24928/2023/0185}, affiliation={MSc/Project Engineer, Multiconsult, +47 954 88 252, sbp@multiconsult.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5566-9049 ; Researcher, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 905 71 902, atle.engebo@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-0176 ; Project Manager, Værdibyg / LCI Denmark, +45 412 90 473, msj@vaerdibyg.dk, https://orcid.org/0009-0004- 1434-7299 ; Director, PhD, Værdibyg, +45 224 4 1240, rs@vaerdibyg.dk, https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6540-4096 ; Professor, dr. ing., Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={In recent years, the concept of strategic partnerships has gained attention in the Norwegian and Danish construction industry. As a project delivery method, strategic partnerships share similarities with the Lean project delivery perspective and Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) as they all seek to achieve more collaborative projects. In this paper we will compare strategic partnerships, strategic partnering and IPD based on literature reviews and experiences from recent strategic partnerships and strategic partnering in Norway and Denmark. The paper explains strategic partnerships and partnering by structuring it according to three essential Lean Construction (LC) elements: Commercial, organizational, and operating system. A combination of literature review and document study was used for data collection. Also, online meetings with all authors participating were completed to discuss and analyse data. Experiences from a Norwegian case study and Denmark points to several success criteria that are crucial for the success of long-term collaboration, such as multi-project framework agreement, keeping the same people, and support from the management. Some of the success criteria stem from IPD and others might also be a positive application for IPD. }, author_keywords={Strategic partnerships, Strategic partnering, IPD, lean construction, collaboration. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Yeung2023, author={Yeung, Timson and Ribón, Jhonattan Guillermo Martinez and Sharoni, Li-Or and Sacks, Rafael and Pitkäranta, Tomi }, editor={ }, title={Predictive Simulation for Automated Decision-Support in Production Planning and Control}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1279-1290}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2122}, doi={10.24928/2023/0186}, affiliation={ Doctoral Candidate, Seskin Virtual Construction Laboratory, Technion – IIT, Haifa, Israel, timsonyeung@campus.technion.ac.il, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2195-0801 ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Seskin Virtual Construction Laboratory, Technion – IIT, Haifa, Israel, jonattanm@campus.technion.ac.il, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6715-4440 ; M.Sc. Student, Seskin Virtual Construction Laboratory, Technion – IIT, Haifa, Israel, li_or@campus.technion.ac.il, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2831-3290 ; Professor, Head of National Building Research Institute, Seskin Virtual Construction Laboratory, Technion – IIT, Haifa, Israel, cvsacks@technion.ac.il, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-5053 ; Head of Concept and Partnerships, Sitedrive Oy, Helsinki, Finland, tomi.pitkaranta@sitedrive.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1100-0578 }, abstract={Production system design, planning and control are limited both by the incomplete situational awareness of planners and by their inability to predict the range of possible outcomes of their planning and control decisions. With the development of information technologies for monitoring products and processes on construction sites, it is increasingly possible to provide detailed status information describing the as-built products ‘as-built’ and processes ‘as-performed’. This opens the door to applying predictive analytics to provide decision-makers with frequent predictions of the outcomes for a range of changes they might contemplate to the production system design, even during construction. Within the BIM2TWIN project, we are designing and implementing an agent-based simulation engine that is a core component of an Automated Decision Support System. Currently, the simulation can be calibrated to accurately predict the range of likely project durations for a residential construction project. However, certain aspects of the trade crews’ performance, particularly with respect to the completion of tasks, appear to differ from the behaviours described by industry experts and encapsulated in the crew agent behaviour tree in the simulation. }, author_keywords={Production system design, production planning and control, agent-based simulation, decisionsupport. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sharoni2023, author={Sharoni, Li-Or and Sacks, Rafael and Yeung, Timson and Alhava, Otto and Laine, Enni and Ribon, Jhonattan Martinez }, editor={ }, title={The PICO Framework for Analysis and Design of Production Systems for Construction }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1522-1533}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2123}, doi={10.24928/2023/0188}, affiliation={Master student, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, li_or@campus.technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0002-2831-3290. ; Professor, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, +972 4 829 3190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-5053 ; Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel, orcid.org/0000-0002-2195-0801, timsonyeung@campus.technion.ac.il ; Chief Technology Officer, SiteDrive Oy, Master of Science (Tech.), Phone +358 4007 92493, otto.alhava@fira.fi ; Project Engineer, Fira Oy, Master of Science (Tech.), Phone +358 4009 81855, enni.laine@fira.fi ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. orcid.org/0000-0001-6715-4440, jonattanm@campus.technion.ac.il }, abstract={PICO is a framework that provides a conceptual guide for production system analysis and design in the construction industry. It has four key components: Production control mechanism, Information and communication system, Commercial terms, and Organizational structure. Each component is highly interdependent and has a set of detailed parameters and enumerated values. A comprehensive literature review, case studies, and analysis highlighted the knowledge gaps in current production system design frameworks. The PICO framework was originally devised to design a production system suited for short-takt production in residential construction, but it has been developed into a comprehensive mapping tool for the design and analysis of construction production systems in general. The paper shows an application of the framework to a takt system as a case study and an example of its application. The framework expands the current understanding of production systems in construction, offering new insights and a comprehensive approach to designing new production systems. }, author_keywords={Production system design, Production planning, and control, Residential Construction, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Transformation-Flow-Value (TFV). }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Parker2023, author={Parker, David and Jylhä, Tuuli. E. and Bortel, Gerard A. van and Schraven, Daan F. J. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Co-Acting With Circularity? An Investigation in Product-Service Systems in Rental Housing}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={486-497}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2124}, doi={10.24928/2023/0189}, affiliation={M.Sc.(Tech), Department of Management in the Built Department, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands. ; Assistant Professor, Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, tuuli.jylha@aalto.fi. ; Assistant Professor, Department of Management in the Built Department, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands ; Assistant Professor, Department of Materials, Mechanics, Management & Design, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands. }, abstract={Circularity is positioned as an alternative model to achieve sustainable prosperity. Lean construction highlights not only building delivery with less but also contributing to sustainable development. However, lean is criticized for reducing waste only within organizational boundaries while neglecting the impact of waste beyond the boundaries. On the contrary, circularity originates to reduce waste in the system and is currently seeking approaches to implement waste reduction in circular production. To speed up the transition to sustainable resource consumption, the co-act between lean and circular construction seems evident. This research studies resource consumption in product-service systems (PSSs), which are acknowledged to reduce resource consumption. This research first assesses the ability of PSSs to slow and close the loops. After this, the research discusses the complementarities of circularity and lean to co-act toward the same goal. The multiple case studies demonstrate that PSSs have the potential to slow and close the loops. However, PSSs are not inherently circular, but each PSS needs to be designed to be circular system-by-system. Furthermore, the theoretical discussion encourages lean to co-act with circularity. The PSSs provide a system view to lean: to reduce current and future waste and to avoid value losses in multiple life cycles. }, author_keywords={Circularity, servitization, product-service system, building components. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2023, author={Tillmann, Patricia A and Eckblad, Stuart }, editor={ }, title={Managing Human-Centered Innovation Within Tvd in Healthcare Projects}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1082-1091}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2125}, doi={10.24928/2023/0190}, affiliation={ Senior Manager for Lean Project Development, The Boldt Company, San Francisco, USA. Patricia.tillmann@boldt.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3420-3132 ; Vice President, Health Major Capital Projects, UCSF Real Estate, San Francisco, USA. Stuart.Eckblad@ucsf.edu }, abstract={Responsible for delivering major healthcare projects, the University of California in San Francisco (UCSF) has devised creative ways of reducing waste and increasing value through project delivery. In a previous paper, we described UCSF Health’s journey to rethink project delivery practices. The adoption of Target Value Delivery (TVD) is a core enabler of their success. The University has consistently adopted TVD to deliver complex healthcare projects within or below their allowable costs. Previous papers have provided evidence and insights into why and how such success has been achieved. However, the focus so far has been on collaboration and cost management. This paper describes the strategies utilized to focus on and manage value generation. The term human-centered innovation was chosen to emphasize stakeholder engagement and empathy building as input to idea generation. This approach shaped how TVD is implemented in these case studies. Its analysis provided insights into complementary design and decision-making strategies traditionally used in TVD. In particular, the design strategies observed in this research expand the documentation of TVD best practices to include not only solution development strategies but also participatory and empathic ways of understanding, framing, and reframing design problems. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design, Value Management, Value Generation, Integrated Project Delivery, and Healthcare Design. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Antonini2023, author={Antonini, Bruno G. and Pimentel, Fernanda M. and Fireman, Marcus C. T. and Etges, Bernardo M. B. S. and Campos, Frederico R. and Junior, João de Lima and Kronbauer, Bárbara K. }, editor={ }, title={Logistics Planning Within the Last Planner System for Highway Construction Projects }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1291-1302}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2126}, doi={10.24928/2023/0191}, affiliation={M.Sc. Candidate in Civil Eng. at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, Porto Alegre, Brazil. bruno@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-4437-4664 ; Lean Consultant at Climb Consulting Group, Graduate in Civil Eng. at Pucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil. fernanda@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-0230-4326 ; PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br , orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; PhD Candidate, M.Sc. Eng., Founding-Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, bernardo@climbgroup.com.br , orcid.org/0000-0002-3037- 5597 ; Director Eng. at Neovia Engenharia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil frederico.campos@neoviaengenharia.com.br , orcid.org/0000-0002-5745-7461 ; lanning Manager at Neovia Engenharia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil joao.junior@neoviaengenharia.com.br , orcid.org/0000-0001-5289-0963 ; Planning Eng. at Neovia Engenharia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil barbara.kronbauer@neoviaengenharia.com.br , orcid.org/0000-0003-1370-7331 }, abstract={This study presents a new Logistics Planning methodology implemented in a highway construction project from May to December 2022. The objective was to analyze the feasibility of using a Logistics Planning method with the help of a Visual Board, in conjunction with the Last Planner System. The research method utilized was the Design Science Research. A 6-step method was developed to enhance the Lookahead Planning routine. After the implementation of the methodology, a decrease in the total and equipment-related impact hours in the productivity fronts was observed, as well as an improvement in the PPC indicator and labour productivity in each service front. It was concluded that the use of Visual Management, combined with Logistics Planning, stimulates the engagement of the operation's employees around the project schedule, increasing the accuracy of the Master Plan. }, author_keywords={Lean construction Highways, Last Planner System, Visual Management, Lookahead Planning, Logistics Planning. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hanna2023, author={Hanna, A.S. and Zhu, Z. and Morrison, J.T. }, editor={ }, title={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) for Healthcare Projects: A Company-Specific Analysis}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={321-332}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2127}, doi={10.24928/2023/0192}, affiliation={Boldt Company Professor and Chair, program in Construction Engineering and Management, Director, Construction and Materials Support Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, ashanna@wisc.edu orcid.org/0000-0003-0252-6316 ; M.A. Mortenson Associate Professor, Program in Construction Engineering and Management, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, zzhu286@wisc.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-4554-1770 ; Project Management Consultant, Hanna Consulting Group, Middleton, Wisconsin, USA, john.morrison@wisc.edu, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4741-2091 }, abstract={Organizations are increasingly looking to Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) to provide leaner and more successful projects in their construction efforts. Of particular interest is IPD in the healthcare sector, which has a higher instance of megaprojects and a higher overall level of complexity and risk. Therefore, the risk-sharing model espoused by IPD is more attractive than conventional delivery like Design-Bid-Build (DBB) or Construction Manager At-Risk (CMR). A major contractor worked with the researchers to evaluate its performance on two recent healthcare projects on which it deployed IPD techniques as the first step in a potential organizational shift to the IPD paradigm. Eleven projects were collected – the two IPD projects as well as nine similar projects delivered under CMR within the last five years. These were compared to twenty healthcare projects completed by other firms in terms of eighteen key performance metrics. Logically, lean ideals native to IPD led to better performance in several metrics; particularly those that have been previously identified as strongly correlated with project success such as cost and schedule growth, as well as in overall project performance in terms of the Project Performance Index (PPI). Buoyed by strong results, the company intends to continue with IPD. }, author_keywords={Integrated project delivery (IPD), lean construction, process, project delivery systems, project performance }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lagos2023, author={Lagos, Camilo Ignacio and Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Cawley, Alejandro Mac and Maluk, Pablo and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Methodology to Quantitatively Assess Collaboration in the Make-Ready Process}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={942-953}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2128}, doi={10.24928/2023/0193}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, colagos@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-0039 ; Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 ; Associate Professor, Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, amac@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-4848-4732 ; Student of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, pmaluk@uc.cl ; Professor, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) promotes collaboration to plan, prepare and execute work systematically. Make-Ready Planning (MRP) is a key LPS component, connecting mid- and short-term planning by proactively identifying and removing constraints. However, systematic deficiencies in MRP implementation have been observed, and MRP assessment mechanisms are limited to constraint management indexes and qualitative assessment of practices. Hence, finding easy to apply ways to quantitatively assess MRP collaboration and its impacts on LPS performance is identified as research opportunity. To address this, a Design Science Research approach was used to propose a methodology for evaluating MRP collaboration using Social Network Analysis (SNA) of objective LPS information captured by existing Information Technology (IT) support systems. This approach allows for the creation of a directional social network of interactions between constraint removal (source) and task execution (target) last planners. Assessing the average degree, centrality, heterogeneity, number of connected components and density allows to identify collaboration improvement opportunities as well as understanding the impact of collaboration on LPS performance, as the project progresses. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, make-ready planning, constraint analysis, collaboration }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kim2023, author={Kim, Suryeon and Rybkowski, Zofia and Jeong, H. David }, editor={ }, title={Developing and Testing Computer- and Virtual Reality-Based Target Value Design Simulations}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={629-638}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2129}, doi={10.24928/2023/0194}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, kimsuryeon@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0009-0002-2231-6674 ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, zrybkowski@arch.tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004 ; Professor, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, djeong@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-1869 }, abstract={Knowledge of fundamental lean construction principles and tools is often imparted through the physical playing of serious games and simulations. However, globalization and the emergence of the recent pandemic have created increasing demands for scalability, as well as for diverse player usability and remote implementation of the games. That said, there are challenges associated with transforming existing lean simulations to technology-oriented modes, such as computer- and VR-based formats. For example, while the potential of using advanced formats is promising, it is unclear if these versions offer an equivalent level of learning effectiveness as in-person play. This research reports on the development and testing of different forms of the Marshmallow Target Value Design (TVD) Simulation, including computer- and VR-based formats. Researchers administered and assessed post-simulation questionnaires, and the moderator effect of perceived usability was determined and analyzed. Results show that the computer-based format was more effective than the physical-based format for some TVD principles and that the VR-based format was more effective than the physical-based Marshmallow TVD Simulation for most TVD principles. For the computer-based format, usability moderated learning effectiveness. These results indicate that when developing a computer-based simulation, the usability of the simulation must be considered to ensure maximum effectiveness. }, author_keywords={Serious games, simulations, target value delivery (TVD), computer-based simulation, VRbased simulation }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Momenifar2023, author={Momenifar, Samaneh and Keyrouz, Karl and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of Lean Thinking to Improve Masonry Construction and Design}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1534-1545}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2130}, doi={10.24928/2023/0195}, affiliation={MSc Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, momenifa@ualberta.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9491-8044 ; MSc Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, keyrouz@ualberta.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7704-5109 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, U of A, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Masonry construction provides multiple functions with a single element, is cost-effective, durable, and provides a visually appealing finish. In addition, its flexibility in design and reasonable construction cost makes it more attractive. Specifically, characteristics of loadbearing masonry make it a viable choice for residential buildings, hence a viable solution to address housing demands. However, evidence shows this type of building is less desired nowadays due to its reputation as having traditional shapes and low productivity in the construction process. Lean thinking has been widely applied in the construction industry. However, lean applications in the masonry industry can be widened. In this research, site visits, consultations with industry professionals and stakeholders, and an extensive literature review have been conducted to understand existing problems of design and construction of load-bearing masonry systems in Canada. To address the discovered problems, several lean thinking solutions are proposed with the focus on consideration of complex wall configurations and providing early feedback in the conceptual design stage of masonry buildings. Development of one-piece flow for mortar transportation and generative design tools are two of proposed solutions. Development of intelligent BIM and construction simulation models are presented as future research ideas to validate the proposed lean solutions. }, author_keywords={Masonry, generative design, simulation, lean thinking. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Plubins2023, author={Plubins, Cristóbal and Wesp, Lispet and Fermandois, Cristobal and Antúnez, Andrés and Tirado, Guillermo and Herrera, Rodrigo F. }, editor={ }, title={Incorporating Psychology of Learning Through the Malabares Method for Effective Implementation of the Last Planner System}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={639-650}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2131}, doi={10.24928/2023/0196}, affiliation={Relational Consultant, Malabares Consultants, Santiago, Chile, cristobal.plubins@gmail.com ; Technical Consultant, Malabares Consultants, Santiago, Chile, lispet@malabares.cl ; Technical Consultant, Malabares Consultants, Valparaíso, Chile, cristobal.fermandois.u@gmail.com ; Cofounder and Relational Consultant, Malabares Consultants, Santiago, Chile, andres@malabares.cl ; Cofounder and Technical Consultant, Malabares Consultants, Villarrica, Chile, guillermo@malabares.cl ; Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 }, abstract={This study investigates the impact of teaching through a method developed by a chilean company, Malabares Consultores, based on psychology of learning theories and in the adherence to the Last Planner System methodology. It takes a qualitative and descriptive approach to the teaching of LPS by implementing this so-called the Malabares method, that is a compound of six key factors, as is described in the present document. The study shows the evolution of this method in three stages of development, where the learning obtained in each stage is analysed as well as the adjustments made to improve it. The results show that through the security, confidence and willingness to learn of the participants, added to the gamification of the contents, a link is generated between teacher and student that allows the LPS methodology to be transmitted very effectively both to the person and to the company a la whole. On the other hand, transversal participation from the entire team, including administrators and on-site managers, added to an implementation program that trains work teams at their own workplaces, supporting teams in generating the planning habit under de LPS in the long term, are proven to be crucial to success. The study provides evidence for the effectiveness of the Malabares method in the construction industry and concludes that it offers a valuable approach to implementing the LPS, emphasizing the importance of continuous improvement within the method development example itself. }, author_keywords={Serious games, simulations, action learning/research, trust, collaboration, Last Planner System. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Castañeda2023, author={Castañeda, Karen and Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Sánchez, Omar and Mejía, Guillermo }, editor={ }, title={Set-Based Design in Construction Projects: Benefits, Difficulties and Trends}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1092-1103}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2132}, doi={10.24928/2023/0197}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia, karen2178721@correo.uis.edu.co, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3783-6293 ; Ph.D. Professor, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 ; Ph.D. Professor, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia, omar.sanchez@correo.uis.edu.co, omar_sanchezr@javeriana.edu.co, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6070-3910 ; Ph.D. Professor, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia, gmejia@uis.edu.co, https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-3829-7730 }, abstract={Design processes generate inputs to plan and control the development of project construction processes. There is a growing interest in implementing design techniques involving various options to reach a systemic overview and select the best proposal. One such technique is Set-Based Design (SBD) which identifies and explores multiple design options simultaneously. Although several studies have been carried out focused on the SBD implementation in construction projects, there need to be more studies that synthesize the main findings to facilitate a proper implementation according to the different contexts. Considering this gap, this paper focuses on presenting a synthesis of SBD's benefits, difficulties, and trends in construction projects. The research method corresponds to a systematic literature review of a sample of 281 documents initially drawn from Scopus database and finally, with 32 documents screened, this study undertook the following stages. The research method has five stages: 1) scope definition; 2) searching of relevant documents; 3) document selection; 4) evidence collection, analysis, and synthesis; and 5) results report. The findings show a trend towards adopting the SBD technique for the design of structural elements of buildings and bridges. The three most frequently reported benefits of SBD adoption are: 1) transparent decision-making processes, 2) better collaboration in decision-making, and 3) better communication among designers. The three most frequently reported difficulties 1) inadequate organizational structure for the adoption of SBD, 2) lack of staff experience, 3) resistance to change in organizations. }, author_keywords={Set-based design, point-based design, benefits, difficulties, trends, systematic review. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sarhan2023, author={Sarhan, Saad and Pretlove, Stephen and Mossman, Alan and Elshafie, Mohammed Z.E.B }, editor={ }, title={Occupational Stress in Construction: Fostering an IGLC Research Agenda}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={423-434}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2133}, doi={10.24928/2023/0198}, affiliation={Senior lecturer in construction management, Lincoln School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom, ssarhan@lincoln.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-0105-2350 ; Professor of Sustainable Construction, Lincoln School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom, spretlove@lincoln.ac.uk ; The Change Business; +44 7968 485627, alanmossman@mac.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1769-9164 ; Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, melshafie@qu.edu.qa, orcid.org/0000-0001-9908-5515 }, abstract={Globally mental health is a serious concern, particularly in construction. According to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE, 2021), stress, anxiety, and depression are the second biggest cause of work-related ill health in the UK construction industry. Occupational stress and mental health issues should, therefore, be treated with the same level of significance as physical health and safety risks in construction. To the authors’ knowledge, there are very few, if any, published empirical IGLC papers that have explicitly focused on this concern. This study was conducted using case-study interviews and a focus group with industry experts, to explore and promote the concept of ‘occupational stress’ in construction. The study provides novel contributions to knowledge, which include: identifying seven main sources of stress (i.e. stressor) in UK construction projects, revealing ‘workflow interruptions’ as a prevalent and severe source of stress in construction, shedding some empirical light on the inadequacies of the critical path method, and generating new questions and proposals to pave the way towards a future IGLC research agenda for tackling occupational stress and mental health issues in construction. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, stress, mental health, flow, waste }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Sreram2023, author={Sreram, Prashanth Kumar and Thomas, Albert }, editor={ }, title={Teaching and Training Efforts of Academia and Industry Towards Lean Construction in India}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={651-662}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2134}, doi={10.24928/2023/0199}, affiliation={Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India, +91 40 67359511, 194048001@iitb.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0003-3961-5048 / Assistant Professor, School of Construction & Technology, National Institute of Construction Management and Research, Jagganguda(V),Shamirpet(M), Hyderabad, Telangana 500101, India, +91 40 67359511, psreram@nicmar.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0003-3961-5048 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai,Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India, +91 22 25767347, albert@iitb.ac.in, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4924-6592 }, abstract={Lean construction is gaining traction in India. While there are a few companies which have become first movers and gained advantages of lean implementation in construction projects, there still are many companies which still need to adopt lean construction. At this juncture, the role of academia and industry is vital for accelerating lean implementation. However, the studies indicating lean teaching and training efforts are limited in the Indian context. Therefore, research is conducted to explore how Indian construction companies are adopting lean and how academia is contributing to lean construction, which is the aim of the study. Multiple research methods are used to obtain information on lean implementation. The results indicate that organisations have started lean implementation mainly for cost and time benefits, but there is a difference in training their employees and trade partners. Academia is teaching lean construction majorly as an elective than as a compulsory course. Further, measures to accelerate lean implementation in India are proposed. Overall, this paper presents the efforts of industry and academia towards lean implementation in India and is a source of information for construction companies in emerging and developing economies wishing to initiate the lean journey. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, collaboration, education, process, change. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aza2023, author={Aza, Kevin and Erazo-Rondinel, Andrews A. and Li-Albrizzio, Lao J. and Melgar, Mauricio A. and Paucar-Espinoza, Anthony F. }, editor={ }, title={Choosing by Advantages (CBA) to Select the Best Location for a Solar Photovoltaic Plant in the Pre-Feasibility Stage}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={498-508}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2135}, doi={10.24928/2023/0200}, affiliation={Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, kazav@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-2714-6889 ; Teaching Assistant, Professional School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Peru, aerazo@continental.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-573X ; Student Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, lao.li.a@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0001-9937-7411 ; Student Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, mauricio.melgar.m@uni.pe, orcid.org/0009-0007-6491-4134 ; Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, apaucare@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5369-1584 }, abstract={The energy transition from fossil fuels to pollution-free and sustainable energy has been a common goal for all countries worldwide. In line with this transition, the Peruvian industry and many others worldwide seek to develop new renewable energy projects. Solar photovoltaic energy is the preferred option due to the significant potential in its territory. This research aims to show the application of the CBA methodology in selecting the best location for a solar Photovoltaic (PV) plant to develop a pre-feasibility study whose area of interest are the Peruvian Andes. The analysis was based on identifying the advantages of each factor considered in evaluating the best sites for the location of a solar PV plant. The results showed that the CBA methodology is very important when performing pre-feasibility studies for solar PV plants, where costs do not make substantial differences between alternatives. This research will be a valuable tool for the community of professionals in developing renewable energy when performing pre-feasibility studies in which there needs to be more information on the area of interest. The aim is to define the location with the best solar photovoltaic potential. }, author_keywords={The energy transition from fossil fuels to pollution-free and sustainable energy has been a common goal for all countries worldwide. In line with this transition, the Peruvian industry and many others worldwide seek to develop new renewable energy projects. Solar photovoltaic energy is the preferred option due to the significant potential in its territory. This research aims to show the application of the CBA methodology in selecting the best location for a solar Photovoltaic (PV) plant to develop a pre-feasibility study whose area of interest are the Peruvian Andes. The analysis was based on identifying the advantages of each factor considered in evaluating the best sites for the location of a solar PV plant. The results showed that the CBA methodology is very important when performing pre-feasibility studies for solar PV plants, where costs do not make substantial differences between alternatives. This research will be a valuable tool for the community of professionals in developing renewable energy when performing pre-feasibility studies in which there needs to be more information on the area of interest. The aim is to define the location with the best solar photovoltaic potential. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Poshdar2023, author={Poshdar, Mani and Herrera, Rodrigo F. and González, Vicente A. }, editor={ }, title={Success in Interrelated Supply Chain: an Analysis of the Human Behaviour Under Crisis}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1698-1708}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2136}, doi={10.24928/2023/0201}, affiliation={Senior lecturer, School of Future Environment, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zeland, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-2985 ; Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 ; Professor and Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Digital Lean Construction, Hole School of Construction Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, vagonzal@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 }, abstract={A wealth of studies is available on the key success factors of managing interrelated projects in a construction supply chain. The human factor, however, is often overlooked in normative success solutions. According to classical management theory, individuals are expected to act rationally and maximise their utility. Although, due to an individual's computational and cognitive abilities, decision-makers often choose the first satisfactory course of action rather than searching for the optimal course of action, particularly during times of crisis. This study adopted a surrogate model to conduct a series of laboratory simulations that involved human behaviour. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine the experiment design, followed by sixteen hours of experiments that spanned two countries investigating decision-making behaviour within two prominent management models: the traditional and collaborative models. In order to identify patterns in the perception of the participants regarding real success factors, a content analysis was performed on their questionnaire responses. This analysis identified three key characteristics of construction success and the top characteristics required to succeed under each model investigated. By sharing these insights and lessons learned, teams can gain a deeper understanding of what it takes to succeed in a competitive environment. }, author_keywords={A wealth of studies is available on the key success factors of managing interrelated projects in a construction supply chain. The human factor, however, is often overlooked in normative success solutions. According to classical management theory, individuals are expected to act rationally and maximise their utility. Although, due to an individual's computational and cognitive abilities, decision-makers often choose the first satisfactory course of action rather than searching for the optimal course of action, particularly during times of crisis. This study adopted a surrogate model to conduct a series of laboratory simulations that involved human behaviour. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine the experiment design, followed by sixteen hours of experiments that spanned two countries investigating decision-making behaviour within two prominent management models: the traditional and collaborative models. In order to identify patterns in the perception of the participants regarding real success factors, a content analysis was performed on their questionnaire responses. This analysis identified three key characteristics of construction success and the top characteristics required to succeed under each model investigated. By sharing these insights and lessons learned, teams can gain a deeper understanding of what it takes to succeed in a competitive environment. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rehman2023, author={Rehman, Muhammad Atiq Ur and Khan, Sharfuddin Ahmed and Arbaoui, Taha and Huot, Mickael and Chaabane, Amin }, editor={ }, title={Development of an Optimization Model Based on Business Process Re-Engineering to Minimize Construction Projects Delay }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1709-1720}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2137}, doi={10.24928/2023/0203}, affiliation={Lean Construction (LC), Construction Supply Chain (CSC), Optimization, Offsite Construction, Scheduling ; Assistant Professor, Department of Systems Engineering,University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Pkwy, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada, sharfuddin.khan@uregina.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-5822-0933 ; Associate Professor, Laboratory of Industrial System Optimization, University of Technology of Troyes , 12 rue Marie Curie CS 42060 10004 TROYES CEDEX , France , taha.arbaoui@utt.fr/ 0000-0001-8984-2375 ; Co-Founder - Chief Analyst , Ariv , 321 Rue Saint-Charles O, Longueuil, QC J4H 1E5, Canada , mickael.huot@ariv.ca ; 4 Co-Founder - Chief Analyst , Ariv , 321 Rue Saint-Charles O, Longueuil, QC J4H 1E5, Canada , mickael.huot@ariv.ca }, abstract={Related decisions can affect project scheduling in a construction supply chain (CSC). After all, the project activities require vital resources and collaboration among project stakeholders. That effects can occur negatively, such as delay, budget overrun, and project performance. These effects are considered wastes in lean construction (LC). The concept of LC is still limited regarding application in CSC. This study aims to develop a decision-making model (LC tool) to minimize project delays using a mixed integer linear programming optimization model. The proposed model is triggered by the business process re-engineering of the scheduling process. A construction company case example that delivers construction renovation projects to its customers is considered for validation. This approach is applied in two stages. In the first stage, the information process flow of the company is developed to derive the inputs required for the logistics and scheduling optimization model. Then in the second stage, the mathematical model is developed based on the inputs to generate optimal supplier selection, projects schedules, and resource utilization decisions. By using the proposed LC tool, the results show that delays in multiple projects can be minimized. Finally, decision-makers can use this technique to manage concurrent projects and suppliers that leanly provide essential resources to these projects. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction (LC), Construction Supply Chain (CSC), Optimization, Offsite Construction, Scheduling }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aisyah2023, author={Aisyah, Rina Asri and Gunawan, Kevin and Gazali, Abdhy }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction Through Waste Register Method: A Case Studies Project in Indonesia}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1303-1313}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2138}, doi={10.24928/2023/0204}, affiliation={Practitioner, Lean Construction Operation Section, Building Division, PT PP (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, aisyah_rina@ptpp.co.id ; Practitioner, Lean Construction Operation Section, Building Division, PT PP (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, kevin.gunawan@ptpp.co.id ; Practitioner, Lean Construction Management Section, Strategic Planning Engineering & Technology Division, PT PP (Persero) Tbk, Jakarta, Indonesia, muh.abdhygazalihs@ptpp.co.id }, abstract={Waste in construction projects is a significant research topic globally, including in Indonesia. The lean construction concept identifies any waste as a non-value added. Different waste management techniques categorize waste as either physical or non-physical. Based on literatures explain that most of project construction is bad on waste registration. The paper focuses on implementing lean construction for physical construction waste. Furthermore, this article presents Indonesian case studies to illustrate the impact of lean construction on building projects. The study analyses waste management impacts across three periods of time. Lean waste management provides an early warning evaluation in the short term that are used as an indicator, so the project can evaluate and follow up as an effort to reduce waste, which in this study shows a reduction of waste from 2.1% to 1.7%. Addressing common waste in the medium-term increases project productivity by 50% and improves cost and duration efficiency. It reduces many possible wastages due to defects, overproduction, non-utilized talent, inventory, transportation, motion, waiting, and extra processing (DOWNTIME). Sustainable waste reduction practices can become a productivity standard in the long term by continuously improving the cycle of writing, categorizing, analysing, and writing for each job. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, waste, productivity, value, continuous improvement }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vecchio2023, author={Vecchio, Valeria and Abellanosa, Abbey Dale and Konwat, Bernadette and Wei, Yu and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Collaborative Dialogue During the Pre-Tendering Phase to Maximize Project Value Generation}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={333-343}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2139}, doi={10.24928/2023/0205}, affiliation={ M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, CA, vvecchio@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-6244-194X ; 2 Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, CA, abellano@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-2790-4347 ; M.Eng. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, CA, konwat@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0001-9302-2804 ; M.Sc. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, CA, ywei4@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-4194-8909 ; 5 Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={The construction industry has widely adopted traditional project delivery methods, such as design-bid-build, to develop conventional construction projects, where only one main contractor is granted the project contract. Selecting only one main contractor for the project results in the waste of valuable ideas coming from the rest of the bidders who participated in the tendering process but did not win the bid. These ideas, coming from the contractors that lost the bid, are usually not considered during the project execution, even though they could increase the value of a project, shorten the schedule, and reduce costs. As an alternative to solve the current gap of lost creativity and ideas coming from contractors that were not awarded the project contract, this study will explore the workarounds to promote partnership between key stakeholders during the pre-tendering phase by involving multiple contractors instead of a single construction project, to develop innovative ideas that could maximize the value of a construction project. The importance of collaboration and co-creation of value is widely emphasized in lean construction. Experts in the construction industry with a background in collaborative delivery were surveyed and interviewed to understand their opinion on the proposed topic. The experts from both backgrounds concluded that involving multiple contractors instead of just one main contractor is a feasible idea, but it will take effort from all the stakeholders to compromise on this type of agreement. The benefits and constraints of implementing collaborative dialogue are further discussed in the following sections of this study. }, author_keywords={Value generation, project definition phase, key stakeholder engagement, procurement strategy }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Christensen2023, author={Christensen, Randi and Arroyo, Paz and Schöttle, Annett }, editor={ }, title={Perspectives on Roles and Responsibilities of Project Team Members to Enable Collaborative Decision-Making Process}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={954-965}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2140}, doi={10.24928/2023/0207}, affiliation={ PhD., Sustainability Director, COWI, rmch@cowi.com, Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, orcid.org/0000-0002-3377-7057 ; PhD., Quality Leader, DPR Construction, PazA@dpr.com, Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisionsFounder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-8172 ; Dr.-Ing., Partner, refine Project AG, annett.schoettle@refine.team, Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320. }, abstract={The owners, architects, engineers, and contractors (OAEC) industry needs to enable a collaborative decision-making process to include different perspectives and thereby find the best solutions regarding some of the challenges we face, e.g., environmental impacts, social responsibilities, and economic pressure. Decision-making is a key element through which innovation and changes can be introduced to construction projects. The need for a collaborative decision-making process and the methods used to make decisions have been discussed in previous research. However, changing the way we make decisions calls for a new definition of the roles and responsibilities of the involved parties. In this paper, we analyze three different cases to identify the concerns of the different stakeholders and recommend how roles and responsibilities could be defined with the aim of making more collaborative, transparent, and value-adding decisions in the OAEC industry. }, author_keywords={Collaborative decisions, choosing by advantages, roles, responsibilities, sustainability. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gupta2023, author={Gupta, Anukriti and Devkar, Ganesh }, editor={ }, title={Investigating Emergence of ‘New Tasks’ in Last Planner® System: Social Network Perspective of Planning Behaviours}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1314-1325}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2141}, doi={10.24928/2023/0208}, affiliation={Masters Student, M.Tech. Construction Engineering and Management, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad – 380009, India, +91 9530372081, ganukriti4@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-5451-4344 ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India, +91 9099010303, ganesh.devkar@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-1221 }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) is a collaborative planning process aimed at ensuring the efficient and timely completion of construction tasks and fostering trust among project participants. Despite its widespread adoption, it has been observed that ‘New Tasks’ that deviate from the original plan often arise in construction projects. This paper investigates the planning behaviours behind the emergence of these New Tasks by examining the social interaction patterns within a construction project. Three different construction projects with varying degrees of LPS implementation were studied to identify the New Tasks that emerge during the execution process. To understand the planning behaviours related to the New Tasks, the interaction patterns of the individuals involved in the look-ahead planning and the weekly commitment planning were mapped using Social Network Analysis. The findings suggest that a tightly bound network exhibits more cohesiveness and can be associated with effective communication and streamlined information flow which leads to fewer New Tasks. While insufficient coordination and ineffective collaboration can be correlated to emergence of higher number of New Tasks. Look-ahead planning is key in this regard as it incorporates collaboration between all stakeholders into the pull-planning of the tasks. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saini2023, author={Saini, Abhay and Thomas, Albert }, editor={ }, title={Development of a Machine Learning-Based Labour Productivity Prediction Tool to Practice Lean Construction}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1326-1336}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2142}, doi={10.24928/2023/0209}, affiliation={Master’s Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India, 213040078@iitb.ac.in, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5702-5880 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India, albert@iitb.ac.in, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4924-6592 }, abstract={The construction industry is a labour-intensive industry. This is one of the reasons why the industry has significant room to incorporate lean principles and reduce waste. Various lean tools can be implemented in construction projects, such as Kanban, JIT and 5S. However, these tools majorly focus on activities at an aggregate level and do not always incorporate sub-activities carried out within a small activity. The productivity of smaller activities (activities that typically span from minutes to hours) is essential to be assessed and controlled to increase the efficiency of overall activity. This paper aims to develop a labour productivity prediction tool based on machine learning principles and lean ideologies to improve the overall productivity of construction activities, considering the productivity of sub-activities. The developed framework is demonstrated by analyzing the productivity of reinforcement activity in a construction project. In the study, inventory wastes are minimized using the prediction from the developed quantitative labour productivity prediction model. An increase of 13.7% in overall productivity is achieved through the implementation of the developed framework }, author_keywords={Lean construction process, value stream mapping, machine learning, lean theory }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Safari2023, author={Safari, Arsalan and Ismail, Vanesa B. Al and Parast, Mahour M. and Golgeci, Ismail and Pokharel, Shaligram }, editor={ }, title={Supply Chain Risk, Disruption and Resilience; Comparison by Size and Industry Types }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1721-1734}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2143}, doi={10.24928/2023/0210}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Center for Entrepreneurship & Organizational Excellence, College of Business & Economics, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar, asafari@qu.edu.qa, orcid.org/0000-0002-9324-3321 ; Senior Researcher, College of Business & Economics, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar, vanesa.b@qu.edu.qa, orcid.org/0000-0003-4067-3886 ; Eminent Scholar, Arizona State University: Tempe, AZ, US, mahour.parast@asu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001- 6589-1076 ; Associate Professor, Aarhus University: Aarhus C, DK, i.golgeci@uea.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-6853-3255 ; Professor, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar, shaligram@qu.edu.qa, orcid.org/0000-0002- 7709-7803 }, abstract={This study categorizes the types of the supply chain (SC) risk events and disruption and characterizes the plans for SC resilience by firm size and by industry in a holistic framework. We applied systematic literature review and analysis of high quality peer-reviewed journal articles published since January 2000. We collected these articles through three main global scientific databases using relevant keywords. The study maps the sources and antecedents of SC risks and disruption in a comprehensive framework for the six SC risk categories of demand, supply, organization, operations, environment, and network/control. Our findings suggest that the SC resilience plans developed by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are not necessarily the same as those of large enterprises. While collaboration and networking, and risk management are the most crucial resilience capabilities for all firms, applying lean and quality management principles and utilizing information technology are more crucial for SMEs. For large firms, knowledge management and contingency planning are more important. The resilience plans also vary by industry type as well. Based on our analysis, the authors identify theoretical inconsistencies and knowledge gaps in the literature on SC risks and SC resilience, leading to suggested directions for research in this field. }, author_keywords={Supply Chain Disruption Risk, Supply Chain Resilience, Contingency Theory, Size, Industry }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Forcael2023, author={Forcael, Eric and Castro, Alonso and Bedwell, Francisco and Casanova, Euro and Orozco, Francisco and Moreno, Francisco }, editor={ }, title={Barriers to BIM Implementation in Bridge Construction: A Case Study}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={128-139}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2144}, doi={10.24928/2023/0211}, affiliation={ Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile, eforcael@ubiobio.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-4329 ; Research Assistant, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile, alonso.castro1501@alumnos.ubiobio.cl ; BIM Manager, BIMORE, Santiago, Chile, fbedwell@bimore.cl ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile, ecasanova@ubiobio.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-0550 ; Professor, College of Engineering, Universidad Panamericana, Guadalajara, Mexico, forozco@up.edu.mx, orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-1026 ; Professor, College of Engineering, Universidad Panamericana, Guadalajara, Mexico, fmorenoa@up.edu.mx, orcid.org/0000-0003-4058-9350 }, abstract={The purpose of this research was to find the barriers that hinder the implementation of BIM in bridge projects (BrIM). This was done by a bibliographic analysis and the application of an evaluation tool to a case study, corresponding to a Chilean road project with an important number of bridges. Based on the literature, twenty-three barriers were found, which were then validated through the application of the survey to the case study, resulting the main barriers: “Interoperability problems between different BIM software”, and “Differences between BIM for buildings and BIM for bridges”. Then, a risk analysis was run, concluding that the barriers in bridge projects cause high levels of impact when implementing BIM. Thus, this research may help project and engineering managers to have a first approximation to the most recurring barriers in BrIM and how to rank them according to their impact. Finally, for future research, the findings of this study can be extended to other complex projects —such as bridges— but with different levels of uncertainty, that allow finding new barriers or confirm those found here. }, author_keywords={BIM, management, bridges, barriers, Chile. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haronian2023, author={Haronian, Eran and Korb, Shmuel }, editor={ }, title={Towards a Flow-Based Disruption Metric: A Case Study}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={344-352}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2145}, doi={10.24928/2023/0212}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel, eranha@ariel.ac.il ; PhD, Graduate of the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, m1uwv6junqzd@opayq.com }, abstract={Construction projects are inherently ad-hoc, meaning if disruptions arise, it can be hard to quantify the impact of the “damage” that has been done to the cost or timeline as a result of the disruption, as there isn’t necessarily a nominal steady-state condition to compare it to. In this paper, we present a case study of an infrastructure construction project that was beset by over a hundred documented disruptions due to a politically charged project that had ongoing, active attempts to interfere. Traditional approaches to quantifying the impact of disruptions presume there is a baseline against which the disruptions can be compared, which is not the case in a unstable project. Also, they are inherently “transformation” in their approach, whereas a Lean Construction approach would recognize the importance of taking a more holistic view incorporating elements of Flow and Value. A WIP-based metric of the project outcome, called “WIP-Time” is proposed and assessed in the context of the case study }, author_keywords={Disruption analysis, Transformation-Flow-Value theory, contract disputes, production control }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{McHugh2023, author={McHugh, Kevin and Dave, Bhargav and Bolpagni, Marzia }, editor={ }, title={The Role of Lean in Digital Project Delivery}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={140-151}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2146}, doi={10.24928/2023/0214}, affiliation={ Associate Director, Construction Mace group. Kevin.Mchugh@macegroup.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-6017- 4585 ; Associate Director, Construction Mace group. Kevin.Mchugh@macegroup.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-6017- 4585 ; Visiting Professor at Northumbria University marzia.bolpagni@northumbria.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-3548- 1484 }, abstract={THE ROLE OF LEAN IN DIGITAL PROJECT DELIVERY }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Digitization, Project Management, Last Planner System® }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heller2023, author={Heller, Darius P. }, editor={ }, title={Digital Shopfloor Management in Construction – a Case Study}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1546-1556}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2147}, doi={10.24928/2023/0215}, affiliation={ PhD Student and Research Associate, Institute for Construction Management, University of Stuttgart, Germany, darius.heller@ibl.uni-stuttgart.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-1887-3833 }, abstract={Lean Management is considered a very promising approach to improving productivity in the construction industry. Shopfloor Management (SFM) is receiving increasing attention in theory and practice, as it has an impact on daily routines of all organizational levels. This paper presents over two years of experience in adopting and implementing SFM at a general contractor, which focuses on industrial and custom new buildings. The underlying company is following a clear and organizationally manifested approach toward Lean Management since the mid-2000s. Hence, the SFM methodology needed to be embedded in the already existing methods conceptually, before it could be rolled out. After two years of implementation, rollout to over 80 projects with an equivalent of approx. 1 billion € volume was achieved. Also, a consistent cascade from the construction site to top management was established, i.e. all levels of the organization have transitioned to the new way of working (and leading) inherent to SFM. In parallel, under the application of a strictly agile approach, the SFM cascade was digitized with a special focus on data reuse and integration of systems to ensure consistency, accuracy, and up-to-date information. The overall impact of SFM in the company underlying this case study to date is positive, and an initial approach is proposed to measure the impact in this paper. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, collaboration, benefits realization, shopfloor management, digitization. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{McSharry2023, author={McSharry, Trevor and McHugh, Kevin and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Analysis of Lean Construction Cases in Ireland}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={966-977}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2148}, doi={10.24928/2023/0216}, affiliation={Head of Department of Civil Engineering and Construction, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland. trevor.mcsharry@atu.ie, orcid.org/0000-0002-0070-5380 ; Associate Director, Mace Technology, Ireland. kevin.Mchugh@macegroup.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 6017- 4585 ; Associate Director, Mace Technology, Ireland. kevin.Mchugh@macegroup.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 6017- 4585 }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to identify what lean tools and techniques construction companies are using in Ireland and what common challenges and benefits exist for their implementation. Currently, research on lean construction (LC) implementation in Ireland is weak and fragmented, and this paper will help address this gap in literature and provide an overview of this activity. Through analysis of the 17 cases gathered through the Lean Construction Ireland (LCi) “Book of Cases 2022,” this paper identifies that most case studies originated from large, privately owned, general contracting companies and a wide array of lean tools are being used. All cases indicated benefits from LC, the most common being an improvement in quality, then cost, followed by time and safety. Covid-19 was found to be a catalyst for lean initiatives. Leadership support, staff training, piloting lean initiatives, developing a collaborative culture and continuous improvement were identified as important factors for implementing and sustaining LC. Although the sample size is limited, this paper does provide a useful indicator of overall LC activity in Ireland that will be of interest for academics and practitioners to consider and build upon. }, author_keywords={Case study analysis, Lean tools, culture, leadership }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Power2023, author={Power, William and Sinnott, Derek and Lynch, Patrick and Solorz, Chris }, editor={ }, title={An Evaluation of the Lookahead Planning Function in Last Planner® System}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1337-1349}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2149}, doi={10.24928/2023/0217}, affiliation={Productivity & Performance Manager, DPS Engineering & Construction, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Cork, Ireland T45 YR13 willie.power@dpsgroupglobal.com ORCID – 0000-0001-5791- 846X ; Senior Lecturer, South East Technological University, Cork Road, Waterford. Derek.Sinnott@setu.ie ORCID – 0000-0003-3969-8699 ; Lecturer, South East Technological University, Cork Road, Waterford. Patrick.Lynch@setu.ie ORCID – 0000- 0002-5406-3846 ; Last Planner Facilitator, DPS Engineering & Construction, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Cork, Ireland T45 YR13. Chris.Solorz@dpsgroupglobal.com ORCID – 0000-0001-7718-2103 }, abstract={Last Planner® System (LPS) has been lauded as a critical improvement methodology for project execution. Best results accrue when all functions are utilised. However, in practice, due to lack of knowledge and appreciation of the LPS cycle and complementary interactions required, teams are not achieving optimal outcomes. Effective Lookahead planning that reduces variation and ‘making-do’ are primary concepts for facilitating better construction task execution. This study goes ‘back to basics’ and explores how improved Lookahead planning can enhance project delivery. It utilised a mixed-methods approach with case study design, encompassing interviews, project documentation, and existing research data. The case project utilised Visual Management, Takt concepts, Scrum, and Flow Walks to engage site supervisors proactively and collaboratively in diligent Lookahead planning. Findings demonstrate involvement of the trades persons in task breakdown and design of the operation ensured better activity and trade flow resulting in improved task execution. Proactive and diligent constraint screening and flow walks resulted in increased constraint identification and better on-time resolution, while also developing a workable backlog. Conducting a First-Run Study resulted in immediate productivity improvement. The basics of production planning and control are an essential component of Lean Project Delivery. The research highlights the value in practitioners exploring original literature in more depth to gain better knowledge and skills of the Lookahead planning function. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Last Planner® System, Lookahead, takt, visual management. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Power2023, author={Power, William and Sinnott, Derek and Lynch, Patrick }, editor={ }, title={An Examination of IGLC Takt Literature - Learnings & Opportunities}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1557-1569}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2150}, doi={10.24928/2023/0218}, affiliation={Productivity & Performance Manager, DPS Engineering & Construction, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Cork, Ireland, T45 YR13 willie.power@dpsgroupglobal.com ORCID- 0000-0001-5791- 846X ; Senior Lecturer, South East Technological University, Cork Road, Waterford. Derek.sinnott@setu.ie ORCID0000-0003-3969-8699 ; Lecturer, South East Technological University, Cork Road, Waterford. Patrick.lynch@setu.ie ORCID-0000- 0002-5406-3846 }, abstract={Takt is gaining attention in the Lean Construction (LC) community and is recognised as an enabler for continuous improvement and a more complete implementation of LC. Adopting Takt from its manufacturing roots to construction has not been straight forward. International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC) research has adapted Takt principles and practices creating several models for its application in construction. This study is an integrative literature review of papers in the IGLC index with ‘Takt’ in the title. Forty-eight papers were critically analysed, and key findings were themed by content analysis. Findings show increasing interest in Takt studies since 2012 with Finland, Germany, US, and Norway respectively producing most papers. Takt has evolved from early application of Toyota Production System concepts and, with the addition of production and LC theory, has developed towards a more complete production planning and control framework with the potential to stabilise construction inputs, outputs, customer value, and quality. Takt research is beginning to impact project delivery with positive results witnessed as well as numerous challenges and improvement opportunities being identified. It is now recognised as a viable and proven production system that can initiate systemic improvement in construction delivery. The research suggests every project should consider Takt from the outset in its high-level strategic planning and continue to assess where several sub Takt-plans can contribute to the execution of the project, assisted by LPS and the broader suite of LC techniques }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Takt planning, Last Planner® System, continuous improvement. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Erazo-Rondinel2023, author={Erazo-Rondinel, Andrews A. and Ccoyllar, Isaac M. and Huaccha, Anabela }, editor={ }, title={A Study of the Benefits of Lean Construction During the Pandemic: the Case of Peru}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1350-1359}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2151}, doi={10.24928/2023/0219}, affiliation={Teaching Assistant, Professional School of Civil Engineering, Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Peru, aerazo@continental.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-573X ; Student Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, isaac.ccoyllar.e@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3736-0993 ; Student Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru, anabela.huaccha.u@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0001-9283-0762 }, abstract={Lean Construction (LC) has been implemented worldwide in different construction projects, and the Covid-19 pandemic has been no exception. However, more research needs to be compiled on the benefits of LC during this period, considering the high variability and uncertainty generated. Therefore, this article evaluates the benefits of implementing LC during the pandemic stage. In the first stage, a literature review was conducted using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), where the main benefits of implementing Lean Construction during the pandemic are identified. In the second stage, the benefits were validated through interviews with professionals in different Peruvian construction projects. The main benefits were: improved planning, easier identification of constraints, and improved project communication. The following study will help construction industry professionals consider LC implementation's benefits in future scenarios with high variability. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Covid, pandemic, benefits, Peru }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Chauhan2023, author={Chauhan, Krishna and Peltokorpi, Antti and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={ }, title={Analysing Film Plastic Waste in Residential Construction Project}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={509-520}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2152}, doi={10.24928/2023/0220}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Krishna.chauhan@aalto.fi ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Olli.Seppänen@aalto.fi }, abstract={Sustainability and lean construction are closely interrelated topics to consider. However, sustainability issues in construction projects are rarely discussed in International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC) community. The major aim of this research is to analyze the film plastic waste in residential construction project. For the analysis, three cases were selected, where the amount and quality of film plastic waste were investigated from the beginning of project to the end. According to the results, 1009–1710 kg of film plastic waste was separately collected (about 0.5–1.0% of total waste). In addition, the generated pattern of film plastics was approx. 0.34 kg/m2 and each apartment generated approx. 26.20 kg. The most film plastic is generated in the interior phase of the work stage, which includes tasks such as partition work, furniture installation and home appliance installation. Furthermore, based on the results of this research, we have developed a preliminary web modelling tool: kalvomuovi.fi, which could be adopted for estimating the amount of film plastic waste in a residential construction project. Future research could further develop the web model tool for other type of construction projects, such as, schools, hospitals, and shopping centers. Also, future research is necessary to develop better recycling technology of film plastic waste. }, author_keywords={Green construction, film plastic waste, modeling platform- kalvomuovi.fi, lean construction }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Liu2023, author={Liu, Canlong and González, Vicente A. and Lee, Gaang and Davies, Roy }, editor={ }, title={Development of an Immersive Virtual Reality Prototype to Explore the Social Mechanisms of the Last Planner® System}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={152-162}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2153}, doi={10.24928/2023/0221}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, cliu324@aucklanduni.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-9920 ; Professor and Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Digital Lean Construction, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, vagonzal@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, gaang@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-6341-2585 ; Senior Technician, Faculty of Engineering Administration, The University of Auckland, New Zealand, roy.davies@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-6302-1931 }, abstract={A successful implementation of the Last Planner® System (LPS) requires not only education on its principles, but also managing social mechanisms it brings up to reach outstanding outcomes. Simulation games have been widely applied to teach LPS principles, but they do not seem to appropriately capture the social mechanisms due to lack of socio-technical realism and inadequate gaming controls (i.e., control external factors other than one of interest). Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) technology has the potential to reveal the LPS's social mechanisms by providing a highly-controlled and realistic simulation environment. However, how to effectively leverage IVR for LPS simulation is not well understood. In order to bridge this gap, we identified the essential elements that an IVR simulation should have to study the LPS social mechanisms. We then developed and tested a multi-user IVR prototype with the identified elements to simulate the LPS use in a "hypothetical" construction scenario. The results show that the prototype is feasible for studying LPS's social mechanisms. This study lays a foundation for future research in using IVR simulation games to study LPS social mechanisms }, author_keywords={Simulations, immersive virtual reality, Last Planner® System, social mechanism, collaboration }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Owais2023, author={Owais, Omar A. and Poshdar, Mani and GhaffarianHoseini, Ali and Ghaffarianhoseini, Amirhosein }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction Waste Reduction Through the Autonomous Vehicle Technology}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={163-173}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2154}, doi={10.24928/2023/0222}, affiliation={Department of Built Environment Engineering, School of Future Environments, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, omar.owais@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-0788-3008 ; Department of Built Environment Engineering, School of Future Environments, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-2985 ; Department of Built Environment Engineering, School of Future Environments, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, alighh@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-0787-8399 ; • Department of Built Environment Engineering, School of Future Environments, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, amirhosein.ghaffarianhoseini@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-0787-8399 }, abstract={In the automotive industry, autonomous vehicles (AVs) are an advanced innovation that has the potential to revolutionise the existing transportation system significantly. In addition, AVs provide benefits for society, the economy, and the environment. As far as Lean Construction (LC) is concerned, these features appear promising. LC's primary objective is to minimise the waste of resources, time, and effort. This study examines the potential contribution of AVs to LC through two exhaustive rounds of literature review. The research aims to establish the links between AVs and the overarching LC philosophy and principles. The first round of the literature review identified that AVs could reduce waste in three areas: inventory, transportation, and waiting time. Moreover, they can support solutions to environmental concerns. Additional literature reviews have identified five potential approaches for a new technology that can be applied to the construction industry to enhance the implementation of AVs. As well as the anticipated developments in each case are discussed accordingly. The practical implications of the findings are that AVs can reduce waste and cost, increase efficiency and productivity, and help create a more sustainable construction industry. According to the study, the construction industry should take a proactive approach to implementing AVs. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, AVs, transportation, waste }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kennedy2023, author={Kennedy, Zoe A. and Daniel, Emmanuel I. and Egan, Matthew and Sully, Trudi and Tennant, Gaynor }, editor={ }, title={Exploring a Platform Approach to Improve the Uptake of Offsite Construction in Housebuilding: Evidence From the United Kingdom}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={790-801}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2155}, doi={10.24928/2023/0223}, affiliation={Head of Communications, Modularize Ltd., Birkenhead, Merseyside, UK, zoe.kennedy@modularize.co.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-1118-3669 ; Senior Lecturer, University of Wolverhampton, School of Architecture & Built Environment, Wolverhampton, West Midlands, UK, e.daniel2@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-1845 ; CEO, Modularize Ltd., Birkenhead, Merseyside, UK, matthew.egan@modularize.co.uk, orcid.org/ 0000-0002- 5464-1538 ; Impact Lead, Mott Macdonald Ltd., Croydon, Surrey, UK, Trudi.Sully@mottmac.com, orcid.org/0000-0003- 3501-8852 ; Founder & Chair, Offsite Alliance C.I.C.., Birkenhead, Merseyside, UK, gaynor.tennant@offsitealliance.org, orcid.org/ 0000-0001-5428-6399 }, abstract={The purpose of this this research is to create guidance and direction for industry especially developers and / or housebuilders who can directly influence the decision-making process to create buildings and land developments that are considered more valuable. The UK has a massive housing shortage and with the added pressure of climate change and a very fragmented construction industry the need to look at smarter building methods is critical. The benefits of offsite construction are well documented but still thought of as expensive and high risk, therefore other solutions such as platforms could lower the barrier of entry and increase uptake. This study aims to investigate the current understanding of platform construction and the challenges that are contributing to its slow uptake. Qualitative research method was used and only construction professionals who have experience in offsite construction were interviewed to ensure the richest information. The study found that cost and supply are the core issues limiting uptake of product platforms. Through the continuation of government and industry collaboration, both supply and demand can be aggregated to solve these issues. However, the bar for improving knowledge and understanding across industry needs to be raised and points of recommendation are provided. }, author_keywords={Offsite construction, product platforms, manufactured construction, standardisation, collaboration }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mehdipoor2023, author={Mehdipoor, Amirhossein and Iordanova, Ivanka and Al-Hussein, Mohamed }, editor={ }, title={Application of Fuzzy Logic for Selection of Off-Site Construction Approach}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={802-811}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2156}, doi={10.24928/2023/0224}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Department of Construction Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS), Montreal, Canada, amirhossein.mehdipoor.1@ens.etsmtl.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9889-2478 ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS), Montreal, Canada, ivanka.iordanova@etsmtl.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-2604 ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada, malhussein@ualberta.ca, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1774-9718 }, abstract={Compared to other industries, the construction sector has poor productivity performance. Many megaprojects in this industry incur cost overruns, and this is largely due to inefficiencies. Although there are several reasons for these inefficiencies, the most significant factor is the lack of efficiency. One effective solution to improve productivity in construction projects is to adopt Off-site construction (OSC) methodology, which enhances efficiency. The construction method selection is an important exercise toward the productivity and success of a building project. This exercise is particularly critical during the early stages of a building project, as it is important for decision makers to consider all criteria and make a prompt decision. The use of off-site construction (OSC) is gaining popularity in building projects. Therefore, assessing the most relevant and key success factors in this context is necessary. Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques have been widely used in the construction management domain. These are being applied as a medium for decision-making purposes in the construction sector. One of the most frequent methods is Fuzzy Logic to select an option among different alternatives based on a ranking system. In this paper, Fuzzy logic was applied to evaluate and rank the performance of two alternatives i.e. conventional method of on-site construction cast in situ works and Off-site construction steel structure fully modular approach. This project forms part of a Ph.D. research program which aims to develop a Two-Stage BIMLean Decision Support System (DSS) for the selection of a suitable Industrial Building System (IBS). The proposed DSS development consists of two main steps: 1) Identification and evaluation of Key Decision Support Factors (KDSF) for the selection of the OSC approach and 2) Choosing an appropriate IBS for a building project. This paper focuses on the second step where fuzzy logic is applied to rank and select the appropriate alternative. A decision maker was provided with a list of Key Decision Support Factors (KDSF), which had been validated by industry experts, to input data and measure the importance and performance of each alternative. Crisp scores calculated using a fuzzy model indicated the rank of each alternative. The highest score of alternatives indicates the best approach. The result shows that alternative B – Off-site construction Steel Structure Modular approach, is the better option }, author_keywords={Off-site construction, Fuzzy Logic, Decision Making. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Janjalkar2023, author={Janjalkar, Kiran Rambhau and Singh, Abhishek Raj and Delhi, Venkata Santosh Kumar }, editor={ }, title={Implementing Lean Methods for Facility Maintenance Management}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1570-1581}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2157}, doi={10.24928/2023/0225}, affiliation={Postgraduate Scholar, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 213045001@iitb.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0003-1038-3626 ; Postdoctoral Fellow, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, arsingh@iitb.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002- 5899-1244 ; Associate Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, venkatad@iitb.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-9588-4130 }, abstract={The breakdown of facilities in a built environment results in inconvenience to the stakeholders due to the downtime (DT) experience. The facility DT can be brought down through proper facility maintenance management (FMM). Within FMM, different processes occur to make the facility work normally. These activities of FMM are sometimes planned and often executed when a facility undergoes breakdown. This study targets to understand the implementation ability of lean methods in situations when a service of a built environment has failed and the FMM system tries to bring it back to normal functioning. An educational institute’s FMM process to address DT is mapped using value stream mapping (VSM), and delays associated with the current process are captured. This mapping helped in identifying delay causes like material unavailability and administrative delay. The research utilizes the 5S (Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu, Shitsuke) and Just In Time (JIT) methods of lean to improve the FMM process, and implementation of these methods resulted in achieving resolution time closer to the time expected by the stakeholders utilizing the facility. }, author_keywords={Facility maintenance management, lean philosophy, 5S, JIT, VSM }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skinnarland2023, author={Skinnarland, Sol and Bølviken, Trond }, editor={ }, title={When We Develop Collaboration, What Exactly Do We Develop?}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={978-989}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2158}, doi={10.24928/2023/0226}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Faculty of Health, Welfare and Organisation, Department of Welfare, Management and Organisation, Østfold University College, N-1757 Halden, Norway. sol.skinnarland@hiof.no, orcid.org/0009- 0001-9782-2224 ; Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, trond.bolviken@outlook.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4834-240 }, abstract={In this paper we will expand further on the literature focusing on collaborations within the construction industry. In the articles that are concerned with collaborative efforts, the authors present definitions. Often a common denominator is that collaboration is carried out by two or more parties to reach a goal. Little operationalization is offered in terms of understanding collaboration contextually. What are we actually talking about when we are concerned with collaboration, and in particular how to develop collaboration between actors in the construction industry? This paper aims to discuss the term collaboration from the collective viewpoints of actors at a construction site, who consist of skilled workers and apprentices, supervisors, foremen and site management. The basis for this discussion is a previous review of collaboration in the literature, as well as previous research undertaken by the (first) author, which operationalizes collaboration in terms of six underlying dimensions. The argument posed in this paper is that if correct measures were to be identified and taken to improve and develop constructive collaborative relationships between interorganizational actors on the construction site, we would need to address the term collaboration in greater depth. Rather than operating with an overarching and insufficient definition of “collaboration”, we need to operationalize and sufficiently understand how actors themselves understand collaboration within a specific context. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, interorganizational relationship, trust, communication, perspective-taking, motivation, the Last Planner System }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Szyperski2023, author={Szyperski, Leonie and Budau, Maximilian R.-D. and Hickethier, Gernot and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Creating Co-Location Concepts Under Consideration of Hybrid Approaches in Construction Projects}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={584-595}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2159}, doi={10.24928/2023/0227}, affiliation={ Project Manager, Yukon Projects, Karlsruhe, Germany, leonie.szyperski@yukon.pm, orcid.org/0000-0003- 4751-4490 ; Research Assistant, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, maximilian.budau@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-1176 ; Project Manager, Yukon Projects, Karlsruhe, Germany, gernot.hickethier@yukon.pm, orcid.org/0000-0002- 0380-3787 ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Director, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 }, abstract={During the COVID-19 pandemic, across industries many project teams started working from home instead of their (co-located project) office, thus relying on virtual teamwork. This shift prompted the use of hybrid or virtual co-locations, whose purpose is to improve communication and collaboration in the project team. However, there is limited research on the effectiveness of these hybrid and virtual co-locations. A co-location can be implemented in both traditional and partnering delivery models, however, this research focuses on co-locations within partnering projects. To address this gap, interviews were conducted with co-location participants in Germany, Switzerland, and the US to gather a wide range of experiences, as well as supplement and validate the literature review. From this information, a co-location requirements catalog was created, and five concepts of co-location setups were identified and developed with varying degrees of hybridity. The research showed that trust and communication are crucial for collaboration, which is one goal of installing a co-location. Therefore, the implementation of a hybrid or virtual co-location must take this goal into account. In-person events play a key role in building and maintaining trust. As technology continues to advance, research on hybrid and virtual teamwork is becoming increasingly relevant. }, author_keywords={Co-location, big room/obeya, collaboration, hybrid co-location, integrated project delivery (IPD) }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aslesen2023, author={Aslesen, Sigmund and Hindenes, Arve and Reff, Sigmund and Stordal, Espen }, editor={ }, title={Green Is Good: First Run Study of a Sustainable Building Structure}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={521-530}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2160}, doi={10.24928/2023/0228}, affiliation={Development Manager, Veidekke Bygg Norge, Oslo, Norway, sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no ; Design Manager, Veidekke Bygg Norge, Norway, arve.hindenes@veidekke.no ; Senior Project Manager, Veidekke Bygg Norge, Oslo, Norway, espen.stordal@veidekke.no ; Associate Professor, Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway, sebastiano.lombardo@bi.no }, abstract={The study made an account for in this paper is based on the hypothesis that introducing a climate-friendly building material to construction production may fundamentally impact project performance. In the paper, evidence is given for a prolonged, costlier process of erecting the building structure if an extremely low-carbon concrete combined with a 100 percent recycled aggregate is applied. Findings suggest various measures to be taken, to accelerate the hardening of the concrete. Otherwise, a positive environmental effect may easily diminish the overall project performance. The paper is based on a First Run Study (FRS) including a full-scale mock-up of a part of the building structure, including ground floor, wall, columns, and slab. As part of the study, data was collected about the temperature, firmness, and relative moisture of the concrete, and the effects of different actions applied to accelerate the hardening process. The impact of this study is an estimated risk reduction of 1,5 percent in the context of the project it was intended to support. The paper concludes that this type of experimentation should happen prior to actual performance to prevent construction projects from falling short of time and finances caused by unexpected results. }, author_keywords={Lean and Green, First Run Study. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vargas2023, author={Vargas, Fabrício Berger and Bonesi, Fabiana and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Bulhões, Iamara Rossi }, editor={ }, title={Integrating Standardized Work and Production Status Control to Support Location-Based Planning and Control }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1360-1371}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2161}, doi={10.24928/2023/0229}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, engfabriciovargas@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-6622-0020 ; MSc, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, fabianabonesi@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-9899-7798 ; Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Assistant Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, iamara.bulhoes@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-1519-0455 }, abstract={Standardized Work (SW) is an approach to standardize and improve the efficiency of operations cycles. SW can support the implementation of Location-Based Planning and Control (LBPC) by balancing workload between workers, synchronizing different processes and allowing early identification of deviations. Digital technologies can support the implementation of SW by providing real-time feedback to support project monitoring, communication, and information management. The aim of this research work is to propose a model that integrates SW and production status control by using existing digital technologies to support LBPC. Design Science Research (DSR) is the methodological approach adopted in this investigation. The study initially focused on the collaborative identification of critical interrelated activities to implement SW. Then the integrated control model of SW and production status was proposed with the support of visual management devices and digital technologies. As a result, it was possible to effectively synchronize and balance the resources of a set of interrelated activities, increasing the stability of those activities. Therefore, the model can be used as a mechanism to manage variability in LBPC and increase the degree of process standardization while having short cycles of feedback to promote continuous improvement. }, author_keywords={Location-Based Management (LBM), Takt planning (TP), standardization, production status control, digital technologies. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Deng2023, author={Deng, Ting and Tan, Yi }, editor={ }, title={Efficient Pavement Distress Detection and Visual Management in Lean Construction Based on BIM and Deep Learnin}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={174-185}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2162}, doi={10.24928/2023/0230}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Key Laboratory for Resilient Infrastructures of Coastal Cities (Shenzhen University), Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, tanyi@szu.edu.cn, orcid.org/0000-0001-8902- 4778 ; Graduate Student, Sino-Australia Joint Research Center in BIM and Smart Construction, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China, dengting20221@163.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-3064-8353 }, abstract={With a wide range of road construction worldwide, the focus of road engineering has shifted to road maintenance and management. This paper presents a research aimed at developing a lean management framework that integrates BIM and deep learning technology to guide lean production applications in road maintenance management. Firstly, the pavement distress dataset is established based on the obtained road point cloud data. Secondly, a deep learning-based 3D object detection network is applied for automatically detect the pavement distress and improve the accuracy and reliability of the detection. After obtaining the detection information of the distress, Dynamo is utilized to realize the efficient visualization management of pavement distresses. Finally, an untrained road section is applied for the experiment. The predicted information of distress is integrated and visualized in BIM model can provide a better maintenance guidance and well promote the transformation of pavement intelligent maintenance management. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, template, formatting, instructions, references. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Reck2023, author={Reck, Raquel H. and Fireman, Marcus C. T. }, editor={ }, title={A Logistic Framework to Enable Takt Time Planning }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1372-1382}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2163}, doi={10.24928/2023/0231}, affiliation={PhD Cand., Building Innov. Research Unit (NORIE), Fed. Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 33083518, raquelreck@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1928-3461 ; PhD Cand., Building Innov. Research Unit (NORIE), Fed. Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), FoundingPartner at Climb Consulting Group, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, marcusctf@gmail.com, http://orcid.org/0000- 0001-5843-4715 }, abstract={Takt Time Planning (TTP) methodology has gained growing popularity in lean construction, with the aim of improving workflow and increasing production stability. Despite the numerous research efforts surrounding TTP, there is a gap in understanding how logistics planning should support TTP in a construction project. This study presents a framework for developing logistics in a construction project that uses TTP as its planning method. The framework consists of four drivers: (a) equipment sizing, (b) layout risk study and analysis, (c) material management, and (d) structuring of daily routes and routines. The results show that the integration of TTP into the logistics framework allowed for the design of the production system to ensure Takt, and to structure a rapid response to the variations found during the LPS control cycles. Hence, the project deadline was reduce by 16.4%, or 4 months. }, author_keywords={Takt Planning, WorkFlow, Last Planner System, Logistic }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rossini2023, author={Rossini, Francesco Livio and Novembri, Gabriele }, editor={ }, title={Construction Productivity Graph: A Structured Framework to Enhance Productivity and Safety on Construction Sites}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={186-196}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2164}, doi={10.24928/2023/0232}, affiliation={Post-Doc researcher, Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental engineering DICEA, Sapienza – University of Rome, francesco.rossini@uniroma1.it, orcid.org/0000-0001-7577-0219 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental engineering DICEA, Sapienza – University of Rome, Gabriele.novembri@uniroma1.it, orcid.org/0000-0002-9283-3872 }, abstract={The construction industry is characterised by the constant production of unique products in dynamic contexts where, moreover, the workplace coincides with the product itself. This limits the adoption of standardization and process automation methodologies. Furthermore, the average size of professional firms and companies often does not allow for investments in process innovation or skills development. Then, we need to consider that construction is a highly risky activity, also to the lack of standardization as aforementioned. The paper aims to present the framework of a methodology based on linking the information managed by a BIM model with Agent-based simulation techniques - ABS. The scope is to simulate the duration of the work under efficient conditions, understood as the best occupation of the available areas by a suitable number of workers. The result is the Construction Productivity Graph - CPG, a graph that indicates the optimization level of the construction process. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Araujo2023, author={Araujo, Luis Alonso Salazar and Bernales, Michele Trefogli Voto and Savio, Alexandre Almeida Del }, editor={ }, title={A VDC Framework Proposal for Time Optimization in Diamond Drilling Operations for Mining}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1582-1592}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2165}, doi={10.24928/2023/0233}, affiliation={Student, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru, 20171401@aloe.ulima.edu.pe, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0795-3854 ; Student, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru, 20171566@aloe.ulima.edu.pe, https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4186-3869 ; Full Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru, delsavio@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6067-6606 }, abstract={A Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) framework proposal is presented for time optimization in diamond drilling operations for a mining exploration project. The mining project is located in the Huancavelica region of Peru and is currently in the underground exploration phase through diamond drilling drillholes. The geology team uses diamond drilling samples to estimate the total mineral reserves of the mine, and they have projected 13,278 meters to be drilled. The VDC framework proposal’s application allowed a better understanding of diamond drilling processes to support the variability source reduction related to equipment, maintenance and operational tasks. The results showed a time optimization in the diamond drilling operation of 10%. }, author_keywords={VDC, diamond drilling, mining explorations, project management, process optimization. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khalife2023, author={Khalife, Salam and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={How to Navigate the Dilemma of Value Delivery: A Value Identification Game}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={663-673}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2166}, doi={10.24928/2023/0235}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Construction Management, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, khalife@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-4547 ; Associate Professor, Hole School of Construction Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Delivering value on projects is one of the fundamental concepts in lean construction through the Transformation-Flow-Value (TFV) theory. The concepts of transformation and flow are thoroughly explained through the lean construction literature, and various educational games are offered to support the understanding of the flow concept including work-flow variability, takt time, waste elimination, pull systems, and efficient planning. The concept of value, however, tends to be more complicated where researchers are continuously trying to better understand value delivery on construction projects. The International Group for Lean Construction conference offered research on Target Value Design as well as games to reap knowledge about project value. This paper provides additional support to understand the value concept and its characteristics through a proposed educational simulation game. The game demonstrates how designers identify requirements on projects, how various parties value different things, and how to potentially deal with conflicting requirements. The game helps students and lean practitioners in understanding the process of eliciting perceived value on a project and achieving shared understanding through proper communication between different parties. This would help in managing projects in a way that delivers higher value for the different stakeholders, thus achieving successful projects with higher satisfaction rates. }, author_keywords={Value and design management, serious games simulations, collaboration, benefits realization. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Martinez2023, author={Martinez, Eder and Cisterna, Diego }, editor={ }, title={Using Low-Code and Artificial Intelligence to Support Continuous Improvement in the Construction Industry }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={197-207}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2167}, doi={10.24928/2023/0236}, affiliation={Professor, School of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geomatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland, eder.martinez@fhnw.ch, orcid.org/0000-0001-7918-9421 ; Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, diego.cisterna@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-4282-1141 }, abstract={Low-code is a new technology paradigm used to support digitalization in different industries. Nevertheless, there are no studies analyzing the implications of this technology in the construction industry context. Through action research, this paper explores the potential of lowcode to support continuous improvement of construction processes. The authors present the development and implementation of a low-code/artificial intelligence (AI)-based solution to automate data processing from paper delivery notes on-site. The as-is process was measured and compared against the low-code/AI powered process to verify efficiency gains. The development process of the digital solution was also analyzed to derive the findings of the study. The implementation of the digital solution resulted in 78% process time savings. The study also reveals the importance of involving people closer to operations in the development process, which resulted in efficient elicitation of requirements and the delivery of a solution meeting the needs of the end users. This paper highlights the potential of low-code productive development practices to support the digitalization in the construction industry. It also enlightens areas for further research and encourages the development of additional case studies to provide evidence of the benefits and limitations of using low-code to support continuous improvement in the construction industry. }, author_keywords={Low-code, no-code, artificial intelligence, lean construction, continuous improvement }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bølviken2023, author={Bølviken, Trond and Nwajei, Una Obiose Kriston and Hellström, Magnus Mikael }, editor={ }, title={Procurement of Collaborative Project Teams – a Literature Study}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={353-364}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2168}, doi={10.24928/2023/0237}, affiliation={Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N4846 Grimstad, Norway, trond.bolviken@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4834-2408 ; P.h.D Student, Department of Engineering Science, University of Agder, Jon Lillutens Vei 9, 4879, Grimstad, Norway, una.nwajei@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-6979-4430 ; Professor, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Henriksgatan 2, 20500 Åbo, Finland, Magnus.Hellstrom@abo.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-0503 }, abstract={In construction the procurement phase is the connection between the definition phase and execution. Thereby it establishes crucial preconditions for success (or failure) in execution by establishing a shift from competition to collaboration as the fundamental logic in the relationship between customer and supplier. The paradox of the procurement of projects in general and collaborative projects in particular is its aim of establishing collaboration through means of competition. The paper presents a literature study of methods used in the client’s procurement of teams in collaborative project delivery models such as Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Alliancing and others. Five procurement methods are identified: Direct Negotiations (DN), Team-Based Procurement (TBP), dual Target Outturn Cost (dTUC), Competitive Dialogue (CD) and Best Value Procurement (BVP). Three methods for comparing alternatives are also identified: Weight Rating Calculating (WRC), Best Value Selection (BVS) and Choosing by Advantage (CBA). The paper discusses public procurement, procuring the team in one or several steps, early or late setting of targets related to Target Value Design (TVD), the use of qualitative and quantitative evaluation, the need to adjust the procurement method, and the need for information and training. The possibility of procurement based on design solution is also presented. }, author_keywords={Alliancing, Collaborative contracts, Integrated Project Delivery, Procurement, Relational. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heier2023, author={Heier, Nicholas and Chakravarti, Anika and Røyne, Anja and Parrish, Kristen }, editor={ }, title={Exploring How Lean Project Delivery Supports Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage for Industrial Retrofits}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={531-539}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2169}, doi={10.24928/2023/0238}, affiliation={Fellow, Australian American Defense Fellowship, nheier@asu.edu ; Anika Chakravarti, Biomimicry Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, achakr51@asu.edu ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Physics, University of Oslo, anja.royne@fys.uio.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-6868- 6251 ; Associate Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002- 3307-4693 }, abstract={The “lean construction ideal” is to maximize stakeholder value, minimize waste, and emphasize collaboration throughout the design, construction, and operating stages of a building project. In practice, lean construction relies on methods such as the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) system to align stakeholder interests and share risks throughout the project lifecycle. IPD effectively enfranchises various project stakeholders as parties to one agreement, integrating their involvement throughout the design and construction process. While lean construction methods are evidenced to enhance project efficiency in cost and schedule while improving quality, the collaboration fostered by IPD also creates a project environment conducive to innovation and the adoption of new technologies. To that end, lean construction environments, and IPD projects in particular, may offer an opportunity to increase the adoption rates of more environmentally-conscious design alternatives, particularly as the construction industry continues to trend in a more sustainable direction. This paper explores how the lean project delivery system supports incorporating innovative design options on retrofit construction projects (i.e., on existing facilities), and leverages incorporating carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) systems on cement plants as a proof of concept. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, environment, collaboration. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barkokebas2023, author={Barkokebas, Beda and Ost, Felipe and Mourgues, Claudio and Saruhashi, Lissa }, editor={ }, title={Improving Premanufacturing Phases in Off-Site Construction Through a Digitalization Approach}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={812-823}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2170}, doi={10.24928/2023/0240}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, bbarkokebas@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0054-1320 ; Senior Engineering Analyst, Engineering Department, Tecverde Engenharia, Araucária, Brazil, felipe.ost@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-6706-2255 ; MSc Student, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, lissa.saruhashi@gmail.com, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4133-377 }, abstract={The integration of digitalization and building information modelling (BIM) has been lauded as a cornerstone to improve processes and enhance communication across the construction industry. Nevertheless, the implementation of digitalization approaches has suffered due to the lack of methods and processes uncertainties, particularly in the case of off-site construction (OSC) companies where its premanufacturing phases (design, planning, and procurement) differ significantly from traditional construction. This research presents a case study of a digitalization-based workflow to reduce the duration and increase accuracy of premanufacturing phases. To that end, a digitalization plan is developed using value stream maps, supported by Monte Carlo simulation, to identify the waste of current practices and propose suitable improvement measures. Afterwards, a digitalization-based workflow is developed and implemented to exchange data between BIM models and other systems. After one year and a half of implementation, the proposed workflow reduced the duration of tasks in 92.31% while providing an average of 12.24% more accurate bill of materials compared to the previous approach. As such, the contribution of this study is twofold: first, a lean-based method to implement digitalization in OSC companies considering its particularities and inherited process uncertainties; and second, an improved process for OSC premanufacturing phases. }, author_keywords={Off-site construction, digitization, BIM, simulation, value stream. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Johns2023, author={Johns, Nathan G. O. and Talebi, Saeed and Shelbourn, Mark and Roberts, Chris and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={The Circu-Lean Revolution: A Review of the Synergies Between Lean and the Circular Economy}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={540-559}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2171}, doi={10.24928/2023/0242}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of the Built Envirnoment, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, 4 Cardigan Street, B4 7BD, UK, Nathan.Johns@BCU.ac.uk ; Birmingham City University, 4 Cardigan Street, B4 7BD, UK, Nathan.Johns@BCU.ac.uk 2 Course Leader, Department of the Built Envirnoment, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, 4 Cardigan Street, B4 7BD, UK, Nathan.Johns@BCU.ac.uk ; Head of Department, Department of the Built Envirnoment, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, 4 Cardigan Street, B4 7BD, UK, Nathan.Johns@BCU.ac.uk ; Course Leader, Department of the Built Envirnoment, School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, 4 Cardigan Street, B4 7BD, UK, Nathan.Johns@BCU.ac.uk ; Dean, School of Engineering Design and the Built Environment, Western Sydney University, 255 Elizabeth Street, Sydney New South Wales, Australia, M.Kagioglou@westernsydney.edu.au }, abstract={Due to the impacts of industrialisation on the planet’s environmental systems, industrial practice has had to evolve. Sustainable development goals have been set by the United Nations to limit industrial impacts on the environment. At the core of the development goals are the efficient use of materials and the reduction of waste. Two common production philosophies are becoming prevalent within the literature as a solution to consumption and waste within the construction industry, Lean and the Circular Economy (CE). Both provide aspects of green supply chain management that are required to meet the goals set by governments. There are clear synergies between the two philosophies though there are few investigations into their likeness within the literature. This paper aims to further investigate the synergies between Lean and the CE within the construction industry to develop the extant body of knowledge. The findings of the research identified that the majority of interactions between the concepts were positive although not entirely explored in construction. The core similarities surround waste reduction whereas the key differences are Lean’s human management and the CE’s closed-loop value retention. Therefore, it is suggested that a complimentary mixed Circu-Lean philosophy will be the future of production and construction. }, author_keywords={Lean Philosophy, Circular Economy, Circu-Lean, Construction, Built Environment }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hatoum2023, author={Hatoum, Makram Bou and Nassereddine, Hala }, editor={ }, title={Unleashing the Power of Chatgpt for Lean Construction: An Early Outlook}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={208-219}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2172}, doi={10.24928/2023/0243}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, mbh.93@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-3941. ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, hala.nassereddine@uky.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-7952-5034. }, abstract={Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the core technologies that was brought forward by the fourth industrial revolution. This technology is disrupting industries all around the globe, and the construction industry is no exception. Research targeting AI in construction has grown exponentially in the last decade as researchers investigate how to leverage AI across the project lifecycle. With the recent release of ChatGPT, AI research is expected to grow even more as the construction industry navigates this breakthrough and understands its impact. This paper focuses on AI in the context of Lean Construction and has two main objectives. First, the paper reviews the database for the International Group of Lean Construction (IGLC) to identify AI-related publications, summarize their findings, and detect the research trends. A total of nineteen papers were identified, presenting various theoretical and practical aspects of AI in Lean Construction. Second, the paper provides an early outlook into ChatGPT and experiments with its capabilities through three simple use cases that explore ChatGPT’s ability to educate and train on Lean aspects, perform conceptual analysis, and develop Lean applications. The early interaction with ChatGPT showed promising potential for the construction industry with encouraging results that can empower the Lean community. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT, Construction 4.0. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Singh2023, author={Singh, Vishesh V. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Workload Leveling Metrics for Location-Based Process Design }, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1593-1604}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2173}, doi={10.24928/2023/0244}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Engineering and Project Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engrg. Dept., Graduate Student Researcher, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA, mvisheshvs@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-9727 ; Ph.D. Candidate, Engineering and Project Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engrg. Dept., Graduate Student Researcher, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA, mvisheshvs@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-9727 }, abstract={Process design can help to meet project deadlines and ensure a smooth workflow. While work structuring (WS) is commonly used to design processes as linear flows, doing so may not account for 2-dimensional spatial variation in work and such variation can disrupt the flow. To limit disruption, takt production and the Work Density Method (WDM) have been developed, but metrics are yet needed to gauge and visualize the quality of workloads to achieve the desired flow. This paper presents multiple perspectives to assess desired outcomes of workload leveling and formalizes them into optimization objectives. It proposes nine metrics, grouped into seven types, to measure the success of achieving these objectives. The value of these metrics is illustrated using XLWoLZo, an Excel-based tool with an off-the-shelf genetic algorithm (GA), to solve a toy problem. The paper compares XLWoLZo’s results obtained with the suggested metrics to the results of the metric used in existing models, examines how the resulting values of metrics compare to one another, and assesses their impact on desired outcomes. The paper concludes that no single “best” metric exists and suggests combining metrics to balance conflicting objectives. Finally, the paper discusses limitations and offers future research directions. }, author_keywords={Process, Location-based planning, Takt planning (TP), Flow, Variabilit }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2023, author={Schöttle, Annett and Guerreiro, Rafael and Haubrich, André and Ditandy, Michael and Behme, Fabian }, editor={ }, title={Organizing the Argumentation for Changing the Delivery System Using Choosing by Advantages (CBA)}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={990-1001}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2174}, doi={10.24928/2023/0245}, affiliation={ Dr.-Ing., Partner, refine Project AG, annett.schoettle@refine.team , Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320 ; Team Lead Project Control, Munich Main Station, DB Netz AG, Rafael.Guerreiro@deutschebahn.com, orcid.org/0009-0000-5339-6561 ; Head of Engineering, Munich Main Station, DB Netz AG, Andre.Haubrich@deutschebahn.com, https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1541-0447 ; Head of Project Control, Munich Main Station, DB Netz AG, Michael.Ditandy@deutschebahn.com, orcid.org/0009-0001-9101-850X ; Dr., Team Lead Contract & Claims Management, Munich Main Station, DB Netz AG, Fabian.Behme@deutschebahn.com, orcid.org/0009-0000-6130-9050 }, abstract={Megaprojects contain strategic decisions that must be approved outside of the project. A clear and understandable argumentation is required to communicate and push through such decisions. As shown in the literature, Choosing by Advantages (CBA) helps teams create a shared understanding regarding a decision resulting in a strong argumentation of the decision outcome. Therefore, this research aims to better understand how CBA helps to make a strategic decision that impacts all project levels and creates the argumentation to get the approval of the management board of the company. This paper describes why and how the Deutsche Bahn team of the project Munich main station proceeded with the decision to change the project delivery system from design–bid–build (DBB) to integrated project delivery (IPD) while the project was already in different design stages using the CBA tabular method. As all authors (consultant and client) were involved in the research, participatory action research was used as the research approach. The paper demonstrates how CBA (1) helped to create a shared understanding of IPD, (2) helped to understand the scope of the multiparty agreement, (3) helped to organize the argumentation, and (4) helped to create trust regarding the argumentation. }, author_keywords={Choosing by Advantages, collaboration, Integrated project delivery, megaproject, Munich main station. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Apgar2023, author={Apgar, Becca and Smith, James P. }, editor={ }, title={Do Failures in a Takt Plan Fit the FMEA Framework?}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1383-1394}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2175}, doi={10.24928/2023/0246}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student, Civil and Construction Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, USA, bapgar@byu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-8528-0544 ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Construction Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, USA, james_smith@byu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-8925-5680 }, abstract={Few studies have explored takt planning failures and how they might be better prevented. Recently Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) has been proposed as a framework for actively preventing failure in takt planning projects. This project tests case study failures against the proposed FMEA framework as a first step to determine whether a FMEA-takt plan framework can help identify and respond to takt plan failures. In this case study, takt planning was implemented halfway through the construction of five large data centers in Utah, USA. The project was repetitive, enabling a takt of one day despite the large size of the project. Any variance from the schedule (a takt plan failure) was associated with a specific task and marked in their weekly work plans (WWPs). A reason for the variance was identified. These variances were compiled for all available WWPs and are compared to the failure categories proposed in the FMEA-takt plan framework. This study shows that the FMEA-takt plan framework is feasible with minor adjustments to account for failures in takt plans that are due to variables that are beyond the scope of a takt plan, such as unforeseen conditions or extreme weather. }, author_keywords={FMEA, process, takt planning (TP), variability, work flow. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Castaneda2023, author={Castaneda, Jennifer Alejandra Cardenas and Barkokebas, Beda and Martinez, Pablo and Ahmad, Rafiq }, editor={ }, title={Flexible Robotic Production in Off-Site Construction: A Lean Approac}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={596-607}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2176}, doi={10.24928/2023/0247}, affiliation={Researcher Graduate Student, Smart & Sustainable Manufacturing Systems Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, jacarden@ualberta.ca ; Assistant Professor, Department of Engineering and Construction Management, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, bbarkokebas@ing.puc.cl ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom, pablo.rodriguez@northumbria.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-3397-9617 ; Associate Professor, Smart & Sustainable Manufacturing Systems Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, rafiq.ahmad@ualberta.ca }, abstract={The integration of robotics into flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) has been identified as a potential strategy for increasing modular construction flexibility. The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual framework for investigating the relationship between FMS and robotics in modular construction. The framework proposes that by incorporating robotics into FMS, prefabricated building component manufacturing systems will gain flexibility. The two key variables of the framework are robotics (as the independent variable) and FMS (as the dependent variable). Moderator variables such as controlled environment and variability are also considered, as are mediator variables such as real-time adjustments, productivity, equipment utilization, set-up times, varying speeds, and reduced manpower. The purpose of this paper is to set the theoretical foundation for further studies on robotics integration into FMS in modular construction. The paper concludes with a discussion of the proposed implications of the framework for modular construction practitioners and researchers. }, author_keywords={Construction 4.0, modular construction, robotics, flexible manufacturing systems. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Amaral2023, author={Amaral, Tatiana Gondim do and Maciel, Caio Cesar Medeiros and Filho, Renato Rafael Del Grosso and Pessoni, Rubia Cristina de Souza and Paula, Gabriella Soares de and Silva, Sara Vieira da }, editor={ }, title={Results of the Causes and Impacts of Making-Do Wastes in Production in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1395-1406}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2177}, doi={10.24928/2023/0250}, affiliation={Full Professor, Environmental and Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil, tatianagondim@ufg.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-9746-4025 ; 2 Master Student, Program in Production Engineering, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil, caiocesar.eng@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-6756-4068 ; 3 Master Student, Program in Production Engineering, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil, renato.del@discente.ufg.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-4033-7129 ; 4 Master Student, Program in Production Engineering, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil, rubia@discente.ufg.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5318-6820 ; Student, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil, gabriella_s2_soares@discente.ufg.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7730-2838 ; Student, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil, saravieira@discente.ufg.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-6379-6937 }, abstract={This report aims to present the possible relationships between the prerequisites, categories, and impacts of making-do wastes from the non-conformity data provided by the Quizquality of six companies participating in INOVACON. From the analysis of the missing prerequisites related to the city of Fortaleza, it was possible to see that labor (52.75%), materials and components (26.69%), and interdependent tasks (5.90%) presented the most associated wastes. The main categories related to wastes are component adjustments (53.84%), sequencing (21.01%), and storage (9.76%). The highlighted prerequisite information for the Goiania cases was motivated by the absence of projects, blueprints, studies, or procedures that should provide necessary information to execute work packages which were unavailable, unclear, and/or incomplete. Based on these results, the determined actions are the need to improve information management to cooperate so that there are no errors arising from incomplete projects or difficulty in passing on necessary information to the employees responsible for performing the service/work. }, author_keywords={Making-do, prerequisites, categories, impacts and work packages. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skaar2023, author={Skaar, John and Bølviken, Trond and Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={What Does a Commitment to a Plan Mean?}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1407-1417}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2178}, doi={10.24928/2023/0251}, affiliation={PhD Student/Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, john.skaar@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-00032290-2374 ; Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N4846 Grimstad, Norway, trond.bolviken@outlook.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4834-2408 ; Professor emeritus, Dr. Ing., Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-43831683 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 }, abstract={A plan in the making should pull from what creates customer value and from the performers' knowledge and understanding of the context. A plan for commitment should represent the customer's intent in a way that calls for action on the intent's behalf. A promise to commit to a plan happens at many levels and in many forms toward execution, and every promise made becomes a push mechanism to keep that promise. Since a plan represents both push and pull around a commitment, knowledge about these mechanisms can help to understand a plan's function. The main contribution is a reflection on how a plan's push for commitment interacts with emergent situations and an analysis of what part of the commitment is within or outside the scope of the promise and the promiser's influence and control. The promise made committing to a workplan as input to a Percent Plan Complete measurement is used as a practical example. The paper's conclusion arguably strengthens many of the existing parts and principles of the Last Planner System but also gives suggestions for improvement. }, author_keywords={Complexity, Commitment, Promise, Construction, Project-Based Production }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2023, author={Schöttle, Annett and Böker, Andreas }, editor={ }, title={Integrating a Strategic Milestone and Phase Plan (SMPP) as a New Level of the Last Planner System (LPS): An Investigation on Megaprojects}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1418-1427}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2179}, doi={10.24928/2023/0252}, affiliation={Dr.-Ing., Partner, refine Project AG, annett.schoettle@refine.team, Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320 ; Independent Project Management and Lean Expert, andreas.boeker@gmx.de, orcid.org/0009-0009-4535-7381. }, abstract={Megaprojects often struggle with their production planning. One of the reasons is a lack of common understanding of the project scope and goals within the project teams and stakeholders as the basis for reliable project delivery. The Last Planner System (LPS) is a well-known method for production planning and control. Nevertheless, the LPS has its limitations in megaprojects as the gap between the master schedule and the phase plan is vast. On the one hand, the master plan consists of the milestones, the phase durations, and overlaps only. On the other hand, the phase plan (also named milestone and phase plan [MPP]) already consists of specified handoffs and conditions between processes within a phase duration. Thus, the master schedule is too vague, and the phase plan is too detailed. To overcome this limitation, the authors propose integrating another level, on a monthly basis, between the master schedule and MPP in the LPS. Based on two case studies, this paper describes and analyzes how a Strategic Milestone and Phase Plan (SMPP) can be integrated as a new level into the LPS and demonstrates the benefits based on the findings of the two cases. The authors finally conclude that the SMPP should be integrated into the LPS at a new and additional level. }, author_keywords={Last planner system, strategic milestone and phase plan, megaprojects. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arefazar2023, author={Arefazar, Yasaman and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Jeong, H. David and Seo, Jinsil Hwaryoung and Maghool, Sayyed Amir Hossain }, editor={ }, title={Development and Testing of a Digital Lean Tool to Sharpen Motion and Transportation Waste Recognition}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={674-686}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2180}, doi={10.24928/2023/0253}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, yasamanarefazar@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2827-572X ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, zrybkowski@arch.tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004 ; Professor, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, djeong@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-1869 ; Associate Professor, Department of Visualization, School of Performance, Visualization & Fine Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, hwaryoung@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-0410-7203 ; Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, maghool@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-1208-9092 }, abstract={There is a need to create ways to communicate opportunities for motion and transportation waste reduction and productivity enhancement that align with the visual management characteristics of those practicing within the construction industry. In this study, researchers aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an interactive online simulation game that generates spaghetti diagrams as a tool for improving conceptual understanding of motion and transportation waste reduction, that could potentially be used by lean educators in the construction industry. The tool was developed using Unity™ and tested against a control group. To ensure the concept was relatable to participants across different roles, the commonly experienced activity of making spaghetti was chosen as the simulation scenario. Participant feedback from preliminary testing of the online simulation game indicated that the activity was enjoyable and appeared to heighten participant awareness of object placement. Metrics generated by the simulation—as well as post-play discussion—appeared to help participants perceive how elimination of motion and transportation waste can potentially improve their performance. The intent of the simulation is to spur post-simulation discussion with participants about identifying and reducing waste in their own varied processes such as job site operations and procurement. }, author_keywords={Motion Waste, Transportation Waste, Lean Simulation, Lean Construction, Online Game, Serious Games, Spaghetti Diagram, Productivity Awareness }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Coelho2023, author={Coelho, Rafael V. and Anderson, Aaron K. and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Investigation of the Supply Chain of Mass Timber Systems}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={824-835}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2181}, doi={10.24928/2023/0254}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept. and Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, rvcoelho@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-3622 ; Director of Innovation, Swinerton Inc., San Diego, CA, USA, aaron.anderson@swinerton.com, orcid.org/0000- 0003-2307-8516 ; Distinguished Professor, Civil and Envir. Eng. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 }, abstract={How well production systems and their supply chains are designed, configured, and managed affects the delivery of construction projects. Industrialized Construction (IC) and mass timber present a shift from traditional project delivery: they are reshaping existing supply chains and creating new ones within the construction industry. The rapidly increasing number of mass timber projects in North America and the emergence of mass timber supply chains bring the need to study and seek ways to design and improve the production systems that deliver customer value by means of such projects. Accordingly, this paper presents an exploratory case study that describes the characteristics of the mass timber supply chain in North America and the major steps in the process of designing and delivering a mass timber structural system for a multi-story residential building. In addition, we present a list of recommendations for designing and delivering mass timber systems. }, author_keywords={Mass timber, supply chain management, industrialized construction, off-site construction, production system design. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2023, author={Tommelein, Iris D. and Lerche, Jon }, editor={ }, title={Comparison of Takt Planning Methods Used on Projects of Different Types}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1605-1616}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2182}, doi={10.24928/2023/0255}, affiliation={Distinguished Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002- 9941-6596 ; PhD, Dept. of BTech., Aarhus University, Birk Centerpark 15, 7400 Herning, Denmark, jon.lerche@btech.au.dk, orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-9630 }, abstract={Takt planning has been used to deliver projects of different types and in different industry sectors. We presuppose here that the methods used to develop project takt plans therefore must vary. To test whether this presupposition holds we consider two different project types (wind turbines and healthcare facilities) and compare sample projects of these types in terms of the rationale that was applied when developing their takt plans. We show that the rationale takes into account the relative cycle times and associated resource costs of individual steps in their production processes, considering the dependencies between those steps and between processes. Little has been written in the literature to date about the relative costs of process steps in takt plans, and how these costs affect the opportunities planners have and choices they make when leveling workloads to determine the so-called “operable” takt time. That is done here. This paper contributes to the literature on takt production used to deliver construction projects by describing theoretical concepts that help to differentiate takt planning methods used to plan projects of different types. }, author_keywords={Production system design, takt production, takt planning, work structuring, flow, complexity, cycle time, cost, Critical Chain, Theory of Constraints }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{AlBalkhy2023, author={AlBalkhy, Wassim and Chaize, Eva and Morael, Vincent and Lafhaj, Zoubeir and Iordanova, Ivanka }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction and Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Design Management: Survey Results From French Companies}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={220-229}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2183}, doi={10.24928/2023/0257}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Centrale Lille, CNRS, UMR 9013-LaMcube, Lille, France, wassim.albalkhy@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-8133 ; Lean Manager, COEFF Lean Management Consulting Company, Paris, France, echaize@coeff.fr ; Founder and CEO, COEFF Lean Management Consulting Company, Paris, France, vmorael@coeff.fr ; Full Professor, Centrale Lille, CNRS, UMR 9013-LaMcube, Lille, France, zoubeir.lafhaj@centralelille.fr, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-9176 ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, QC, Canada, Ivanka.Iordanova@etsmtl.ca }, abstract={Lean and BIM integration in the design phase may help achieve better design deliverables on the planned time and cost and consistent with the client’s needs and requirements. With the absence of enough studies about lean-BIM integration in France, this study reports the results from a survey about lean-BIM integration in French design firms. The results of the study showed that lean is still not routinely adopted in these firms, and more than 95% of the firms do not provide training on lean. The evaluation of lean-BIM integration was neither high nor low; with a mean of 3.73 out of 5.00. Additionally, the results showed that BIM has still not delivered its full potential in the studied firms. The analysis of the results showed also a positive and significant impact of lean-BIM integration on design performance. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Building Information Modeling (BIM), Design Management, Construction, Lean construction 4.0, France. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rebai2023, author={Rebai, Slim and AlBalkhy, Wassim and Hamdi, Olfa and Lafhaj, Zoubeir }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction and AWP: Similarities, Differences, and Opportunities}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1428-1439}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2184}, doi={10.24928/2023/0258}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Centrale Lille, CNRS, UMR 9013-LaMcube, Lille, France, slim.rebai@centralelille.fr, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7088-808X ; Doctoral Candidate, Centrale Lille, CNRS, UMR 9013-LaMcube, Lille, France, wassim.albalkhy@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-8133 ; CEO, Concord Project Technologies, 1900 S. Norfolk St., Suite 350, San Mateo, CA, 94403, USA, ohamdi@tconglobal.com ; Full Professor, Centrale Lille, CNRS, UMR 9013-LaMcube, Lille, France, zoubeir.lafhaj@centralelille.fr, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-9176 }, abstract={The registered levels of failure in construction projects encouraged searching for new concepts and methods to improve the performance of these projects. Lean construction and Advanced Work Packaging (AWP) are examples of these concepts. While lean construction has been practiced for three decades, AWP is still newer. Despite the growing interest in Advanced Work Packaging (AWP) and Lean Construction, there is currently no published research that explores the feasibility and effectiveness of applying AWP and Lean Construction in construction projects. The current study aims to provide a comparison between the two concepts based on the results from reviewing the literature. This study, which covered 29 studies, summarizes similarities and differences between lean and AWP based on four categories; context and principles, project specification, roles in the project, and work approach. Based on the results, the study recommends investing in ways to integrate the two concepts aiming at achieving better performance on all levels and decreasing the impact of uncertainty and complexity in construction projects. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Advanced Work Packaging (AWP), construction projects, Last Planner System (LPS), comparison, literature review. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Karmaoui2023, author={Karmaoui, Dorra and AlBalkhy, Wassim and Lafhaj, Zoubeir and Chapiseau, Christophe }, editor={ }, title={Lean and Industry 4.0 in Brick Manufacturing: A Digital Twin-Based Value Stream Mapping Proposed Framework}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={230-241}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2185}, doi={10.24928/2023/0259}, affiliation={ Doctoral Candidate, Centrale Lille, CNRS, UMR 9013-LaMcube, Lille, France, dorra.karmaoui@centralelille.fr, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7776-5456 ; Doctoral Candidate, Centrale Lille, CNRS, UMR 9013-LaMcube, Lille, France, wassim.albalkhy@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-8133 ; Full Professor, Centrale Lille, CNRS, UMR 9013-LaMcube, Lille, France, zoubeir.lafhaj@centralelille.fr, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-9176 ; Factory Director, Briqueteries du Nord (BDN), Lille, France, christophe.chapiseau@bdn.fr }, abstract={As one of the most important industries to face the global housing challenges, brick manufacturing can benefit from the principles of lean and the applications of Industry 4.0 to achieve better organizational, environmental, and operational performance. This study reviews the efforts made on lean-Industry 4.0 integration in brick manufacturing and proposes a framework to support this integration. The proposed framework is based on the use of digital twin (DT) technology to create dynamic and automated Value Stream Mapping (VSM). The proposed framework aims to continuously visualize, monitor, and improve the flow, value creation, and waste elimination in brick production processes. The study also reports the state of the implementation of the framework in a brick company in France as a case study. Validating and testing the framework is possible in different types of manufacturing companies; even out of the brick manufacturing sector. }, author_keywords={Brick manufacturing, Lean, Industry 4.0, Digital twin (DT), Value stream mapping (VSM), Internet of things (IoT), construction and housing, France. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{AlBalkhy2023, author={AlBalkhy, Wassim and Rankohi, Sara and Lafhaj, Zoubeir and Iordanova, Ivanka and Velasquez, Jorge Mauricio Ramirez and Bourgault, Mario and Pellerin, Robert }, editor={ }, title={Lean and Iot Integration to Improve Flow in Construction Prefabrication: a Proposed Framework}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={836-845}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2186}, doi={10.24928/2023/0260}, affiliation={Wassim AlBalkhy1 , Sara Rankohi2 , Zoubeir Lafhaj3 , Ivanka Iordanova4 , Jorge Mauricio Ramirez Velasquez5, Mario Bourgault6 , and Robert Pellerin ; Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Mathematical and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, sara.rankohi@polymtl.ca ; Full Professor, Centrale Lille, CNRS, UMR 9013-LaMcube, Lille, France, zoubeir.lafhaj@centralelille.fr, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-9176 ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, QC, Canada, Ivanka.Iordanova@etsmtl.ca ; Doctoral Candidate, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, QC, Canada, jorge-mauricio.ramirezvelasquez.1@ens.etsmtl.ca ; Professor, Department of Mathematical and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, mario.bourgault@polymtl.ca ; Professor, Department of Mathematic and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, robert.pellerin@polymtl.ca }, abstract={ }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2023, author={Santos, Joseph Hakkinen Alves and Famá, Camila Campos Goméz }, editor={ }, title={Cost Reduction in Construction Through Project Compatibility in a Virtual Prototype}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={242-253}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2187}, doi={10.24928/2023/0261}, affiliation={Graduate student Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil. jhas001@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0009-0003-9161-4189. ; Me. civil Engineering, Federal Institute of Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil. camilafama@yahoo.com.br, orcid.org/0000- 0002-7179-9644. }, abstract={The design stage is decisive for the Product Development Process, as it is in this stage that the main guidelines of the projects are defined, which directly affect costs, deadlines and production methods. In this sense, virtual prototypes have been used to approve project alternatives, perform engineering analysis, support production planning and present the product to customers. Thus, they allow the reduction of time and resources in decision-making, in addition to predicting problems that may lead to difficulties in execution. In this context, the research sought to optimize pre-existing projects of a popular standard residence through the development of a virtual prototype through the Autodesk Revit tool where it was possible to reconcile the structural, electrical, hydraulic and architectural projects, in addition to adapting such projects with the construction techniques used by the construction company. In this interactive process, the automatic method of detection of interferences (crash-detection) and the manual were applied, through the contribution of the stakeholders of the work. The estimated direct savings obtained per house built was around BRL 905.00, knowing that this development was a housing complex of 90 houses, a reduction of approximately BRL 81 thousand reais was obtained in total. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, prototype, BIM }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pedó2023, author={Pedó, Bárbara and Tezel, Algan and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Vrabie, Elena and Robinson, Stuart }, editor={ }, title={Visual Management Implementation Strategy: An Analysis of Digital Whiteboards}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={608-619}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2188}, doi={10.24928/2023/0264}, affiliation={Ph.D. Student, Innovative Design Lab (IDL), University of Huddersfield, and Lean Manager at Arcadis, United Kingdom (UK), barbara.pedo2@hud.ac.uk, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-0981 ; Associate Professor, Civil Engineering and Management, University of Nottingham, UK, algan.tezel@nottingham.ac.uk, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-6126 ; Professor, IDL, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Professor, IDL, University of Huddersfield, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8740- 6753 ; Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Senior Technical Director, Country Digital and Automation Lead, Arcadis, UK, elena.vrabie@arcadis.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0854-6484 ; Technical Director, Arcadis, UK, stuart.robinson@arcadis.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5350-6281 }, abstract={Visual Management (VM) is a communication strategy in which a visual workplace for closerange communication is created by using easy-to-understand sensory devices. It is adopted to increase process transparency and self-management capacity. VM discussions have been mostly device-centred to date, being concerned with the development of new devices, or understanding the impact of different VM attributes for different purposes. Explorations of VM as a strategy have been limited. This paper outlines the key elements of one part of an overall VM strategy, namely the implementation strategy (i.e., planning, introducing, executing, monitoring, and controlling, maintaining, and improving, and removing). It is based on an empirical study on the use of a specific type of VM device (i.e., digital whiteboards) at an infrastructure engineering design and consultancy company in the UK. The main sources of evidence were surveys with key representatives of the company and participant observation in the development and implementation of the device. Findings indicate that adopting VM through a systematic implementation strategy with coherent plans and actions is important to enable its successful application. Moreover, some future research opportunities are pointed out, such as to expand and evaluate the definitions proposed, and to test them in different contexts and device types. }, author_keywords={Visual Management, Strategy, Digital Whiteboards, Lean, Design Management. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Musa2023, author={Musa, Muktari M. and Daniel, Emmanuel I. and Ahmed, Namadi S. and Enedah, Ifeatu C. }, editor={ }, title={Evaluating the Usability of the Leanbuild Software Application After the Design Stage}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={254-265}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2189}, doi={10.24928/2023/0265}, affiliation={Lean construction, digitalisation/technology, project management, software usability test. ; Senior Lecturer in Construction Management, School of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering., University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, e.daniel2@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000- 0002-5675-1845 ; Lecturer, School of Engineering and the Environment, Department of Civil Engineering, Surveying and Construction Management, Kingston University: London, Greater London, GB. s.ahmed@kingston.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-3815-0683 ; Lead Program Manager, LeanBuild Limited, UK ifeatu@leanbuild.co.uk, ifeatuenedah@yahoo.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3101-9658 }, abstract={Industries are experiencing a new paradigm shift driven by advanced digitalization, automation, smart technologies, and the internet of things. Lean construction (LC) advocates have been promoting the adoption of existing and emerging technologies through Lean construction 4.0 (LC 4.0). This paper presents an opportunity for the adoption of smart digital technologies in the construction industry in the form of "LeanBuild project management software". This paper aims to evaluate the usability of the LeanBuild software after the design stage of development. This paper evaluated the ease of use and effectiveness, and assessed the comprehensiveness of the software design flow. Focus groups, questionnaire survey and interviews were conducted with industry practitioners, academics, and software/IT professionals. The results suggest that the incorporation of data privacy and security, modules for designing and tracking modular and off-site construction, tools for calculating carbon footprints and sustainability, and artificial intelligence, will improve its usability and provide more value to end-users. The paper concludes that while the LeanBuild software has some limitations in terms of scope and functions, it is generally easy to use and effective for its intended users. The study provides insights for software developers to design more user-friendly project management software. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, digitalisation/technology, project management, software usability test. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Reed2023, author={Reed, Dean and Arthur, Chad and Dunn, Charlie }, editor={ }, title={Capability-Building for Construction Informing Design}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1002-1012}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2190}, doi={10.24928/2023/0266}, affiliation={Owner and Consultant, Capability-Building, Santa Cruz, CA 95050, USA, dean@deansreed.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2916-8558 ; Senior Design and VDC Manager, DPR Construction, Sacramento, CA 95811, USA, chadr@dpr.com, orcid.org/ 0009-0009-0616-7294 ; Product Design Leader, DPR Construction, Charlotte, NC 28217, USA, charlied@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-3093-7203 }, abstract={The research question is whether Takahiro Fujimoto’s theory of capability-building to create the Toyota Production System (TPS) is useful to understand the creation of a capability for Construction knowledge to inform design (CID). This paper attempts to reveal what was done in sufficient detail to compare it against Fujimoto’s explanation of how Toyota’s capabilitybuilding created TPS. The method used was to create and analyze data using the Fujimoto framework explained in his book, The Evolution of a Manufacturing System at Toyota. Fujimoto’s theory allowed the authors to confirm that Toyota-style capability was created and delivered a significant competitive advantage in 2 of 4 projects where CID was attempted. The capability was created without knowledge of Fujimoto’s theory of Toyota’s capability-building. As with previous studies, it was impossible to identify routines developed to implement the process steps. It was also not possible to distinguish process steps for learning from others for production. Industry fragmentation is an obstacle to the level of integration this capability requires of designers and builders. The capability for construction knowledge to inform design can be created and requires vision and leadership to challenge the traditional design process. }, author_keywords={Theory, capability, autoethnography, emergence, evolutionary. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ortega2023, author={Ortega, Jesús and Vásquez-Hernández, Alejandro and Mesa, Harrison A. and Alarcón, Luis Fernando }, editor={ }, title={Maturity Models in Off-Site Construction and Analysis of Lean Incorporation: Review}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={846-857}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2191}, doi={10.24928/2023/0267}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, jaortega2@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1148-937X ; PhD Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and School of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain. Assistant Professor, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia, avasquez5@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-4038 ; Associate Professor, School of Civil Construction, National Excellence Center for the Timber Industry (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, hmesa@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002- 7050-3610. ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 }, abstract={The adoption of off-site construction (OSC) is still uncertain although many contributions to its promotion have been made. In many studies, lean construction (LC) has been declared to be the most suitable approach to support managing OSC, but there are challenges regarding its incorporation into OSC. A maturity model (MM) has been proposed to evaluate and guide OSC adoption. However, the literature shows misunderstandings about the MM structure and how these models incorporate LC. This article aims to review maturity models (MMs) developed in the OSC field to identify benefits and deliver deep insight into their structure and the incorporation of LC. The methodology involved three steps: (i) systematic literature review (SLR) of OSC-MMs, (ii) thematic analysis to identify associations among MM benefits, OSC barriers, and LC challenges, and (iii) analysis and interpretation of results. The findings suggest that MMs developed in OSC are incipient, many of them suffer bias and have weaknesses in their structure, and LC incorporation is poor and not explicit in most OSC-MMs }, author_keywords={Off-site construction, prefabrication, lean construction, maturity models, barriers. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ramanath2023, author={Ramanath, Vishnu and Rybkowski, Zofia K. }, editor={ }, title={Exploration of Educational Backgrounds, Personality Traits, and Gender on Tendencies to Collaborate Among Owners, Architects, Engineers, and Contractors}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={687-697}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2192}, doi={10.24928/2023/0268}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, vishnuramanath@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, School of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, zrybkowski@arch.tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004. }, abstract={The construction industry is challenged by a lack of collaboration and trust, leading to an adversarial relationship among project stakeholders. With the introduction of Lean-Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) processes, collaboration has become a key strategy for increasing productivity. This research leveraged game theory and the Maroon-White simulation to explore whether there is any correlation between the educational background of owners, architects, engineers, and contractors and their tendencies to collaborate. It also explored whether there is a correlation between tendencies to collaborate based on various personality types as measured by Jung/Isabel Briggs Myers typology. Although results from this research are preliminary, university students studying to enter the OAEC stakeholder practices (Owner Architecture Engineering and Construction) showed similar rates of tendencies to collaborate. Correlation with personality types was inconclusive. However, multiple rounds of play often revealed long-term negative impacts when one team betrayed a collaborative agreement for its personal benefit. Also, although teams with females did not significantly modify the numerical results, facilitators noticed that women often openly voiced that a collaborative strategy would gain the most points, yet their suggestions tended to be dismissed by teammates. Further research is needed in this area. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Maroon-White Game, simulation, integrated project delivery, IPD contract, collaboration, trust, betrayal, personality traits, gender. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Nagai2023, author={Nagai, Kaori and Imazeki, Motoki and Kaneko, Yasuaki and Kawai, Yuuki }, editor={ }, title={Environmental Improvements for Renovation Work Using Laser Scraping}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={266-275}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2193}, doi={10.24928/2023/0275}, affiliation={Prof. Dr.Eng. Dept. of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon Univ., Japan, nagai.kaori@nihon-u.ac.jp ; ME Student, Dept. of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon Univ., Japan, cimo17030@g.nihon-u.ac.jp ; Researcher, Technical Research Center, Tobishima Corporation, Japan, Yasuaki_Kaneko@tobishima.co.jp ; Manager, Structural Engineering Office, Railway Operation Headquarters, West Japan Railway Company, Japan, yuuki-kawai@westjr.co.jp }, abstract={Construction sites in general are in environments where noise, vibration, and dust including. Especially in renovation and demolition works, concrete cutting, drilling, and scraping require not only loud noise, vibration, and dust, but also long hours of reaction force from the workers to use the machinery. Robotization has progressed in recent years and the environment for workers is improving, but the working environment in general sites where robots are difficult to install remains a challenge. This study aims to develop a method to improve the noise and other working environments of refurbishment works. This paper describes the results of a feasibility study on a laser scraping method to reduce noise in the renovation of infrastructure facilities around residential suburban areas. The results show that thin cement adhering to the rebar can be removed by the low power laser. Furthermore, a comparison of the noise level with conventional methods on site confirmed the superiority of laser scraping. This result indicates, in terms of lean construction, will reduce waste and improve the quality of the site. }, author_keywords={Renovation, Environment, Sustainability, Concrete, Laser. }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2023, author={Koskela, Lauri and Ballard, Glenn and Bølviken, Trond }, editor={ }, title={Waste: Why Economics Got Is So Wrong, and What Could Be the Remedy?}, journal={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC31)}, year={2023}, pages={1-12}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2194}, doi={10.24928/2023/0300}, affiliation={Professor, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Researcher, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94619, US, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0948-8861 ; Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N4846 Grimstad, Norway, trond.bolviken@outlook.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4834-2408 }, abstract={A paradigm shift occurred in economics in the middle of the 20th century. According to the old paradigm, economics studies the determinants of wealth. The new paradigm, called neoclassical economics, posits that economics studies behaviour under scarcity of resources. A corollary of the new view is that people and organisations can be assumed to make optimal, best possible, decisions regarding the scarce resources. The old paradigm of economics recognized waste as a factor influencing wealth. The new paradigm, focusing on optimal allocation of resources, did not apply the notion of waste. The Nobel laureate economist Stigler went in 1976 even further and claimed that waste is not a useful concept in economic theory, though he admitted the occurrence of waste, which he narrowly defined as a foregone product that can be obtained for less than its cost. The 1976 paper of Stigler is critically assessed. Three major shortcomings are found. First, waste is ubiquitous in economic activities, whereas Stigler downplayed its significance. Second, waste can occur irrespective of the context, whereas Stigler insisted that waste occurs in the context of market exchange. Third, decision usually needs to be implemented in the material world, and waste often emerges in this implementation. Stigler considered decisions without taking implementation into account. To rectify the shortcomings in the economic conception of behaviour under scarcity, a new conception is offered. It is based on the recognition of three different types of waste in relation to a decision: background waste, non-optimality of the decision, and foreground waste. There should be an attempt to reduce or to eliminate all three types of waste. The new conception implies that the starting point of neoclassical economics has been seriously wrong. }, author_keywords={Economics, waste, optimum, scarcity, Stigler }, address={Lille, France }, issn={2789-0015 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, }