@CONFERENCE{Abraham2013, author={Abraham, Kelcie and Lepech, Michael and Haymaker, John }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Selection and Application of Choosing by Advantages on a Corporate Campus Project}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={349-358}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/861}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA, Phone +1 (650) 721-2616, kelcie@stanford.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, mlepech@stanford.edu ; Assistant Professor, Architecture and Building Construction, Georgia Institute of Technology, John.Haymaker@coa.gatech.edu }, abstract={Architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) teams need more efficient and effective decision-making methods, particularly in the pre-construction phase when decisions have the most significant impact on building performance. This paper discusses the selection and application of decision-making methods for the preconstruction phase of a lean corporate campus project. Findings are based on the project team’s review of several value-based decision methods and final selection of the Choosing By Advantages (CBA) approach. CBA was implemented first using group preferences, then with simple additive weighting of individual preferences. In general, decision makers found that CBA enabled multi-disciplinary stakeholder participation and added value to decision-making for simple decision problems. However, decision makers also believed that CBA was inefficient and ineffective for more complex decision problems and did not adequately clarify decision rationale. Switching to individual preferences improved efficacy, efficiency, and value of information derived from the decision-making process, but clarity of rationale remained an issue due to the inherent complexity of decision problems and inconsistencies in factor selection between decisions. These observations suggest the need for future research concerning the design and implementation of appropriate tools for pre-construction decision-making on lean projects. }, author_keywords={Choosing by advantages, decision making, pre-construction }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Achell2013, author={Achell, Juan Felipe Pons and Bonet, Marc Bach }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={A Preliminary Proposal for a Waste-Based Management Approach to Improve Performance in Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={115-124}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/862}, affiliation={Associate Professor and PhD. candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Campus del Riu Sec. E-12080 Castellón de la Plana, Spain +34 658030502, ponsj@uji.es ; Civil Engineer and Lean Consultant. Tarragona, Spain: +34 659966984; marc@ileanconsulting.com }, abstract={The 20th IGLC Conference held in San Diego revealed that waste is a key concept of lean production philosophy which has not been stressed enough in construction management. However, the concept of waste has been widely addressed in the last 20 IGLC Conferences, and studies so far have been mainly focused on identifying and classifying different types of waste and its consequences, although only a few of them refer to quantifying, controlling and removing waste. Therefore, the concept of “waste-based management” and a preliminary approach for its implementation will be introduced to fill some of these gaps. Regarding this fact, we will emphasize the importance of identifying the driving forces of waste and its root causes in early stages of the project; and then, quantifying and controlling waste in order to take quick decisions across the organization. We will also introduce the concept of “waste direct cost” during the execution phase, expressed in monetary terms, as a key indicator to control the cost of waste. }, author_keywords={Waste, Management, Process, Transparency, Continuous improvement, Lean construction, Gemba. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ahiakwo2013, author={Ahiakwo, Ograbe and Oloke, David and Suresh, Subashini and Khatib, Jamal }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={A Case Study of Last Planner System Implementation in Nigeria}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={699-707}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/863}, affiliation={BTech, MSc, PhD Student in Built Environment, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Str. Wolverhampton WV1 1LY United Kingdom,+44(0)1902321271, ograbe.ahiakwo@wlv.ac.uk ; BEng, MSc, PhD, Snr. Consultant-Built Environment, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Str. Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom +44(0)1902322273, d.a.oloke@wlv.ac.uk ; BEng, MEng, PhD, Principal Lecturer, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Str. Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom +44(0)1902321710, s.subashini@wlv.ac.uk ; BEng, MEng, PhD, Professor in Civil Engineering Material, Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton, School of Technology, Wulfruna Street, WV1 1LY, United Kingdom, +44(0)1902518588, j.m.khatib@wlv.ac.uk }, abstract={The work described in this paper presents preliminary results of an ongoing Research project. It focuses on the implementation of Lean Construction (LC) technique to improve construction management practice in Nigeria. To achieve this, design science research strategy was undertaken with different data collection methods. These methods included direct observations, interviews, questionnaires and documentary analysis. The research was carried out in a University construction site, where four prototype hostel buildings were being constructed simultaneously by four different contractors. LC technique via the Last Planner SystemsTM (LPS) was adopted by one of the contractors in the construction of one of the hostel building. The results reveal that the LC project made significant improvements in terms of; the timely completion of the project, 30% cost savings as against the others and an average Percentage Plan Completed (PPC) of 80%. These improvements were facilitated by the way the site was planned, managed and controlled using LPS. Last Planner System (LPS) is the most developed LC tool used in improving work plans and control of projects. The paper concludes by discussing possible barriers hindering the full potential of LPS. These barriers include; lack of commitment to change and innovation, and starting off the implementation half way into start of the project. The critical success factors are also discussed and further research is being proposed. }, author_keywords={Design Science, Last Planner System (LPS), Lean Construction (LC), management, planning }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2013, author={Alarcón, Daniela M. and Alarcón, Isabel M. and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Social Network Analysis a Diagnostic Tool for Information Flow in the AEC Industry}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={947-956}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/864}, affiliation={Project Consultant, Centre of Excellence in Production Management, GEPUC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7050, dalarcon@gepuc.cl ; I+D Manager, Centre of Excellence in Production Management, GEPUC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio Mide UC 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 7050 – 7039, ialarcon@gepuc.cl ; Director and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Edificio San Agustín 3er Piso, Macul, Santiago, Chile, Phone +56 2 2354 4244, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={In the Arquitecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry, the ability to integrate and manage information is critical for organizational performance. Information networks are key for value generation, collaboration and continuous improvement, thus the great interest that they present for companies with a lean thinking approach. It is essential for companies to recognize and understand these relationships in order to exploit them and be able to manage them as any other process in order to improve transparency, flow and seek perfection. Unfortunately, they often remain invisible, unidentified. The hypothesis of this study is that a Social Network Analysis can be utilized as an effective diagnosis tool in order to make explicit an otherwise hidden flow of valuable information. The study begins with a literature review to support the analysis and understand the metrics, and the creation of a methodology for its use and application. It continues with a pilot implementation program in a mining company, enabling to test the methodology and to conclude with recommendations and possibilities of use of this tool. Future studies should continue to develop this tool in order to provide recommendations, detect possible behavioural patterns and explore other applications in the project network. }, author_keywords={Flow, collaboration, improvement, social network analysis, diagnostic tool, information flow, knowledge management }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcon2013, author={Alarcon, Luis F. and Mandujano, María G. and Mourgues, Claudio }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Analysis of the Implementation of VDC from a Lean Perspective: Literature Review}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={781-790}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/865}, affiliation={Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 360, Correo 22, Santiago de Chile, Phone (56 2) 2354-4201, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Ph.D. Student of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 360, Correo 22, Santiago de Chile, Phone (56 2) 2354-4200, mmandujanor@uc.cl ; Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Casilla 360, Correo 22, Santiago de Chile, Phone (56 2) 2354-4245, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={VDC (Virtual Design and Construction) models are seen as an important tool in the AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) industry. The VDC methods allow stakeholders to integrate and transmit information throughout the project life cycle, in order to meet customer requirements. Furthermore, VDC is seen as a new approach that will help the AEC industry in achieving Lean principles by eliminating waste, reducing costs, improving productivity and creating positive results within the projects. The Lean philosophy can be used as a conceptual framework for the implementation of VDC, because the impacts of VDC can be associated directly with Lean Principles. Despite the importance of VDC, its implementation is based on anecdotes and beliefs from past projects making it difficult for the industry professionals to formalize implementation lines (factors and metrics) and apply them throughout the project. This research aims to analyze the current implementation of VDC from a Lean perspective. Our analysis includes studies – in the form of surveys, interviews, case studies, literature reviews and implementation guides– that have been conducted in order to assess the implementation and impact of VDC in the AEC industry. The results highlight the importance of the VDC implementation (benefits and obstacles), the lack of tools to identify strategies for successful implementation and the connection between VDC and the lean philosophy. }, author_keywords={Collaboration/collaborative, lean construction, BIM, VDC, integration, production, integration, implementation strategies. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alarcón2013, author={Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Mesa, Harrison and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Characterization of Lean Project Delivery}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={247-255}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/866}, affiliation={Head and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile. Phone +56 2 354 4244; lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Ph.D Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.Chile. Phone +56 2 354 4244; hmesa@uc.cl ; President, Lean Construction Institue, Box 1003, Ketchum, ID 83340. +1-208/726-9989; ghowell@leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Clear definition of any new philosophy, tool or method applied in the management of projects is required for successful implementation. Distinguishing the traditional practice based on the Critical Path Method from new practices inspired on Lean Project Delivery is important to explain, understand and support its growing acceptance. Lean Construction developed from tools and techniques applied in the construction phase to a philosophy resting on firm conceptual foundations applied throughout the project life cycle. New terms, "Lean Project Management", "Lean Project Delivery" and "Integrated Project Delivery", have emerged but there is no specific accepted definition or clear distinction between these terms and other project delivery methods. Whatever delivery method is chosen, all projects have Commercial Terms, Organizations, and an "Operating System" and are shaped by the culture and technology. Based on literature review, this paper aims to clarify these terms and provide a structure for understanding how Lean Project Delivery is distinguished from "Traditional Practice" beginning with the underlying strategy for optimal performance, and by a focus on three domains: commercial terms, organization and operating system. The paper proposes that Traditional Practice provides a welldeveloped and coherent approach that differs from Lean Project Delivery, a not yet completely coherent approach. }, author_keywords={Lean Project Delivery, Lean Project Management, Project Delivery. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Alves2013, author={Alves, Thaís da C. L. and Walsh, Kenneth D. and Neuman, Yoshua and Needy, Kim LaScola and Almaian, Rufaidah }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Supplier Quality Surveillance Practices in Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={833-842}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/867}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu ; Professor and Chair J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, kwalsh@mail.sdsu.edu ; Graduate student, J. R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, neumanyosh@gmail.com ; Department Head and 21st Century Professor, Dept. of Industrial Eng., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, kneedy@uark.edu ; Ph.D. student, Dept. of Industrial Eng., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA, ralmaian@email.uark.edu }, abstract={Construction processes require the marshalling of resources to install components of the intended structure into the desired location based on design documents, with all the necessary structural and service connections. Construction management activities are often conceived as the facilitation of having the right labor and equipment in the proper location with the correct components, at the proper time, to allow safe and cost effective progress of the work. To avoid rework associated with the installation of project components that turn out to be deficient, general contractors deploy a number of efforts to assure the quality of components procured for the project. This paper will provide a summary of Supplier Quality Surveillance (SQS) practices in common use in major construction companies, primarily in Engineer-Procure-Construct (EPC) delivery projects in the process chemical industry. At present, SQS practices are rooted in an inspection culture, with a series of largely adversarial interventions conducted most commonly either at the supplier’s manufacturing or fabrication facility, or at the construction site itself. The SQS practice will be analyzed from a lean perspective to suggest potential alternative processes to assure supplied components can be installed into the project in an acceptable condition to provide expected client value. }, author_keywords={Supplier quality surveillance, Engineering-Procure-Construct (EPC), value stream, manufacturing, supply chain management, lean construction.. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Arroyo2013, author={Arroyo, Paz and Tommelein, Iris D. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Using 'Choosing by Advantages' to Select Tile From a Global Sustainable Perspective}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={309-318}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/868}, affiliation={Graduate Student Researcher, Engrg. and Project. Mgmt. Program, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 386-3156; parroyo@berkeley.edu ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Decisions in the architecture, engineering and construction industry need to be supported by decision-making methods. Choosing By Advantages (CBA) offers methods that support the creation of transparency and collaborative environments in which to make decisions. This paper provides an example of how CBA can be of support when choosing materials, in this case ceiling tiles, in a commercial-building interior-design project considering global supply-chain issues. The results show that CBA is helpful in integrating multiple stakeholders’ perspectives, in identifying relevant sustainability factors based on the decision context, in making transparent trade-offs between advantages of the alternatives, in providing documentation for the decision rationale, and in separating “value” and cost. Materials that are judged to be more sustainable than others in one geographic location, may be judged less sustainable than others elsewhere. }, author_keywords={Decision-making, Choosing By Advantages, CBA, Sustainability, Design Management, Supply Chain Management. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aslesen2013, author={Aslesen, Sigmund and Sandberg, Eunike and Stake, Steinar and Bølviken, Trond }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Integrating Safety Analyses in Production Planning and Control - a Proposal}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={843-852}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/869}, affiliation={Development Manager, Veidekke Entreprenor, Department of Strategy & Improvement, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no ; Ph.D candidate, Veidekke Entreprenor, Department of Strategy & Improvement, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: eunike.sandberg@veidekke.no. ; Health & Safety Manager, Veidekke Entreprenor, Department of Strategy & Improvement, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: steinar.stake@veidekke.no ; Director, Veidekke Entreprenor, Department of Strategy & Improvement, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, 0214 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: trond.bolviken@veidekke.no. }, abstract={This paper proposes a model to integrate safety analyses as part of performing production planning and control in construction projects. The model takes a system view of accidents, implying that hazardous situations occur due to characteristics of the construction production system. In the model, a joint effort is described to prevent accidents in which safety risk analyses are carried out as part of dealing with short term operative and longer term strategic production planning. In the case company, which is one of the major Scandinavian construction and real estate development companies, Last Planner has successfully been applied to handle the work flow on the construction site. At the same time, the company has put forward an objective to remove four out of five injuries by the end of 2015, including all subcontractors and hired workers. To fulfill this objective, knowledge and insights are needed on a number of levels to develop and implement adequate interventions. In this paper, we look at safety performance at the sharp end. Statistics are used on injuries collected from all construction projects in the company, to gain clear insight into the types of injuries occurring on the construction site, the factors affecting the likelihood of injuries and the frequency of injuries among different groups of workers. To diminish the effects of hazardous situations and reduce the emergence of injuries on the construction site, a model is proposed to integrate safety analyses with systematic planning of production progress. }, author_keywords={Safety and quality, production planning and control }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Azambuja2013, author={Azambuja, Marcelo and Schnitzer, Thomas and Sahin, Meral and Lee, Felix }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Enabling Lean Supply with a Cloud Computing Platform - An Exploratory Case Study}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={205-214}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/870}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA, mazambu@siue.edu ; Estimator, Rock Hill Mechanical Corporation, Saint Louis, MO, 63122 USA, tschnitzer@rhmcorp.com ; Masters Student, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA, msahin@siue.edu ; Professor, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA, hflee@siue.edu }, abstract={Traditional supply practices usually generate waste such as lack of materials and/or accumulation of large inventories on construction job sites. Lean supply systems require the integration of suppliers in the production process as a means to minimize waste. Such integration allows better synchronization of supply and demand and pulling of materials to the job site. Supply chain visibility and real time information are a must in this environment. Manufacturing and retailing have widely used information technology (IT) solutions, such as enterprise resource planning systems, for managing their supply chains. In the construction industry, only a few large construction firms can afford to deploy sophisticated IT tools. The majority of firms are small to medium-sized companies that do not have the resources and/or the manpower to use and maintain proprietary supply chain management solutions. This research explored freely available Google cloud computing tools, focusing on the Google Fusion Table (GFT) as a cloud-based platform to enable real time information on the supply process and site demand. This paper describes the development and testing of the platform that was used by a mechanical contractor to implement a pull fabrication, delivery, and installation system for pipe spools. The results suggest that the proposed platform provides the basic functionalities for developing a costeffective tool for small and medium-sized construction firms to manage supply chain data and implement lean supply systems. }, author_keywords={Lean Supply, Cloud Computing, Pull, Pipe Spools. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Baldauf2013, author={Baldauf, Juliana P. and Miron, Luciana I. G. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Using BIM for Modeling Client Requirements for Low-Income Housing}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={801-810}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/871}, affiliation={Architect, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. julipbaldauf@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, School of Architecture, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3308 4054, e-mail: Luciana.miron@ufrgs.br ; Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 3o andar, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90.035-190 Brazil. FAX:+ 55 51 3308 4054, e-mail: formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={Client requirements management aims to improve value generation of construction projects through a systematic process of capturing requirements, processing this information, and making them explicit to the product development team, as well as controlling whether these are properly balanced. This is particular important when resources are limited, such as in low-income housing projects. This process involves a large amount of qualitative information, and need to consider the diversity of requirements that usually exist among different stakeholders. This paper aims to propose a method to model client requirements in social housing projects with the support of Building Information Modeling (BIM). This method was devised to support both the decision-making processes during early design stages, and also the evaluation of projects that have already been delivered. This article is focused on some of the activities involved in the process to model requirements: exploring different ways of modeling client requirements, and identifying and structuring client requirements. One of the main contributions of this article is concerned with the identification and structuring of generic requirements that can serve as a basis for developing new low-income housing. }, author_keywords={Client requirements management, low-income house-building projects, product development, modeling client requirements, BIM, value generation. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ballard2013, author={Ballard, Glenn and Pennanen, Ari }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Conceptual Estimating and Target Costing}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={217-226}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/872}, affiliation={Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu ; Adjunct Professor (Tampere University of Technology). Partner of Haahtela Project Management Group, Finland. ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi www.haahtela.fi }, abstract={In an earlier paper, the first author argued that project budgets should be set based on the worth to the client of the asset to be designed and constructed, adjusted as needed for capital availability. However, cost estimates also play a role in the process of feasibility assessment and budgeting. When the client’s allowable cost, what they are willing and able to pay is less than what the asset is expected to cost, the project’s feasibility must be assured. The first step is to estimate the gap between allowable cost and expected cost. The accuracy of conceptual estimates, estimates made from programmatic data, prior to design, are generally assumed to be around +/- 30%. Yet target costs are set prior to design. How can achievable target costs be set when cost estimates are so inexact? This paper reports on research currently underway to document conceptual estimating processes that are substantially more accurate than +/-30% and explains the role played by conceptual estimating in the process of determining a project budget. It is proposed that estimate accuracy is in some degree a misleading conceptualization, encumbered as it is by the implicit assumption that the estimator does not act to cause the estimate to be achieved. }, author_keywords={Cost management, conceptual estimate, lean project delivery, project definition, target cost, target value design. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barbosa2013, author={Barbosa, George and Andrade, Fabíola and Biotto, Clarissa and Mota, Bruno }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Heijunka System to Level Telescopic Forklift Activities Using Tablets in Construction Site}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={821-830}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/873}, affiliation={Civil engineer trainee. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85 32886600, george.barbosa@colmeia.com.br ; Civil engineer. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85 99848252, fabiola@colmeia.com.br ; Architect. SIPPRO Management of Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85 99484558, clarissa@pauta.eng.br ; Civil engineer. SIPPRO Management of Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, Phone +55 85 99458582, bruno@pauta.eng.br }, abstract={The use of new information and communication technologies (ICT) can bring benefits to the management of construction sites, such as material savings, productivity growth and the enhancement in the speed of information transmission. To manage the supply of more than 62 blocks of 14 apartments each, spread over an area of 55 hectares, a team of engineers from a construction company in Fortaleza (Brazil) developed a system to schedule and track the progress of activities of forklifts on site in order to avoid idleness of these machines and workers waiting for materials. Thus, this paper describes a computerized system for distribution and leveling (heijunka) of forklift work, using tablets to inform operators about supply and cleanup activities to be performed at the jobsite. The work was developed in five steps: team training in lean construction concepts, recognition of real problems, system development as a problems solution, solution testing and identification of improvements and consolidation of results. Results were reductions of idle machines, work stoppage due to the lack of material and distance travelled. This computerized system has also improved the organization of construction site and the productivity of workers. }, author_keywords={Tablet, heijunka, ICT. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barbosa2013, author={Barbosa, George and Andrade, Fabíola and Biotto, Clarissa and Mota, Bruno }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Implementing Lean Construction Effectively in a Year in a Construction Project}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1017-1026}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/874}, affiliation={Civil Engineer Trainee. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 32886600, george.barbosa@colmeia.com.br ; Civil engineer. Colmeia Construction Company, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99848252, fabiola@colmeia.com.br ; Architect. SIPPRO Management of Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99484558, clarissa@pauta.eng.br ; Civil engineer. SIPPRO Management of Construction, Fortaleza, Brazil, +55 85 99458582, bruno@pauta.eng.br }, abstract={It is not easy to change the culture of a company to adopt a different philosophy of production, like Lean Construction. However, through great wish of directors and engineers and the need to manage a large project in the urban area of Fortaleza, Brazil, a plan to implement Lean Construction was developed and implemented. The project includes the construction of 1534 apartments, distributed in 99 blocks, 82 houses, swimming pools and golf fields, totalling an area of 55 hectares, within a planned duration for 10 years. The main goal of this paper is to present, step by step, all the process of implementation of different lean construction concepts, tools and techniques, and to discuss the benefits achieved in only one year. The construction company had no previous knowledge about lean concepts, and followed specialized consulting and regular classes on the topic during one year. During the study, the engineers started the implementation with the production system design and further the production planning and control using the Last Planner System. It was also developed a project management system in Delphi language which encloses plans for long, medium and short terms, information about availability of crews and control of productivity, safety, quality and customization of the apartments. The system contains real-time information of production control, by the use of tablets to check the services at construction site. The project achieved a more stable workflow and better matching of labor force and other resources, increased plan reliability, decreased the number of emergency requests for resources and work-in-progress. All supervisors became more involved with scheduling tasks in the operational level and all teams more committed to follow the plan. Currently, the project is running on time and on budget, and the company’s director has decided to implement Lean Construction in other projects of the company. }, author_keywords={Implementation, Lean Construction, PSD, Last Planner System, ICT. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Beccali2013, author={Beccali, Marco and Cellura, Maurizio and Guarino, Francesco and Mistretta, Marina and Longo, Sonia }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Eco-Desgin of Solar Driven Systems: A Performance Comparison Between the Italian and the Brazilian Context}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={915-924}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/875}, affiliation={Associate Professor, DEIM Department of energy, information engineering and mathematical models. University of Palermo. Viale delle Scienze Building 9, Palermo, Italy, marco.beccali@unipa.it, Phone +39 09123861911 ; Full Professor, DEIM Department of energy, information engineering and mathematical models. University of Palermo. Viale delle Scienze Building 9, Palermo, Italy, maurizio.cellura@unipa.it , Phone +39 09123861931 ; Ph.D. candidate, DEIM Department of energy, information engineering and mathematical models. University of Palermo. Viale delle Scienze Building 9, Palermo, Italy, francesco.guarino@unipa.it , Phone +39 09123861977 ; Assistant Professor, Dipartimento Patrimonio Architettura Urbanistica (P.A.U.) University of Palermo. University of Reggio Calabria, via Salita Melissari, Reggio Calabria, Italy marina.mistretta@unirc.it, Phone +39 0965385210 ; Ph.D., DEIM Department of energy, information engineering and mathematical models. University of Palermo. Viale delle Scienze Building 9, Palermo, Italy, sonialongo@dream.unipa.it , Phone +39 09123861977 }, abstract={The paper shows a comparative analysis of the performances of two typologies of solar assisted cooling systems for building applications. In particular, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is applied to assess the energy and environmental impacts of solar-assisted, heat-driven chillers and conventional compression chillers driven by grid-connected and stand-alone photovoltaic configurations. LCA is applied in compliance with the international standards of ISO 14040. System boundaries are defined following a “cradle to grave” approach, taking into account all the life-cycle phases including the raw materials supply, the production of the components of the plant, the operation and maintenance, and the end-of-life. The operation step of the assessed systems is simulated with TRNSYS models. Two reference buildings are modeled for two different sites, Palermo (Italy) and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), according to local practices and regulations. The building models are normalized to have the same peak cooling demand (12 kW). The results show that the assessed energy and environmental performances of the grid-connected systems are usually better than the others for both climates, while the manufacturing process of storages in the stand-alone configurations does not allow these solutions to be competitive yet. Furthermore, the impact of the high average national electricity conversion efficiency in Brazil on the results is analyzed and discussed. }, author_keywords={Choosing by advantages, Energy production system design, Environment, Life Cycle Assessment, solar cooling. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Belayutham2013, author={Belayutham, Sheila and González, Vicente }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Integrating Lean into Stormwater Runoff Management: A Theoretical Exploration}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={875-884}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/876}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Phone +64022 163 1362 sbel594@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Phone +64 9 373 7599 ext 84106 v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={The integration of lean production and environmental initiatives are gaining the attention from construction researches looking into areas to improve by assimilating the best of both concepts. Current construction research has proven the effectiveness of lean in reducing both production and environmental waste. However, environmental waste produced by polluted water from construction sites has not received much attention as there is a lack of management tools to deal with this issue. Conventional runoff management focuses more on mitigating the already existing runoff than preventing it from occurring. This research aims to explore the means for preventing and reducing the quantity of site runoff by utilising lean management principles and tools. This research will first identify the links between lean and site runoff by demonstrating the theoretical relationship between both elements. Then, lean management and Low Impact Development (LID) concepts will be explored to cope with both production and environmental waste. Finally, an integrated framework to better manage runoff using lean management principles will be presented. In practice, this framework provides a clearer picture to contractors and government agencies on the preventive measures that could be applied for runoff management. }, author_keywords={Production Waste, Site runoff, Environmental Waste, Low Impact Development, Flow, Lean Production, Construction Management. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bettler2013, author={Bettler, Rebecca and Lightner, Brian }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Applied Leadership Model for Lean Construction: A New Conversation}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={967-976}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/877}, affiliation={National Director of Lean Construction, JE Dunn Construction Company 800 Mount Vernon Highway NE, Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30328, USA, Phone +1(267) 221-5279, Rebecca.Bettler@JEDunn.com ; Process Improvement Manager, J.P. Cullen & Sons, Inc. 330 East Delavan Drive, Janesville, WI 53546, USA, Phone +1(608) 751-1335, Brian.Lightner@JPCullen.com }, abstract={Successful implementation of Lean Construction, on any scale requires effective application of leadership behavior. Many resources about leadership exist, yet there is high variation in the application of leadership, therefore removing much of the opportunity to capture lessons learned and improve the process. The Lean Construction Community (LCC) lacks a concrete and comprehensive model for leadership application that will create a shared understanding among practitioners for a more focused and valuable conversation. This paper offers a starting point for producing a new conversation about leadership in the LCC, supported by the research of some well-known experts. The authors offer a few assessments of the current condition of inconsistencies of leadership application and the opportunities that a model could be useful in resolving. A basic model is introduced that the LCC can use as a starting point for this new conversation to apply leadership methods and capture lessons learned so that systematic continuous improvement of effective leadership application may take place. Leadership is a big topic with many pieces that will require further research and development to finalize a model for applied leadership. The value to practitioners will be as much about the conversation and the iterative loops of learning as it will be about the final model. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Leadership, Applied Leadership }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Biton2013, author={Biton, Nelson and Howell, Gregory }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Journey of Lean Construction Theory Review and Reinterpretation}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={125-132}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/878}, affiliation={Nelson Biton, Project Manager, Searlbridge Joint Venture, at Unki Mine, an Anglo American company, Zimbabwe. nelson.biton@gmail.com ; Lean Construction Institute, United States of America, Ghowell@Leanconstruction.org }, abstract={The theory supporting Lean Construction has been developing since the early 1990s. The result is a set of conceptual foundations, fundamental principles, basic practices and a more or less common vocabulary. These developments challenge the foundations, principles and practices of traditional project management. The lack of a coherent underlying theory of traditional project management in three areas has led to the current problems in the construction industry. Lean Construction is an innovation that was provoked by the inability of traditional practice to solve a set of common and repeating problems on projects. Lean Construction has evolved and developed from Koskela’s seminal work. He proposed a coherent theory that applied concepts and practices from Toyota Production System. This paper traces the journey of Lean Construction theory from its inception by drawing on the work of leading thinkers such as Koskela, Ballard, and Bertelsen and then looks forward to the emerging field of complexity theory and its relationship to projects. The aim here is to explain key developments in theory of Lean Construction and where it is headed. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction theory, complex systems, project management, and Cynefin framework. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Björnfot2013, author={Björnfot, Anders and Bakken, Eskild Narum }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Quality Function Deployment (OFD) with a Human Touch}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={379-388}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/879}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Department of Technology, Economy and Management, Gjøvik University College, Norway, anders.bjornfot@hig.no ; Senior lecturer & architect, Department of Technology, Economy and Management, Gjøvik University College, Norway, eskild.bakken@hig.no }, abstract={In the terminology and conceptual approach to human perception of life, there seems to be a gap between the social sciences and the world of engineering. While environmental psychology refers to human experience or needs, the engineer is speaking about technical requirements in a different language. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) can help bridge this gap between customer requirements and technical design alternatives. QFD is a rational tool well suited for the traditional mind-set of engineers, but the structure of the method is also able to contain a holistic approach to human well-being. The hypothesis proposed in this paper is that QFD, as utilized today, fails to adequately consider human well-being. Well-being is used to “measure” life energy; physical, mental, emotional and physical. From literature studied it becomes clear that the failure of QFD in construction is due to a failure to adequately consider human well-being. It is evident that the end user is inadequately defined. Also, QFD applications in construction have an excessive focus on physical/functional solutions pushed by engineers. There is little evidence that the user’s feelings (emotional, mental and spiritual) have any impact on proposed design solutions. }, author_keywords={Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Interior environment, Kansei Engineering. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Borgen2013, author={Borgen, Eirik and Vaagen, Hajnalka }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Multi Item Picking Methodology in Warehouses}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={165-174}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/880}, affiliation={Senior Scientist, SINTEF Technology and Society, Department of Applied Economics and Operations Research, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway, S.P.Andersens vei 5, Phone +47 47 90 38 39, eirik.borgen@sintef.no ; Research Scientist, SINTEF Technology and Society, Department of Applied Economics and Operations Research, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway, S.P.Andersens vei 5, Phone +47 97 00 01 39, hajnalka.vaagen@sintef.no }, abstract={Order picking is the retrieval of items from warehouses to satisfy in-house orders. Recent research shows that order picking counts for more than half of the warehouse operational costs. In this study a storage assignment clustering methodology and computer implementation is developed to reduce the walking required for an order picking operation. The proposed methodology does not consider routing policy, and does not alter the material handling and storage equipment. The basic principle behind the proposed method is known: items frequently ordered together are clustered in the warehouse. The difference from earlier solutions is in that it avoids full enumeration of the occurrences; a potentially time consuming task. The methodology proposed is based on the transitivity property of implication, allowing for quick computerized processing. The implementation part is potentially the most crucial aspect, as the number of possible clustering combinations is high for construction production systems with thousands of items in the warehouse. Computerised implementation of the population-based enumeration of the occurrences of possible order-combinations is resource-demanding according to computer processing time. Given the waste elimination through reduced order retrieval time, the method is a potentially valuable tool in a company's 'lean toolbox'. The method is primarily suitable for large construction production systems (for example vessel construction) with variable picking orders, and multiple warehouse distribution systems. That said, the method is equally useful for single-warehouse systems. The developed demonstrator is expected to be implemented and tested at a leading Norwegian offshore shipbuilder. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, inventory control, variability, flexible, time compression, storage assignment, order picking. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brady2013, author={Brady, Denise Ann and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Rooke, John }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Development of an Evaluation Framework Based on Design Science}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={579-588}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/881}, affiliation={PhD Student, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. brady_denise@web.de ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 295 4284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Research Fellow, HaCIRIC, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Greater Manchester. Phone +44 161 295 6344; j.a.rooke@eml.cc }, abstract={This paper is part of an on going research work focusing on the development and evaluation of a visual management method, known as LCM4, using design science research. LCM is a visual management method, developed initially by the researcher in 2007 in practice to address a practical problem faced on a construction site. This practical problem was a lack of transparency in daily operations onsite, which led to difficulties in communication, decision-making and general progress in daily work (Brady, et al 2012). LCM also addresses a theoretical problem which is the lack of broader, holistic solutions when implementing Lean and Visual Management (Picchi, 2004, Tezel, 2011). By applying various visual tools together in a unique way, a structure is provided to visually plan and manage the construction process, bringing clarity, aiding communication and collaboration, decision-making and simplifying information. LCM’s main aims are to improve transparency in the overall construction process, implement a visualised flow and a pull system in the daily planning of work onsite and to provide a mechanism for regular quality checks and continuous improvement. Part of the evaluation will be to compare LCM to other planning and control systems such as Last Planner in order to clarify the similarities and differences and also its contribution to knowledge. The overall aim of the paper is to describe and present the development of a suitable framework which is used to evaluate this method within the context of Design Science. Findings from an analysis on the method are presented which specifies its outcomes according to this methodology. Evaluation criteria that make up the framework are identified based on the Design Science literature and the aims of the LCM method itself and are applied in a focused way to the constructs, models, methods and instantiations of LCM. }, author_keywords={Design Science, Visual Management, Production planning, Control. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Caixeta2013, author={Caixeta, Michele C. B. Ferrari and Bross, João Carlos and Fabricio, Márcio M. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Value Generation Through User Involvement in Healthcare Design}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={299-308}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/882}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Institute of Architecture and Urbanism, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, São Carlos-SP, CEP: 13.566-590, Brazil. +55 16 3373 9279, michele@sc.usp.br ; Architect, General Director of the Bross Architecture and Consulting, Rua Arizona, 1.426 9º andar Brooklin, São Paulo – Brazil. +55 11 5505 1555, jcbross@bross.com.br ; Professor, Institute of Architecture and Urbanism, University of São Paulo. marcio@sc.usp.br ; Senior Lecturer, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, Room 500c Maxwell Building, The Crescent, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK. + +44 161 2954284, p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper reports on the initial outcomes of a postgraduate research about user involvement in healthcare design. The purpose is to highlight the importance of involving healthcare professionals in the design of healthcare buildings, to ensure efficiency in the delivery of care services and to meet user requirements. It is believed that participatory approaches can help to increase value generation for users. A case study is used to describe the user involvement in the early stages of the refurbishment process of a Hospital in Brazil. Data was collected through six interviews, documental analysis, archival record analysis and direct observations. Results suggest that user requirements are better considered in design through participatory approaches. Furthermore, the necessary time to perform healthcare services can be reduced due to more appropriate building reconfiguration. Findings also emphasize the importance of effective management, both by the design team and by users’ representatives, to minimize conflicting requirements and to avoid delays in the design process. }, author_keywords={User involvement, value, design process, healthcare buildings. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Casten2013, author={Casten, Michal H. and Plattenberger, Jason and Barley, Jeffrey M. and Grier, Charles }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Construction Kata Adapting Toyota Kata to a Lean Consruction Project Production System}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={63-72}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/883}, affiliation={Founder, Construction Concepts, Greensboro, NC 27410, USA, Phone 336-282-6850, mcasten@constructionconcepts.org ; Principle, Construction Concepts, Charlotte, NC 28202, USA, Phone 704-965-0148, jasonp@constructionconcepts.org ; Vice President-Construction Operations, UCI, Wichita, KS 67214, USA, Phone 316-265-9506, jbarley@ucict.com ; President, UCI, Wichita, KS 67214, USA, Phone 316-265-9506, cgrier@ucict.com }, abstract={This paper reports on the efforts and experimentation by a team of consultants and client contractor leaders as they have worked to adapt, adopt and deploy the concepts and tenets of Toyota Kata into a lean construction project production system. The experiment has produced new learning and revealed the need for much more experimentation and research in the use of the kata within the construction environment. The paper will introduce and describe a construction project production vision equally challenging as that of Toyota’s. This production vision provides the long-term direction and impetus for continuous improvement and adaptiveness. The “conditions of production” within a manufacturing setting and a construction project will be compared and a third kata, the conformance kata, will be introduced and described. The combination of the conformance kata and adaptations of the Toyota Kata improvement kata and coaching kata provides lean construction adopters a consistent routine for striving, on a daily basis and in the service of their project production vision, to achieve conformance to required conditions, assembly process improvement and leadership development, all the while simultaneously growing a supportive culture of continuous improvement, adaptiveness and compounding learning. We call this package of kata, the Construction Kata. For the sake of brevity the paper will limit its focus to the use of the conformance kata and the initial target conditions of the production environment at the project workface. Learning to date and the opportunities for expanded use and research regarding all three of the kata within Construction Kata will be presented. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, continuous improvement, adaptiveness, Toyota Kata, Construction Kata, Daily Crew Production Flow }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cerveró-Romero2013, author={Cerveró-Romero, Fernando and Napolitano, Paulo and Reyes, Edgar and Teran, Luis }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Last Planner System and Lean Approach Process Experiences From Implementation in Mexico}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={709-718}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/884}, affiliation={Lecturer at School of Building Engineering Department of Architectural Construction, Polythechnic University of Valencia, Phone +34 636548839, fercerro@csa.upv.es ; Director of Learning for Herrero Contractors Inc. 2100 Oakdale Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94124, USA, Phone +1 (415) 8247675 pnapolitano@herrero.com ; Lean Construction coordinator at Marhnos, Lafayette No. 40, Col. Nueva Anzures,México, D.F., C.P. 11590, ereyes@marhnos.com.mx ; Quality and Safety director at at Marhnos, Lafayette No. 40, Col. Nueva Anzures,México, D.F., C.P. 11590, lteran@marhnos.com.mx }, abstract={This paper addresses seven pilot projects in the implementation of Last Planner System® (LPS) in Mexico initiated by one general contractor. The work concerns reflections during nine months in the construction process. Firstly, applying action research, preliminary data is presented from Lean Approach Process® (LAP) and LPS implementation. All the data has been gathered through various methods including surveys, interviews and observation. Secondly, benefits of the LPS implementation in terms of improving production planning and control process are presented. However, barriers and difficulties exist that prevent the implementation of the system. Finally, proposals are identified for further improvements in the implementation of LPS in Mexican culture. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Lean Approach, Production Planning and control, culture, Mexico }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cisterna2013, author={Cisterna, Diego and Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Alarcón, Isabel }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Use of a Risk Matrix as Selector of Activity Priority Execution Based on Project History}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={639-648}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/885}, affiliation={Research Assistant, GEPUC, Engineering Student, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad de Chile, E-Mail: dicister@ing.uchile.cl ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Escuela de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22,Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl ; Investigation and Development Manager, GEPUC (www.gepuc.cl), Santiago, Chile, E-Mail: ialarcon@gepuc.cl }, abstract={This paper proposes a set of algorithms that use Last Planner System® (LPS) metrics, obtained from a software that manage LPS data, and some heuristics to build a Risk Matrix which organizes activities in order of importance. The calculations made by these algorithms are fed by historical project information. The activity importance is determined by the level of impact. This level is defined combining criticality and probability levels that are calculated through the analysis of selected variables: numbers of links between activities, assignment of resources, constraint release history, reasons for noncompletion, percent plan complete (PPC), etc. Identification and prioritization of activities which have a high impact on a project is a useful way to reduce variability, preventing the triggering of chains of delays. Along with this, the mere fact of establishing the most significant activities in front of all participants of planning meetings, generate a psychological effect on all those responsible for tasks, which should align efforts accordingly. This tool is consistent with the LPS philosophy; it takes the team members behavioral history and includes it in the algorithm, producing a warning that indicates that an activity must be followed closely, without assigning responsibility to any team member. }, author_keywords={Risk assessment matrix, Last Planner System, variability, Lean Construction, constraint analysis. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Clemente2013, author={Clemente, José and Cachadinha, Nuno }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={BIM-Lean Synergies in the Management on MEP Works in Public Facilities of Intensive Use - a Case Study}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={751-759}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/886}, affiliation={MSc., Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal E-mail: jmdclemente@gmail.com ; Asst. Professor, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal presently at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology E-mail: nmpc@fct.unl.pt }, abstract={AEC industry has been known for budget overruns and delays for a long time. One important reason for weak performances is the difficulty to visualize the production flow, and the deficient information transmission between the different stakeholders involved in a construction project. The use of 3D models plays a significant role in facilitating the implementation of Lean principles, as it significantly improves the process visualization and supports the planning and coordination activities. This study portrays the utilization of VSM on a train station renovation project and proposes the use of a combined approach of BIM tools and Lean techniques for the coordination of MEP works.. BIM-Lean synergies were identified and set the foundation for the proposal of a team coordination approach combining BIM tools and Lean techniques. Besides an important reduction of non-added value activities and durations, the implementation of this approach achieved the alignment of interests of all stakeholders towards a common objective of meeting the overall project schedule. The findings show how a combined BIM-Lean approach improved workflow in MEP maintenance projects, and opens perspectives towards the generalization of the proposed approach into a practical Lean-BIM based production management method. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, building information modeling, production, planning, control, MEP }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Costa2013, author={Costa, Humberto M. and Silva, Marcelo Victor V. and Mourão, Alexandre and Valente, Caroline P. and Laércio, Francisco }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Redesigning Administrative Procedures Using Value Stream Mapping a Case Study}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1049-1056}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/887}, affiliation={Administrator, Administrative & Financial Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, humberto@crolim.com.br ; Information Technology, Coordinator Information Technology, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, marcelovictor@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Director, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Lean & Green Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, caroline@crolim.com.br ; Accountant, Administrative & Financial Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, laercio@crolim.com.br }, abstract={The lean philosophy aims to minimize waste, especially in the production process, reducing activities that do not add value to the final product, increasing quality, reducing time and costs. This philosophy has been applied outside the construction site, such as administrative sectors of companies, known as Lean Office. This philosophy tries to adapt to offices the Lean Production principles: reduce waste in activities that do not add value from a customer point of view. This paper presents an application of the lean concepts to offices in the buying and suppliers’ payment processes, which involves both the construction site and financial department of a construction company in the city of Fortaleza (Brazil). The choice of studying the flow of payments process was due to the identification of flaws such as: lack of standardization, failure to meet deadlines and excessive rework, which resulted in waste of resources. The method includes: literature review on the lean office concepts, mapping activities of the process chosen to be studied, interviews with employees involved in the process, defining individual activities and designing the current value stream. From that, a future value stream map was suggested and applied, which resulted in elimination of waste, improving quality and meeting deadlines, generating a 25% reduction on process cycle time. The Lean Office implementation has improved productivity considerably, added value to tasks and eliminated waste. }, author_keywords={Lean office, value stream map, waste, lean construction. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dave2013, author={Dave, Bhargav and Boddy, Stefan and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Lean and BIM on a Infrastructure Project}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={741-750}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/888}, affiliation={Project Specialist, Civil and Structural Engineering Dept, Aalto University; Finland. Phone +358 50 4364717; bhargav.dave@aalto.fi ; Programmer, Manchester, UK. Stefan_boddy@yahoo.co.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2953178; L.J.Koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={It has been realised through research and practice that lean construction and Building Information Modelling (BIM) have significant synergies, and can bring benefits if implemented together. VisiLean has been developed as research software, which provides integration between the lean workflow and the BIM model, enabling simultaneous visualisation of the product and process model. VisiLean supports the Last Planner™ workflow, and is aimed to be used by the construction teams on projects. The main purpose of the research is to partially evaluate the findings from a brief pilot project, where VisiLean was implemented on an infrastructure project. Through this paper the authors wish to highlight the challenges and opportunities that were identified during the pilot implementation. Specific challenges were encountered pertaining to the level of detail, and the parametric nature (or the lack thereof) of the existing Building Information Model of the project. Also, issues were identified regarding the synchronisation of the lean workflow with the BIM model. Overall however, the project team perceived the integration of Lean and BIM through VisiLean positively. As the implementation of lean and BIM is relatively new to infrastructure projects, the findings are of importance to potential lean and BIM implementers in the infrastructure field. However, on a broad level the findings are of interest to those in the construction industry wishing to implement Lean and BIM on projects. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, BIM, Lean and BIM, Product and Process Visualisation, Infrastructure. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Dias2013, author={Dias, Christine Miranda and Serra, Sheyla Mara Baptista }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Observing Customization of Multilayered Buildings With Focus on Lean Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={439-448}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/889}, affiliation={Graduate in Civil Engineer, Jr. Researcher, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, 13.565-905, São Carlos - Brazil, Phone +55 (16) 8162-8031, christinemdias@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, D.Sc, Associate Professor of Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, 13.565-905, São Carlos - Brazil, Phone +55 (16) 3351-8202, sheylabs@ufscar.br }, abstract={Although the adoption of customization can be a significant differential, it is not easily achieved without a strict management. The customization process of the housing product emerges as an important factor that can add value to the product by considering the requirements of consumers, and this is one of the principles covered by the Lean Construction. This study aims at identifying the offer of customized multilayered buildings in three cities of São Paulo (São Carlos, Mogi das Cruzes e São Paulo) and verifying the interference in the management of the construction site through the application of the Lean principles. Therefore, the methodology chosen was the case study, whose strategy was to apply a questionnaire to six construction companies. The final analysis shows that the companies have found a way of introducing the flexibility in their businesses by planning distinct layouts and different possibilities of alteration. However, only four of them allow the client to modify the internal appearance of the residences. Besides that, even with the restrict knowledge of the Lean concepts in the construction industry, it was observed that all the companies apply the basic tools of this philosophy, albeit in a superficial manner, and have reached significant improvements in the development of their work, enabling them to include the customization in their processes. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, customization, value, production planning, product development. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Drevland2013, author={Drevland, Frode and Svalestuen, Fredrik }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Towards a Framework for Understanding and Describing the Production Value Delivered from Construction Projects}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={103-113}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/890}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. Phone +47 920 64 262, frode.drevland@ntnu.no ; Resarcher, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. Phone +47 986 73 172, fredrik.svalestuen@ntnu.no }, abstract={For the physical construction of buildings delivering maximum value basically boils down to delivering what has been designed with no waste. An imperfect understanding of what actually constitutes value for the customer is therefore of no great consequence. The same cannot be said for the design process, where the specific value that is to be delivered is defined. It is therefore important that people involved in the design of building have proper grasp of what value is, both specifically on the project that they are working on and in general. Within LC workshop approaches are often employed to determine what constitutes value for the client. This can be useful on specific projects, but is not helpful for developing an intuitive understanding of value in general. Neither are the current definitions of value employed by the community. It has been our experience that they are too abstract to be sufficiently accessible for students and practitioners. In this paper we present a draft of a framework for understanding and describing the value of the end product of the construction process, the finished building, centred on the customer’s business model and processes. }, author_keywords={Value, product value, business model, business processes }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Drysdale2013, author={Drysdale, Derek }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Introducing Lean Improvement into the UK Highways Agency Supply Chain}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1067-1074}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/891}, affiliation={Highways Agency UK. derek.drysdale@highways.gsi.gov.uk }, abstract={The U.K. Highways Agency’s Lean deployment strategy was introduced in 2009 with the establishment of an in-house Lean division. This paper describes the way in which the Highways Agency has engaged with its supply chain, helping to build capability so that suppliers can undertake Lean projects and champion them within their own organisations. This is followed by a discussion of the methods used to assess the supply chain’s progress in Lean, measure benefits and transfer knowledge gained from individual Lean projects so that those benefits can be multiplied across the highways sector. Four projects are then discussed, both within the supply chain and within the Agency, which show a range of Lean methods being used to support delivery of major projects and maintenance works. }, author_keywords={U.K. Highways Agency, lean construction, lean deployment strategy, supply chain, collaborative planning, visual management }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Elfving2013, author={Elfving, Jan A. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={In Search of Lean Suppliers Reporting on First Steps in Supplier Development}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={135-143}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/892}, affiliation={Ph.D, Head of Nordic Procurement Unit at Skanska. Paciuksenkatu 25, 00101 Helsinki, Finland, Phone +358 40 738 6100, jan.elfving@skanska.fi ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 214 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 415/710-5531, FAX 510/643-8919, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper reports some early findings related to supplier development: the result of prequalification, performance evaluation and supplier development from 5 pilot regions in 3 countries. It is a follow-up to an IGLC paper presented in 2011. Supplier development can be seen as a third option when make or buy options do not lead to desired results. It seems to be a little used option in the construction industry. This paper reveals that, at least in the pilot regions, supplier development needs to start from very basic things such as helping to fulfil legal and company requirements, and setting standards for measuring quality and delivery reliability. Over half of the supplier base does not fulfil the basic requirements. When suppliers do measure quality and delivery, measurements often do not capture issues important to their customers, the projects. The findings have resulted in re-defining supplier segments, presented in this paper along with next steps in supplier development. }, author_keywords={Lean, supplier, supply chain management, preferred supplier program. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Eljazzar2013, author={Eljazzar, Mahmoud S. and Beydoun, Abdullah A. and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Optimizing Workflow for Shelter Rehabilitation Projects in Refugee Camps}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={491-501}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/893}, affiliation={Masters Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon,,mse24@aub.edu.lb ; Civil Engineering Graduate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon,aab32@aub.edu.lb ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of }, abstract={Optimizing workflow is a goal for lean construction implementation. Applying lean thinking on projects managed by the United Nations’ (UN) agencies is challenging due to limited resources, harsh living conditions and political turmoil. This paper will study the construction workflow for the “Camp and Shelter Rehabilitation” project sponsored by the United Nations Relief Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the near east (UNRWA), and funded by the European Union. The project aims to rehabilitate 736 shelters in refugee camps located in Lebanon using a new approach called “Self-help.” In this approach the families are involved directly of their shelters’ rehabilitation under the continuous supervision of UNRWA engineers. Rehabilitation work proceeds under a harsh working environment and extreme constraints such as: short time interval (8-14 weeks), limited budget, limited space, unstable security and poor safety. This paper will focus on a section of the project involving 30 shelters, study the causes of disruption in workflow and recommend possible methods to improve project performance. Using process modeling and simulation analysis, different scenarios were examined to optimize construction workflow taking into account the various constraints. The ultimate goal is to increase the value delivered to the beneficiaries of the project. }, author_keywords={Construction Workflow, Self-Help, Refugee Camps, UNRWA projects. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2013, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Smallwood, John }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Lean Supply Chain Decisions Implications for Construction in a Developing Economy}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={195-204}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/894}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3661 Fax: (051) 507 3254 E-mail: femuze@cut.ac.za ; Professor, Department of Construction Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2790 Fax: (041) 504 2345 E-mail: John.Smallwood@nmmu.ac.za }, abstract={Construction in developing economies is now a vital sector that contributes more than a marginal growth to the economic emancipations of countries in sub-Sahara Africa, South America and Asia. The upswing in construction activities tends to increase the number of actors that must make decisions, which determine project outcomes. Thus, astute decisions are critically important for project success. This paper addresses how lean supply chain decisions engender project value in the sector. Qualitative approach in the form of “structured literature review” led to the primary data that were generated. Using lean ‘general management’ and ‘construction management’ as the subject area, supply chain decisions were examined in the literature. The increased number of stakeholders, especially at the operational phase of project execution necessitates the negotiation of improved collaborative working within the supply chain. The interfaces between suppliers, subcontractors and contractors imply that supply chain decisions affect the finished product. These interfaces may either accelerate or decrease the rate of production on sites. The enhancement of how supply chain decisions are made and the ‘quality’ of such decisions could drive out / reduce wasteful activities, and then ensure that the finished product achieve expected ends. This discourse contributes to management related initiatives that are already on-going in the industry, especially as it affects developing economics. }, author_keywords={Developing economies, Lean construction, Performance, Supply chain management }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Emuze2013, author={Emuze, Fidelis and Smallwood, John }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Integration of Health and Safety (H&S), Lean and Sustainability in Construction: A Literature Review}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={853-862}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/895}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Tel: (051) 507 3648 Fax: (051) 507 3254 E-mail: femuze@cut.ac.za ; Professor, Department of Construction Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa Tel: (041) 504 2790 Fax: (041) 504 2345 E-mail: John.Smallwood@nmmu.ac.za }, abstract={In most cases, the motivation for health and safety (H&S) has been legislation instead of enhanced business and project performance. The emphasis on legislation may be attributable to a lack of appreciation of the dynamics and synergy that exist between H&S and other project performance criteria and the role of H&S in reducing waste while realising sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between H&S, lean construction and sustainability. The effort is a precursor to the development of a research agenda to guide theoretically based future research that would inform managerial decisions in the domain. An extensive literature review was conducted to examine research and practice with respect to the concurrent use of H&S, lean and sustainability initiatives in construction. Corroboratory views related to the three strategic options were deduced from an in-depth review of the literature. Findings suggest that optimum H&S contributes to enhanced cost, environment, quality, and time performance, and overall reduction of waste and the realisation of sustainability in its broadest sense. Preliminary concluding remarks include: that H&S could be the catalyst for overall project performance in terms of lean construction and sustainability; and H&S should be promoted on the basis of its role in overall project performance, as opposed to the need to comply with legislation. }, author_keywords={Health and Safety, Lean Construction, Sustainability, Waste. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Etges2013, author={Etges, Bernardo M. B. S. and Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Bulhões, Iamara R. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={A Protocol for Assessing the Use of Lean Construction Practices}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={93-101}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/896}, affiliation={M.Sc. Postgraduate Program in Production Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre – RS, Brazil, bernardo.m.etges@gmail.com ; Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre – RS, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br ; Research Fellow, Postgraduate Program in Production Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre – RS, Brazil, iamara@producao.ufrgs.br }, abstract={The use of Lean Construction (LC) practices has gradually spread in the construction industry. Accordingly, mechanisms are necessary to evaluate their use so as to facilitate identifying strengths and weaknesses in the LC implementation process. This paper presents a protocol for assessing the use of LC practices, which has distinctive characteristics, such as: (a) assigning weighting factors to each practice, according to their degree of importance as attributed by the perceptions of seven experts; (b) establishing explicit conceptual links between each practice and lean principles, (c) selecting practices to be included in the protocol based on a systematic review of the LC literature; and (d) the use of multiple sources of evidence to carry out the assessment, which increases the credibility of the results. The protocol comprises 103 LC practices, distributed over 15 categories. This paper reports the application of the protocol in a residential building project, which allowed identifying its strengths and weaknesses. }, author_keywords={lean construction; lean production; audit; protocol }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Evinger2013, author={Evinger, Jake and Mouflard, Christopher and Seppänen, Olli }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Productivity Effects of Starting as Early as Possible in Hospital Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={689-698}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/897}, affiliation={Senior Project Manager, Trimble VDC Services, jake_evinger@trimble.com ; Project Engineer, Trimble VDC Services, chris_mouflard@trimble.com ; Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Director of VDC Services, Trimble Navigation Limited, olli_seppanen@trimble.com }, abstract={Critical Path Method (CPM) is the standard scheduling methodology for building construction in the US. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of management strategies focusing on early starts (ASAP strategy) on the production and productivity rates of “critical path” tasks in a construction schedule. In this study, two healthcare projects were followed over the course of construction to document the effects of field management decisions on production. On project one, a CPM schedule and ASAP strategy was used exclusively to manage subcontractor resources. On project two, both CPM/ASAP and Location Based Management System (LBMS) strategies were used in parallel, on similar location groups, enabling direct comparison. Actual activity start dates, finish dates, demobilizations and remobilizations, productivity and production rates, and manpower were recorded weekly for analysis. On project one, the actual dates and rates are compared against the CPM plan to determine how reliably the tasks could be completed using the ASAP “work in place” management strategy. Results show that certain deviations from the CPM plan, such as starting early, relocating resources before completing a location, and deploying resources to multiple locations at a time cause unpredictable dates of completion and frequent changes to the “critical path”. On project two, actual productivity and production rates for selected tasks are compared between the CPM/ASAP and LBMS location groups. Results show that deploying resources to a location as soon as it is available can have a negative effect on the productivity and overall production rates of critical tasks }, author_keywords={Continuous, CPM, flow, LBMS, process, production, variability. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fauchier2013, author={Fauchier, Dan and Alves, Thaís da C. L. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Last Planner® System Is the Gateway to Lean Behaviors}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={559-568}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/898}, affiliation={Vice President, The ReAlignment Group, Ltd., San Diego, CA USA, dan@projectrealign.com ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={Participation in LPS teaches-by-doing such foundational behaviors as collaboration, transparency, long-term and short-term planning, making work ready, making clear commitments, reliable promising, accountability and metrics – all in a clear, living example of the colorful, visual workplace. LPS teaches teams the entire process of Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) and PDCA becomes woven into trust-building, because using LPS (Planning) builds trust due to the making and keeping of reliable promises across siloed companies and through behaving (Doing) in predictable, transparent and monitored (Checked) ways and learning (Acting/Adjusting) together. Three main sets of behaviors related to or promoted by the LPS were identified: building social networks, addressing multiple needs in a dynamic environment, and treating construction projects as production systems. As a contribution, examples from construction projects implementing LPS are presented and linked to behaviors that emerge from LPS implementation. Examples illustrating the three behaviors reveal different instances in which these behaviors materialized and might have served as “a-ha!” moments for the teams involved. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, lean behaviors, action learning, collaboration, reliable promises }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fireman2013, author={Fireman, Marcus C. T. and Formoso, Carlos T. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Integrating Production and Quality Control: Monitoring Making-Do and Unfinished Work }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={515-525}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/899}, affiliation={Engineer, Master Student, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 8216-9070, marcus.fireman@medabil.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The lack of integration between production control and quality management has been pointed out as a common problem in the construction sector. This paper discusses the impact of this problem in the generation of waste that are typical in this sector, such as making-do, rework and uncompleted work. Based on that discussion, this paper proposes an integrated production and quality control method, which is focused on the elimination three waste categories: making-do, unfinished work, and work-in- progress. The method is divided in three modules: (a) identification and measurement of making-do events, (b) identification of informal packages, and (c) integrated production and quality control. The main contributions of this study are concerned with the understanding waste in construction, and the relationship between different types of waste. }, author_keywords={Performance measurement; waste; making-do; rework; unfinished work; production control }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Flores2013, author={Flores, George and Ollero, Carlos }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Productivity Improvement Applying Production Management in Projects With Repetitive Activities}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1039-1048}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/900}, affiliation={Implementer in the Project Control Management Department at "Las Bambas" Project, Civil Engineer. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, GyM, Mobile: (511) 991244004, gfloresc@gym.com.pe ; Project Control Chief at "CH Cerro del Águila-Sector Presa" Project, Sanitary Engineer. Paseo de la República 4675, Lima, GyM, Mobile: (511) 993112634, collero@gym.com.pe }, abstract={This paper discusses a part of a socially complex project consisting in performing 315,000 times the same activity in 17 districts located at the southern part of the City of Lima, Peru. The project consisted in changing the water service measurement system of the houses in those districts, where there was a lack of skilled labor, most of the workers were plumbers, and the geographical conditions of each district and social issues around the work area represented a major challenge for carrying out the project. In this context, we decided to apply the Lean Construction philosophy as a strategy to meet those challenges. This paper presents some of the results obtained after implementing some Lean principles. }, author_keywords={Productivity, lean construction, last planner system, flow, action learning, production management, services }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Forbes2013, author={Forbes, Lincoln H. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Does Lean Construction Render Commissioning Obsolete? A Preliminary Study and Dialogue. }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={935-944}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/901}, affiliation={lhforbes@gmail.com }, abstract={Commissioning is a quality assurance practice that has been used in the ship-building industry for decades because of the high risk of life lost, should systems or equipment fail (Agustsson and Jensen 2012). Building Commissioning (Cx) evolved from the ship-building industry and ensures that a facility and its technical systems meet the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR). As is done with ships, commissioning begins in the predesign phase, and continues through design, construction, occupancy and use. (California Commissioning Collaborative 2006). Buildings that have been subjected to Cx experience less waste in life cycle performance such as reduced energy and operational costs. They experience fewer RFIs, change orders, and a greater likelihood of timely, on-budget completion. (Heinz and Casault 2004, Mills, 2009). Projects executed by the lean construction method have been shown to exhibit superior quality characteristics such as fewer RFIs, change orders, and rework (Ballard G. and Yong-Woo, K. 2007). The purpose of this paper is to begin a dialogue that compares the merits of lean construction (LC) and Cx procedures. A number of questions explore i) whether Cx adds value to a project, or if its cost represents waste; and ii) whether Cx should be considered obsolete in lean projects. Preliminary findings suggest that Cx is not well understood by the industry, and is underutilized despite its potential for performance optimization. Research questions need to be investigated further with sample sizes adequate for testing hypotheses that may yield statistically valid results. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, commissioning, sustainability, LEED, ROI, life cycle cost. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Frandson2013, author={Frandson, Adam and Berghede, Klas and Tommelein, Iris D }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Takt Time Planning for Construction of Exterior Cladding}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={527-536}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/902}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (661) 644-2978, afrandson@berkeley.edu ; Production Manager, The Boldt Company, Western Operations, 2150 River Plaza Drive, Suite 255, Sacramento, CA 95833 ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This paper presents the concept and steps taken, as well as a case study on production scheduling, to implement the use of Takt time. It starts with an overview of traditional construction scheduling and contrasts that with the use of production scheduling using Takt time. It then presents a process for Takt time scheduling and illustrates its application by means of a case study. Takt time was used to drive installation of the exterior cladding system on a healthcare facility in Sacramento, California. Thanks to the use of a production schedule with a four-day Takt, the traditional construction schedule of 11 months for partial completion of the exteriors was reduced to 5.5 months. This case study illustrates the successful development and application of Takt time, challenges, benefits, and lessons learned. }, author_keywords={Takt time, production planning, scheduling, exterior cladding. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fuemana2013, author={Fuemana, Jonson and Puolitaival, Taija }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Last Planner System – a Step Towards Improving the Productivity of New Zealand Construction }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={679-688}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/903}, affiliation={Undergraduate Student in Construction Management, Department of Construction, Faculty of Technology and Built Environment, Unitec Institute of Technology, Private Bag 92025, Victoria St West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, jonsonfuemana@me.com ; Lecturer, Department of Construction, Faculty of Technology and Built Environment, Unitec Institute of Technology, Private Bag 92025, Victoria St West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, Phone +64 9 815 4321 Ext 8510, tpuolitaival@unitec.ac.nz }, abstract={Productivity of New Zealand’s construction sector is declining compared with other countries and with most other sectors of the New Zealand economy. In response, the New Zealand government has set a target to lift construction sector productivity by 20% from the year 2010 to 2020. Development and use of new tools is seen as part of the solution, as is the adoption of international construction best practice. Lean Construction approaches are among those considered international best practice; construction industry experience with Lean is widely used and reported around the world in North America, Europe and Asia, but adoption has been very limited in New Zealand to date. The basis of the research was the low level of implementation of Lean methods, more accurately Last Planner System (LPS) in New Zealand commercial construction. The focus of the research was on the perceived benefits and challenges of LPS and the factors which hinder its implementation in New Zealand companies. While the findings indicate that benefits and challenges are generally perceived to be the same as those reported internationally, procurement methods have been raised as a key issue when considering the obstacles to implementation in the New Zealand context. }, author_keywords={Planning, Production Control, Last Planner System, Productivity, Impact, Perceptions. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fullalove2013, author={Fullalove, Lúcia H. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Examples of Lean Techniques and Methodology Applied to Uk Road Schemes}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1057-1066}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/904}, affiliation={1 MSc Corrosion Engineering, BSc Chemical Engineering, Lean Practitioner - Highways Agency – Piccadilly Gate, Store Street. Manchester. M1 2WD. United Kingdom. Tel. +44 161 930 4459 }, abstract={The Highways Agency (HA) is an executive Agency of the UK Department for Transport (DfT). The UK government has been instrumental in encouraging the UK public sector to find ways to improve efficiency and has launched a Continuous Improvement (CI) initiative across all government departments. The HA has successfully applied Lean Techniques as a driver to delivering CI. This paper aims at demonstrating how the HA is improving efficiency of road constructions projects and internal procedures using Lean methodology. The examples given will illustrate some of the techniques used at different stages of the UK road schemes programme and the benefit/s realised from their applications. Through these work examples readers will have an indication on how benefits were achieved, which account for a Return On Investment (ROI) greater than 20:1 and over £80 Million of efficiency savings to date. }, author_keywords={IGLC21, lean construction, Lean in UK road constructions and maintenance, Continuous Improvement in UK public sector. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Golzarpoor2013, author={Golzarpoor, Hamed and González, Vicente }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={A Green-Lean Simulation Model for Assessing Environmental and Production Waste in Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={885-894}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/905}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: hgol431@aucklanduni.ac.nz ; PhD, Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. E-Mail: v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz }, abstract={Lean production principles are well known with documented savings and productivity enhancements through the elimination of waste in construction. Several researchers claim that lean can promote sustainability in production systems. More precisely, sustainable or “green” practices seem to be a natural extension of the lean philosophy at an operational level. Green construction also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. Different studies show how the lean and green approaches share many of the same best practices to reduce wastes. From the standpoint of waste minimization – a common concept of both lean construction and green construction – this paper explores the relationship between lean and green, highlighting opportunities to enhance environmental and production performance by implementing green-lean practices in construction. Thus, an integrated green-lean simulation model of a construction project as a case study is proposed. Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) is used as the modeling strategy in this research, given its powerful capabilities to quantitatively analyze complex construction operations. Environmental and production variables are simultaneously assessed in the same simulation model, and the environmental impacts from the implementation of green-lean practices are discussed. Preliminary results demonstrated not only better resource utilization and improved time cost performance, but also energy savings and decrease of greenhouse gas emissions in the project }, author_keywords={Environment, Green Construction, Lean Construction, Waste, Discrete-Event Simulation. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Grosskopf2013, author={Grosskopf, Joana and Menezes, Andreza Souza and Santos, Débora Gois }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Proposal of Activities That Facilitate Work in Order to Avoid Workflow Interruptions Caused by Making-Do}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={719-728}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/906}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Master Student, Post-Graduation in Civil Engineering Program, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil. Phone +55 79 2105-6704, joanagross@hotmail.com ; Professor, Federal Institute of Sergipe (IFS), Civil Engineer, Master Student, Post-Graduation in Civil Engineering Program, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil. Phone +55 79 2105-6704, andreza_sma@yahoo.com ; Professor, Post-Graduation in Civil Engineering Program, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil. Phone +55 79 2105-6704, deboragois@yahoo.com.br }, abstract={Production planning and control play an important role in the stabilization of the workflow. However, in several Brazilian companies the production management staff does not get properly involved in the careful analysis of the tasks that need to be planned. This may cause discontinuities in production. One way of avoiding this problem is the implementation of activities that facilitate the work, i.e. those that prevent or minimize stoppages or interruptions throughout the production process. The aim of this paper was to propose activities that facilitate work in order to avoid workflow interruptions caused by making-do waste. This investigation was based on a case study on the planning and control process of a refurbishment project in the passenger terminal of an international airport. The main sources of evidence were: analysis of documents, analysis of project data, direct observations, and development of process maps. One of the main results was the categorization of the activities that facilitate work in terms of reduction of waste. The main categories identified were: Space Conflict, Work preparation, Sequencing, Access and Design }, author_keywords={Process, waste, workflow, interruption, activities that facilitate the work, constraint analysis, lean construction. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hamzeh2013, author={Hamzeh, Farook R. and Aridi, Omar Z. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Modeling the Last Planner System Metrics: A Case Study of an Aec Company }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={599-608}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/907}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb ; Civil Engineering Graduate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, oza05@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) helps increase the reliability of weekly work planning by properly connecting the master or phase schedule to the weekly work plan through lookahead planning. Two key measures for the success of the lookahead planning are the tasks anticipated (TA) and the tasks made ready (TMR); the first measures the percentage of anticipated activities on the look-ahead plan a couple of weeks before execution and the second measures the performance of lookahead planning in identifying and eliminating constraints to make activities ready for implementation. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between TA, TMR, and PPC by analyzing LPS data collected over two years from several branches of an AEC company in the United States. The results show that company’s team was extremely agile in removing constraints which translates into a high PPC despite the uncertain nature of design explained by the low TA. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System (LPS), Lookahead Planning, Percent Planned Complete (PPC),Tasks Anticipated (TA), Tasks Made Ready (TMR), Weekly Work Plan (WWP) }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Harris2013, author={Harris, Britan and Alves, Thais da C. L. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={4D Building Information Modeling and Field Operations: An Exploratory Study}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={811-820}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/908}, affiliation={Project Engineer, Balfour Beatty Construction and Graduate Student, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, bharris83@gmail.com ; Assistant Professor, J.R. Filanc Construction Eng. and Mgmt. Program, Dept. of Civil, Constr., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA, talves@mail.sdsu.edu }, abstract={The value generating aspects of BIM technology on the virtual design and coordination sectors of construction have been well documented. However, a more thorough understanding of BIM’s ability to assist in the sequencing and implementation of field operations is required in order to fully comprehend BIM’s effect on overall project productivity. For this paper, a case study of a 500,000 ft2 OSHPD hospital project in Southern California was performed in order to observe, identify, and analyze both the field operational activities which could potentially benefit from 4D BIM integration and the factors that could aid and/or deter successful 4D application in the field. Project data was aggregated over a three month period using a combination of observational studies and open ended interview questions. In order to analyze the data for interactions between field operational activities and 4D BIM applications, a relationship matrix was created. The resulting analysis confirmed that by adding transparency to production sequencing, visualizing trade and equipment movement, and understanding constraints in terms of the site and schedule, the use of 4D BIM could serve as a method through which increased value in field operational activities could be achieved. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling, 4D, planning, field operations }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Al Hattab2013, author={Al Hattab, Malak and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Information Flow Comparison Between Traditional and Bim-Based Projects in the Design Phase}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={761-770}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/909}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Mobile +961 70 931272, mja28@aub.edu.lb ; Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Phone +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Project success is intimately coupled with collaborative interaction among the stakeholders and integration of information from everyone throughout the project life cycle. Building information modeling (BIM) helps translate the owner’s value preposition into a successful project by enabling continuous information flow and delivering a high value product. On traditional 2D CAD projects, the information flow between the players and project stages is jumbled. However, on BIM based projects, the interaction is more flexible and overlapped where information is aggregated and shared transparently between the different users (owners, architects, structural and MEP engineers, consultants, contractors, and subcontractors). The purpose of this paper is to understand how BIM can improve project information flow. This is accomplished by modeling interactions among participants across the conceptual and schematic design stages as opposed to the traditional process of having information silos with sub-optimal communication between various project players. In this respect, two process models are created for traditional and BIM information flow. After that, a comparison between the two models is carried out to assess the potential design process improvements resulting from the use of BIM. The research contributes towards highlighting where failure in communication occurs and the hurdles preventing stream-lined workflow. }, author_keywords={Building Information Modeling (BIM), Information Flow, Conceptual Design, Schematic Design, Process Model. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haymaker2013, author={Haymaker, John and Chau, Duen Horng and Xie, Bo }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Inference-Assisted Choosing by Advantages}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={339-348}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/910}, affiliation={School of Architecture and Building Construction, College of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; email: haymaker@gatech.edu ; School of Computational Science and Engineering, College of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; email: polo@gatech.edu ; School of Interactive Computing, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; email: boxie@gatech.edu }, abstract={Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut Riad El-Solh 1107 2020, Lebanon, Phone +961 1 350000 Ext: 3616, Farook.Hamzeh@aub.edu.lb }, author_keywords={Choosing By Advantages, Set-based Design, Time Compression, Decision Models, Data Mining, Inference, Belief Propogation, Case-Based Reasoning. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hickethier2013, author={Hickethier, Gernot and Tommelein, Iris D. and Lostuvali, Baris }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Social Network Analysis of Information Flow in an IPD-Project}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={319-328}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/911}, affiliation={Research Fellow and Doctoral Candidate, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 608- 44124, gernot.hickethier@kit.edu ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 212 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Senior Project Manager, Cathedral Hill Hospital Project, HerreroBoldt, San Francisco, CA, BLostuvali@herrero.com }, abstract={Lean Construction recommends concurrent development of product and process by bringing Last Planners into the design phase. While this approach offers opportunities to reduce downstream waste and improve value generation, it increases coordination complexity during design due to the increased number of participants in the design team. In large projects, this increased number of participants can demand a multi- team structure with roles and mechanisms to coordinate the work between teams. In a case study we document the coordination mechanisms of a design organization on a large-scale construction project, being delivered under an Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) type contract, the Integrated Form of Agreement (IFOA). We conduct a Social Network Analysis (SNA) of information flow between people on the project, who work in a big-room environment. Analysis of this IPD-based social network with indices of degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and clustering, yields the following results: (1) the Chief Engineer and leaders of cross-functional teams play key roles in the coordination between teams, (2) people take on coordination jobs, even if it is not part of their formal role, and (3) IPD projects foster cross-functional collaboration. We conclude the paper with managerial recommendations for the efficient and effective coordination of IPD-based design project organizations and ideas for future research }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Integrated Form of Agreement (IFOA), Design Management, Information Flow, Social Network Analysis, Organizational Structuring }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Holloway2013, author={Holloway, Skyler and Parrish, Kristen }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Contractor’s Self-Perceived Role in Sustainable Construction: Survey Results }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={905-914}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/912}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, skylerh@stanford.edu ; Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu; +1-480-727-6363 }, abstract={With the advent of sustainable building ordinances in the United States and internationally, contractors are required to deliver sustainable projects but have historically not been considered partners in developing the sustainability goals and objectives for projects. Additionally, as alternative project delivery methods gain popularity, contractors have an opportunity and—in an increasing number of cases— a requirement, to take a larger role in sustainability efforts beyond the design phase. Understanding the contractor’s self-perceived role in this industry is imperative to informing their future role in the sustainable construction industry. This paper presents data and analysis of a survey of general contractors (GCs) in the Phoenix, Arizona market who are experienced with lean and now implement sustainable construction to differentiate themselves from their competitors. The survey asked GCs for their opinions and viewpoints regarding sustainable construction; respondents provided feedback about corporate profitability, growth forecast, and the perceived efficiency of the U.S Green Building Council’s LEED rating system. The survey also queried contractors about implications of sustainable construction on their existing lean processes, including current and future work breakdown structures for sustainable project delivery as well as their underlying motives for involvement in these projects. Academics from Arizona State University worked with local industry to develop the survey in 2012 and the survey was deployed in 2013. The authors sent the survey to 76 GCs and received responses from 21, representing a 27.6% response rate. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, sustainability, LEED, green construction }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Howell2013, author={Howell, Gregory A }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Uncertainty, Organizational Structure & Collaboration: Questions for Research}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={23-31}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/913}, affiliation={Lean Construction Institute, 2300 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 400 arlington, Va 22200, USA. Phone + 1-208/726-9989. Ghowell@Leanconstruction.org }, abstract={Lean Construction (LC) has changed the way construction projects are designed and constructed. The fundamental principles of LC, basic practices and common vocabulary, while well established continue to evolve. New developments call for new theories to describe and explain what works and why. This paper explores the difference between "Traditional CPM based Management" (TM) and LC in three domains: "operating system" from an activity based to flow based, "commercial terms" from transactional to relational contracts, and "organization" (authorities and communication protocols) from command and control to distributed and collaborative. These advances raise new questions and directions for research and create opportunities for new practices. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Theory, Contract, Uncertainty, Organization, Collaboration, IPD. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jensen2013, author={Jensen, Patrik and Larsson, Johan and Simonsson, Peter and Olofsson, Thomas }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Improving Buildabuility With Platforms and Configurators }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={771-780}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/914}, affiliation={1 PhD student, Division of Structural and Construction Engineering, Luleå university of technology, Sweden, Phone +46 (010) 452-2440, patrik.jensen@tyrens.se ; PhD student, Division of Structural and Construction Engineering, Luleå university of technology, Sweden, Phone +1 (0920) 492-263, johan.larsson@ltu.se ; Tech. Dr, Division of Structural and Construction Engineering, Luleå university of technology, Sweden, Phone +1 (070) 290-0410, peter.simonsson@trafikverket.se ; Professor, Division of Structural and Construction Engineering, Luleå university of technology, Sweden, Phone +1 (0920) 493-662, thomas.olofsson@ltu.se }, abstract={The different stages in construction projects are often separated with little interaction between the different trades. Many researchers proclaim that this separation between design and production limits the buildability of construction design. Thus there is a need for providing knowledge of rules and constraints imposed from production into the design of construction products. A way of integrating production knowledge into design is by implementing platforms in construction products. This study will however investigate if and how configurators could function as carriers of both product and process (production) knowledge within platform thinking. Previous work developing configurators has mainly focused on the efficiency of the design phase and is usually not linked to production improvements and simplifications. By defining a platform for a certain bridge variant within its market segment, the technical solutions can be designed to be flexible while ensuring good buildability in the construction phase. The developed configurator is built in SolidWorks and parametrically coupled using Tacton Studio. The first version generates geometrical drawings, whereas validation of the generated drawings from the configurator compared with the previous designed drawings from a single case study shows that parametric modelling configurators can be used for increasing buildability and efficiency at site. }, author_keywords={Buildability, Customization, Standardization, Integration, Platform, Configurator. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2013, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Improving Buildabuility With Platforms and Configurators }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={659-668}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/915}, affiliation={Professor, Dr.Ing., Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 97082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no }, abstract={Our focus in this paper is the design of LPS-inspired planning processes in engineering in a case taken from the mechanical offshore oil and gas construction industry. An integrated project engineering delivery system based on design and engineering theory is presented in the paper. Our conceived operationalization is based on a combination of traditional rationalistic models and iterative and inclusive approaches like the ones found in the Last Planner System. The developed model is being tested out in a company setting in an ongoing study, and what are presented here are our preliminary findings. We have uncovered a need for considerable changes, above all to the phase plan and lookahead plan, both of which need radical rethinking to be applied in engineering. Limiting the phase planning timeframe to a few weeks, focussing on detailed milestones based on different levels of maturity in the engineering knowledge that emerges is suggested. A significant finding is that within engineering, it often seems necessary to rely on “making do” as a way of working; hence, the criteria for declaring activities sound must be adjusted accordingly. This paper is a contribution towards better knowledge about challenges associated with implementing LPS-inspired planning processes within mechanical engineering in the offshore construction industry. }, author_keywords={Engineering, Offshore construction, Mechanical industry, LPS, Quality Control }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kalsaas2013, author={Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Measuring Waste and Workflow in Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={33-42}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/916}, affiliation={Professor, Dr.Ing., Department of working life and innovation, University of Agder, 4846 Grimstad, Norway, Phone +47 97082582, e-mail: bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no }, abstract={Applied to continuous improvement work in a construction site setting, a way to operationalize workflow measurement in the construction industry is proposed in this paper. Our conceptualisation uses the metaphor of a river. This river flows with a certain smoothness, intensity and quality (more or less turbulently). The water represents the man-hours available to the employer – which are divided between productive work (direct work, indirect work, planning and HSE work); and waste (e.g. rework, waiting and other forms of downtime). We distinguish between observable and hidden waste. Hidden waste is tied to the potential improvement of methods used in transformation work and indirect work. Our conceptualisation draws on the OEE (Original Equipment Efficiency) concept from manufacturing. For practical reasons, work intensity is assumed constant. Thus the work pressure is even, but the tasks are not necessarily productive. Observable waste, except rework, relates to the smoothness of the river; rework relates to its quality. Flow was measured through observations and self-reporting. All workmen involved in a construction project over time, e.g. for one week, fill in a form estimating their time use, including the daily time loss and its causes. The principle is to detect “making-do” and other sources of waste or downtime. Suspecting that a time ratio cannot produce enthusiasm whereas time reduction can, low values for wasted time are to be interpreted as good flow. Sufficient data validity depends on staff training and motivation. A period of measurement culminates in a joint meeting with the workmen. This is where continuous improvement comes in. Results are discussed, efficiency improvement measures identified, and action plans prepared. Later, e.g. another two months into the project period, new measurements are made, and the figures are followed up with reflections about further improvements. }, author_keywords={Workflow, waste, measurement, continuous improvement }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kerem2013, author={Kerem, Cheni and Barak, Ronen and Sacks, Rafael and Priven, Vitaliy }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Learning to See – Managers Working in the Gemba as Part of the Tidhar Way Training Program }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={957-966}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/917}, affiliation={Lean Israel, Partner ; Tidhar, Knowledge Manager and Lean leader ; Technion, Associate Professor ; Technion, PHD Candidate }, abstract={Implementing lean management systems is based on implementing lean tools and fundamental cultural change. Most organizations manage to apply several lean tools on the technical level but find it hard to make the leap towards true lean transformation. Tidhar, a leading Israeli construction company, was no different. Its journey started with implementing VSM, A3 and parts of the LPS™, but in order to make a significant change a concentrated management training program was necessary. 'Tidhar Lean Boot Camp' is a basic six day lean training program and its purpose is to transform traditional managers into lean managers by breaking existing paradigms, understanding wastes, seeing them first hand in the Gemba and learning to use standard lean management tools to eliminate them. This article reports on the learning achieved during two days of a recent boot camp session that were devoted to first-hand work in the Gemba, where ten experienced managers from different levels and departments undertook trade work in the field. The results were overwhelming as each manager came back with at least two or three fundamental wastes that could not be noticed in any way other than by living this experience. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kirchbach2013, author={Kirchbach, Kim and Steuer, Dominik and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Introduction of a Digital Earthwork Construction Site}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={791-800}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/918}, affiliation={Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 60848223, kim.kirchbach@kit.edu ; Graduate Student. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, dominik.steuer@student.kit.edu ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49 721 60842646, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu }, abstract={The concept of the “digital factory” has already been successfully implemented in the automotive and manufacturing industry. An adaption, following lean principles, to the construction site seems promising. Combining sensors, information technology, and approaches of Building information modeling (BIM) allows a cross-linking of construction machines and therefore offers a higher level of information transparency. This enables construction machines a faster way of discovering changes through the dynamics of the construction process (change of soil class, weather conditions, etc.). Higher transparency and reduced waste can lead not only to a higher utilization of one construction machine but also to a higher efficiency of the whole process chain by the related lean management methods. The collected information can also be used for a new and dynamic type of allocation of the construction machines based on a flexible Kanban system. An improved constructive cooperation and coordination (e.g. reduced waiting or unproductive times) ensures that potentials will be exploited and a value maximization achieved. This paper will show a theoretical model, based on expert interviews and stochastic simulations. It provides an estimation of the implementation cost and running expenses in comparison with the mentioned potential for optimization }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, IT in Lean, standardization, visual management, Last Planner System }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2013, author={Koskela, Lauri and Bølviken, Trond and Rooke, John }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Which Are the Wastes of Construction?}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={3-12}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/919}, affiliation={Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Crescent, Salford, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk. ; Director, Strategy and Improvement, Veidekke Entreprenør AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, trond.bolviken@veidekke.no ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Crescent, Salford, jalfro@eml.cc }, abstract={In the Toyota Production System, the seven wastes presented by Ohno have provided understanding on the foundations of production management and guidance for action for more than half a century. This list has been widely used also when the Toyota Production System and its derivatives, like lean production, have been adapted and diffused into other industries, such as construction. However, the seven wastes originate from a mass production context and do not cover, for example, the design stage of a productive endeavour, as it is commonly found in construction. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of waste in construction as well as to explore the potential of creating a list of wastes particularly for this type of production. Such a list would be instrumental in creating awareness on the major waste types occurring in construction, as well as mobilizing action towards stemming, reducing and eliminating them. The discussion is structured by analyzing the sufficiency of the classical seven wastes from a construction viewpoint and by exploring alternative wastes in cases where the classical list is not found adequate. It is anticipated that this preparatory discussion will propel the next stage of research towards producing a list of wastes specifically for construction }, author_keywords={Waste, seven wastes, construction management. design management. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kpamma2013, author={Kpamma, E. Zoya and Adjei-Kumi, Theophilus }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Construction Permits and Flow of Projects Within the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={257-266}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/920}, affiliation={Lecturer, Building Technology Department, Sunyani Polytechnic, P.O. Box 206, Sunyani, Ghana, Phone + (233) 244787599, evanskpamma@yahoo.co.uk ; Lecturer, Building Technology Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Phone + (233) 244536995, tadjeikumi@yahoo.com }, abstract={One of the quality control measures in the construction industry in Ghana is the statutory requirement for the acquisition of permits before the commencement of construction work. The acquisition of these permits, among others, ensures quality of building construction products and less impact on the environment. The process of obtaining these permits has however been observed to be associated with steps that affect the flow of pre-construction activities leading to delays, and possibly cost overruns and decreased value of building construction products. The paper examines the processes involved in obtaining building construction permits and how that impacts flow of activities at the pre-construction stage. The study focused on the Sunyani Municipality, an emerging urban area in Ghana. Permit issuing authorities like the Municipal Assembly, the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Fire Service were contacted for data on permit acquisition processes and requirements. Developers and consultants who have been involved in obtaining permits from these authorities were also interviewed. The study points to the acquisition of permits as one of the obstacles in ensuring continuous workflow in the building construction project delivery process, mainly due to lack of integration of process steps as well as delays in processing and issuing the permits }, author_keywords={Construction permit, flow, lean construction, value, integration, waste, Ghana }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ladhad2013, author={Ladhad, Akash and Parrish, Kristen }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Role of Lean Practices for Zero Net Energy Retrofits}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={895-904}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/921}, affiliation={ Graduate Student, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Akash.Ladhad@asu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu; +1-480-727-6363 }, abstract={Many in the construction industry view lean practices as a means for reducing cost and schedule while maintaining or improving quality. We argue lean practices can also be used to promote energy savings throughout a building’s lifecycle. This paper presents a case study of an existing building retrofit in Phoenix, Arizona. The project owner, a general contractor, self-performed much of the building construction and worked to ensure the project team aligned around the project’s zero net energy goal. All building systems, excepting the walls and roof, were re-designed and re- constructed. After retrofit, the building has achieved net-zero energy consumption; that is, the building produces as much energy as it consumes on an annual basis. In this paper, we discuss the role of lean principles and construction practices in making this zero-net-energy retrofit project successful. Specifically, we discuss the effect of shared understanding, work breakdown structure, and early integration of the design and construction teams on energy performance. We highlight the role of these practices in design and construction activities. This case study illustrates the effectiveness of lean practices for achieving energy performance goals and proves feasibility of new work structures on retrofit projects. Based on this case study, we make recommendations for application of lean practices on future zero-net-energy retrofit projects }, author_keywords={Lean construction, work structure, retrofitting, deep energy savings, integration, process, collaboration. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Leite2013, author={Leite, Kelma Pinheiro and Neto, José de Paula Barros }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Value Stream in Housing Design }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={419-428}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/922}, affiliation={Architect and Urban Planner, Master student at the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. Tel.: +55 85- 99696902, kelmapinheiro@yahoo.com.br ; Civil Engineer, PhD in Business Administration from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Titular Teacher of the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={The introduction of lean thinking in construction, and the achieved benefits, is prompting companies to adopt Lean Design. This research aims proposes improvements to the flow of information in the design of housing enterprises according to the Lean Thinking principles (LT). The companies’ lack of knowledge about its own design processes hinders the identification of activities that do not add value, and it brings about the question “how to minimize the waste generated in the construction companies’ design process?” This research uses the lean tool Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to represent and analyze information throughout the elaboration of vertical multi-familiar housing projects. The method adopted to achieve the goal, includes a case study in a construction company that uses lean principles and is implementing Lean Design, and data analysis. The results highlight the current and future/ideal VSMs, with suggestions for improvements in the analyzed process. }, author_keywords={Architecture, Value Stream Mapping. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lima2013, author={Lima, Mariana M. X. and Rusche, Regina C. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Proposition of an Architectural Design Process Model Based on a Constructivist Decision Support Approach }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={399-407}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/923}, affiliation={PhD. Candidate in Architecture, Technology and Cities, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas – SP, Brazil, lima.mmxavier@gmail.com ; Professor, Department of Architecture and Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas – SP, Brazil, regina@fec.unicamp.b }, abstract={This paper presents a model of an architectural design process for multi-performances which incorporates a constructivist approach of multi-criteria decision support. This approach seeks to reconcile the value system of decision makers, as it believes that they do not have the same goals. Thus, the aim is to reach a space of consensus among decision makers (in the case of the design, among experts/designers). This space of consensus must aggregate multiple views of reality arising from each participant. We started from the hypothesis that the incorporation of such an approach helps to reconcile conflicting goals of the project and, therefore, for collaboration among experts since the early stages of design. The proposed model is result of a research based on a Design Science Research approach. This methodological approach suggests the proposition of an artifact to solve a practical problem. In this case, the practical problem is the compatibility of multiple performance dimensions in the project. The proposed artifact is the model of an architectural design process for multi-performances. The application and testing of the model occurred through a didactic experiment. It is expected, through this research, a model of design process that systematizes the participation of experts and promotes collaboration in order to reach compatible goals of different dimensions of performance in a design solution. }, author_keywords={Lean design, decision support, design science research, design process model. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Linnik2013, author={Linnik, Meeli and Berghede, Klas and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={An Experiment in Takt Time Planning Applied to Non-Repetitive Work}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={609-618}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/924}, affiliation={Production Engineer, The Boldt Company, Sutter Medical Center Sacramento Project, 2710 Capitol Avenue, CA 95816-6005, USA, Phone +1 415/710-2824 ; Production Manager, The Boldt Company, Western Operations, 2150 River Plaza Drive, Suite 255, Sacramento, CA 95833 ; Research Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), 214 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 415/710-5531, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Takt time planning has been used in construction, but was limited to highly repetitive projects such as highways, pipelines, high-rise buildings, and single family homes. This paper reports on an experiment in takt time planning applied to non-repetitive work, at the Sutter Health Women’s and Children’s Hospital in Sacramento, CA. Takt time planning is based on location breakdown structures with the objective to make work flow continuously. Expected benefits include reduction in project duration and associated costs, increased transparency and predictability of work flow, increased ability to define and deliver work packages of information and materials when needed, and improved design of operations. All of these benefits were confirmed in the experiment. This paper describes experiments in takt time planning, evaluates the findings, and recommends further improvements in the takt time planning process for future experiments. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, reliability, takt time planning, time compression, work flow. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mariz2013, author={Mariz, Renato Nunes and Picchi, Flávio Augusto }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Application of Standardized Work in Franki Piles Concrete Work }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={461-470}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/925}, affiliation={Ms.C, renatonunesmariz@ hotmail.com Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), Department of Architecture and Building (DAC), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design (FEC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil. ; Professor, LAGERCON/DAC/FEC/UNICAMP, fpicchi@lean.org.br ; Executive Director, Lean Institute Brasil (LIB }, abstract={The application of standardized work in manufacturing has resulted in many benefits, thus motivating researchers to apply it in the construction environment. The paper describes an application of standardized work in the task of Franki Piles concrete work. An exploratory case study was carried out in a residential construction project in Brazil. A method for standardized work application used in manufacturing and described in literature was taken as a basis and partially applied. The conclusions are that main steps of the method and as well as the procedures for data collecting, analysis and documentation of standardized work were successfully adapted to the construction environment studied. These were useful for characterizing wastes and discussing forms for eliminating it systematically, indicating potential gains in productivity of 45% for machines, and 70% for labour in an ideal implementation. }, author_keywords={Standardized work, Lean thinking, Construction. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Martins2013, author={Martins, João and Cachadinha, Nuno }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={An Exploratory Study of Lean Construction in Portugal Owners and Designers' Perspectives}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={997-1006}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/926}, affiliation={FCT-UNL. jrmm9@msn.com ; Asst. Professor, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal presently at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. E-mail: nmpc@.fct.unl.pt }, abstract={As Lean Construction steadily grows all over the world, not much is heard about this new paradigm in Portugal, and the Portuguese construction industry still seems unaware of its potentials. This study aims at characterizing and analyzing the main causes for waste that could be tackled with Lean Construction solutions and techniques in the Portuguese construction sector. It is assumed that lean construction can greatly contribute to the Portuguese construction sector by the positive cost- benefit results. An analysis is made on how lean construction can be beneficial in the Portuguese context, from the perspectives of owners and designers. The study is an exploratory qualitative research that is observational in nature. Overall, 8 private owners, 10 public owners and 13 design firms participated in this study. The results obtained are in line with similar studies and indicate that the origin of most waste in Portuguese projects has its roots in the design phase due to owners’ actions. This work seeks to demonstrate the key role that owners have in the adoptions of lean construction methods and principles, which can be implemented to mitigate the main problems found. }, author_keywords={Owner, Designer, Lean Construction, Waste, Portugal. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{McConaughy2013, author={McConaughy, Tammy and Shirkey, Daniel }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Subcontractor Collaboration and Breakdowns in Production: The Effects of Varied Lps Implementation }, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={649-658}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/927}, affiliation={Construction Division Coordination and Certified Lean Six Sigma Black Belt, Alpha Mechanical. Inc. 4885 Greencraig Ln, San Diego, CA 92123; 858-279-1300 ; Technology COE Leader |West Region, Balfour Beatty Construction, 10620 Treena Street #300, San Diego CA 92131; 858-635-7400 }, abstract={The benefits of Last Planner System® (LPS) implementation on a whole project are well established in literature and research about Lean Construction. Throughout the construction industry LPS has been adapted to meet owner needs; industry requirements and individualized to Construction Management specialties. However, the impacts of varying LPS structures, interpretations or deviations implemented by the Owner/ General Contractor/Construction Manager have shown diverse effects on the upstream and downstream flow of construction operations and production specifically relating to subcontractors trades. This variation has led to decreased schedule reliability and ineffective constraint analysis. There are behavioral aspects and sub trade levels of engagement to consider during the implementation of LPS. The authors through surveys, interviews, and direct observations analyzed the specialty trades perceptions of Owner/ General Contractor/ Construction Manager adapted implementation of LPS. Research analysis identifies how variations in LPS implementation lead to failures and losses in productivity, which reduce buy-in of the subcontractor trades. Potential tools, processes and behaviors to mitigate these variations are suggested and analyzed. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Pull, Lean Construction, Work Flow, Collaboration, Promise, Trust. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Melo2013, author={Melo, Reymard Savio Sampaio de and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Collaboration to Extend Target Costing to Non-Multi-Party Contracted Projects: Evidence From Literature}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={237-246}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/928}, affiliation={PhD Student, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil reymardsavio@gmail.com ; Professor, Architecture and Construction Dept., Director of the Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, 951 Albert Einstein Ave, P.O. Box 6021, Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil, Phone: +55 19 3788-2082, adgranja@fec.unicamp.br ; Research Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), 214 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={Target Costing (TC) has been used in the manufacturing industry as a means of managing product profitability during the product development process. Efforts to adapt the TC manufacturing approach to the construction industry resulted in a management approach called Target Value Design (TVD). So far TVD research and practice are linked and limited to collaborative forms of project delivery based on multi-party contracting such as Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). Prior studies and anecdotal evidence suggest that early collaboration among key project stakeholders plays a significant role throughout the TVD process. As a result, TVD application in less collaborative project delivery arrangements (e.g., design-bidbuild or design-build) remains a challenge. As yet, TVD literature lacks a wide overview of theoretical and empirical evidence relating early collaboration through other means than multi-party contracts. This paper attempts to address this gap in the TVD literature by conducting a systematic mapping study to shed some light on future TVD research. Following an evidence-based approach, we seek to answer the following research question: Which research topics have been covered for promoting collaboration among key project stakeholders (owner, architect, engineers, contractor and subcontractors) when their incentives are not aligned through multi-party contracts? The selected papers are classified with respect to the common research subjects. Out of our sample of 47 papers, the most common categories of research subjects are: project partnering, incentive systems and public-private partnership. These three categories can be considered as evidence clusters and the remaining categories (cooperative procurement, social network analysis, trust and project alliancing) can be considered as scarce evidence. We discuss these categories and suggest future research directions to overcome the potential barriers of TVD application in construction. }, author_keywords={Collaboration; Target Costing; Target Value Design; Construction industry. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Filho2013, author={Filho, Antonio N. de Miranda }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={A Look at the Underlying Causes of Successful Production Systems}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={73-82}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/929}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Ph.D., CEO, Construtora Santo Amaro Ltda., Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, anmirandaf@yahoo.com.br }, abstract={Despite advances in project management methodologies, system design in project production is still a developing topic. It is a common, challengeful issue for firms in different industries because proper strategy-structure alignment is crucial to business performance. The challenge comes from the fact that a myriad of factors can affect the workings of a production system, many of which are unobvious to outsiders. Consequently, the contents of production strategies are often described superficially, neglecting some of the underlying causes of successful production systems. In contrast, this paper argues that best-in-class production systems can only be well understood if their tangible and intangible attributes are captured alongside with contextual factors. This paper aims to show that true best practices and production competences arise from a number of coherent strategic choices that help shape the production system. In addition, it points to the importance of perceiving the implicit leadership assumptions and theoretical foundations because of their role in creating coherence between design and operation decisions. Finally, a theoretical hierarchy of these tangible and intangible attributes is proposed. This extended view on the content of production strategy becomes primordial to understanding the challenge of designing well adjusted lean production systems for construction projects. }, author_keywords={Production strategy, production system design, best practice. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Modegh2013, author={Modegh, Shima Ghavami }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={An Evaluation of Waste in Steel Pipe Rack Installation}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={729-738}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/930}, affiliation={Tenders and Contracts Specialist, Kayson Company, Tehran, Iran, Phone +98 935 1010518, shima.ghavami@gmail.com }, abstract={The new emerging philosophy of lean construction has been increasingly advocated because of the significant outcomes of its application in different projects. Its waste minimization focus is declared to be beneficial in addressing the inherent challenges of construction, i.e. quality failures, low productivity, and cost and schedule overruns. This research aims to identify the common waste factors and unearth the most significant contributors to waste in steel pipe rack installation process. Data collection was through 6 interviews, followed by a questionnaire survey of 43 professionals involved in pipe rack projects. The findings revealed that waiting for equipment and prefabricated steel elements, repair works and inspection time could be considered as the main waste factors. Moreover, poor planning, weak communication, financial problems, lack of coordination-based workflow, poor contractor practices and poor job site management are recognized to be the most prominent root causes of waste generation. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Waste, Waste Causes, Steel Pipe Rack, Petroleum Industry. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Moghadam2013, author={Moghadam, Mana and Al-Hussein, Mohamed }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Resource Optimization for Modular Construction Through Value Stream Map Improvement}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={503-512}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/931}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2W2, Canada, Phone +1 (780) 492-6293, mansoore@ualberta.ca ; Professor, NSERC Industrial Research Chair in the Industrialization of Building Construction, Construction Engineering and Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2W2, Canada, Phone +1 (780) 492-0599, malhussein@ualberta.ca }, abstract={Implementation of Lean manufacturing begins with the development of value stream maps, which depict process flow in the production line. However, the application of value stream mapping (VSM) in modular manufacturing has various shortcomings, due to the variety of products and the level of customization demanded. One of the challenges is assessing the production rate variations in modular manufacturing activities and resource movements within work stations along the production line. VSM also falls short of verifying prior to implementation that the proposed state will meet the efficiency demands for a variety of products. This research presents a model of resource optimization to develop the VSM, considering variety as an inevitable element in modular construction, and also evaluates the value stream prior to implementation. The methodology provides an efficient method to formulate a set of rules to quantify productivity rate, probabilistic duration, and resource requirements for fabrication of wall components. A simulation model is also generated in order to evaluate the proposed VSM. Current- and future-state maps of the factory production line are compared to prove the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The proposed methodology is validated by a case study – a residential modular factory located in Edmonton, AB, Canada. }, author_keywords={Modular Building, Lean, Production Line, Value Stream Mapping, Product Variation, Resource Optimization, Simulation }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mohamad2013, author={Mohamad, Ahlam and Hickethier, Gernot and Hovestadt, Volkmar and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Use of Modularization in Design as a Strategy to Reduce Component Variety One-Off Projects}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={289-298}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/932}, affiliation={Ph.D. Candidate, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-44124, ahlam.mohamad@kit.edu ; Research Fellow and Ph.D. Candidate, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49-721 608-44124, gernot.hickethier@kit.edu ; Dr. Engineer, digitales bauen GmbH, Augartenstraße 1, 76137 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49- 721 5684 787-4, volkmar.hovestadt@digitales-bauen.de ; Professor, Institute for Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten Geb. 50.31, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, Phone +49- 721608-42646, fritz.gehbauer@kit.edu }, abstract={Standardization of work as an essential principle of lean management aims to improve the production process in construction. This paper describes a design strategy which aims to reduce the variety of building components, where this variety affects productivity negatively. The design strategy is based on modularization and standardization. We first review the roots of modularization and standardization, and distinguish the two concepts from each other. Then, we describe the design strategy, which is based on structuring of a building model and defining “modules”. The modeling strategy is implemented in two interrelated steps: (1) modularization, and (2) standardization. (1) The process of modularization defines 'chunks' in the building’s model and the interfaces between them. (2) The process of standardization aligns the structure of the modules to reduce the variety of components. Creation of these standardized modules during design improves application of standardized work and pre-fabrication. We present the described design strategy in two case studies: The first case study presents an example of implementing the design methodology, and the second case study describes the results of the design methodology in reducing the variety of the components. We conclude that modularization improves the potential for standardization in one-off projects, but it should be applied (1) early in design and (2) in an integrated team to identify customer value trade-offs. }, author_keywords={Product variety, Modular design, Modular construction, Standardization, One-off projects }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mostafa2013, author={Mostafa, Sherif and Dumrak, Jantanee }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Leagile Supply Chain for Australian Industrialized House Building}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={175-184}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/933}, affiliation={School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, 5001 SA, Australia ; School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, 5001 SA, Australia }, abstract={The 2012 Australian National Housing Supply Council (NHSC) reported a constantly growing demand for new houses in many capital cities around Australia. Since then, the supply of housing has not responded commensurately to the growing demand. The residential sector challenges this issue by developing and effectively using new materials, processes, and practices to strengthen their competitive advantage against other construction sectors. This paper gives an overview of the Australian housing supply and demand. House builders have been adopting the idea of producing house modules and elements in factories. Therefore, the house building has been changed from traditional to prefabricated supply chain. Managing the prefabricated houses supply chain is playing an important role in the housing supply. A leagile supply chain is introduced to manage the prefabricated supply chain. It employs material and information decoupling points. Four strategies are introduced to balance the trade-offs between the housing supply and demand. Applying any strategy is guided by the factors affecting the housing supply and demand. The three main factors are the house completion time, cost of finished house, and customer preferences. In this paper, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is introduced as a facilitator to the supply chain strategies selection in the Australian housing industry. The AHP model takes the three factors into account for differentiating between the four supply chain strategies. The model was implemented with the aid of the commercial software package known as Expert Choice©. The results from the AHP model show the benefits of each strategy with respect to the factors tested. }, author_keywords={Housing Australia, Supply chain management, Leagile, Decoupling point, AHP. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Mryyian2013, author={Mryyian, Mohammad and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Identifying Source of Design Error in the Design of Residential Buildings}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={449-458}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/934}, affiliation={PhD student, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +962787845933; m.mryyian@edu.salford.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2954284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={There is scarce literature discussing errors as a source of waste in design. Also, there is poor understanding on what constitutes waste in the context of design development. This paper aim is to identify the main perceived causes of errors and waste in the design phase of residential buildings. The paper reports on part of an on-going PhD research, which aims to develop a framework to support designers to identify sources of errors and reduce waste through different design phases. In order to obtain an initial understanding of the designers’ perception of waste and gauge their knowledge of design errors, interviews were conducted in Jordan, with senior design engineers from the private sector, lead design engineers from the Jordan Engineers Association, and the assistant to the manager of Public Works. Results demonstrate perceptions that the main causes of errors and waste are related to (a) client changes; (b) design drawing and detail issues; and (c) problems with following regulations and building codes. }, author_keywords={Building Design, Design error, Waste, Non-value adding. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Oliva2013, author={Oliva, Carolina Asensio and Granja, Ariovaldo Denis }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={An Investigation Into Collaborative Practices in Social Housing Projects as a Precondition for Target Value Design Adoption}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={429-437}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/935}, affiliation={Masters´ Degree Student, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON). Department of Architecture and Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. ; Professor, Construction Management Research Laboratory (LAGERCON), Department of Architecture and Construction, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil., adgranja@fec.unicamp.br. }, abstract={Social housing deficit in Brazil is roughly 5.6 million homes. Furthermore, the highly fragmented product development process and the existence of budget constraints and adversarial relationships between stakeholders in this context often represents obstacles to high quality product delivery to end users. Cost cutting requirements often mean quality sufferings and material substandardization, when otherwise they should be seen as a trigger for creativity and innovation along the design process. As collaborative environments are important drivers for target value design applications, we aim to investigate the level of collaboration observed in the design process management on social housing projects of the Brazilian Government program "My House, My Life" (MHML). What common sense suggests is that conventional, noncollaborative design environments are common features of MHML projects, thus it is necessary to investigate how more collaborative approaches such as Target Value Design (TVD) need to be adapted for the use in such contexts. The research formulates the hypothesis that in MHML there is no full awareness of the application of IPD (Integrated Project Delivery) or IFoA (Integrated for of agreement) for achieving collaboration, but some of its features seem indeed to be used, though unconsciously. A case study has been carried out for providing evidences. This is an ongoing research effort that seeks to find potential application of TVD approach to MHML in Brazil. }, author_keywords={Target cost; target value design; design process management. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Páez2013, author={Páez, Holmes and Vargas, Hernando and Ramírez, Laura }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Lean Construction Philosophy Difussion the Colombian Case}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1007-1015}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/936}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, School of Management, Universidad de los Andes, Calle 21 No. 1-20 Piso 9 Bogotá, Colombia, Phone (57-1) 3394949, hpaez@uniandes.edu.co ; Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este No. 19A-40, Phone (57-1) 3324312, Edificio Mario Laserna, Piso 6, Bogotá, Colombia, hvargas@uniandes.edu.co. ; Postgraduate Student, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este No. 19A-40, Phone (57-1) 3324312, Edificio Mario Laserna, Piso 6, Bogotá, Colombia, l.ramirez69@uniandes.edu.co }, abstract={Institutional analysis of organizations have developed a rich framework and empirical insights about how new practices become established via diffusion. Nevertheless, lean construction literature has paid scant attention to organizational practices dissemination and it is important to improve the understanding of how lean construction philosophy diffusion effectively occurs. Drawing on institutional and lean construction literature and interviews with leading construction companies’ directors, this study seeks to understand the case of lean construction dissemination over the Colombian construction housing sector. As a result, the study provides an analysis of the relevance and effectiveness of lean construction diffusion strategies, thus helping construction sector leaders to review and improve current approaches. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, practices, institutions, diffusion, and developing country. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Parrish2013, author={Parrish, Kristen and Whelton, Michael }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Lean Operations an Energy Management Perspective}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={865-874}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/937}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Del E. Webb School of Construction, Arizona State University, Kristen.Parrish@asu.edu; +1-480-727-6363 ; Research Associate, Energy Efficient Buildings Hub (EEB Hub), Pennsylvania State University, mwhelton@engr.psu.edu }, abstract={The plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle underpins many lean principles and offers a paradigm for continuous improvement of design, construction, and operations processes. For the operations phase, the PDCA cycle has traditionally been used to improve operations and maintenance (O&M) processes. As part of these O&M process improvements, facility managers are beginning to implement PDCA as a framework for managing building energy consumption. This exploratory paper discusses the application of PDCA and other lean principles--including transparency, alignment around a common goal, and cross-functional teaming--to energy management. It begins with a discussion of how energy management fits in to the Lean Project Delivery System. It then presents the international standard for energy management, ISO 50001, which is underpinned by PDCA. The authors illustrate the effectiveness of the PDCA cycle for energy management through examples from the literature and their own experience, citing how the PDCA could be implemented in various building types in different markets to achieve energy savings goals. The aim of this paper is to begin a discussion within the IGLC community about how energy management fits into lean operations; the authors explore data required to effectively implement PDCA for energy management and discuss work structuring issues related to energy management. Finally, the paper presents best practices for integrating energy management and PDCA into existing O&M processes. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, Energy Management, Lean Operations }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pasquire2013, author={Pasquire, Christine and Court, Peter }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={An Exploration of Knowledge and Understanding the Eighth Flow}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={43-52}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/938}, affiliation={Professor of Lean Project Management, School of Architecture Design and Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU UK, Christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk ; Dr Peter F Court, Senior Project Services Manager at Laing O'Rourke Australia Construction PTY email: p.court1@btinternet.com }, abstract={The argument for understanding Lean construction as a socio-technical field is growing and the need to better consider the role of human beings within construction systems is becoming the dominant factor in project success. Many current attributes of lean already focus on people and on human engagement approaches but the field of lean construction addresses project environments that are often complex and highly variable. The authors argue that the successful delivery of these projects relies on the creation of a common understanding of the project objectives within the diverse value systems of project participants and wider society. Additionally, many of the new ways of working that lean thinking brings already support the creation of a common understanding and could be harnessed to better effect. Based on a literature review and supported by case study examples the authors explore the nature of knowledge and understanding and position them within an eight flow model for construction production. The findings indicate a need to reconsider the development of a common understand for each project due to the tacit nature of experiential knowledge held within the project team and the specificity and complexity of the project environment. As a result effort is required to generate and maintain a common understanding throughout the project duration. The continued attention and action required to maintain this common understanding elevates it to a flow of equal status to those identified in Koskela’s flow production model thus increasing the number of flows to eight. A significant lean construction case study is revisited and examined to identify interventions undertaken to achieve this generation and management of common understanding thus demonstrating that this development already exists, albeit intuitively, as an element of “lean thinking”. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, flow, complexity, systems, understanding, value, theory, knowledge. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pereira2013, author={Pereira, Pedro and Cachadinha, Nuno and Zegarra, Omar and Alarcón, Luis }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Bullwhip Effect in Production Control a Comparison Between Traditional Methods and LPS}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={619-628}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/939}, affiliation={MSc., Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal. E-mail: pgp15770@campus.fct.unl.pt ; Asst. Professor, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal presently at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. E-mail: nmpc@.fct.unl.pt ; Candidate and Graduate Researcher at Centro de Excelencia en Gestión de Producción (GEPUC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. E-mail:ozegarra@uc.cl ; Head and Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidade Católica de Chile. E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl }, abstract={Last Planner System (LPS) has produced good results in reducing production time of construction projects, increasing productivity and mitigating the variability that is inherent to construction management. However, the Percent Plan Complete (PPC) rates usually obtained are still far from the ideal value of 100%. This study evaluates the hypothesis that the Bullwhip Effect (BWE) – the cumulative distortion of variability - exists in traditional control methods, which don’t have explicit and systematized mechanisms for variability reduction in production control, but also in LPS. To verify this hypothesis a method was formulated to extend the scope of the detection and quantification of the BWE in projects using LPS to traditional production control system (TPCS) methods. It was concluded that the BWE exists in both production control systems – Traditional and LPS’s – and that the BWE is not necessarily bigger in the traditional -system, even though the variability associated is much higher. The use of a BWE index is proposed as a tool for monitoring and controlling variability of production control in construction projects, as well as the utilization of this index as a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) that provides the stakeholders with a deeper control of the variability in both production systems. }, author_keywords={Bullwhip Effect, Production Control, Last Planner System, Variability, Planning Management }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Priven2013, author={Priven, Vitaliy and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Social Network Development in Last Planner System Implementations}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={537-548}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/940}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Virtual Construction Laboratory, National Building Research Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8292245, vitaliyp@technion.ac.il ; Assoc. Prof., Head Dept. of Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel +972-4-8293190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il }, abstract={Observations on construction sites have shown that even when the Last Planner System™ (LPS) is implemented only partially, it can still achieve positive results. We hypothesize that part of the explanation for this is that the weekly work meetings engender a social network among the subcontractors, with concomitant improvement in communication, reliability and trust, and in this way enhances coordination and results in better workflow. In the first step of research designed to test this idea, eight construction projects were monitored over time, using social network analysis (SNA), to explore the relationships between the extent of LPS implementations and the strength of the social networks that developed. Positive correlation was found between the two. Weekly work planning meetings appear to be the main catalyst for strengthening the social networks. Communication between construction crews from different ethnic groups was found to be strongly dependent on the LPS implementations. The next steps will seek to isolate the relationship between the strength of the social networks and the resultant work flows, both in the presence of and without LPS, to better explain the social mechanism of the LPS. }, author_keywords={Last planner system, work flow, communication, collaboration, reliability, trust. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{El.Reifi2013, author={El.Reifi, M. H. and Emmitt, S. and Ruikar, K. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Developing a Conceptual Lean Briefing Process Model for Lean Design Management}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={329-338}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/941}, affiliation={Research Student, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 1509 223981, M.H.El-Reifi@lboro.ac.uk ; Professor, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 1509 222815, S.Emmitt@lboro.ac.uk ; Senior lecturer, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom, Phone +44 1509 223774, k.d.ruikar@lboro.ac.uk }, abstract={Although the concept of lean design management in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) is still evolving and open to debate, it has helped to emphasise the importance of value and waste to the design team. An essential element of lean design management is briefing. Briefing is the process by which clients express and articulate their desires, and from which the design team develop their design. From a design management perspective briefing is a crucial stage in which values are explored and value expressed; and a process that could be better managed to help eliminate uncertainty and waste in the design and construction phases. A comprehensive literature review found that, aspects of process waste relating to ineffective briefing appear to have been neglected to date, which stimulated the idea of rethinking the briefing process to address waste at its origin. The research exposed limitations with current approaches to briefing and identified the potential for change. Applying lean thinking to the briefing process, with emphasis on value and flow, appears to provide an alternative approach to the traditional methods. A conceptual lean briefing process model is introduced by the authors, using lean management principles to achieve best value from the briefing process. This work reports the outcome of the first phase of the on-going research that aims to investigate and analyse the application of lean management principles in the briefing process for lean design management implementation; and to explore its validity within Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) projects’ by looking at the theory and the application of lean design management. It is hoped that, this study followed by the outcome of the on-going research will contribute to the theoretical understanding and practical implementation of lean design management in AEC. }, author_keywords={Briefing; information flow; lean design management; design process waste; value stream }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rocha2013, author={Rocha, Cecília Gravina da and Kemmer, Sergio Luiz }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Managing the Information Flow in Customised Apartment Building Projects}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={279-288}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/942}, affiliation={Civil Engineering Department (DECIV), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 3rd floor, 99 Osvaldo Aranha Av., Centro, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, Phone +55 51 3308 3518, cecilia.rocha@ufrgs.br ; PhD Candidate, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, CNPq Scholar – Brazil, S.Kemmer@edu.salford.ac.uk. }, abstract={The adoption of customisation strategies increases the degree of clients’ involvement in apartments building development and production and also the amount of information that needs to be managed. In such strategies, clients’ specific requirements need to be translated into design and construction instructions. Failure in efficiently and effectively processing this information can result in apartments that do not fulfil clients’ requirements and/or drawbacks in the construction process such as delays or reworks. As a result, having an appropriate information flow among companies, clients, and suppliers is an important success factor for a customisation strategy. This paper presents the evolution of the information flow in four apartment building projects developed by a Brazilian construction company. This research follows a previous study on the same topic (i.e. customisation in house-building) published in 2010 at the IGLC conference. While that paper sought to describe a set of practices applied by this company for managing customisation and its connections with lean concepts and principles, this one aims to show how those practices have evolved through time. Thus, based on the analysis of these practices, this paper aims to provide guidance on how to manage the information flow in customisation strategies. }, author_keywords={Customisation, production, information flow, apartment building project. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rosas2013, author={Rosas, Eduardo }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Integrating the Design Structure Matrix and the Last Planner System Into Building Design}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={389-398}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/943}, affiliation={MSc., Chief Operations Officer, PRO Constructora e Inmobiliaria, Civil Engineer, Lima, Peru, Phone +(511) 971065787, erosas@proinmobiliaria.pe }, abstract={This paper proposes to reduce uncertainty in design management through the combined application of the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) and the Last Planner System™ (LPS) methodologies. DSM offers a powerful visualisation tool that facilitates the management of design iteration in order to achieve an optimal sequence of tasks. It will be claimed that DSM is particularly oriented towards Lean Construction, in the sense that, it creates value through dependency identification where assumptions are minimised. It facilitates the analysis of design information and decision-making process based on the real customer demands. However, the use of DSM does not extend to the application of the designed sequence in practice. In other words, controlling the implementation of the optimal design sequence is a keymissing piece in what DSM can offer. For this reason, this paper proposes the use of LPS, a Lean control methodology that forces the realisation of plans, to be integrated with DSM. The integrated application on both tools can improve the reliability of plans, enforce the optimal sequence and facilitate corrective action by the work team. }, author_keywords={Design, Integration, Design Structure Matrix, Last Planner System™. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rybkowski2013, author={Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Abdelhamid, Tariq S. and Forbes, Lincoln H. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={On the Back of a Cocktail Napkin an Exploration on Graphic Definitions of Lean Construction}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={83-92}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/944}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, zrybkowski@tamu.edu, 979-845-4354, corresponding author ; Associate Professor, School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, tariq@msu.edu ; Adjunct Professor, Department of Construction Management, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, lhforbes@gmail.com }, abstract={Quick descriptive sketches made on the backs of cocktail napkins are a tradition in the architectural profession and are representative of the visionary conversations that take place between business associates in relaxed venues where fresh ideas are sometimes first hatched. In this paper, we propose the use of this technique to better convey and capture the principles of the growing and evolving discipline of Lean Construction. Whether they occur in academic classrooms or professional worksites, exploratory conversations about Lean Construction also suggest there may be a need for an easy-to-understand, easy-to-represent graphic definition (“cocktail napkin sketch”) that can quickly communicate key components of lean thinking to those wishing to understand and potentially implement lean. This paper shares an exploratory analysis of the results that emerged from cocktail napkin exercises administered three times from Feb 2011 to April 2012: at an IGLC mid-year meeting in New York, NY; at an LCI workshop in Houston, TX; and at an LCI-Academic Forum in Boulder, CO. Finally, the authors propose a graphic definition of Lean Construction, distilled from submissions made during these events that might serve as a potential starting point for future discussion and refinement. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, cocktail napkin exercise, simulation, lean definition, graphic representation }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Saurin2013, author={Saurin, Tarcisio A. and Rooke, John and Koskela, Lauri and Kemmer, Sérgio }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Guidelines for the Management of Complex Socio Technical Systems}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={13-22}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/945}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br ; Research Fellow, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, j.rooke@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; PhD student, School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, S.Kemmer@salford.ac.uk (scholarship granted by CNPq, Brazil) }, abstract={While lean construction supports the management of complexity, a set of guidelines has not yet been articulated and explicitly linked to complex systems theory. In this study, six guidelines for managing complex socio-technical systems (CSS), proposed by the authors of this paper in an earlier work, are adopted as a basis. The guidelines are: (a) design slack; (b) encourage diversity of perspectives when making decisions; (c) anticipate and monitor the impact of small changes; (d) monitor the gap between guideline and practice; (e) give visibility to processes and outcomes; and (f) create an environment that supports resilience. The applicability of the guidelines to construction is illustrated by an exploratory study of a refurbishment project. Also, as the use of the guidelines only makes sense in a CSS, the investigated project is described according to a set of characteristics of complexity. }, author_keywords={Complex systems, socio-technical systems, refurbishment. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2013, author={Schöttle, Annett and Gehbauer, Fritz }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Incentive Structure in Public Design-Bid-Build Tendering and Its Effects on Projects}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={227-236}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/946}, affiliation={Research Fellow. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-45259, Annett.Schoettle@kit.edu. ; Professor. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technology and Management in Construction (TMB), Am Fasanengarten, Geb. 50.31, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Phone +49 (0)721/608-42646, Fritz.Gehbauer@kit.edu. }, abstract={Organizational theory argues that the more dynamic and uncertain the environment, the stricter are regulations and organizational structures. Germany’s public sector is restricted by tendering regulations resulting in a strict design-bid-build tendering. These legal regulations, as well as contractual penalties, create an incentive structure which often leads to uncooperative behavior of the project partners. This paper identifies the negative incentives of strict design-bid-build tendering and explains their effects on projects. Data was collected from one public authority, and data shows that contractors are selected based on lowest bid. Thus, we argue that this tendering procedure leads to speculative behavior of the contractors, which results in unrealistic cost estimation and an intensified focus on claim management to compensate for below-cost bids. Furthermore, the design-bid-build tendering procedure strictly separates planning and execution phases, resulting in communication barriers between architects and construction companies. With regard to the non-collaborative up to hostile behavior three current public mega projects in Germany will be reviewed in brief, and of these the project Elbphilharmonie Hamburg will be discussed in more depth based on the tendering procedure and the contractual situation. We conclude that due to increasing uncertainty and complexity in projects, as well as the way of interaction between the project parties, that the current tendering procedure and the form of contracts impede collaboration. Therefore, incentives are needed which foster the collaboration in public projects. }, author_keywords={Contract, collaboration, incentives, tendering, relational, transactional. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Seppänen2013, author={Seppänen, Olli and Evinger, Jake and Mouflard, Christopher }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Comparison of LBMS Schedule Forecasts to Actual Progress}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={569-578}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/947}, affiliation={Postdoctoral Researcher, Aalto University and Director of VDC Services, Trimble Navigation Limited, olli_seppanen@trimble.com ; Senior Project Manager, Trimble VDC Services, jake_evinger@trimble.com ; Project Engineer, Trimble VDC Services, chris_mouflard@trimble.com }, abstract={Location-based Management System (LBMS) uses actual progress, resource, and productivity data to calculate schedule forecasts. The forecasting method has been developed by using empirical results from real construction projects and these forecasts are intended to be used as early warnings to highlight production problems and interference before they occur. It is expected that control actions are taken in response to adverse forecasts to prevent the forecasted problems from happening on site. The updated forecasting system based on earlier research has been used in several projects and now there is enough data to evaluate how well the forecasts reflect reality. In this research, forecasts from two hospital construction projects were evaluated for accuracy. Tasks were selected for analysis based on their manhour count, availability of accurate resource data and full completion of the operation. Forecasts were reviewed at four dates during performance of each task. The forecast on each date was compared to actual progress on these four dates. Results show that certain deviations such as working out of sequence, not finishing locations or working in several locations at the same time severely impact the forecasting ability of LBMS and make the project schedules unpredictable. Forecasting is accurate in the short term if there are no special circumstances and the work proceeds continuously. }, author_keywords={Location-Based Management Systems, CPM, flowline, Production Control. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Siren2013, author={Siren, Kari and Pennanen, Ari }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Eletrical Systems Procurment by Means of Target Costing}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={145-154}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/948}, affiliation={Kari Siren. Managing Director , Electrical Technology Ltd Kari Siren (Sähkötekniikka Oy Kari Siren), Finland ; Adjunct Professor (Tampere University of Technology). Partner of Haahtela Project Management Group, Finland. ari.pennanen@haahtela.fi. www.haahtela.fi }, abstract={Electrical systems are typically procured through detailed drawings and specifications. In the case of an intense project timetable, the procurement process lacks time to commit the potential suppliers to the project and to compile precise and detailed design and bidding documents. This paper introduces methodology for preparing the tendering documents directly from the performance criteria set for electrical systems before the electrical design commences. In Finland, target costing methodology in construction is based on a constructive Building Information Model (BIM) prior design. Component-level target costing uses performance criteria set for the spaces (such as 400 lux lighting) as initial information. The result with a BIM design is a priced bill of quantities that indicates the target cost for the future design process. In this paper, it has been used as a tendering document before the start of design. For the most part, HVACE systems are composed of a producing element, a linking element, and a functional element. For instance, the elements in lighting are the switchboards, cables, and luminaires, and those in cooling are cooling units, pipes, and cooling beams. These elements can be modelled through building-informationmodelling- based prior design. In the case studies of this paper, the electrical systems suppliers were selected before the electrical design. The suppliers have given positive feedback because of the ease of tendering, opportunity to participate in the design, and possibility to schedule the work on their sites earlier. Managing the changing quantities in the contracts has been possible because of the unit pricing for costs. The target costing process and design steering during the design have ensured successful cost management. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, open building, building flexibility, procurement, cost modelling, target costing, electrical systems. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Smith2013, author={Smith, James P. and Rybkowski, Zofia K. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Maroon-White Game a Simulation of Trust and Long-Term Gains and Losses}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={987-996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/949}, affiliation={Primary Contact: Ph.D. Student, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A., james.smith@tamu.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, U.S.A. }, abstract={This paper explains how to play and facilitate the Maroon-White Game—a modified version of the Red-Black Game—which, like its predecessor, uses point maximization to motivate team performance. The Red-Black Game was designed to demonstrate to players the advantages of systems thinking, as opposed to suboptimization, during a live playing of the game. Although effective in illustrating the greater mathematic gains incurred from systems thinking to a community-at-large, the simulation might be criticized in that obtaining a larger group gain appears to require individual diminishment—a practice that may not be as easily embraced in capitalistic societies or in societies that cherish individualism over collectivism. The Maroon-White Game is based on rules from the Red-Black Game, and is designed to help participants recognize two main concepts relating to suboptimization: (1) our natural tendency, generally speaking, to sub-optimize in a competitive group setting; and (2) the effects of sub-optimization on relational sustainability and long-term gains and losses. Examining results from multiple playings of the Maroon-White Game illustrates the impact of trust—both earned and broken—on total point-based gains and losses returned not only to the community-atlarge, but also to individuals, over time. }, author_keywords={Trust, collaboration, commitment, integrated form of agreement, game theory, problem-based learning, simulation. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Souza2013, author={Souza, Diego Vinicius Souza de and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Practices for Designing and Improving Construction Supply Chain Management}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={155-164}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/950}, affiliation={PhD Student, College of Science & Technology, School of the Built Environment, The Crescent – Maxwell Building, 4th floor – Room 412, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, Phone +44 (0) 161 295 4748, d.v.souzadesouza@edu.salford.ac.uk ; Professor, College of Science & Technology, School of the Built Environment, The Crescent – Maxwell Building, 4th floor – Room 412, M5 4WT, Salford, UK, Phone +44 (0) 161 295 6378, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={This paper aims at proposing a set of practices for designing and improving construction supply chain management. Such practices were developed based on broad literature review and on interviews conducted in late 2012 and early 2013. Construction companies face difficulties in coordinating supply chain management towards value generation. Results indicate that construction companies building unique projects require a specific approach for managing their supply chains. Outcomes also show that the proposition of contextualized practices facilitates supply chain management in such complex environment, and enables enhanced project delivery. Even though this is a theoretical study, the paper’s findings are useful to both practitioners and academic researchers. }, author_keywords={Construction, Supply chain management, Practices, Design, Improvement. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Steinhaeusser2013, author={Steinhaeusser, Tobias and Elezi, Fatos and Tommelein, Iris D. and Lindemann, Udo }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Management Cybernetics as a Theoretical Basis for Lean Thinking}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={53-62}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/951}, affiliation={UC Berkeley. tobias.steinhaeusser@gmail.com ; M.Sc., Institute for Product Development, Technical University of Munich. fatos.elezi@pe.mw.tum.de ; Professor, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., and Director of the Project Production Systems Laboratory (p2sl.berkeley.edu), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, Phone +1 (510) 643-8678, tommelein@ce.berkeley.edu ; Professor, Institute for Product Development, Technical University of Munich. lindemann@pe.mw.tum.de }, abstract={The purpose of this paper is to explore to what extent lean thinking embraces the notions of Stafford Beer’s management cybernetics. According to Beer, any successful organization responds to the laws of management cybernetics. As there are numerous successful enterprises that use lean thinking as a philosophy, this quest seems promising and may offer the opportunity to sharpen understanding of lean practices and possibly identify new concepts that can be incorporated into lean thinking. For this purpose, we first describe the differences of origins and language used in both theories. Then, we discuss the ideas of management cybernetics, with focus on the governing rules this approach to management puts forth. Based on this, a selection of lean thinking rules are described from a management cybernetics perspective. We conclude that management cybernetics can serve as a theoretical background for lean thinking and offers an additional perspective for lean applications. }, author_keywords={Theory; lean management; management cybernetics; systems theory; Viable System Model }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Suttie2013, author={Suttie, Jennifer B.A. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The Impacts and Effects of Integrated Project Delivery on Participating Organisations With a Focus on Organisational Culture}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={267-276}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/952}, affiliation={Buro Happold Inc, 228 Grant Avenue, 4TH Floor, San Francisco, CA 94108, USA, Phone +1 (415) 778 2797, jeni.suttie@burohappold.com }, abstract={This research focuses on a causal link between the involvement in Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and changes in organisational culture within the participating organisations. It investigates the impacts and effects of IPD on these organisations and examines if these in turn can influence the organisational culture. The study examines organisations from the standpoint of during and after involvement in IPD projects. Primary data for the research was collected through interviews with selected professionals from architectural, engineering and contractor organisations who had previously had experience on or were currently involved in, an IPD construction project. This data was examined together with secondary data collected from selected IPD case studies. This research concludes that the involvement in IPD has the potential to lead to cultural change within the participating organisations. This includes influencing participating employee behaviour and attitudes, company processes and working practices. The main factors found to have the greatest impact on the participating organisations were; the lean tools and techniques used on the projects and the increase in understanding and knowledge of other professional disciplines gained in the process through the participation in a co-located multi-discipline team. The recommendations following on from these conclusions include the use of continuous improvement, an investment in education and training within organisations in order to improve understanding of other disciplines and the possible internal adoption of lean tools and techniques. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, Integrated Project Delivery, Organisational Culture, Organisational Change, Implementation. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tezel2013, author={Tezel, Algan and Koskela, Lauri J. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Visual Management in Industrial Construction a Case Study}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={471-480}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/953}, affiliation={PhD, Planning Engineer, algantezel@gmail.com ; Professor, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, l.j.koskela@salford.ac.uk ; Senior Lecturer, School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UK, p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Visual Management (VM) is a distinctive communication strategy that is frequently observed at lean work settings to varying degrees. It relies on the effectiveness of visual communication and catchy visual systems to create visual communication for different managerial purposes. VM in construction has generally been discussed within a building construction context to date. This paper investigates the VM realisation means (visual tools) and attributes in the construction process of a very large industrial facility, which mainly involves mechanical and electrical construction works. A VM research on the construction site of an industrial facility will help address a gap in the field and extend the understanding of the VM applications in a different construction context other than the building construction/renovation. The research question of how VM is realized in the industrial construction context was investigated through the case study research method. One of the biggest subcontractors of a very large gas-processing facility was studied in terms of their VM approach and applications. Interviews, site observation and photographic documentation are the main data collection methods. New VM application opportunities in pipe spool fabrication and crane management were identified. Some industrial construction specific visual systems, VM application attributes for industrial constructions, managerial insights and future application directions were also captured and presented. }, author_keywords={Process transparency, Visual Management, Industrial construction. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Thorstensen2013, author={Thorstensen, Rein Terje and Kalsaas, Bo Terje and Skaar, John and Jensen, Sigmund }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Last Planner System Innovation Efforts on Requirements for Digital Management System}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={669-678}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/954}, affiliation={Senior Lecturer, Dept for Engineering Science, University of Agder, Jon Lilletunsvei 9, 4879 Grimstad, NORWAY, Phone +47 37 23 30 00, rein.t.thorstensen@uia.no ; Professor, Dept for Working life and Innovation, University of Agder, Jon Lilletunsvei 9, 4879 Grimstad, NORWAY, Phone +47 37 23 30 00, bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no ; Lean Construction Manager at Skanska Norway, Skanska, Rigedalen 15,4626 Kristiansand, NORWAY, Phone +47 45 86 91 78, john.skaar@skanska.no ; Supply chain manager at Skanska Norway, Skanska, Rigedalen 15,4626 Kristiansand, NORWAY, Phone + 47 98 21 02 76, sigmund.jensen@skanska.no }, abstract={The plans and on-going efforts of a major Scandinavian construction company to digitalise their LPS-inspired planning processes have provided the focus in this paper. A management system designed to reduce uncertainty by ensuring that soundness criterions are met, is proposed and discussed. The proposal involves predefining “process trains” and introducing tollgates and a traffic light system to visualize the soundness status. Our conclusion is that such a system is possible and desirable provided that the user threshold is low and that the system is low-maintenance. The latter is achieved by as far as possible making it an automatic part of other, already existing processes. If successful, the system could also provide additional support for decision-making in relation to principals and engineering issues. }, author_keywords={Last planner system (LPS), digitalising, tollgates for sound activities, visualising }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tillmann2013, author={Tillmann, Patricia and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Formoso, Carlos T. and Ballard, Glenn }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Contributions of Existing Practices to Pursuing Value in Construction Projects}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={359-368}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/955}, affiliation={Post-doc, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 407 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, USA. patriciatillmann@berkeley.edu ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, Maxwell Building, University of Salford, Maxwell Building, M5 4WT. p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk ; Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Osvaldo Aranha, 99. Porto Alegre, Brazil. formoso@ufrgs.br ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 214 McLaughlin Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, ballard@ce.berkeley.edu }, abstract={This research was motivated by the identification of a practical problem with theoretical relevance. Empirical observation of a large infrastructure programme pointed out managerial difficulties to achieve the expected outcomes of that construction project. The observed problem is related to the challenge of collectively defining and pursuing a project’s value proposition throughout its entire implementation. In order to better understand the nature of this problem and search for potential solutions, this research focused on evaluating the contributions of existing practices to solve the problem in hand. For that, a design science research methodology was adopted and with emphasis on the evaluative aspect of such method. Two existing practices were evaluated: the BeReal model, being developed and tested in healthcare infrastructure projects in the UK; and the Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS), being developed and tested in different construction projects in the US. While the BeReal model was specifically designed to support project teams to collectively define and pursue outcomes throughout project implementation, the LPDS brings critical elements for establishing the desired conditions that allow teams to collectively pursue value. The findings of this research indicate that it is necessary to combine the different underlying rationale of the analysed approaches to improve value generation in the construction industry: engagement of key players in a value definition and value pursuit effort; the establishment of favorable conditions for them to work together and the formulation and specification of goals, which are aligned with business strategy and reviewed and refined by key players. }, author_keywords={Value Generation, Project Management, Value Management, Evaluation Research. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tsao2013, author={Tsao, Cynthia C.Y. and Azambuja, Marcelo and Hamzeh, Farook R. and Menches, Cindy and Rybkowski, Zofia K. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Teaching Lean Construction Perspectives on Theory and Practice}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={977-986}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/956}, affiliation={Owner, Navilean, Brookline, MA, 02445, USA, Phone +1 510/593-4884, research@navilean.com ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Construction, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA, Phone +1 618/650-3845, mazambu@siue.edu ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 406E Bechtel, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil, Arch. and Env. Eng., Illinois Inst. of Tech., Chicago, IL, 60616-3793, USA, Phone +1 312/567-3630, cmenches@iit.edu ; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, USA, Phone +1 (979) 845-4354, zrybkowski@tamu.edu }, abstract={This paper builds on the IGLC paper, “Different Perspectives on Teaching Lean Construction,” presented last year by Tsao et al. that documented teaching approaches from three different Lean Construction (LC) university course offerings. It aggregated the approaches taken by the course offerings, the Lean Construction Institute (LCI), and the Associated General Contractors of America to develop recommendations for learning modules, outcomes, and strategies for an introductory LC university course. This paper provides four additional distinct perspectives to continue the conversation about teaching LC in a university setting. It illustrates the authors’ differences in teaching approaches, experiences, and lessons learned from course offerings in the United States and Lebanon. The paper offers additional ideas for providing “proof of concept” to students and further illustrates how teaching LC effectively requires a combination of readings, lectures, discussions, simulation exercises, field trips, and guest speakers to mix theory with action. The paper then aggregates seven teaching perspectives in a single table to provide an overview of different approaches for teaching an introductory university-level course on LC. }, author_keywords={University Teaching, Syllabus Design, Instruction Structure, Action Learning, Lessons Learned, Proof of Concept }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2013, author={Valente, Caroline P. and Montenegro, Germano A. and Brito, Felipe L. and Biotto, Clarissa N. and Mota, Bruno P. and Schramm, Fábio K. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Benefits of Batch Size Reduction: A Case Study in a Residential Project}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={1029-1038}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/957}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Lean & Green Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, caroline@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Project Manager, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, germano@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Project Supervisor, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, felipe@crolim.com.br ; Architect, Sistema de Planejamento e Produção - SIPPRO, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, clerwice@gmail.com ; Civil Engineer, Sistema de Planejamento e Produção - SIPPRO, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, bruno@pauta.eng.br ; Architect, Associate Professor, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas-RS, Brazil, fabioks@ufpel.edu.br }, abstract={The line of balance (LOB) is a tool used for long-term planning of projects, especially because it highlights visually, several information such as work place, sequence of activities, number of teams and work in progress (WIP). Because the LOB makes transparent workflows for project managers, this tool can be used to simulate different alternatives and discuss plans and installment strategies. This research presents a continuous improvement of a previous study in the same issue (using line of balance on simulation of execution strategy) published in 2008 at the IGLC Conference. This article aims to indicate through a case study at a Brazilian construction company, improvements that can be expanded to project’s management through reduction of batch sizes and balance of workflow. The methodology for developing this paper includes: literature review regarding the concepts of just-intime and line of balance, in order to identify which variables should be modified during the simulation of different scenarios; characterization of the company and the project to be studied; simulation of two scenarios with changes in the variables chosen; analysis of the simulated scenarios; choose the scenario that was leaner and met the needs of project managers, and, finally, identification of improvements from this new scenario. The results of this study reinforce the benefits suggested by the reduction of batch size, like reduction of amount of teams, increased repeatability, increased learning effect and greater control of project managers on site logistics. In fact, it was also identified a better adherence to production batch, reducing by 12% the project’s total term. Moreover, it’s possible to mention the difficulty of subcontractors to adapt to pace of the new LOB. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, line of balance, batch size reduction. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2013, author={Valente, Caroline P. and Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. A. and Neto, José de Paula B. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Lean and green how both philosophies can interact on strategic, tactical and operational levels of a company}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={925-934}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/958}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Lean & Green Coordinator, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, caroline@crolim.com.br ; Civil Engineer, Technical Director, Construtora C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br ; Professor, Dr., Dean of Technological Center of UFC (Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br }, abstract={The Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) industry has a large impact on society, from environmental, economic, and social perspectives. Thus, concerns about sustainability are urgent. This term is evolving, and it is observed that its future on industry is correlated with other production philosophies. Some authors point to lean thinking as the first step towards a sustainable future. This paper aims to indicate, through a case study, how Lean and Green can complement and help each other in strategic, tactical and operational objectives of a company. The methodology for developing this paper includes: literature review about Lean and Green philosophies and their interaction in this industrial sector; characterization of the company (which has a nationally and internationally environmental pre-certified building), through semi-structured interviews with top managers and project managers, in order to understand strategic, tactical and operational levels; and, finally, the identification of interaction or points of complementarity of the two philosophies in these spheres. The main result of this work is the understanding that, within the strategic area, which has consistent lean management philosophy, sustainable construction is considered a way of adding value to customer. This enables lean and green philosophies to permeate tactical and operational levels as well. Moreover, it is also identified some practical approaches on how Lean and Green interact at construction sites, which some authors consider more difficult due to conceptual differences between these two philosophies. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, green building, sustainability, environment, LEED. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Viana2013, author={Viana, Daniela Dietz and Bulhões, Iamara Rossi and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Guidelines for integrated planning and control of engineer-to-order prefabrication systems}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={549-558}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/959}, affiliation={Ph.D Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, danidietz@gmail.com ; Ph.D., Researcher at LOPP/UFRGS (Product and Process Optimization Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Praça Argentina nº 9, 2º andar. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. CEP 90040-020. Fax: +55 51 33084007, ibulhoes@yahoo.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br }, abstract={The industrialization of construction processes is an important strategy for improving quality and productivity in construction. However, the adoption of industrialized technologies does not necessarily have a high impact in the overall performance of the production system. In fact, most papers on the implementation of Lean concepts and principles in prefabricated building systems have focused on a particular stage of the construction process, such as design, prefabrication or assembly. This paper is concerned with planning and controlling engineer-to-order (ETO) prefabricated systems, in which a single company is responsible for designing, and prefabricating components, and assembling them on site. This paper reports the preliminary results of an ongoing research project that aims to understand how the assembly process at the construction site can pull the prefabrication of components in a context with high variability. It is based on a study carried out at a steel fabricator company in which an integrated planning and control model has been developed, involving design, prefabrication and site assembly. This paper presents a set of guidelines for devising planning and control systems in such an environment. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, prefabrication, pull production, engineer-to-order }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vivan2013, author={Vivan, André Luiz and Paliari, José Carlos }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Proposal of a set-based concurrent model for the construction industry}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={409-418}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/960}, affiliation={Master’s in Civil Construction, Postgraduate Program in Structures and Civil Construction at the Federal University of São Carlos – PPGECiv-UFSCar, andre.vivan@ufscar.br ; Prof. Dr., Federal University of São Carlos – UFSCar, Department of Civil Engineering – DECiv, jpaliari@ufscar.br }, abstract={Concurrent Engineering (CE) is commonly employed in high-tech industries. CE can generally be applied by means of point-based and set-based strategies. However, although several related studies have been published, these strategies still lack systematic structuring for the operationalization of CE in the Civil Construction Industry (CCI). The purpose of this study, therefore, was to develop a set-based operational model based on the Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS), since this system is designed for practices in CE environments. This is a theoretical work developed from the rationale that the use of set-based concurrent models can more adequately model the use of LPDS-based CE. The main contribution of this paper is the proposal of a concurrent model for managing the development of the design process in the CCI. This work is considered important for the sector because it expands the theoretical bases of the areas of construction management and economics by proposing an operational model that contributes to a better understanding and use of Lean philosophy in the design process in the CCI. }, author_keywords={Concurrent engineering, flow, collaboration, set-based strategy. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wehbe2013, author={Wehbe, Farah A. and Hamzeh, Farook R. }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Failure mode and effect analysis as a tool for risk management in construction planning}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={481-490}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/961}, affiliation={Masters Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, faw01@mail.aub.edu ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 406E Bechtel, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh-Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon, fh35@aub.edu.lb }, abstract={Construction projects are known for having an inherent risk affecting both schedule and cost considerably. High levels of uncertainty and risk are typical for the construction industry and are significantly manifested as project size and complexity increase. Risk management practices are underutilized in the construction industry. This paper focuses on the use of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) within the Last Planner System (LPS) as a tool for risk management at the lookahead planning level which connects master and phase scheduling to production planning. FMEA has been widely used in the manufacturing industry to study potential failures along with their impacts and suggest remedial measures. However, its use in construction remains very limited especially at the planning level. The purpose of this paper is to study the integration of FMEA into construction planning for projects using the Last Planner System and its impact on workflow and project performance. The paper introduces a planning process model with integrated risk management employing FMEA at the lookahead planning level and combining aspects of first-run studies. The model involves: risk identification, risk assessment and analysis, risk monitoring, and contingency planning. The study contributes to the overall understanding of construction planning by laying-out a framework for identifying risks, mitigating those risks, and allocating contingencies. }, author_keywords={Risk management, FMEA, lookahead planning, LPS, workflow. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wesz2013, author={Wesz, Josana G. B. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Tzotzopoulos, Patrícia }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Design process planning and control last planner system adaptation}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={369-378}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/962}, affiliation={M.Sc. Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, jowesz@yahoo.com.br ; Ph.D., Associate Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Phone +55 51 33083518, formoso@ufrgs.br ; Senior Lecturer, School of the Built Environment, University of Salford; UK. Phone +44 161 2954284; p.tzortzopoulos@salford.ac.uk }, abstract={Many companies are seeking to improve their design process through the application of lean principles. However, to implement lean concepts effectively, companies must first achieve basic design process stability by controlling variability and increasing reliability, which the Last Planner System (LPS) helps to accomplish. This study aims to better understand the application of the LPS in design and to propose an adaptation for the design of prefabricated steel construction systems for fast projects, through a case study carried out in a steel fabricator company. This research work was divided into three main stages. First, LPS was applied with two design teams, and an adaptation of the LPS for the specific context of the company was proposed. Second, the refined LPS was implemented in four additional design teams. Finally, an evaluation of the implementation process, based on a set of design planning and control practices was conducted, and a design planning and control model was proposed. The main impacts of the implementation were an increase in process transparency, stronger commitment in the delivery of packages, and collaborative decision-making. The paper also discusses some of the difficulties in terms of implementing medium-term planning, due to the complexity of the process. }, author_keywords={Design process, planning and control, Last Planner System }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wirahadikusumah2013, author={Wirahadikusumah, Reini D. and Sulistyaningsih, Dewi }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={The role of owners in the supply chains of highway construction projects: An overview of indonesian cases}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={185-194}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/963}, affiliation={Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Insitut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, INDONESIA, wirahadi@si.itb.ac.id ; Graduate Student, Master’s Program, Civil Engineering Department, Insitut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, INDONESIA. }, abstract={The availability and condition of Indonesia’s road infrastructure is far from adequate to sustain the national economic development. One option to improve the state of road services is to seek funding from the private sector. Owners play a central role in construction including in the integration of supply chains. Unlike in public projects, a private company as the owner of a toll road project has more flexibility and strategic role in better managing its construction supply chains. To obtain a portrait on road construction supply chain management practices by these private owners, a multiple case study was performed on three companies constructing toll roads in Java Island between 2009-2010. The exploratory study involved interviews with project managers to identify the traditional practices and innovative ways in managing their construction supply chains. The study focused on investigating several aspects supporting the successful project management with reinforced role of the owner. Findings showed that there were distinctive practices of managing the construction supply chains among the three cases. The distinguishing factors were the company culture, the expertise and progressive characteristics of managers and supporting staffs. Reinforced role of an owner could be effective in improving the project performance when the top management recognizes the potential value and implement strong leadership. }, author_keywords={Private owner, supply chains, management, road, construction, infrastructure. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zegarra2013, author={Zegarra, Omar and Alarcón, Luis Fernando }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Propagation and distrotions of variability into the production control system: Bullwhip of conversations of the last planner}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={589-598}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/964}, affiliation={PhD Candidate and Graduate Researcher at Centro de Excelencia en Gestión de Producción (GEPUC) at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. E-mail:ozegarra@uc.cl, (56 2) 354-4244 ; PhD, Head Professor, Dep. of Construction Management Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, (56 2) 354-4201, (56 2) 354 4244. }, abstract={During a construction project, the production control system allows the creation of conditions to manage operations. The Last Planner System is a production control system whose use has been related to superior project performance. We suggest that there is an opportunity to improve the Last Planner System application in the patterns of conversation variability along its subprocesses from a Language Action Perspective. These patterns are called Bullwhip Effect of Conversations, because they resemble the concept of propagation of variability in the supply chain. We update previous research about Instability of Conversations, adding new data, evaluations and interpretations. This paper is based on five mining and road construction projects. Our research analyses variability propagation and distortion of conversations along the Last Planner System subprocesses, and their relationship with the Percentage Plan Complete Index. The findings suggest that the Bullwhip Effect of Conversations exists. It impacts the production control reliability. Also we conclude that it represents the coordination variation throughout the production control subprocesses. This concept seems useful to improve management processes; further research is still required. }, author_keywords={Last Planner System, Language Action Perspective, Variability, Bullwhip Effect }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zegarra2013, author={Zegarra, Omar and Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Pereira, Pedro and Cachadinha, Nuno }, editor={Formoso, Carlos Torres and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia }, title={Weekly tracking of stability of the flow of conversations into the subprocesses of last planner system}, journal={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, booktitle={21th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction}, year={2013}, pages={629-638}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/965}, affiliation={PhD Candidate and Graduate Researcher at Centro de Excelencia en Gestión de Producción (GEPUC) at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. E-mail:ozegarra@uc.cl, (56 2) 354-4244 ; PhD, Head Professor, Dep. of Construction Management Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, E-mail: lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, (56 2) 354-4201, (56 2) 354 4244. ; Graduate Researcher, Dep. de Eng. Civil, Dept of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 351 212 948 557 E-mail: pgp15770@campus.fct.unl.pt ; PhD, Asst Professor, Civil Engineering Dept, Dept of Science and Technology Fac. de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa,E-mail: 351 212 948 557, ncachadinha@fct.unl.pt }, abstract={The reliability of a Production Control System impacts productivity; research suggests that Last Planner System - reliability could be improved with a variability analysis and control of its subprocesses. The variability ratio of those subprocesses, known as the Bullwhip Effect of Conversations, helps to quantify the conversation flow between the Last Planner System subprocesses. We assessed if the first stages of the Bullwhip Effect of Conversations evaluation methodology could be used as a weekly tool, to measure the proper application of Production Control System - subprocesses. This paper reports the analysis of conversations trends, statistical controls and the impact of the Production Control System subprocesses using two case studies: one carried out in South America which used the Last Planner System, and one in Europe which used the Traditional Production Control System. We found production control subprocesses which were under statistical control, and that impact one another as well as the PPC. With this methodology, it is possible to evaluate the stability of the coordination flows into each Production Control System - subprocesses. Both cases were stable, predictable and free of external causes of variation. We consider that this method could be valuable for tracking and tuning the application of Last Planner System subprocesses. }, author_keywords={Last Planner, Production Planning, Control, Variability, Language Action Perspective. }, address={Fortaleza, Brazil }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, }