@CONFERENCE{Daniel2020, author={Daniel, Emmanuel I. and Pasquire, Christine and Chinyio, Ezekiel and Oloke, David and Suresh, Subashini }, editor={ }, title={Development of Collaboration in Planning: What Can Construction Project Management Learn From Other Fields?}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={289-300}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1753}, doi={10.24928/2020/0002}, affiliation={Sr. Lecturer in Constr. Mgmt., School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom WV1 ILY, E.Daniel2@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-1845 ; Prof. School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Nottingham Trent University UK, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-6344-2031 ; Sr. Lecturer, School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, United Kingdom WV1 ILY, E.chinyio@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-8448-5671 ; Built Environment Engr, School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, UK WV1 ILY, D.A.Oloke@wlv.ack, orcid.org/0000-0002-0730-7262 ; Reader, School of Arch. and Built Envir., Faculty of Sci. and Engrg., Univ. of Wolverhampton, UK WV1 ILY, S.Subashini@wlv.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-5266-128X }, abstract={This study seeks to examine how collaboration in planning has developed in the fields of urban planning (UP), software design and lean construction and to present what construction project management can learn from these developments. A critical literature review was adopted to achieve the aim of the study. The study found that the prevailing rational or technical approach to planning is not germane to the construction industry alone. Rather, it exists in various disciplines as seen in the rational comprehensive model (RCM) used in urban planning and the waterfall process model used in software design. The research reveals that the current theory on which construction project management is based cannot provide resources, which people can utilise to develop genuine collaboration in planning among construction stakeholders. To overcome this, the study recommends that construction project management should include the concept of management-asorganising and the ‘Flow’ and ‘Value’ views which can provide resources that can be utilised by people for the smooth running of the production (construction) system as demonstrated in Scrum and the Last Planner System. This study brings new insight and opens a new opportunity on how collaboration could be achieved in construction project management using existing evidence from other fields. Additionally, the study contributes to the discussion on construction management theory that has received less attention. }, author_keywords={Construction management theory, collaboration, construction planning, lean construction. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aka2020, author={Aka, Adefemi and Emuze, Fidelis }, editor={ }, title={A Nigerian Cased-Based Study of Non-Value Adding Activities and Their Reduction in Concrete Paver Production }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={817-827}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1754}, doi={10.24928/2020/0005}, affiliation={Lecturer, Department of Building, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria, aka.femi@futminna.edu.ng, orcid.org/0000-0002-5926-9843 ; Professor, and Head, Department of Built Environment, Central University of Technology, Free State, South Africa, femuze@cut.ac.za, orcid.org/0000-0001-7714-4457 }, abstract={Waste is responsible for certain production problems in construction. The negative impact of waste has spurned its reduction related studies. However, previous studies have not addressed the impact of waste on the production of concrete pavers in a factory. This paper thus reports on a case-based study that was conducted in selected concrete pavers’ (CPs) factories in Nigeria to investigate the various waste in the production process. Typical forms of waste that were discovered in the study are excessive procurement of materials, unnecessary delay, not meeting up with the daily production schedule and over curing of concrete pavers. The initial results calls for the adoption of lean practices that will reduce waste and improve production outputs in the factories. There is a major scope for the use of Kanban, JIT, and other lean tools in the case production settings. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, concrete pavers, process, production pull, waste. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tvedt2020, author={Tvedt, Ida M. }, editor={ }, title={Divergent Beliefs About Productivity Despite Concurrent Engineering and Pull Planning, a Case Study}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={301-312}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1755}, doi={10.24928/2020/0006}, affiliation={PhD candidate, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 907 94 323, ida.m.tvedt@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0001-8203-6602 }, abstract={Increased productivity is one of the benefits expected when design work in construction is carried out as concurrent engineering using techniques as pull planning. In this context, the evaluation of productivity does not encounter whether the belief of productivity as a concept is homogeneous within the team. A possible consequence of a heterogeneous understanding is unpredictable variety in the behavior of team members'. Efforts to better the performance of design teams through collaborative work processes, so far, have generated limited evidence of the diverse beliefs of productivity. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss whether the collaborative work processes concurrent engineering and pull planning ensure a homogeneous understanding of productivity. The author of this paper studied a design team in a Norwegian construction project through interviews, observations and document analysis. Designers were asked what productivity is to them, and in what setting it is most evident. The results show that there are conflicting beliefs of what it means to be productive in the team. Also, the project organization does not measure the team’s productivity due to the collaboratively structured delivery model. This choice is thought to have an effect on the team’s heterogeneous understanding. }, author_keywords={Perceived productivity, design teams, collaboration, concurrent, pull planning }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ruiz2020, author={Ruiz, Cristina and Castillo, Tito and Paredes, Marcel }, editor={ }, title={Effects of Implementation of 5S in Heavy Equipment Maintenance Workshops }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={589-600}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1756}, doi={10.24928/2020/0010}, affiliation={1 Civil Engineer, Faculty of Engrg., Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Av. Antonio José de Sucre Km 1 1/2 vía a Guano Riobamba, Ecuador, jcruiz.fic@unach.edu.ec, orcid.org/0000-0002- 4048-7939 ; Prof., Civil Engrg. Dept., Director, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Av. Antonio José de Sucre Km 1 1/2 vía a Guano Riobamba, Ecuador, tcastillo@unach.edu.ec, orcid.org/0000-0002- 3472-3456 ; Prof., Civil Engrg., Faculty of Engrg., Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Av. Antonio José de Sucre Km 1 1/2 vía a Guano Riobamba, Ecuador, marcelparedes@unach.edu.ec, orcid.org/0000- 0002-3762-9633 }, abstract={The intensive use of heavy equipment is the production core of a road construction company, so maintenance is critical activity to ensure its availability. However, conventional maintenance techniques usually compromise the work safety of personnel by pressing their work capacity, although these maintenance processes can be managed applying methodologies that achieve clean, safe and organized workspaces. Thus, the purpose of this research was to measure the effects of the 5S implementation in the maintenance workshop of a road construction company. For such purpose, were used indicators of equipment availability, occupational safety and efficiency. Having the support of senior management, training and application of 5S were carried out on site. Unnecessary supplies and those of frequent use by the worker were classified (Seiri). Shelves coded for storage were created (Seiton). Parts were removed of scrap and debris from work areas (Seiso). Also, order and cleaning procedures were standardized (Seiketsu). Finally, through visual tools, self-discipline was promoted (Shitsuke). Although the application of 5S did not significantly improve the equipment availability indicators of the workshop, its implementation reduced the accident index and improved working conditions. }, author_keywords={5S, standardization, visual management, efficiency, safety }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shehab2020, author={Shehab, Lynn and Ezzeddine, Ali and Hamzeh, Farook and Power, William }, editor={ }, title={Agent-Based Modelling and Simulation of Construction Crew Performance}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={1021-1032}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1757}, doi={10.24928/2020/0012}, affiliation={ Master’s Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, aas113@mail.aub.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-2708-3550 ; Master’s Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, ame109@mail.aub.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-1668-5481 ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 ; Productivity & Performance Manager, DPS Group, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Co. Cork, Ireland, willie.power@dpsgroupglobal.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-5791-846X }, abstract={The construction industry suffers from chronic problems in project delays, crew ineffectiveness, and productivity loss. One of the root causes of such problems is improper planning and control. Project control requires not only sufficient experience, but also proactive decision-making and awareness. In order to ensure proactivity and problem awareness, simulation coupled with Lean Construction principles are used to inform the analysis of workers’ performance and conditions on site, facilitate production control, and detect possible future shortcomings or delays. This paper presents an Agent-Based and Discrete-Event model that allows project controllers to simulate current or future project states within the Weekly Work Plan (WWP) of the Last Planner® System (LPS) in order to orient the project activities and performance as desired. This model can be used to help generate more realistic planned production rates considering LPS metrics for crew capacity and performance. Factors resulting in the non-completion of tasks are taken from data of a real project over the course of 94 weeks. The simulation model is applied to an example project to explain the goals behind the proposed model. Results indicate that the proposed model is useful as a basis for a decision support system for project planners to evaluate the reliability of their planned production rates. }, author_keywords={Agent-based modelling and simulation (ABMS), discrete-event simulation (DES), lean construction, project control, Last Planner® System (LPS) }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Uddin2020, author={Uddin, Mohammad Moin }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction Quality Assurance Opportunities in Highway Construction }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={565-576}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1758}, doi={10.24928/2020/0013}, affiliation={ Associate Professor, Department of Engineering, Engineering Technology and Surveying, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA, uddinm@etsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003- 4259-0259 }, abstract={Quality management is a significant component of any construction project and the cost of quality can constitute a sizable part of total construction cost. US state highway agencies are in constant pressure to do more with less. Applying Lean construction management principles can be a viable way to eliminate waste and inefficiencies and maximize value and efficiency in quality assurance (QA). State highway agencies have implemented various QA practices and processes which include different QA standards and specifications, varying testing methods, central testing lab vs. on site testing, performance based vs. prescribed quality assurance practices, implementation of innovative quality assurance practices, etc. Therefore, there is an opportunity to assess different QA strategies and recommend lean QA practices that are cost effective. A survey was conducted among state highway agencies, which provided a detailed mapping of various QA practices and processes used as part of QA programs and identified areas where agencies can focus on for cost savings. The survey found that QA sampling and testing plans, optimization of sampling plans, optimization of QA standards and specifications, and implementation of innovative test methods and processes are the main areas the agencies should focus on to lean the current QA programs. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, quality assurance, process, cost savings }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zhao2020, author={Zhao, Jianyu and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Applying Heat Maps to Define Workspace in Construction Based on Real-Time Tracking System With Coordinate Positioning Information}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={853-864}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1759}, doi={10.24928/2020/0014}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, jianyu.zhao@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-8519-617 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={The construction jobsites are regarded as highly dynamic and chaotic environment for both workers and management. To ensure efficient task performances, workspace is a key resource in construction sites. Nowadays the technology has enabled better management of onsite resources through location-based methods within lean construction principles, such as Location-Based Management System (LBMS) and Takt planning. Those methods aim to optimize workspace in construction sites consisting of multiple tasks and to eliminate waste related to product and labour flows. To contribute to enhancing those lean construction approaches with attempts to obtain real and objective data, we have developed a real-time positioning system based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology where coordinates of workers can be obtained, and heat maps of task-related workspace are generated in real time. This paper aims to develop automated process of generation of workspace based on coordinates of workers and to explore various uses of workspace heat maps to serve the purposes of lean construction principles. The successful implementation of the system in China is analysed and the results suggest that heat maps which use dimensional and temporal positioning data, could be an efficient and convenient method to define workspace of crews onsite. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, real-time indoor positioning, heat-maps, intelligent construction site, onsite management. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Guzman2020, author={Guzman, Giankeving and Ulloa, Wilfredo }, editor={ }, title={Bim Application in the Operation and Maintenance Management of a Sports Infrastructure}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={949-960}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1760}, doi={10.24928/2020/0015}, affiliation={Research Assistant, Virtual Design and Construction Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Perú, gguzmang@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3008-7867 ; Head of Laboratory, Virtual Design and Construction Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Perú, wulloa@uni.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-9590 }, abstract={Operation and Maintenance (O&M) stage is the most expensive phase during the life cycle of a building. Currently, much of the information used in there is still paper-based and is delivered to the owner months after the facilities are in use. Therefore, it is necessary to study the interaction between Lean principles and Building Information Modeling(BIM) Functionalities in the building during O&M phase to optimize resources. This paper proposes a BIM-FM workflow and compares it with traditional Facility Management in a Peruvian sports infrastructure. The case study was Aquatic Center for the XVIII Pan-American Games and VI Parapan-American Games Lima 2019. The sport infrastructure was designed and built under an Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) environment applying BIM methodology until the construction phase. The main difference found is that proposed BIM-FM workflow improves the efficiencies of the workforce for accessing to accuracy and complete information about Facility’s components. Finally, the paper presents barriers in the BIM-FM implementation evidenced in the case study. }, author_keywords={Facility Management, Building Information Modeling, Information flow, case study,sport infrastructure }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Power2020, author={Power, William and Sinnott, Derek and Mullin, Aidan }, editor={ }, title={Improving Commissioning and Qualification Delivery Using Last Planner® System }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={505-516}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1761}, doi={10.24928/2020/0016}, affiliation={ Productivity & Performance Manager, DPS Group, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Co. Cork, Ireland T45 YR13, willie.power@dpsgroupglobal.com, +353217305000, orcid.org/0000-0001-5791-846X ; Senior Lecturer, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland, dsinnott@wit.ie, orcid.org/0000-0003-3969-8699 ; Senior Project Manager, DPS Group, 4 Eastgate Avenue, Eastgate Business Park, Little Island, Co. Cork, Ireland T45 YR13, aidan.mullin@dpsgroupglobal.com, +353217305000, orcid.org/0000-0002- 6363-4727 }, abstract={This study evaluates the implementation of Last Planner® System (LPS) in the Commissioning and Qualification (C&Q) phase of a pharmaceutical construction project utilising the Engineering, Procurement, Construction Management and Validation (EPCMV) delivery model. C&Q is the ultimate and most critical phase of capital project execution however, the importance of this phase is often underestimated as it commonly accounts for only 3-5% of project costs. The study utilised a mixed-method, qualitative, action-research approach and highlights the challenges to the introduction of LPS in C&Q, project execution issues, and improvements to the existing planning process. Introducing planning metrics like Planned Percent Complete (PPC) to the weekly C&Q planning process resulted in increased stability over the 40-week implementation period. However, the greatest benefits emerged from weekly collection and examination of the Reasons for Non-Completion (RNC) of task data allowing the identification and implementation of improvement mitigations. Other key findings include enhanced delivery in the form of greater collaboration, increased visibility of workflow, and the resulting productivity, schedule alignment, safety, cost, and client value-add benefits from the implementation. Clients should adopt Lean thinking and practices to provide added value on capital projects and should mandate LPS implementation across the entire project, end to end, as opposed to individual phases. Future studies should examine LPS extension to planning the entire project. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Last Planner® System, Collaboration, Workflow, Lookahead planning, Hand-off }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lehtovaara2020, author={Lehtovaara, Joonas and Heinonen, Aleksi and Lavikka, Rita and Ronkainen, Miika and Kujansuu, Pekka and Ruohomäki, Anton and Örmä, Maiju and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Takt Maturity Model: From Individual Successes Towards Systemic Change in Finland }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={433-444}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1762}, doi={10.24928/2020/0017}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Partner, Vison Oy, Finland, aleksi.heinonen@vison.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-2027-9646 ; Senior Scientist, Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Finland, rita.lavikka@vtt.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-1200-4773 ; Business Director, Vison Oy, Finland, miika.ronkainen@vison.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-0488 ; Development Engineer, Skanska Oy, Finland, pekka.kujansuu@skanska.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002- 5672-1101 ; Site Engineer, NCC Suomi Oy, Finland, anton.ruohomaki@ncc.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-5068-5712 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Built Environment, Tampere University, Finland, maiju.orma@tuni.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-5710-5266 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={ }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pal2020, author={Pal, Aritra and Nassarudin, Asif }, editor={ }, title={Integrated Project Delivery Adoption Framework for Construction Projects in India}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={337-348}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1763}, doi={10.24928/2020/0018}, affiliation={PhD Student, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, apal@caece.net, orcid.org/0000-0002-1644-7400 ; Assistant Project Manager, Aspect Commercial Services, Dubai, UAE, asifnassarudin@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-1460-9517 }, abstract={The project delivery system and the contracting strategy adopted are the main governing factor that decides the success of a construction project in terms of time, cost, and quality. With the rising complexity of projects and stringent legal regulations, traditional practices turn out to be inefficient leading to disputes, cost, and time overruns. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) system which is built on trust, collaboration, and pooled risk-reward sharing have been devised as an effective solution almost a decade ago. Despite its advancement, the adoption rate of IPD in India remains very low because of several reasons such as lack of awareness among the owners, the requirement of a new legal framework, unestablished BIM standards, and so on. This paper aims at proposing an IPD adoption framework for Indian construction projects by mapping the barriers of IPD implementation in India and the successful IPD implementation strategies adopted in developed countries. Selected literature consisting of published case studies of successful IPD projects, papers related to IPD implementation in India and, the IPD implementation guides, policy, and framework are utilized for this purpose. The framework proposes a step by step approach to effectively implement the IPD system in India. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Collaboration, Lean Construction, Project Delivery System }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kanai2020, author={Kanai, Julia and Fontanini, Patricia Stella Pucharelli }, editor={ }, title={Value Stream Map and Visilean® for Prefabricated Concrete Panels Management }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={673-684}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1764}, doi={10.24928/2020/0019}, affiliation={Sr. Lecturer in Construction, Civil Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083- 889, Brasil, j192221@dac.unicamp.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-4549-8848 ; Prof., Civil Engineering, Construction, LABTEC, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083- 889, Brasil, patricia@fec.unicamp.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-7505 }, abstract={The lack of process flow planning causes waste of time and material. The value stream map helps workers understanding the flow, identifying waste and planning for the future state. Visilean® helps automate production control. The main objective of this work is to propose a method to improve process flow planning of prefabricated concrete panels based on the application of Value Stream Map and Visilean® to manage the movement of parts in the factory. Results show value stream maps for project, production and installation processes allowing suggestions for improvements to operational procedures. There are four scenarios in this research to achieve a just-in-time method. Comparing the scenarios, the longest scenario is the Current one, which is based on the data collected in the factory without any changes on the flow. The Future 1 scenario had a small improvement compared to the current scenario. The Future 2 scenario reduced 25% of the time of the current scenario. The Ideal scenario has reduced more than 50% of the time of the current scenario. This research showed that the Value Stream Map and Visilean® are great tools to use in managing the flow of prefabricated panels. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, production pull, job-sequencing, value stream map, Visilean® }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haronian2020, author={Haronian, Eran and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={Production Process Evaluation for Earthworks}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={601-602}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1765}, doi={10.24928/2020/0020}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Seskin Virtual Construction Laboratory, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – IIT, eranha@campus.technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-9056-1722 ; Professor, Seskin Virtual Construction Laboratory, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – IIT, cvsacks@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-5053 }, abstract={Production in earthworks projects is a continuous process of strictly sequenced operations performed by heavy machinery on site. The Production Process Evaluation (PPE) index was developed to evaluate these types of processes by quantifying waste in the bottleneck operation. The PPE index is the ratio of the actual production volume to the theoretical maximum production volume, and it is calculated by assessing value adding and nonvalue adding times, actual and theoretical throughput, and shift durations. These are computed using data obtained from machine control systems linked to the roadel information schema, which represents continuous products and processes. The PPE index was implemented on a case study of a water reservoir construction project. The spreading operation was identified as the bottleneck in the process, based on the high levels of inventory waiting for the operation, the high capacity utilization in the operation and the low capacity utilization of the predecessor and successor operations. The PPE index ranged from 45% to 54% during the three weeks of the case study and indicated high levels of waste in the bottleneck and a lack of production management. }, author_keywords={Bottleneck, earthworks, production, waste, workflow }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Reinbold2020, author={Reinbold, Ana and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={The Role of Digitalized Visual Management to Empower Selfmanaged Crews in Construction Projects }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={925-936}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1766}, doi={10.24928/2020/0021}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 431 2015, ana.reinbold@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-7984 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 368 0412, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 371 6613, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={This theoretical study encompasses the role of digitalization in visual management (VM) applied in construction projects to increase the situational awareness (SA) of construction workers and crews. A literature review on VM, SA and self-managed crews shows that the level of digitalization in the construction industry is low when compared to other industries, that information silos are a common practice and that the decision-making processes depend largely on the construction manager role, causing a bottleneck of information and repeated time waste. As more digitalization enters construction sites and the amount and quality of available data increases, appropriate use of this data can bring meaningful improvement to construction site management. The study shows that using updated and real-time data for VM devices can increase information flow among construction workers and crews, increasing SA throughout the construction project. This can enable the construction crews to be more autonomous and self-managed, resulting in decentralized decision-making processes to solve task-related problems. Further steps for empirical research are suggested. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, visual management, situational awareness, information flow, selfmanaged crews }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Görsch2020, author={Görsch, Christopher and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti and Lavikka, Rita }, editor={ }, title={Construction Workers’ Situational Awareness – An Overlooked Perspective }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={937-948}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1767}, doi={10.24928/2020/0022}, affiliation={Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 411 8924, christopher.0.gorsch@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-4031 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 368 0412, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo Finland, +358 50 371 6613, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 ; Senior Scientist, D.Sc. (Tech.), Smart Energy and Built Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo Finland, +358 50 384 1662, rita.lavikka@vtt.fi, orcid.org/0000-0003-1200-4773 }, abstract={The construction industry is claimed to suffer from low productivity often caused by its complex, individualistic and unstructured nature. The construction workers’ situational awareness (SA) is an insufficiently investigated and overlooked perspective in current project and production management literature to increase productivity in construction projects. This paper discusses the role of construction workers in planning and control of production and the possible impact of SA for on-site processes integrating knowledge and expertise from construction workers. The paper reviews the literature concerning construction workers’ on-site situation, integration in production planning and control processes and the possibilities for empowering workers with SA. Providing real-time situational data can empower workers to make better decisions based on accurate, transparent, structured and trustworthy data. It is concluded that a better understanding and availability of the project information and progress can free up workers' workload, to focus their capacity on the task delivery. This will ultimately lead to a boost in productivity on-site. Furthermore, the paper opens avenue for further research and how to capture the current state of on-site SA of construction workers through a methodical approach including quantitative and qualitative methods. }, author_keywords={Workflow, lean construction, production planning, construction worker, situational awareness }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ruiz2020, author={Ruiz, Phelipe V. and Fontanini, Patricia S.P. }, editor={ }, title={Construction Materials Flow Investigation – Delay Evaluation in a Sand Supply Chain With Simulation}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={1033-1041}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1768}, doi={10.24928/2020/0023}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Urbanism Department, Campinas State University, Campinas, CEP 13083-889, Brazil, phelipevruiz@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-3092-1276 ; Professor, Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Urbanism Department, Campinas State University, Campinas, CEP 13083-889, Brazil, pspucha@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-7505 }, abstract={The construction sector is considered one of the largest resource consumers on the planet and one of the main productive sectors of the economy. This scenario justifies the study of the flow of materials used in the construction, from the systematization of its processes, to reduce waste and improve the processes involved. This research aims to develop a simulation model of a residential building sand supply chain with the application of the delay meter and its monetary impacts on the enterprise. The impact of delays in the flow of the supply chain was analyzed and verified through a series of simulations. The application of the Lean Construction principles and the possibilities of theoretical simulation with the use of the solutions proposed by the researchers stand out. The proposed model demonstrates the impacts arising from delays in the delivery of materials, leading to the stoppage of teams and the accumulation of work. This scenario leads to the delay in the delivery of the project or the need to increase the team to achieve the productivity rates necessary to mitigate the existing delays. The model structure used in this study has potential for implementation in other construction supply chains. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, process, flow, simulation, supply chain management }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ivina2020, author={Ivina, Daria and Olsson, Nils O.E. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction Principles and Railway Maintenance Planning}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={577-588}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1769}, doi={10.24928/2020/0025}, affiliation={PhD Student, Faculty of Engineering, LTH, Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Transport and Roads, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden, daria.ivina@tft.lth.se, orcid.org/0000-0002- 0893-4129 ; Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, nils.olsson@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-1344-8555 }, abstract={Lean construction principles have been successfully adopted in a variety of industries to increase project management quality. This paper addresses maintenance planning in Sweden and analyses its effectiveness in the framework of lean construction principles. To investigate the status and improvement potential of maintenance contractors’ performance, the study focuses on the detailed planning process, which is mainly the responsibility of contractors. A literature review, a data analysis and interviews were used to reveal the possible barriers to the adaptation of lean principles to the maintenance industry. The study presents a developed theoretical framework for the analysing maintenance processes in the perspective of lean construction principles. We found that the application of lean principles has the potential for improvements in the planning process, but there are some barriers to effective implementation, including a lack of knowledge about lean principles at contractors’ sites. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, railway maintenance, Last Planner® System, workflow, planning }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Musa2020, author={Musa, Muktari and Pasquire, Christine }, editor={ }, title={Target Value Delivery in Bid Process}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={709-720}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1770}, doi={10.24928/2020/0026}, affiliation={PhD, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, +2348037875017, macclimited@yahoo.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-9650-3125 ; Professor, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org /0000-0001-6344-2031 }, abstract={The use of the traditional tendering procedure is predominant in the construction industry; although it is ill-equipped for the current complex and dynamic nature of the industry. Various Lean construction scholars have noted that while construction clients are demanding for more complex and dynamic projects, there is a need to transform the traditional tendering procedure which focuses on the lowest cost for the selection of contractors, while neglecting their technical and management qualifications to one that focuses on needs and requirement of the project. Collaborative approaches like Target Value Design (TVD) can be incorporated in the tendering procedure to ensure that the project needs are met. The case study method was used to demonstrate how TVD principles were used to make competing companies collaborate and contribute during the pre-tender selection process in the traditional tendering procedure to improve project outcomes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 professionals who participated in 2 case study projects. The study provides empirical data showing that the incorporation of TVD mitigates the reported challenges of the traditional tendering process. Cost reduction/certainty, reduction of waste/rework/variation, stakeholders’ satisfaction, accurate cost specifications, early involvement of stakeholders, tenderer’s competency and identification of problems were some of the benefits identified. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Competitive tendering, collaborative design and Target value delivery. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Xiaosheng2020, author={Xiaosheng, Tian and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Precast Concrete Building Construction Process Comparison }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={625-636}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1771}, doi={10.24928/2020/0027}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Canada, xtian4@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1949-850X ; Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Research shows that the precast construction process comprises waste and excessive lead times. The application of Lean Construction principles within the precast construction process varies from country to another due to different regional codes, market demands, informatics tools, fabrication and erection method, etc. This paper deploys value stream mapping (VSM) as a lean methodology to investigate and compare the process differences between a Canadian precast project and a Chinese precast project as basis for improvements in reducing process waste. A framework of comprehensive future state mapping is proposed based on the application of advanced technologies advised by industry 4.0 to guide future precast projects towards a lean process value flow. }, author_keywords={Precast concrete; Lean construction; Process; Value stream; off-site construction }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Yaw2020, author={Yaw, Meng Wai and Rybkowski, Zofia K. and Jeong, H. David }, editor={ }, title={Reducing Handoffs Between Sequential Trades: A Simulation}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={205-216}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1772}, doi={10.24928/2020/0028}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, myaw2@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6191-0337 ; Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, zrybkowski@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004 (corresponding author) ; Professor, Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, djeong@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-1869 }, abstract={Trade specialization has created a significant number of handoffs on construction sites. Without proactive management from the general contractor, handoffs can result in the generation of waste, such as idle time between production activities, transport waste originating from an excessive number of mobilizations and demobilizations, and errors and omissions from miscommunication between trades. These interruptions can severely disrupt the workflow of a project. While small batching of activities offers opportunities for scheduling to takt time, a tension potentially exists between the desire for small batches and the benefits of reduced handoffs that accompany grouping of activities. This paper discusses the development of a lean simulation that explores the advantages of reducing the number of handoffs on a construction project while still acknowledging the benefits of small batching. A first run study of the simulation game was conducted on a sample of 30 students. Metrics showed all teams experienced a significant reduction in the number of turns to complete a round when several sequential tasks were grouped together. On site, this result may be achieved by employing a multi-skilled crew, sharing information more fully through Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), or by selective prefabrication. While feedback was positive, further work is needed to strengthen the game’s learning outcomes. }, author_keywords={Lean simulation, workflow, batch-size, handoff, takt }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Valente2020, author={Valente, Caroline P. and Mourão, Carlos Alexandre M. do A. and Saggin, Angela de B. and Neto, José de P. Barros and Costa, Jorge M. da }, editor={ }, title={Achieving Excellence in Lean Implementation at Construction Companies - A Case Study From Brazil }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={349-360}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1773}, doi={10.24928/2020/0029}, affiliation={1 PhD Candidate, Civ. Eng., MSc, School of Built Environment, Univ. of Technology Sydney, Australia, carolinevalente@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8539-8200 ; PhD Candidate, Civ. Eng. M.Sc., Fac. of Engin., Univ. of Porto, Technical Director, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, alexandre@crolim.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-9711-970X ; Civ. Eng. MBA, Technical Manager, C. Rolim Engenharia, Fortaleza, Brazil, angela@crolim.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-8556 ; Professor, Dept. of Acad. and Technol. Integ., Fed. Univ. of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil, jpbarros@ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 ; Assoc. Professor, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal, jmfcosta@fe.up.pt, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-2952 }, abstract={Lean Construction has become a popular concept to improve performance and reduce costs in construction projects. Assessment tools and implementation strategies that focus on lean practices such as the Last Planner® System, the use of Kanbans, the routine of Kaizens and, recently, the integration with information technology are also common. However, barriers to the wide adoption of lean principles remain and implementation challenges continue to intrigue scholars. Previous studies suggest that barriers to the successful implementation can be either political, economical, social and/or technical, with the focus on lack of knowledge about lean concepts, resistance to the required organisational culture change, and lack of support from top management. Few studies present the lean implementation process from the practitioners’ perspective. Using the narrative enquiry methodology, the authors aim to describe how a construction company from Brazil matured from the implementation of lean operational tools to achieve excellence in the lean culture and mindset. Key themes that emerge from this study for a successful lean construction journey are; effort to stabilise the environment, knowledge creation and management, transparency in the process to enable simplicity and shared understanding, and building trust for further growth. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, lean culture, lean implementation, commitment, enactment }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Darwish2020, author={Darwish, Mohammad and Mohsen, Osama and Mohamed, Yasser and Al-Hussein, Mohamed }, editor={ }, title={Integrated Simulation and Lean Approach for Production Line Improvement in a Prefabricated Panelized Homebuilding Facility }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={661-672}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1774}, doi={10.24928/2020/0030}, affiliation={MSc student, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Hole School of Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, mdarwish@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-1363-7225 ; PhD candidate, Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Hole School of Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, omohsen@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3992-9357 ; Prof., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Hole School of Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, yaly@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0001-9170-9557 ; Prof., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Hole School of Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, malhussein@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-1774-9718 }, abstract={The construction industry is increasingly adopting off-site construction to achieve better quality buildings, to reduce the environmental impact of construction activities, and to attain less schedule variability. When shifting the construction process to a factory, the project is less vulnerable to uncertainties, such as unexpected weather conditions, labour turnover, and material delivery disturbances. Panelized construction is a method in which walls, floors, and roofs are built-in panels at the factory and shipped for on-site assembly. This paper describes the simulation of a production line in a panelized modular home manufacturing facility with the aim of better understanding and improving the production processes associated, in particular, with the first phase of production, namely the multiwall panel production line. Discrete event simulation (DES) is used to investigate and analyze the existing facility processes in terms of production time. The goal is to enhance productivity, reduce work-in-progress, and decrease idle time. The panelized manufacturing facility in the presented study produces dozens of multiwall panels per day, ranging in length from 3 to 13 meters, and both interior and exterior walls are produced on the same production line, each having different physical properties. Applying lean concepts and philosophy, the simulation tool is used to explore various scenarios where the idle time can be identified and minimized as much as possible from a practical perspective. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, discrete event simulation (DES), prefabricated homebuilding, panelized construction, process improvement }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Retamal2020, author={Retamal, Fabián and Salazar, Luis A. and Herrera, Rodrigo F. and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Exploring the Relationship Among Planning Reliability (PPC), Linguistic Action Indicators and Social Network Metrics}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={109-118}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1775}, doi={10.24928/2020/0031}, affiliation={1 MSc Student, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Researcher – GEPUC, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, faretamal@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-6554-5576 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Professor, Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2661 8346, lasalaza@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7339-8935 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile, +56 9 4413 2109, rodrigo.herrera@pucv.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-5186-3154 ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 }, abstract={Research has demonstrated the importance of information flow and workflow in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry. Through the correct application of the Last Planner® System, the coordination of a project and therefore its workflow has been improved. However, there is still a productivity gap that must be addressed through proper commitment management and good communication. Therefore, the objective of this article is to explore the relationship among planning reliability— using percentage plan completed (PPC) measures—linguistic action perspective (LAP) indicators and social network analysis (SNA) metrics in four construction projects that use the Last Planner® System in Chile and Colombia. A future line of research will be to analyze this relationship in conjunction with the main reliability indicators of construction projects through the application of PPC, LAP and SNA in more case studies }, author_keywords={Linguistic Action Perspective, Last Planner® System, Social Network Analysis, Percentage Plan Completed, Case studies }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Ransolin2020, author={Ransolin, Natália and Saurin, Tarcísio Abreu and Formoso, Carlos Torres }, editor={ }, title={Influence of the Built Environment on Patient Safety and Well-Being: A Functional Perspective}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={61-72}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1776}, doi={10.24928/2020/0032}, affiliation={PhD Student, Civil Engineering Post-Graduation Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, natalia.ransolin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-8000 ; Professor, Industrial Engineering Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5888 ; Professor, Civil Engineering Post-Graduation Program: Construction and Infrastructure, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000- 0002-4772-3746 }, abstract={In healthcare facilities, patient safety and well-being are known to be influenced by the built environment (BE). However, mechanisms linking BE to patient safety and wellbeing are not well-understood, which hinders the prevention and mitigation of undesired outcomes. In this paper, the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is used to model the functions carried out by caregivers and patients in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), supporting the analysis of how variability in meeting BE requirements propagates across the work system and impacts patient safety and well-being. The FRAM model was based on observations of everyday work in the ICU, interviews with 24 professionals, and analysis of documents. One scenario derived from the FRAM model is discussed, emphasizing impacts on patient safety and well-being. Results show the utility of understanding how healthcare services work under real circumnstances, as a basis for BE design. Findings also indicate that the variability of everyday healthcare services may either amplify or dampen the impacts of unfulfilled BE requirements on patient safety and well-being.ements on patient safety and well-being. }, author_keywords={Built Environment, Requirements Management, FRAM, Patient Safety, Patient WellBeing }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Soliman-Junior2020, author={Soliman-Junior, Joao and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={Exploring Mistakeproofing in Healthcare Design }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={193-204}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1777}, doi={10.24928/2020/0034}, affiliation={PhD Student, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, Joao.SolimanJunior@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8089-8628 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 ; Professor, School of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia, M.Kagioglou@westernsydney.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-1484 }, abstract={The process of verifying the compliance of design solutions to regulations is critical in healthcare design due to the complexity of the requirements present in healthcare settings. The majority of previews research concentrates on “mistake-searching”, assuming that design will not be compliant and, as such, necessitates an approach focussed on finding inconsistencies, rather than avoiding mistakes during the design process. This paper reports findings of an ongoing research that follows the Design Science Research approach, with the aim of exploring how existing technologies can support incorporating mistakeproofing (poka yoke) into healthcare design, framed within the regulations compliance process. A set of technological strategies was assessed according to mistakeproofing principles. The analysis evidenced their characteristics, benefits, limitations and examples of application. These technologies rely on the use of hybrid approaches, providing assistance to designers across all design stages, which in turn supports better decision-making and contributes towards improving value generation. A theoretical framework was proposed based on the synergy between design support systems, requirements subjectivity and jidoka. It highlights the importance of better understanding and enhancing the relationship between human designers and different technologies through automation. }, author_keywords={Mistakeproofing (mistake-proofing, mistake proofing), poka yoke, healthcare design, regulations, autonomation. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salvatierra2020, author={Salvatierra, José L. and García, Armando and Aracena, Pablo }, editor={ }, title={Towards a Lean Behaviour Evaluation System in Latin American Construction}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={361-372}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1778}, doi={10.24928/2020/0035}, affiliation={Researcher and Construction Area Coordinator, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile, jsalvatierra@ing.uchile.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1065- 3051 ; Civil engineer student, University of Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile, armando.garcia@ug.uchile.cl, orcid.org/0000-0003-4050-7829 ; Change Management Consultant, Leaninn, Perez Valenzuela 1635, Piso 10, Providencia, Santiago, Chile, pablo@lean-inn.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-8585 }, abstract={Throughout its development, Lean implementation in the construction industry has been characterized only by efforts focused on the use of Last Planner System tools, without greater emphasis on the philosophical and cultural aspects associated with a paradigm shift in the industry. This research seeks to identify the main competences of professionals in charge of Lean implementations in Construction Projects from a Latin American point of view, as a basis for the development of key behavioural indicators (KBI). The results obtained correspond to the identification of the main dimensions, which in the opinion of Latin American experts make a project relate with a Lean approach in construction and a set of competences proposed for these three main preferences: collaborative planning systems, culture based on continuing improvement and developing people based on Lean thinking. In addition, as a first step towards the development of a Lean competence management system in construction, a model for assessing the level of expertise of a professional in charge of these dimensions is proposed, by separating the performances identified in one-dimensional behaviours and applying a compliance scale. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Competences, Culture, Behaviour, Key Behaviour Indicators }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Salvatierra2020, author={Salvatierra, José L. and Fuentes, Luis }, editor={ }, title={Identifying Management Practices for Implementation of Obeya Rooms in Investment Projects in a Construction Stage}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={265-276}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1779}, doi={10.24928/2020/0036}, affiliation={Researcher and Construction Area Coordinator, Depart. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile, jsalvatierra@ing.uchile.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-1065-3051 ; Civil engineer, University of Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile, luis.fuentes.g@ug.uchile.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-5274 }, abstract={Lean Construction as a project management approach offers a comprehensive set of tools to solve problems that prevent a continuous flow in projects. The need to manage production processes through permanent work in the value chain by means of improved communication and coordination from the parties involved has been identified as one of the key factors of the Lean approach. Tools such as the Obeya Rooms represent an alternative to solve these problems by seeking greater effectiveness from the interaction of a project’s participants as theseprovide a unique space under a collaborative management methodology based on continuous improvement. However, the experiences identified in Chile have failed to establish common patterns towards a proposal to standardise these tools. The present study aims to identify current practices in Obeya Rooms through literature review and qualitative data collected by national and international Lean experts who have participated in the design of this tool. Analysis of data collected allows the identification of common management practices to design future Obeya Rooms in the construction sector. Collected data is structured according to the following items: Frequency and Duration, Management of Indicators, Participants and Roles, Stages, Physical Space, Rules and Recommendations. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Lean Construction Tools, Obeya Room, Standards, Planning }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koohestani2020, author={Koohestani, Kayvan and Poshdar, Mani and Gonzalez, Vicente A. }, editor={ }, title={Finding the Way to Success in Implementing Lean Construction in an Unfavourable Context}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={373-384}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1780}, doi={10.24928/2020/0038}, affiliation={Head of Project Management Office at Mapna Locomotive Engineering Company, Karaj, Iran, MEng in Construction Management, The University of Auckland, koohestani@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-9988-3688 ; Lecturer, Built Envir. Engrg. Dept., Auckland Univ. of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-2985 ; Sr. Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Founder and Research Lead Smart Digital Lab, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 }, abstract={Developing countries are facing sever productivity problems in their construction sectors. Lean Construction has proven to be an effective solution for such situations. However, when it comes to lean implementation, the operational attributes of the countries can cause significant impacts on the priorities, tools and techniques. This paper took Iranian construction as a sample and sought to identify and prioritise the factors that could significantly contribute to the success of the lean implementation in its context. A comprehensive literature review identified 44 critical success factors (CSFs) in a global setting. The factors were classified into four groups and were presented to industry and/ or academic professionals in the form of semi-structured open-ended interviews that enabled collecting experts’ opinion about the priorities to be given. A thematic analysis of the results indicated that lack of awareness and knowledge of lean construction is the main obstacle for the Implementation. It was also established that more priority should be given to Organisational and Project Management Factors when creating Lean Construction implementation roadmap of the country. This is the first study of its type in Iran and is expected to shed light on the factors that can turn the implementation of Lean Construction a successful story, even in this unfavourable context. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, benefits realization, learning research, Iran, developing countries }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Brioso2020, author={Brioso, Xavier and Cruzado-Ramos, Fiorela }, editor={ }, title={Model of Evaluation of Sustainability Performance in Building Projects Integrating Lean, Through the Delphi Method }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={793-804}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1781}, doi={10.24928/2020/0039}, affiliation={GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-0241 ; GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, fiorela.cruzado@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3979-6838 }, abstract={In recent years, sustainability management has become very important in order to achieve the goal that present and future generations can live in a better world, where economic, social and environmental aspects are balanced in harmony. On the other hand, there is a large amount of literature that shows that the application of Lean tools improves the indicators of work accidents and optimizes the management of resources in the project life cycle, making them more sustainable. In fact, experiences of the application of Lean principles and sustainable tools have been disseminated, but few studies have addressed a proposal for a framework or methodology that systematically integrates both approaches. This article presents a review of the literature of the main studies that address the implementation of Lean principles and environmental sustainability management. and proposes a model for evaluating sustainable management performance in building projects where Lean tools are implemented. The methodology used is based on a literature review, in which information was gathered from the documents of the International Conference on Lean Construction (IGLC) and a set of specialized journals on the topics of Lean Construction, Sustainable Management and key performance indicators (KPIs).This document aims to develop a model for evaluating the performance of Environmental sustainability, integrating Lean Construction and Sustainable Management in buildings, using the Delphi method, to reduce damage and unnecessary use of natural resources. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Sustainable Management, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), Delphi Method, Model }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Maraqa2020, author={Maraqa, Musab and Sacks, Rafael and Spatari, Sabrina }, editor={ }, title={Empirical Assessment of the Impact of VDC and Lean on Environment and Waste in Masonry Operations }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={985-996}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1782}, doi={10.24928/2020/0040}, affiliation={MSc Graduate Student, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, +972 58 670 2922, musab_maraqa@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 7756-2787. ; Professor, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, +972 4 829 3190, cvsacks@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-5053. ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, +972 54 668 4373, ssabrina@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-7243- 9993. }, abstract={Lean principles aim to improve construction through focus on value and waste elimination, which benefits environmental performance by reducing life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improving other environmental metrics. Although prior research identified relationships between Lean, BIM and sustainability, most studies were qualitative assessments of the value of lean and VDC management. In this study we measured the impact of Lean and VDC on waste in operations, and on GHG emissions, of masonry partitions. Researchers observed workers and classified their activities as value-adding or non-value-adding. Data from three different projects that include combinations of Lean and VDC implementation were used to estimate the efficiency of operations in comparison to earlier construction projects from 2007 to 2014 that implemented the same methods. The results were eye-opening: implementing Lean principles and VDC raised the proportion of value–adding activities to 68.4%, compared to only 35.8% in traditional management. Moreover, Lean and VDC methods contributed to reduce wasted global warming potential (GWP) from 169 kg CO2e/m3 of partition built to 112 kg CO2e/m3 , an environmental improvement of 34%. Lean and VDC are dominant management approaches in reducing waste and improving sustainability. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, masonry walls, Virtual Design and Construction (VDC), sustainability, waste }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Khalife2020, author={Khalife, Salam and Hamzeh, Farook }, editor={ }, title={Measuring Project Value: A Review of Current Practices and Relation to Project Success}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={37-48}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1783}, doi={10.24928/2020/0044}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, khalife@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-4547 ; Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hamzeh@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-3986-9534 }, abstract={Achieving a higher project value for all project participants is a major concern in the construction industry and reflects the extent to which projects are successful. The major struggle, however, is in the ability to both identify and measure the tangible and intangible project value requirements. Having different interpretations of what project value constitutes, the literature offers a variety of practices and suggestions for measuring project value. However, since the offered methods are fragmented and do not build on one another, a further investigation is required. Accordingly, this research provides a review of the measures discussed in the literature and suggests new directions for evaluating project value. The research targets the construction industry in addition to other industries that also provide effective strategies to create and measure value in customer-based product developments. The study revealed a lack of a sufficient approach for quantifying value on projects. Consequently, this research aims at providing combined effective ways to help measure project value in an effort to align stakeh }, author_keywords={Benefits realization, integration, collaboration, stakeholders’ value, project success }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Wickramasekara2020, author={Wickramasekara, Amila N. and Gonzalez, Vicente A. and O’Sullivan, Michael and Walker, Cameron G. and Poshdar, Mani and Ying, Fei }, editor={ }, title={Exploring the Integration of Last Planner® System, Bim, and Construction Simulation }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={1057-1068}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1784}, doi={10.24928/2020/0047}, affiliation={PhD student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, awic135@aucklanduni.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-4964-3539 ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Founder and Research Lead Smart Digital Lab., The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ; 3 Senior Lecturer, Department of Engineering Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, michael.osullivan@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-5621-4206 ; Associate Professor, Department of Engineering Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, cameron.walker@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3176-9341 ; 5 Lecturer, Department of Built Environment Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, mani.poshdar@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-2985 ; 6 Senior Lecturer, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, fei.ying@aut.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-6355-5156 }, abstract={Much attention has been paid to Computer Simulation and Modelling (CSM) in the research circles of construction over the last sixty years. However, it has not been widely adopted within the construction industry. In this paper, we explore theoretically the potential of the integration between CSM, the Last Planner System (LPS) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) to accelerate the uptake of CSM in the construction industry. To do so, a review of the literature to identify the synergies between CSM, LPS and BIM was undertaken, where it was found that little research has been done associated with their integration and linkages as a whole. We found that an explicit integration of these three domains has the potential to enhance and accelerate the adoption of CSM in construction as it provides the opportunity to engage construction project stakeholders towards CSM, focusing on domain-specific characteristics and recent advancements of construction management. Based on our review, we propose five research questions to guide the development of a domain-specific construction simulation framework to be considered in future research. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, integration, collaborations, computer simulation }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Iordanova2020, author={Iordanova, Ivanka and Valdivieso, Fernando and Filion, Carolyne and Forgues, Daniel }, editor={ }, title={Schedule Optimization of a Large Hospital Project – 4D Bim Starting With the Demolition}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={961-972}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1785}, doi={10.24928/2020/0048}, affiliation={Professor, Département de Génie de la Construction, École de Technologie Supérieure (ETS), Montréal, Canada, ivanka.iordanova@etsmtl.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-2604 ; Innovation Manager–APEX & Civil Operations, Pomerleau Inc., 500 St-Jacques, Montréal, Canada, fernando.valdivieso@pomerleau.ca, orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-8419 ; Innovation Manager – R&D and Special Projects, Pomerleau Inc., 500 St-Jacques, Montréal, Canada, carolyne.filion@pomerleau.ca, orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-504X ; Professor, Département de Génie de la Construction, École de Technologie Supérieure (ETS), Montréal, Canada, daniel.forgues@etsmtl.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-1790-671X }, abstract={There are multiple studies emphasising the positive interaction between Lean Construction and BIM use. Nevertheless, it is often difficult to find a direct link between this integrated strategy and the project outcome. This paper presents a case study of a large hospital project in a dense downtown environment, where BIM and Lean were used in synergy - mutually informing each other and catalysing their impact. This project created opportunities for multiple innovations and optimisations. This paper will focus on the positive impact from simultaneously applying 4D-BIM and a variation of takt-time planning to the demolition of the old hospital building adjacent to the new one. The optimization between the demolition and the new construction was crucial for the project, as it allowed the Design-Builder’s company to shorten the schedule by two months and to win the contract. Another innovation was the automated update between master schedule, takt-time plan, BIM model, and project documents (including 2D plans and Virtual Reality). This automated loop makes the schedule available to each construction stakeholder (from client and designers, to the foremen) in the format that is most appropriate and useful for them. It also allows for easy progress tracking and control. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, 4D BIM, Mega-Hospital Project, Schedule Optimization, Demolition }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gómez-Cabrera2020, author={Gómez-Cabrera, Adriana and Salazar, Luis A. and Ponz-Tienda, José L. and Alarcón, Luis F. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Tools Proposal to Mitigate Delays and Cost Overruns in Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={781-792}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1786}, doi={10.24928/2020/0049}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Envir. Engineering. Department, Universidad de Los Andes, and Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, +(57) 3155135715, ca.gomez1@uniandes.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0001-5092-2191 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad, Católica de Chile, and Professor, Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2661 8346, lasalaza@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-7339-8935 ; PhD, Assistant Professor, Civil and Envir. Engineering, Dept., Director of the Engineering and Construction Management Research Group, Univ. de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, (57-1) 3324312, jl.ponz@uniandes.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-6513-8826 ; Professor, Department of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica, de Chile, Santiago, Chile, +56 2 2354 7165, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 }, abstract={Construction projects are carried out under the triple constraint of cost, time, and scope, as stated in the project management literature. However, time and cost deviations in the construction industry are frequent, and their magnitude in many cases is considerable, generating harmful consequences. This paper developed a literature review to examine 33 research papers published since 1988 in the Web of Science database to identify the main factors causing these deviations, demonstrating that there is no evidence that it is a problem exclusive from a region, country, or project type. A list of 74 factors has been identified from the top ten reported in each paper. The factors were grouped, taking into account their origin. Simultaneously through literature review, tools, methods, and approaches of Lean Construction were also identified, and after an analysis of its nature, these tools were assigned to the previously identified factors considering the possibilities to mitigate their effects. For more than 88% of the identified factors, a Lean tool, method, or approach was identified, demonstrating that both topics are related, and the body of literature developed must be integrated. }, author_keywords={Delays, Cost overruns, Construction projects, Lean tools, Lean plan }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Rocha2020, author={Rocha, Cecilia G. da and Koskela, Lauri }, editor={ }, title={Why Is Product Modularity Underdeveloped in Construction? }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={697-708}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1787}, doi={10.24928/2020/0050}, affiliation={ Lecturer, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, Bldg 11, Lv 11, NSW 2007, Australia, cecilia.rocha@uts.edu.au, doi.org/0000-0001-6764-1724 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queen Street Building, Queen St., Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DU, United Kingdom, L.Koskela@hud.ac.uk, 0000- doi.org/0003-4449-2281 }, abstract={Product modularity (a term often associated with off-site construction/prefabrication) has been discussed in construction for a few decades. In spite of that, its understanding in this new context is still emergent. This paper sets out to explore why that is the case. The paper builds on both (i) recent investigations of this concept in construction, including empirical studies which are critically analysed here, and (ii) seminal works on the definition of product modularity in manufacturing. An important insight is that product modularity can benefit traditional construction (by adopting a space-oriented perspective), and thus should not be considered applicable only to off-site construction. Conversely, off-site construction does not ensure per se the adoption of product modularity (even though the terms might be sometimes perceived as closely related). Based on the analysis of literature and empirical cases, three limitations in the understanding and application of product modularity in construction are: (i) unclear boundaries between modules (namely, which components pertain to which module), (ii) invariant modules (namely, the components forming a module do not change depending on the combination in which it is used), and (iii) interfaces as synonymous with surfaces (despite the fact that an interface might entail more than one surface and vice-versa). }, author_keywords={Modular construction, interfaces, customisation, off-site construction. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lagos2020, author={Lagos, Camilo and Alarcón, Luis Fernando }, editor={ }, title={Using Percent Plan Completed for Early Success Assessment in the Last Planner System®}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={469-480}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1788}, doi={10.24928/2020/0052}, affiliation={PhD Student, Production Management Centre (GEPUC), School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, colagos@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-0039 ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Director of the Production Management Centre (GEPUC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) constitutes a systematic method for planning and control based on the generation of short-term commitments by the workforce and the weekly control of their accomplishments in search of continual improvement. This approach allows for the stabilization of workflow and uncertainty reduction in short-term plans, which are assessed using the Plan Percent Complete (PPC) indicator and the systematical collection of Reasons for Non-Compliance (RNC). Our research goal is to contribute to the understanding of how PPC and RNC metrics can be used for early assessment of project performance concerning schedule accomplishment. We used a sample of 25 Chilean projects with weekly information regarding progress, PPC, RNC and time deviation, that was categorized into two groups according to their schedule accomplishment results, using a clustering algorithm. We compared the PPC and RNC indicators from the two groups across project execution to detect significant differences. We found that successful projects evidence a statistically significant increase in the PPC, compared to the less-than successful group, lower PPC variability and a lower number of RNC per week, since early project execution. The results allowed us to conclude that these metrics can help perform early assessments of project performance. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Last Planner System®, Percent Plan Complete (PPC), commitment management, variability. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gomez2020, author={Gomez, Sulyn and Ballard, Glenn and Arroyo, Paz and Hackler, Cory and Spencley, Rodney and Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Lean, Psychological Safety, and Behavior-Based Quality: A Focus on People and Value Delivery}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={97-108}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1789}, doi={10.24928/2020/0056}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, sulyn@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-2367-9880 ; Research Associate, Project Production Systems Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, gballard@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-0948-8861 ; Quality Leader, DPR Construction, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA, paza@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-8098-8172 ; Lean Leader, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, coryha@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-1103-596 ; Director for Quality, DPR Construction, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, rodneys@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2263-543X ; Prof., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 }, abstract={A number of issues regarding quality, safety, and production persist in the construction industry. These issues arise in the form of rework, accidents, delays, cost overruns, and loss of trust. The way companies have been dealing with these issues is problematic because of an insufficiently broad perspective on interconnected processes and overreliance on buffering as opposed to reducing the negative variation itself. One gap in our knowledge concerns the influence of human factors in the design and success of construction processes. Psychological safety, a construct that can help to bridge this gap, is based on assessments about the risks associated with an action. Lean principles, such as respect for people, can be fostered through people being aware of each other’s level of psychological safety. This is shown on site when people speak up without constraints, understand each other’s expectations, and come to an agreement about the work, which follows the behavior-based quality (BBQ) approach. The paper highlights theoretical conceptions to describe how underlying ideas about Lean, psychological safety, and BBQ are connected in a people-centered approach to improve value delivery. The exploratory research presented in this paper provides empirical evidence to illustrate the linkage of these ideas in practice. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, psychological safety, behavior-based quality (BBQ), value delivery. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bonilla2020, author={Bonilla, Mauricio and Castillo, Tito }, editor={ }, title={Benchmarking the Construction Industry: An Adaptation of the World Management Survey Methodology }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={217-228}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1790}, doi={10.24928/2020/0057}, affiliation={Civil Engineer, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Chimborazo (UNACH), Av. Antonio José de Sucre Km 1 1/2 vía Guano Riobamba, Ecuador, mrbonilla.fic@unach.edu.ec, orcid.org/0000- 0002-8049-8202 ; Professor, Civil Engineer, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Chimborazo (UNACH), Av. Antonio José de Sucre Km 1 1/2 vía Guano Riobamba, Ecuador, tcastillo@unach.edu.ec, orcid.org/0000-0002-3472-3456 }, abstract={Benchmarking is a best management practice that allows companies to be compared and to improve. Some benchmarking studies in the construction industry have evaluated several dimensions with respect to management practices. Different methods have been used to benchmark the performance of construction companies. These methods are strenuous due to their extension and the variety of practices evaluated. Although there are benchmarking tools that have defined the minimum practices that should be evaluated in the management of industries from a lean approach, this has not yet been achieved for construction management. Therefore, the objective of this research was to develop a benchmarking exercise of minimum management practices in construction, using a website to obtain information from construction companies through an adaptation of the World Management Survey (WMS) methodology. For this purpose, surveys were developed with a Lean approach and the content was validated by interviews with experts from the construction industry. Data was collected through a website that hosts the surveys. Results of this benchmarking study show that the majority of construction companies surveyed scored less than 50% in their management practices, which shows an opportunity for improvement for the companies evaluated. }, author_keywords={Benchmarking, Management practices, Lean construction, Health and safety, Standardization. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Liu2020, author={Liu, Canlong and González, Vicente A. and Liu, Jiamou and Rybkowski, Zofia and Schöttle, Annett and Mourgues Álvarez, Claudio and Pavez, Ignacio }, editor={ }, title={Accelerating the Last Planner System® (LPS) Uptake Using Virtual Reality and Serious Games: A Sociotechnical Conceptual Framework }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={481-492}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1791}, doi={10.24928/2020/0058}, affiliation={ 1 PhD Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, cliu324@aucklanduni.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-9920 ; PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, v.gonzalez@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3863 ; PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, jiamou.liu@auckland.ac.nz, orcid.org/0000-0002-0824-0899 ; PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Construction Science of the College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA, zrybkowski@tamu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5004 ; Senior Consultant, Refine Projects AG, Stuttgart Area, Germany, annett.schoettle@refine.team, orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320 ; PhD, Associate Professor, Dept. of Construction Engineering and Management, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, cmourgue@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-6706-2255 ; PhD, Assistant Professor, School of Business and Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile, ignaciopavez@udd.cl, orcid.org/0000-0001-5257-5330 }, abstract={The Last Planner System® (LPS) use in projects faces both social and technical challenges associated with the nature of its planning and control structure, and the way it is implemented on-site. Thus, the social dynamics inherent with the LPS implementation within construction organisations should be shaped appropriately to harmonically match its technical components and vice versa. Although recent research has revealed that a successful implementation of the LPS is highly dependent upon how its social and technical aspects are managed and interrelated, there are still problems with the LPS implementation in the design phase and on-site. Some simulation games have been used for LPS training, but they do not seem to meet the demands of the industry to accelerate LPS adoption. This paper finds that Virtual Reality (VR) and Serious Games (SG) could be more effective in spreading LPS by mitigating critical barriers than conventional approaches. We also discuss how the capabilities of VR/SG technology can assist in tackling some of LPS adoption barriers that relate back to the social dynamics that are engendered and the technical knowledge that is required to implement the LPS smoothly. We also propose a conceptual framework to study the socio-technical dynamics of the LPS and identified six questions to be addressed in future research. }, author_keywords={Socio-technical Dynamics, Virtual Reality Serious Game, Last Planner® System, Language Action Perspectives, Collaboration. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Florez2020, author={Florez, Laura and Ghazali, Nurain Nabilah }, editor={ }, title={Barriers to Implementing Solar Energy Systems in Buildings: The Resident’s Perspective in Malaysia }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={829-840}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1792}, doi={10.24928/2020/0059}, affiliation={1 Lecturer in Construction Management, Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK, WC1E7HB, l.florez@ucl.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-9286-6949 ; Quantity Surveyor, Dhaya Maju Infrastructure (Asia) SDN-BHD, 10 Boulevard, 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia, nabilah2194@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-6911-0721 }, abstract={Fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas are typically used to generate electricity. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources and harmful to the environment as they release greenhouse gases when burned. With the increased demand of cleaner sources for electricity generation, renewable sources need to be adopted. In Malaysia, solar energy has been used in numerous industrial buildings as a source of electricity generation since the country benefits from high solar radiation throughout the year. However, solar energy is still not used in residential buildings despite a wide interest from the sector. This paper identified and assessed the barriers to implementing solar energy in residential buildings from the perspective of homeowners in Malaysia. Based on a literature search followed by a ranking and factor analysis of data from a questionnaire survey, key barriers were identified. Ninety-one responses from residents in Malaysia were obtained. The questionnaire results showed that the main barriers to adopting solar systems are financial limitations followed by limited solar suppliers in the region and lack of awareness of government incentives. The results of this study could be used to help suppliers and industrial stakeholders in understanding the major barriers and the government to put forward policies to promote solar systems for electricity generation in residential buildings. }, author_keywords={Sustainability, process, safety/quality/health, renewable energy, residential energy systems }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Etges2020, author={Etges, Bernardo M. and Reck, Raquel H. and Fireman, Marcus T. and Rodrigues, Jerusa L. and Isatto, Eduardo L. }, editor={ }, title={Using BIM With the Last Planner® System to Improve Constraints Analysis }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={493-504}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1793}, doi={10.24928/2020/0060}, affiliation={1 PhD Cand., Building Innov. Research Unit (NORIE), Fed. Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 33083518, bernardo.m.etges@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 ; PhD Cand., Building Innov. Research Unit (NORIE), Fed. Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 33083518, raquelreck@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-1928-3461 ; PhD Cand., Building Innov. Research Unit (NORIE), Fed. Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 33083518, marcusctf@gmail.com, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; Master Student, Building Innov. Research Unit (NORIE), Fed. Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, +55 51 33083518, jerusa.lopes@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0514-0753 ; Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil, isatto@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002- 0851-8790 }, abstract={Studies have shown that there are flaws in the implementation of the Last Planner® System, mainly concerning the use of medium-term planning in construction companies. Among the main related problems, we highlight the difficulty that the management team has in being able to identify constraints sufficiently in advance so that they can be removed. This would avoid interruption of service fronts and a jump in losses due to making-do. In this context, BIM is seen in this paper as a modeling environment of activities constraints that can help to overcome these deficiencies because, in addition to addressing the spatial issues of the undertaking, it can also hold information about the different construction elements, such as information about the unavailability of necessary prerequisites for starting or continuing the service. This article discusses the potential for inserting BIM into the medium-term and short-term planning of construction companies when such a plan is based on the Last Planner®. For this purpose, planning data of five case studies from three different companies have been analyzed in two phases: (i) explain which categories of constraints identified in medium-term planning could be modeled in BIM; (ii) examine the percentage of work packages elaborated in short-term planning meetings could be modeled in BIM. Based on this analysis, regarding the constraints modelling in medium-term planning, it is cocluded that the BIM model with Last Planner® System can support to identifiy and remove constraints in a more agile and efficient way. Great potential for modeling medium-term constraints and of short-term packages occurs mainly for those that refer to Projects, Equipment, Work Safety and Materials. }, author_keywords={BIM, lookahead planning, Last Planner® System (LPS) }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Singh2020, author={Singh, Vishesh V. and Tommelein, Iris D. and Bardaweel, Lian }, editor={ }, title={Visual Tool for Workload Leveling Using the Work Density Method for Takt Planning}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={865-876}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1794}, doi={10.24928/2020/0061}, affiliation={MS Candidate, Engineering and Project Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engrg. Dept., Graduate Researcher, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, +1 510 833-1422, visheshvs@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-9727 ; 2 Professor, Civil and Environmental Engrg. Dept., and Director, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, +1 510 643-8678, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 ; MS 2018, Engineering and Management Program, Civil and Environmental Engrg. Dept., Graduate Researcher, Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL), Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720- 1712, +1 510 833-1422, lian.bar@pihome.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-6285-5261 }, abstract={This paper presents a novel interactive Visual Management tool, called ViWoLZo (Visual Workload Leveling and Zoning), that supports takt planning. It is based on the concept of “work density” to depict workloads visually as well as quantitatively so that it can be used to find an optimal workload level and associated work space zoning. ViWoLZo was created in the course of action research on two projects in the San Francisco Bay Area. Because the concept of work density is generic, the tool can be configured to any construction floor plan and process sequence pertaining to any phase of construction— involving repetitive or non-repetitive work—to help level the workload based on the selection of zones. In turn, this leveling informs the user’s selection of the takt to use in planning the work. This Visual Management tool delivers proof-of-concept that work density is useful in studying workload leveling and zoning alternatives for takt planning. Use of ViWoLZo replaces subjective approaches for deciding how to divide work space into zones. While work density data is not yet readily available, the tool illustrates what value such data can have by supporting a user’s what-if analyses to decide if the desired takt can be met, considering different production rates, preferences for zoning of work space, and other work structuring considerations. The paper concludes with suggestions for follow-on research, including recommendations for tool enhancements and integration of additional planning steps. }, author_keywords={Takt planning, Work Density Method (WDM), Visual Management (VM), work structuring, workload leveling }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cano2020, author={Cano, Sandra and Botero, Luis and García-Alcaraz, Jorge Luis and Tovar, Rafael and Rivera, Leonardo }, editor={ }, title={Key Aspects of Maturity Assessment in Lean Construction }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={229-240}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1795}, doi={10.24928/2020/0063}, affiliation={Prof., Escuela de Ingeniería Civil y Geomática, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No 100-00 edificio E48. Cali, Colombia, +(57) (2) 3212100 ext. 7231, sandra.cano@correounivalle.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0003-4257-6035 ; Prof., Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Eafit, Carrera 49 # 7 sur - 50. +(57) (4) 2619500 Ext 9659, Medellín, Colombia, lfbotero@eafit.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0003-3418-7144 ; Prof., Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial y Manufactura, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, México, jorge.garcia@uacj.mx, orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-6963 ; Prof., Escuela de Estadística, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No 100-00 edificio E56. Cali, Colombia, +(57) (2) 3212100 ext. 7231, jose.r.tovar@correounivalle.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0003-0432-4144 ; Prof., Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, Calle 13 No 100-00 edificio E56, Cali, Colombia, leonardo.rivera.c@correounivalle.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0001-9942- 5188 }, abstract={To achieve Lean Construction maturity in the management of the construction project is a continuous improvement process that occurs when the LC implementation is integrated into the life cycle of the construction project. The model for the evolution of Lean Construction maturity in the production management of construction projects, the SLCEM model, contains the standard with which each of the elements involved in the maturity of Lean Construction (LC) is evaluated in construction project management (CPM). Identifying the elements that show the extent of maturity and understanding how they relate is the main task for the development of the SLC-EModel. When evaluating the maturity elements, the local and global maturity indices explain the maturity of the CPM system. The indices are external references to start a cycle of continuous improvement for the evolution towards a higher level of maturity. This research presents a maturity assessment model and an evolution strategy to advance towards the highest possible level of LC maturity in the management of construction projects. }, author_keywords={Assessment, Evolution, Lean construction, Maturity, Maturity model. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Serugga2020, author={Serugga, Joas and Etges, Bernardo Martim Beck da Silva and Bernardi, Ellen and Kagioglou, Mike }, editor={ }, title={Front-End Design and Value Generation: A Housing Project Analysis}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={685-696}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1796}, doi={10.24928/2020/0064}, affiliation={PhD Researcher, University of Huddersfield, UK, joas.serugga@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002- 5814-1522 ; PhD Candidate, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Partner at Climb Consulting Group, Brazil. bernardo.m.etges@gmal.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-5597 ; Master Student, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Partner at OSA, Brazil, ellen@ospa.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-0344 ; Dean of School of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Australia, M.kagioglou@westernsydney.edu.au, orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-1484 }, abstract={There is an increasing interest in the role of Front-end Design (FED) as one of the vital stages of design processes. It is the stage in which project purposes and goals are defined, requirements captured, refined, and managed and trade-offs are made considering each consequence. It is also the stage where project requirements are transformed into design requirements for implementation by professional teams. FED sets the earliest opportunities for project collaboration to facilitate value generation and delivery. Decision making in this stage often affects most of the later processes in a project. Yet, little evidence and literature exist to support FED design process. This paper examines the role of FED in housing projects, and more specifically investigating one contemporary housing development case study in Porto Alegre-Brazil, exploring how FED facilitated value generation. The research found some evidence of value management in FED processes in the case study. It is also found that more research into user requirements capture and how these facilitate value generation is still required. This paper adds to the growing body of literature in this vital area stage of the design process. }, author_keywords={Design, Front-End Design, Value, Trust and Collaboration }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Skaar2020, author={Skaar, John and Bølviken, Trond and Koskela, Lauri and Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={ }, title={Principles as a Bridge Between Theory and Practice}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={1-12}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1797}, doi={10.24928/2020/0065}, affiliation={PhD Student/Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, john.skaar@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003- 2290-2374 ; Professor, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, trond.bolviken@outlook.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-4834-2408 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Professor, Dr. Ing., Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, N-4846 Grimstad, Norway, bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4383- 1683 }, abstract={Principles can carry the intent from the theory they represent. Military strategy has a long history of being presented through principles of war. In Lean Construction, principles like “flow,” “pull,” “remove waste” are used with ease. However, have they been correctly treated and understood? Supported by a literature review, we follow the use of principles through the history and the standing and character they have gained. The work is grounded in the important position of principles between theory and practice, and methodologically proceeds through philosophical conceptualisation. We recognise the guiding, dynamic, adjustable, durable, action-oriented, prescriptive and descriptive capabilities of principles, and emphasise their important capacity to facilitate abductive reasoning. We call for reflection upon the power of principles to strengthen the theoretical conceptualisation of Lean as well as upon their power to support improvement in practice. }, author_keywords={Theory, Lean Construction, process, principles, concepts }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Murguia2020, author={Murguia, Danny and Felix, Kevin M. and Guerra, Miguel A. }, editor={ }, title={An Approach to Capture Design and Construction Lessons Learned From Facility Managers }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={997-1008}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1798}, doi={10.24928/2020/0067}, affiliation={Assistant Professor, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, dmurguia@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-4058 ; Research Assistant, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, kfelixe@pucp.pe, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-3162-5711 ; Research Assistant, Construction Management & Technology Research Group (GETEC), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, guerra.miguel@pucp.pe, orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4148-182X }, abstract={The prevailing silo-way of working in the construction industry makes it difficult to incorporate valuable lessons learned from facility managers into the design stage of new projects. Some previous research in the lean community has studied methods to improve end-user satisfaction and lean principles to incorporate operations knowledge into design. However, studies focusing on problems during operation and maintenance (O&M) due to design and construction errors and the learning loops into the design stage are still lacking. This is an ongoing research project which aims to develop an open-source tool that can be used by design teams to incorporate knowledge from previous projects. This paper reports on a taxonomy of lessons learned and a preliminary tool structure. To achieve this, post-occupancy evaluation data were collected from office buildings in Lima. Ten facility managers were interviewed to describe the main challenges during O&M. It was found that lessons learned can be categorized as wrong design assumptions, design flaws, poor specifications, constructions flaws, and maintainability issues. Moreover, facility managers face with high maintenance costs and substantive building rework. A preliminary database structure to capture and retrieve O&M lessons learned is presented. Further research includes the validation of the tool with clients, project managers, and design teams; and the development of an online tool for industry engagement. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, waste, continuous improvement, knowledge management, facility management }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Uusitalo2020, author={Uusitalo, Petteri and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={Waste in Design Management Operations From the Viewpoint of Project Needs}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={73-83}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1799}, doi={10.24928/2020/0068}, affiliation={1 Doct. Cand. Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, petteri.uusitalo@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7230-0788 ; Doct. Cand. Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Assoc. Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Asst. Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Waste in all project processes is hindering productivity and project’s financial goals. Successful design management operations ensure error-free design documentation just in time so that production may start when scheduled with confidence for design quality. However, traditional design management processes aim to remove waste on individual design processes, thus neglecting to view the process as a whole. This research answers the question: How the project participants perceive waste in design management operations, and in which ways the waste could be eliminated? Following a design science research approach, methods applied in this research consist of a single-case study and semi-structured interviews with the project’s design-related organization as well as orientation to previous research related to waste in design management process. Several factors related to waste in design management process are identified, and potential countermeasures are proposed. A conceptual, holistically optimized design management process is presented to remove waste to support project teams’ struggle in reaching shared goals. The key aspects are a shared technical design process in combination with decentralized team-based processes, emphasizing designer’s resilience and ability to solve uncertain events by themselves. The flow between these two perspectives is acquired by a social collaboration that is initiated through trust. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, design management, design management operations, process, waste. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kujansuu2020, author={Kujansuu, Pekka and Lehtovaara, Joonas and Salerto, Saara and Seppänen, Olli and Peltokorpi, Antti }, editor={ }, title={How Does Takt Production Contribute to Trade Flow in Construction? }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={445-454}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1800}, doi={10.24928/2020/0069}, affiliation={Development Engineer, Skanska Oy, Finland, pekka.kujansuu@skanska.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002- 5672-1101 ; Doctoral Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, Joonas.lehtovaara@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-3811 ; Site Supervisor, Skanska Oy, Finland, saara.salerto@skanska.fi, orcid.org/0000-0001-8222-5470 ; Associate professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, olli.seppanen@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-5924 ; Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, antti.peltokorpi@aalto.fi, orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-6612 }, abstract={Takt production has gained increased attention over the past decade inside the Lean Construction community. Several case studies have shown that implementing takt has positive effects on construction production, increasing flow by decreasing various types of waste. However, evidence on how takt production actually affects the flow of trades has been contradictory. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how implementing takt production, which heavily focuses on improving the flow of processes, affects the flow of trades. This was conducted as a single case study. We collected and analyzed 650 hours of video material by observing one takt area over a period of six weeks, in addition to document observation and nine semi-structured interviews, including general contractor and trade partner personnel. We then classified and analyzed the results in light of propositions based on a literature review. Lastly, we drew our conclusions regarding what effects takt implementation has on trade flow. The observations showed that even though the beginnings of the takt production resembled the traditional firefighting way of working, this more structured method stabilized production and positively impacted trade flow. }, author_keywords={Flow, takt production, waste, trade flow }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Riksheim2020, author={Riksheim, Helene and Lædre, Ola and Wondimu, Paulos }, editor={ }, title={Design-Build Contracts in Norwegian Road Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={745-756}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1801}, doi={10.24928/2020/0070}, affiliation={MSc Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, DCEE, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), +47 417 69 088, hmriksh@stud.ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0001- 8618-0521 ; Professor, DCEE, NTNU, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 ; Researcher, DCEE, NTNU, NTNU / Senior Engineer, paulos.wondimu@ntnu.no, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Norway, paulos.wondimu@vegvesen.no, orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-594X }, abstract={The use of design-build (DB) contracts are increasing in the Norwegian infrastructure market, but the method is still new. Both contractors and project owners lack experience and knowledge of how these contracts can be carried out in the best possible way. The purpose of this research is to explore and document experiences from the use of DB contracts. In addition to literature reviews, two cases are studied using interviews and document studies to present experiences from Norwegian road projects. The results show that the two projects are different from the early phase. An additional contract written in one of the projects has caused a lot of disagreement and mistrust between the contractor and the project owner and has been a damaging element in the project execution. It is also pointed out that because of the lack of experience and knowledge on the use of a DB contract and method from all parts, the projects are characterized by disagreements between the project owner and the contractor. Lastly, the results show that the early phase of the projects should have been utilized in a greater degree to define the scope and responsibilities of both the project owner and contractor. }, author_keywords={Design-build contract, lean construction, infrastructure, road projects }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Pedó2020, author={Pedó, Bárbara and Brandalise, Fernanda M. P. and Viana, Daniela D. and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Formoso, Carlos T. and Whitelock-Wainwright, Andrew }, editor={ }, title={Digital Visual Management Tools in Design Management }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={901-912}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1802}, doi={10.24928/2020/0071}, affiliation={1 MSc Student, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, +44 7576632476, barbarapedo@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-0981 ; 2 PhD Candidate, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, fernandampbrandalise@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000- 0001-5126-4741 ; Associate Professor, Interdisciplinary Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, danidietz@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-4708 ; Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, P.Tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 ; Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000- 0002-4772-3746 ; Associate Technical Director, Arcadis, UK, andrew.whitelock-wainwright@arcadis.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0517-3563 }, abstract={Managing design often requires a complex organisational structure, due to the large number of internal and external stakeholders involved. That complexity demands an information system to support collaboration and coordination. However, traditional communication approaches only partially comply with the requirements of digital design environments. Visual Management (VM) has the potential to increase process transparency in design and facilitate the information transfer between stakeholders. Nonetheless, there is a lack of effective VM methods to support design management. The aim of this paper is to investigate the adoption of digital VM tools in design management. The paper presents findings of an ongoing research project developed with an infrastructure design company in the UK, following the Design Science Research approach. The main findings include the discussion of VM concepts in a digital design environment, as well as the analysis of existing VM tools which contribute to new ways of working and communicating. }, author_keywords={Visual management, collaboration, integration, design management, digitalisation }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jimenez2020, author={Jimenez, Alexander and Ilar, Torbjörn and Stehn, Lars }, editor={ }, title={Keeping Track of Productivity in House-Building}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={85-96}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1803}, doi={10.24928/2020/0072}, affiliation={PhD Student, Construction Management & Building Technology, Dept. of Civil, Environmental & Natural Resource Engineering, Luleå Univ. of Technology, Sweden, alexander.jimenez@ltu.se, orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-6936 ; Sen. Lecturer, Manufacturing Systems engineering, Dept. of Engineering Sciences & Mathematics, Luleå Univ. of Technology, Sweden, torbjorn.ilar@ltu.se, orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-9560 ; Prof. Construction Management & Building Technol., Dept. of Civil, Envir. & Natural Resource Engineering, Luleå Univ. of Technology, Sweden, lars.stehn@ltu.se, orcid.org/0000-0002-3067-9451 }, abstract={The broad nature of productivity leads to different interpretations and uses depending on the purpose, context and levels giving many ways for measuring productivity. However, measuring productivity in ways that reveal substantial information for operational improvements in house-building seems challenging, and methods like single-factor productivity are reported not to be common in systematic ways to that end. It is unclear how productivity is used by house-builders on-site to control, evaluate and improve operations. This study addresses how Swedish house-building companies keep track of productivity in the processes and sub-processes of production. Productivity measurements and the control of influencing factors on productivity are discussed with findings from interviews and workshops with representatives from five Swedish housebuilding companies. Results show that some productivity measurements are done in parallel with “ordinary” project management assessments to control time and cost. Yet, most factors seemingly affecting productivity are measured qualitatively and “stay in the mind” of the managers. However, some results indicate an increased understanding amongst managers for using performance indicators to track and develop activities and processes assisted with digital tools. Still, further investigation is needed to better understand how factors influencing productivity can systematically be assessed and incorporated into methods for operational development. }, author_keywords={Productivity measurements, house-building, work flow, process, daily huddle }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haghsheno2020, author={Haghsheno, Shervin and Budau, Maximilian R.-D. and Russmann, Eduard }, editor={ }, title={Collaboration Barometer – Development of a Tool for Measuring Collaboration During Design and Construction }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={323-336}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1804}, doi={10.24928/2020/0073}, affiliation={Prof., Director, Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 ; Research Associate, Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, maximilian.budau@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-1176 ; Research Associate, Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, orcid.org/0000-0002-5919-3279 }, abstract={Many concepts in Lean Construction are based on collaboration. In project delivery models such as Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), which relies on a high degree of integration, the success of the project depends particularly on the degree of collaboration between the project participants. But even in traditional project delivery models such as design-bid-build, construction management at risk or design-build the degree of collaboration can have a strong influence on project success. While many project parameters such as costs, deadlines, quality, changes or risks are measured and controlled within the framework of project management of construction projects, hardly any focus is placed on measuring and controlling the important factor of collaboration between the project participants in a project. Starting with the basics on collaboration, this paper describes the development of a tool called "Collaboration Barometer", which can be used to measure the degree of collaboration between the participants in a construction project and shows how the results are processed and what benefits are derived from them. The paper also includes experiences with the first applications of the tool and gives recommendations for its use. }, author_keywords={ collaboration, culture, project controlling, project delivery }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Walter2020, author={Walter, Rory and Weinmann, Marc and Baier, Carolin and Oprach, Svenja and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={A Requirement Model for Lean Leadership in Construction Projects }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={145-156}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1805}, doi={10.24928/2020/0074}, affiliation={MSc Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +49-721-608-42647, rwalter@vollack.de, orcid.org/0000-0002-8405-1029 ; BSc Student, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +49-721-608-42647, marc.weinmann@student.kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0003-3871-0553 ; 3 Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +49-721-608-48265, carolin.baier@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-2790-9586 ; Research Fellow, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +49-721-608-48265, svenja.oprach@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-1791 ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +49-721-608-42646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 }, abstract={A growing number of construction companies are implementing the Lean philosophy to improve the customer’s value and identify waste. A recently conducted survey with corporate members of the LCI showed that main barriers in Lean implementation are managerial based. Many construction companies mainly focus on the implementation of Lean Construction methods and tools and often social factors for cultural change are neglected. To achieve the required change, site managers play a very important role as the linkage between the people responsible for value-adding activities on the construction site and the top management. A role shift is necessary, which results in changing requirements for leadership: From a strongly centred role of a manager to the role of a leader. The new leadership role has both to support collaboration between subcontractors and to continuously improve the skills and knowledge of the individuals. Based on a comprehensive literature study in the field of Lean Leadership and leadership approaches in general, the authors develop a requirement model for construction managers for the Lean transformation process. The requirement model can serve as a basis for further research and the development of further training programs for construction managers. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Lean Leadership, culture change, requirements }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Tommelein2020, author={Tommelein, Iris D. }, editor={ }, title={Takting the Parade of Trades: Use of Capacity Buffers to Gain Work Flow Reliability}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={421-432}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1806}, doi={10.24928/2020/0076}, affiliation={Prof., Civil and Envir. Engrg. Dept., Director, Project Production Systems Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1712, USA, tommelein@berkeley.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6596 }, abstract={The Parade of Trades game introduces concepts of sequential dependence and process variability in order to illustrate the detrimental impact such variability has on a system’s performance. In this paper we refer to the Parade of Trades to explore the use of capacity buffers in order to improve system performance as is done, for example, when developing a takt plan. Using discrete-event simulation as a discovery tool to study alternative means of work structuring, we here present an augmented Parade of Trades model in which standby capacity is available to make up for any insufficiency in completing work relative to what needs to be completed in any given takt. The judicious provision of standby capacity can help to gain work flow reliability. The design of production systems using standby capacity is barely mentioned in the construction literature. We start to shed light on this design question in this paper. The discussion of the model’s results expands on the distinction between using standby capacity vs. outright adding capacity. This distinction is important to understand in the context of work flow reliability as well as continuous improvement based on Lean thinking, and should spark good follow-on discussion! }, author_keywords={Parade of Trades, dependence, variability, capacity buffer, process capability, takt planning, discrete-event simulation }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Amaral2020, author={Amaral, Tatiana G. do and Braga, Pedro B. and Neto, José P. Barros }, editor={ }, title={Application of Dynamic Spreadsheets in the Analysis of Waste by Making-Do}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={841-852}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1807}, doi={10.24928/2020/0077}, affiliation={Professor, Environmental and Civil Engineering. Dept., Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil, +55 62981680902, tatianagondim@ufg.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-9746-4025 ; Civil Engineer, Brazil, +55 62 982560737, pedrobraga.engcivil@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002- 3184-1158 ; Full Professor, Structural and Civil Construction. Dept., Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brazil, +55 85999691871, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 }, abstract={The study of making-do contributes to improvements in the planning and control of construction sites, thus minimizing waste. The present study aims to investigate and analyze waste by making-do in seven companies from Goiás with the aid of a Dashboard and perform the risk analysis of the identified waste. Data were analyzed during technical visits at each site, among which the direct non-participant observation, questionnaire application and document analysis stand out. The analysis of the data indicated that most of waste is related to steps of sealing and structure within the construction sites, in particular, for components connected to plastering and concreting. The main impact of waste by making-do was rework followed by reduced security. The risk analysis was able to identify the main points according to their severity, which guided management and decision making. As final contributions, the main impacts and suggestions to minimize them are presented. Therefore, the aim to study making-do is highlighted in view of its relation with other areas of construction, mainly linked to the quality and safety of construction sites. }, author_keywords={Waste, making-do, rework, improvisation, dashboard, risk analysis. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Gabai2020, author={Gabai, Doron S. and Sacks, Rafael }, editor={ }, title={Optimized Installation Flow – A Strategy for Substantial Cycle Time Reduction}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={253-264}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1808}, doi={10.24928/2020/0080}, affiliation={PMP, PgMP, LCI Israel Chairman, Senior PM Intel Construction, Israel, Doron.Gabai@LCI-Israel.org, https://www.leanconstruction.org/israel/, orcid.org/0000-0001-8297-2476 ; Professor, Virtual Construction Laboratory, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, cvsacks@technion.ac.il, orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-5053 }, abstract={Industrial system infrastructure installations, such as those in semiconductor fabrication plants, are complex, short-term and mission critical. They frequently encounter productivity, predictability and performance problems. We propose a strategic approach to manage such projects and substantially reduce their durations. The method, called Optimized Installation Flow (OIF), builds on lean and associated theories in the realm of production planning and control, synthesizing a method with seven principles. The results of implementation of OIF in 108 such projects show marked and consistent improvement in project duration when compared with the results of 91 other projects managed using the same company’s previous best practice “Two-week buffer” approach. On average, cycle time durations for tool installation projects were reduced by 42%-48%, without any overtime on site. The method is gradually being adopted as new standard practice throughout the construction management portfolio of the case study company. OIF is an operating strategy that has demonstrated improvement, shifting mindsets, behaviours and organization’s culture. }, author_keywords={Action Research, High-Performance Teams, Last Planner® System, Optimized Installation Flow (OIF), Production Control. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Santos2020, author={Santos, Éden Malveira dos and Fontenele, Amanda Daniel and Machado, Amanda Moreira Lima and Neto, José de Paula Barros and Amaral, Tatiana Gondim do }, editor={ }, title={Analysis of Making-Do Waste at Construction Site in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={853-864}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1809}, doi={10.24928/2020/0082}, affiliation={Master Student, Department of Structural and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, eden_malveira@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-5911-7113 ; Master Student, Department of Structural and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, amanda_fontenele@alu.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-5470 ; Master Student, Department of Structural and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, amandamlmachado@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-2522-2761 ; Full Professor, Department of Structural and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 ; Full Professor, Department of Structural and Civil Construction, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil, barrosneto@gercon.ufc.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-4593 }, abstract={The competitive market in the construction sector leads companies to develop actions in the construction processes to prevent waste. Making-do waste is considered as the waste originated from a situation in which a task iniciates without the necessary resources, such as materials, labor or equipment, or when these items are not suitable for carrying out an activity. The study of this type of waste makes it possible to optimize task planning and control and, thus, to reduce other kinds of waste. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze how waste from making-do affects construction sites in three construction companies in Fortaleza, Brazil, classifying it into categories, identifying its possible causes and analyzing its impacts. This paper also presents a risk analysis of the identified making-do waste }, author_keywords={Making-do, improvisation, waste, construction sites }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kwofie2020, author={Kwofie, Stephen and Pasquire, Christine L. }, editor={ }, title={Lean Thinking for Structural Engineers}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={157-168}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1810}, doi={10.24928/2020/0083}, affiliation={Graduate Student, Civil Engr. Department, Nottingham Trent University, stephen.kwofie2018@my.ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-6215-2339 ; Professor of Lean Project Management, Centre for Lean Projects, Nottingham Trent University, christine.pasquire@ntu.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0001-6344-2031 }, abstract={The positive transformation realised from lean concept application in the manufacturing industry has inspired many researchers to investigate and propose its adoption in Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry (AEC). The lean application in construction sector has received significant attention. Building up on previous recommendations regarding lean design and construction, this study explored lean thinking for Structural Engineers (SE) to identify new, efficient and innovative ways for executing structural designs and engineering works. The research study was based on qualitative research method using Systematic Literature Review (SLR). An overview of research works on lean applied to designs demonstrated lean to be a multi-dimensional concept characterised by different levels and therefore defied a universal definition. This paper therefore focused on the first part of the study where an understanding of lean was gained with respect to structural designs and was characterised with lean principles, techniques, processes, practices and tools to deliver value for customers. }, author_keywords={Lean thinking design, lean product development, lean design management, systematic literature review. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Fireman2020, author={Fireman, Marcus C. T and Saurin, Tarcisio A. }, editor={ }, title={Chain of Wastes: The Moderating Role of Making-Do}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={409-420}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1811}, doi={10.24928/2020/0084}, affiliation={PhD Student, Building Innovation Research Unit ( NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, marcus@climbgroup.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-4715 ; Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering and Transportation Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, saurin@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-5888 }, abstract={The concept of chain of wastes has been used to describe the systemic impacts of some types of wastes. In turn, making-do has been proposed as a leading waste that triggers other wastes that propagate across a chain of wastes. However, there is scarce empirical basis for that proposition, and current models of chain of wastes are not based on a functional perspective, which hinders the traceability of wastes to production activities. This study presents an application of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) for the modelling of a chain of wastes. Based on FRAM, a chain of wastes was modelled for the gutter assembly process of an airport terminal building. Data collection involved the analysis of documents and an interview with the production manager of the construction project. Results indicated that making-do played a moderating role in the chain of wastes. While it compensated for wastes arising from the initial stages of the chain of wastes (i.e. it prevented a contractual fine from being applied) it created new wastes downstream, with implications for the building’s use. The provision of slack resources is presented as an alternative for the prevention and mitigation of the impacts of making-do. }, author_keywords={Chain of Wastes, Making-do, Slack, Functional Resonance Analysis Method. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Malvik2020, author={Malvik, Tobias O. and Engebø, Atle and Wondimu, Paulos A. and Johansen, Agnar and Kalsaas, Bo Terje }, editor={ }, title={Comparing Road Construction Projects Against an IPD Standard}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={553-564}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1812}, doi={10.24928/2020/0086}, affiliation={1 Research Assistant, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 986 70 354, tobias.o.malvik@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-7588-1899 ; PhD Candidate, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, atle.engebo@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-0176 ; PhD, Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA), paulos.wondimu@vegvesen.no, orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-594X ; Professor, Dr philos, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, a.johansen@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-0063-3679 ; Professor, Dr. Ing., University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway, bo.t.kalsaas@uia.no, orcid.org/0000-0003- 4383-1683 }, abstract={As a way of improving project performance, collaborative project delivery methods (PDMs) have been presented as a potential solution. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is a relational PDM that has gained a lot of attention in recent years. However, laws, regulations and internal restrictions are factors that limit a project’s influence on its PDM, and implementing IPD is not always possible. In this study, we address three large road construction projects with different approaches to a collaborative PDM. In the paper, we ask “How can projects use alternative organization and contract arrangements to achieve incentives which resemble the IPD arrangement?” The study was carried out by conducting a literature study and a case study approach. Three projects were investigated via document reviews and semi-structured interviews with key actors in the value chains. We conclude that there are several possible ways to arrange a relational PDM to facilitate efficient project execution. The level of collaboration, the timing of contractor involvement and the structure of the contract and procurement procedure are examples of adjustable factors in early stages that affect project execution. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Public-Private Partnership, Relational Project Delivery Methods, Integrated Project Delivery }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Smoge2020, author={Smoge, Gard Y. and Torp, Olav and Johansen, Agnar }, editor={ }, title={Maturity of TVD Implementation in Norwegian Public Building Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={385-396}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1813}, doi={10.24928/2020/0087}, affiliation={MSc student, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 975 31 662, gardys@stud.ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-3666-2885 ; Associate Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 226 73, olav.torp@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-5097 ; Professor, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 930 58 741, a.johansen@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-0063-3679 }, abstract={There is an emerging international interest in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry towards designing and constructing building projects based on Target Cost (TC) through the development of ‘Target Costing’ and Target Value Design (TVD)4 . The aim is to create more value for the client and the users through iterative design processes focusing on optimization of value within cost limitation. The purpose of this study is to discover and bring awareness of the maturity of TVD implementation during the pre-project phase in Norwegian public building projects. Findings in the research are a result of a literature study and five case studies which included a document study and semi-structured interviews with the involved project managers (PMs) from both the client and the contractor. The case studies provide the current maturity of TVD implementation during the pre-project in a number of Norwegian public building projects and shows that the TVD characteristics are only partially implemented. TVD maturity varies across the categories: contracting, organizing, defining (business case and validation) and steering. Furthermore, enhancing maximum project value is a challenge due to the lack of visualization and the focus towards cost reduction. }, author_keywords={Target Value Design, Target Value Design Maturity, Target Cost, Collaboration }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kassab2020, author={Kassab, Omar A. and Young, Brendan K. and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of Last Planner® System in an Infrastructure Project }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={517-528}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1814}, doi={10.24928/2020/0089}, affiliation={MSc Candidate, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +4796877993, omarka@stud.ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-3768-3592 ; Site Manager, PNC Norge AS, Oslo Norway, +4747713728, brendan.young@pnc-norge.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-2532-8670 ; Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +4773594739, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={Since the establishment of the Last Planner® system (LPS) by Ballard and Howell, multiple studies have been conducted to evaluate the implementation of LPS in many construction projects. However, few studies have recorded the implementation process in infrastructure projects. This study investigates the implementation of LPS in an infrastructure project (Minnevika Bridge project), detect the challenges that arise during the implementation, and suggest measures to overcome these challenges. Several data collection methods were used in an action research approach; namely, a single case study, a literature study, non-participant/participant observations, six semi-structured interviews and two surveys. The study revealed that the project followed the best practice process map for LPS implementation mentioned in the literature. Moreover, the project experienced challenges described in the literature that tend to arise when adopting LPS, similar to those reported from other construction projects (e.g. participants’ resistance to the system). The study concludes with suggested measures to overcome these challenges (e.g. sufficient training and openness towards the LPS). Finally, the researchers represent challenges that are not clearly described in the literature (e.g., fear of responsibility when making the commitments) }, author_keywords={Lean construction, Last Planner System, Action research, Challenges, Infrastructure }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lagos2020, author={Lagos, Camilo and Alarcón, Luis Fernando and Basoalto, Fabio and Río, Óscar del }, editor={ }, title={Using Reasons for Non-Compliance to Assess Project Performance in the Last Planner System®}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={241-252}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1815}, doi={10.24928/2020/0090}, affiliation={PhD Student, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, colagos@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-0039 ; Professor of Civil Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, lalarcon@ing.puc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-2272 ; Student, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, fjbasoalto@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0003-4711-6302 ; Student, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, ofdelrio@uc.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002-0509-7070 }, abstract={The Last Planner System® (LPS) follows a systematic process of planning and control, in which compliance to short-term commitments is followed weekly and Reasons for Non-Compliance (RNC) are traced for each commitment not accomplished. While most project managers pay close attention to the evolution of the Plan Percent Complete (PPC) indicator to assess project performance, many projects make little or no use of historical data regarding RNCs. The aim of this research is to use quantitative RNC measurements to detect if projects with successful schedule accomplishment present significant differences in their number of RNC, their composition and impact. We gathered weekly information from 23 complete Chilean industrial construction projects and used the Schedule Performance Index (SPI) and Schedule Deviation (SD) at completion to categorize projects into two success groups. We compared LPS compliance indicators between the two groups, such as the Plan Percent Complete (PPC), and RNC metrics, such as their Relative Importance Index (RII), the percentage of internal RNC and the percentage of RNC caused by the main contractor. We found that RNC metrics present significant differences between the groups and can help project managers to establish actions for continuous improvement. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Last Planner System®, continuous improvement, Reasons for NonCompliance. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Erazo-Rondinel2020, author={Erazo-Rondinel, Andrews A. and Vila-Comun, Alfredo and Alva, Abel }, editor={ }, title={Application of the Last Planner® System in a Sports Infrastructure Project in Peru}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={529-540}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1816}, doi={10.24928/2020/0091}, affiliation={Graduate Student, National University of Engineering, aerazor@uni.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-5639- 573X ; Projects Control Chief at Cosapi, avila@cosapi.com.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-6621-834X ; Field Engineer Chief at Cosapi, aalva@cosapi.com.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-1279 }, abstract={The Last Planner System (LPS) is been applied in Peru since the 2000s for many General Contractors (GC), mainly in the concrete frames phase of building projects. However, most of the problems with variability and coordination comes up during the MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) phase and finishing works. The following paper sums up the application of The Last Planner on a large sports infrastructure project in Peru for the Pan-American Games focused on MEP phase and finishing works. It offers an overview of the implementation of LPS and its impact on the indicators of the project. This implementation took 27 weeks and was divided into two phases. The first phase took 10 weeks. Here, subcontractors discovered and learned about LPS. After this process the team evaluated the level of knowledge and identified opportunities to improve it. With this diagnose, the team implemented a set of measures to increase the level of LPS on the project. Finally, this implementation helped the project to reduce the variability (increase the Percentage of Complete Plan) and increase SPI (Schedule Performance Index), making it possible to deliver on time. }, author_keywords={Last Planner® System, big room/obeya, pull planning, visual management, collaboration. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2020, author={Schöttle, Annett and Arroyo, Paz and Christensen, Randi }, editor={ }, title={Does Your Decision-Making Process Protect Customer Value?}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={49-58}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1817}, doi={10.24928/2020/0093}, affiliation={Senior Consultant, Refine Projects AG, Schelmenwasenstraße 34, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany, +4915156561529, annett.schoettle@refine.team and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320 ; Quality Leader, DPR, San Francisco, CA, PazA@dpr.com, and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-8172 ; Associate Technical Director (Lean), COWI, RMCH@cowi.com and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-3377-7057 }, abstract={Project teams make several decisions while designing and building construction projects impacting customer value. Most decisions are made without deliberate attention and based on the present individual’s knowledge and experience in order to comply with an often unrealistic schedule. However, some decisions require deliberate considerations and cross-disciplinary review. What might seem insignificant for one discipline might have a huge impact in other parts of the scheme. We claim that values (beliefs) impact decisions and thereby the value (outcome). This paper explores how Choosing by Advantages (CBA) supports the making of deliberate decisions based on values and thereby helps to deliver value for a project. Based on a literature review, this paper will discuss p }, author_keywords={Choosing by Advantages (CBA), decision-making, value, values }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Schöttle2020, author={Schöttle, Annett }, editor={ }, title={What Drives Our Project Teams? }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={313-324}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1818}, doi={10.24928/2020/0094}, affiliation={Senior Consultant, Refine Projects AG, Schelmenwasenstraße 34, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany, +4915156561529, annett.schoettle@refine.team and Founder and Co-Director, CollabDecisions, www.collabdecisions.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-7320 }, abstract={Motivation drives our behavior that leads to performance and achievement of targets. Especially in collaborative delivery systems, the motivation within a group is sensitive to the project conditions and relationships within the team. However, research on motivation is underrepresented in construction and is mainly based on the simplified classification into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. This concept is obsolete. In recent decades the selfdetermination theory (SDT) developed by Deci and Ryan has spread within the motivation and organizational theory. SDT defines motivation based on the three psychological needs, (1) autonomy, (2) competence, and (3) relatedness, and divides extrinsic motivation according to the degree of autonomy. Since the theory has not been transferred to the construction industry, this paper applies existing scales to give – based on a particular case – a first indication regarding the following question: What drives project team members in the construction industry? Therefore, one year after 21 interviews with one project team were conducted, a survey was sent to the interviewees (90% response rate), now working on different projects in different project teams. It was found that autonomous motivation drives the selected participants. Furthermore, the data shows that good relationships as well as the feeling of competence regarding their task are important and need to be considered when developing the project settings. }, author_keywords={Collaboration, Lean construction, motivation, psychological needs, self-determination theory. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Souza2020, author={Souza, Felipe S. and Fontanini, Patricia S.P. }, editor={ }, title={Impact on Productive Stability Caused by Variations of Prestressed Precast Elements }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={637-648}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1819}, doi={10.24928/2020/0097}, affiliation={Master, Laboratory of Systems Technology and Construction Processes (LABTEC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and Precast Production Coordinator, Sudeste Pré-Fabricados LTDA, souzafelipesantos@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0359-0427 ; Professor, Laboratory of Systems Technology and Construction Processes (LABTEC), Department of Architecture and Building, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Brazil (UNICAMP), patricia@fec.unicamp.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-7505 }, abstract={Precast elements have prominence in Brazilian civil construction in recent years. Because the production of structural parts is industrialized, this segment has provided a product with better quality control and technological performance. In the current economic situation in Brazil, the market has few opportunities, decreasing sales prices, and profits, in addition to constant pressure for more efficient manufacturing. In this approach, many companies choose to use lean construction, looking for an opportunity to maximize the added value of the product for customers, reduce waste, generate quality, and produce in a continuous flow. However, the sector is still characterized by the significant variation in demand, which is a reflection of the market with differences in typology (pieces) requested in the construction. A low standardization of projects, flows, and workloads vary throughout the month, hinders productive stability and the implementation of lean production. The present research adopted the Action Research methodology, proposing to stabilize the production of precast prestressed beams. In the stabilization process, it was possible to identify the impact caused by production variations on basic stability, assuming to propose processes to be improved within this production line. }, author_keywords={Standardization, prestressed precast elements, variability, action research }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bazzan2020, author={Bazzan, Jordana and Formoso, Carlos Torres and Echeveste, Márcia }, editor={ }, title={Use of Complaint Records of Maintenance Departments for Continuous Improvement }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={1009-1020}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1820}, doi={10.24928/2020/0099}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, Building Innovation Research Unit (NORIE), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, jordanabazzan@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-0743-8630 ; Professor, Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Professor, Postgraduate Program in Industrial Engineering (PPGEP), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, echeveste@producao.ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-0495 }, abstract={Housebuilding companies are required to deal with customer complaints in the warranty period. Some of them have maintenance departments that make necessary repairs in existing buildings. Due to this service, companies accumulate records on the quality of projects, which can contribute to the understanding of occurrence defects and their causes, supporting continuous improvement. However, deficiencies in information management can make it difficult to use complaints records as a feedback source. The literature does not discuss solutions for managing information related to customer complaints, nor the use of performance metrics that can effectively provide feedback from quality problems identified. This study has two contributions: a classification structure for the types of defects identified from complaints, and indicators generated by fault tree analysis. The study was carried out in the maintenance department of a Brazilian housebuilding company. The evidence sources used were: complaint database analysis, discussion seminars, and interviews with the company representatives. The proposed solutions resulted in improvements regarding the structure and level of detail of the records. Also, the fault tree analysis made it possible to identify the most critical quality problems as well as to evaluate the level of impact of each one in project quality. }, author_keywords={Quality, Continuous Improvement, Waste, Complaint, Fault Tree Analysis. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Correa2020, author={Correa, Stefania Limp Muniz }, editor={ }, title={Virtual Design and Construction Application During the Bidding Stage of Infrastructure Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={889-900}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1821}, doi={10.24928/2020/0103}, affiliation={Bidding Engineer, Andrade Gutierrez Engenharia, São Paulo, Brazil, stefania.correa@agnet.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-2324-533X }, abstract={The bidding stage of infrastructure projects involves dealing with high levels of uncertainty and risks, as information at the early stage of the projects are often incomplete. Hence, the process of delivering a tender implies in making hypothesis, often based on the experience of the engineers. This leads to a series of error-prone tasks, in which Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) can add value by the implementation of its structured framework and concepts. This article aims to present the case study of VDC implementation at the bidding stage of infrastructure projects. The results show that VDC can help define a structure to the demands made to the design teams and to do better following up of the project, evidencing opportunities of improvements by the collection of lessons learned. The collocation also promotes collaboration between design and bidding teams, once the workflow and metrics were known and followed up, giving more transparency during all the process. }, author_keywords={Standardization, Collaboration, Workflow, Virtual Design and Construction }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Bravo2020, author={Bravo, Mariana and Euphrosino, Camila Augusto and Fontanini, Patricia Stella Pucharelli }, editor={ }, title={DMAIC Manual for an Integrated Management System: Application in a Construction Company}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={169-180}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1822}, doi={10.24928/2020/0106}, affiliation={Mariana Bravo1 , Camila Augusto Euphrosino2 , and Patricia Stella Pucharelli Fontanini3 ; MSc Student, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, UNICAMP - University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. ceuphrosino@gmail.com. orcid.org/0000-0002-7924-7414 ; Professor, Architecture and Construction Department, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, UNICAMP - University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. pspucha@gmail.com. orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-7505/ }, abstract={This article elaborates on the development of a DMAIC Manual for the restructuring of an Integrated Management System of a Brazilian company that builds real estate and corporate works, with a focus on Lean Six Sigma. The Manual was designed to lead the XYZ construction company toward a management focused on Lean Six Sigma, reducing waste and variability of its delivery processes to customers. The five DMAIC steps—define, measure, analyze improve and control—were reviewed and structured to add value to activities. The structuring and implementation of this Manual are detailed, including the management history of the company and how the Integrated Management System relates to the DMAIC. }, author_keywords={Continuous improvement, integrated management system, lean construction, process, six sigma. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Hackler2020, author={Hackler, Cory and Byse, Erika and Hoots, Adam and Boughner, Jeanne }, editor={ }, title={Customizing Lean Leadership: New Facilitator Case Studies }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={133-142}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1823}, doi={10.24928/2020/0107}, affiliation={Lean Leader/Trainer/Coach, DPR Construction, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA, coryha@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000 0002-8098-8172 ; Lean Leader/Trainer/Coach. DPR Construction, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA, erikab@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-3902-2533 ; Lean Leader, DPR Construction, Charlotte, NC 28217, USA, adamhoots@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000- 0002-0383-8437 ; Leader of ERP Technology, DPR Construction, Charlotte, NC 28217, USA, jeanne@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-7190 }, abstract={This paper presents the fourth issuance of Building a Lean Culture with a Lean Leadership (LL) training program initiated by the company. So far, the LL program has reached over five hundred participants. Over the last year, the program “grew” new passionate facilitators who then taught their Business Units and Departments. These new facilitators engaged with their students at a much deeper level by applying the concepts specifically to meet their needs. The connection was cultivated organically because both the teachers and students had a personal and professional relationship already in place from working together. This paper shares success stories from the new facilitators on how their teams, in the company’s value stream, applied LL knowledge to their business. The concepts were applied in a variety of ways including go to the Gemba as a customer strategy for computer specialists, who typically work in the office. Transforming the company’s business includes all leaders teaching LL as a key part of their skillsets to improve organizational health. The program’s main goal is to disseminate lean through the company to support “the Leadership model” described by Howell (Howell et al. 2004) which is “coaching and continual fostering of an organizational environment conducive to building trust among people for collaboration, learning, and innovation”. }, author_keywords={Lean leadership, change, action learning, collaboration, trust. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Erazo2020, author={Erazo, Andrews and Guzman, Giankeving and Espinoza, Stefany }, editor={ }, title={Applying BIM Tools in IPD Project in Peru}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={973-984}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1824}, doi={10.24928/2020/0108}, affiliation={Graduate Student, National University of Engineering, Perú, aerazor@uni.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002- 5639-573X ; Research Assistant, Virtual Design and Construction Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Perú, gguzmang@uni.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3008-7867 ; BIM Coordinator at COSAPI SA, sespinoza@cosapi.com.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-6613-2589 }, abstract={Traditional project delivery models are characterized by poor interaction in the design and construction stages, the poor process of collaboration, communication, and integration between the customer, contractor, and subcontractors. Lean Construction and Building Information Modeling have been implemented with great success in different construction projects in Peru, however, projects with IPD collaborative contracts have little information about their application in Peru. The project application is a Fast Track type project for the Pan American Lima Games 2019. The paper aims to demonstrate that the use of BIM tools enhances collaboration and integration into an IPD project. It starts with a literary review of the topics and then describes the proposed BIM and IPD integration framework, and finally evaluates the metrics obtained. }, author_keywords={Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), BIM, collaboration, ICE session. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Lazarte2020, author={Lazarte, Frederick M. Gutiérrez }, editor={ }, title={Influence of Integrated Teams and Co-Location to Achieve the Target Cost in Building Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={733-744}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1825}, doi={10.24928/2020/0109}, affiliation={Integration, Process, Transformation-Flow-Value, Target Cost, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) }, abstract={Construction projects are complex that the creation of value cannot only be carried out by a company; for this reason, temporary contracts are created between construction companies, designers, and owners. However, these contractual relationships are difficult when the interests and needs of each company are contrasted with those of the project and generate problems of collaboration between the parties. The present study describes the implementation of project integration practices such as co-location and integrated teams in a building project in Lima, Peru. The ideas proposed resulted in savings for the project. The study details the ideas by discipline and the achievements obtained. }, author_keywords={Integration, Process, Transformation-Flow-Value, Target Cost, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cano2020, author={Cano, Sandra and Rubiano, Oscar }, editor={ }, title={Dynamics Model of the Flow Management of Construction Projects: Study of Case}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={1045-1056}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1826}, doi={10.24928/2020/0110}, affiliation={Prof., Escuela de Ingeniería Civil y Geomática, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No 100-00 edificio E48. Cali, Colombia, +(57) (2) 3212100 ext. 7231, sandra.cano@correounivalle.edu.co, orcid.org/0000- 0003-4257-6035 ; Prof., Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, Calle 13 No 100-00 edificio E56, Cali, Colombia, oscar.rubiano@correounivalle.edu.co, orcid.org/0000-0001-5839-2076 }, abstract={This research reviews the issues associated with the obstruction of the workflow in the management of infrastructure construction projects in a public university in Colombia. The value flow of infrastructure projects is mapped, which allows showing the problems caused by waste in this flow. The issues are related to formal and informal policies and threads that condition workflows. The system dynamics model was used to study the systemic structure. The systemic model allows us to identify the cause-effect relationship between the elements in interaction in the model. Different states of intervention are simulated to suggest improvement actions by progressive elimination of wasteful activities in the value chain with the application of the principles and tools of Lean Construction in the short and medium terms. }, author_keywords={System Dynamics, Lean Thinking, Value Stream Mapping, University infrastructure projects. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Shuvo2020, author={Shuvo, Badhon Das and Lu, Ming }, editor={ }, title={Lean Construction Planning Subject to Variations in Detailed Features of Fabricated Bridge Girders}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={649-660}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1827}, doi={10.24928/2020/0115}, affiliation={MSc Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Canada, +1 780 485-7681, badhonda@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-196X ; Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Canada, +1 780 492-5110, mlu6@ualberta.ca, orcid.org/0000-0002-8191-8627 }, abstract={With the growing implementation of prefabrication and off-site construction in practice, the focus of job shop scheduling shifts from manufacturing to the practical application context in construction. This research explores a new lean approach to project planning and scheduling assisted with production operations planning by simulation. The research methodology uses a simulation model that had been developed to account for sufficient details from the perspective of the actual shop manager and thoroughly validated in collaboration with an industry partner. A simulation case of planning bridge girder fabrication at a steel fabrication shop was conducted to illuminate on ‘mura’ (variations in product design and production process) inherent in girder fabrication. Based on the simulation, we made an attempt to elaborate the inherent variations in girder fabrication time and inter-girder lag in order to facilitate applying lean concepts in planning bridge construction projects. }, author_keywords={Variations, collaboration, fabrication, waste, reliable }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Berg2020, author={Berg, Peter and Reed, Dean and Sriram, Shashikala }, editor={ }, title={Capability-Building Competition in Design: Case Study }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={121-131}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1828}, doi={10.24928/2020/0116}, affiliation={Project Executive, DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA, peterb@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8227-2012 ; Lean/Integration Advocate, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, deanr@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-2916-8558 ; Preconstruction Manager, DPR Construction, 222 N. 44th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA, shashis@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9314-3163 }, abstract={This paper uses the action research method retrospectively to better understand the development of capability on a series of 7 Higher Education building projects during the architectural planning phase prior to the start of design. The research question is whether Takahiro Fujimoto’s explanation of the way Toyota continuously built its capability to deliver automobiles buyers wanted can inform the development of more competitive capability within design and construction companies and together on projects. This paper follows one by the first 2 authors published in the IGLC27 2019 Proceedings in which they use Fujimoto to explain the development of a capability to pre-fabricate and install exterior wall (X-wall) panels for 6 projects during construction. In this new paper the authors share their understanding of Fujimoto’s explanation and survey literature they found helpful for understanding what they observed relative to his theory. Then the authors describe “Programmatic Spatial Cost Modeling” and analyze the development, use and competitiveness of this capability across the 7 projects. In closing, the authors share their conclusions in the form of questions and speculations for further research. }, author_keywords={Theory, kaizen, target cost, capability, information }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Joshi2020, author={Joshi, Hrishikesh Sanatkumar and Jayarajan, Santhosh and Vaidyanathan, Kalyan and Devkar, Ganesh }, editor={ }, title={Quantitative Framework for Measuring Effectiveness of Big Room }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={277-288}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1829}, doi={10.24928/2020/0119}, affiliation={Chief Operating Officer, Panora Infrastructure LLP, Worli, Mumbai 400018, India, hrbm1011@yahoo.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-5203-9028 ; DGM-Electrical, Tata Realty,E-Block,Voltas Compound, TB Kadam Marg, Chinchpokli,Mumbai 400033, India, santh_rfx@yahoo.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0512-2715 ; CEO, Nadhi Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd.,#4, Aswathi, 2nd Crescent Park Street, Gandhi Nagar, Adyar, Chennai 600020. India, kalyanv@nadhi.in, orcid.org/0000-0001-7006-6329 ; Associate Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University, Ahmedabad - 380009, India, ganesh.devkar@cept.ac.in, orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-1221 }, abstract={Benefits derived from the conduct of Big Room are well established. At present, the lean practitioners have been focusing on tapping the potential of this technique by systematizing the processes associated with implementation of Big Room. But there has been no quantifiable metrics to measure the same. In this context, this paper reports a study undertaken to develop and implement Big Room Effectiveness Index (BREI) that assesses effectiveness of Big Room. This research study adopted action research approach in the context of an Indian real estate developer. A core group within this developer was formed to steer the initiative of BREI. Based on literature review and interactions within core group, 10 measures for assessing effectiveness of Big Room were identified, which are grouped under four categories: collaboration, look-ahead planning, knowledge building and tools used, and continuous improvement. The framework was codified with some flexibility to provide inputs like parameter weightages and rating of these parameters. The developed BREI was implemented in an ongoing real estate project. The BREI was plotted on a monthly basis and it provided valuable input to participants involved in the Big Room meetings and suggested areas of improvements. }, author_keywords={Big Room/obeya, Collaboration, continuous improvement/kaizen, lookahead planning, constraint analysis. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Heet2020, author={Heet, Mohammad R.A.H. Al and Alves, Thais da C. L. and Lakrori, Nensi }, editor={ }, title={Investigation of the Use of Lean Construction Practices in Transportation Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={541-552}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1830}, doi={10.24928/2020/0121}, affiliation={Former graduate student, MS, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, mohammadheet@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-5314-8338 ; Associate Prof., Ph.D., AGC-Paul S. Roel Chair in Const. Eng. and Mgmt., Dept. of Civil, Const., and Env. Eng., San Diego State University, talves@sdsu.edu , orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-9190 ; Full-time Lecturer, PE, MS, LEED BD+C, Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, nlakrori@sdsu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-7168-0280 }, abstract={The use of Lean Construction (LC) concepts and tools has advanced in different sectors in the United States, including but not limited to, delivery of commercial, educational, and hospital buildings. Many contractors working on these sectors appear to use more collaborative forms of contracts and have been more willing to experimenting with LC. However, in the transportation sector Lean Construction appears to be in its early phases of adoption. This sector has used tools aiming at fostering collaboration which are developed based on recommendations from departments of transportation in different states. Yet, the sector has not embraced Lean practices that could support the design, planning, and construction of these projects. This study aimed at identifying management practices used by organizations building or managing the construction of transportation projects in Southern California and identifying opportunities to use Lean practices to deliver these projects. Interviews were carried out with contractors, owners, and consultants and later categorized to identify the practices used, gaps where LC practices could be implemented, and the level of maturity of the organizations investigated regarding the use of Lean Construction practices. Findings revealed that organizations use collaborative practices, visual management tools, 5S, and root cause analysis to investigate problems. }, author_keywords={Continuous Improvement, Collaboration, Lean Construction, Transportation }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Aure2020, author={Aure, Beate and Lædre, Ola and Lohne, Jardar }, editor={ }, title={Experiences From Allowing Maximum Two Contract Tiers in the Vertical Supply Chain }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={613-624}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1831}, doi={10.24928/2020/0123}, affiliation={MSc Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 476 76 796, beate-aure@hotmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-9230 ; Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 911 89 938, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000- 0003-4604-8299 ; Researcher, Dr. Art., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, +47 934 44 930, jardar.lohne@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-2135-3468 }, abstract={The AEC-industry is negatively affected by criminal actors seeking economic profit. In order to combat crime, Norwegian authorities have introduced action plans and strategies. This study concentrates on experiences Norwegian contractors have had with a requirement of maximum two contract tiers in their vertical supply chain. Six semistructured interviews with project managers and advisors from contractors in Norway have been conducted, in addition to a literature study. The findings show that the contractors have close to never experienced challenges with the requirement of maximum two contract tiers. The only challenge in this matter is when their sub-sub-contractor needs specialist competence or specialist equipment and are not allowed to use another contract tier. By discussing why the requirement of maximum two contract tiers seemingly works, how it is organized and what perceptions that have been made, this study are among the first to document the conctractors’ experiences from allowing maximum two contract tiers. }, author_keywords={AEC-industry, contract tiers, work related crime, supply chain }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Barth2020, author={Barth, Karina B. and Sterzi, Marcus P. and Formoso, Carlos T. and Alliende, Juan I. and Bertín, Daniela and Rio, Jorge Del }, editor={ }, title={Implementation of Production System Design in House Building Projects: A Lean Journey in Chile}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={397-408}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1832}, doi={10.24928/2020/0124}, affiliation={PhD Candidate, NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Consultant and Managing Partner at LD Consulting, kbertotto@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-9612-6246 ; MSc, NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Consultant and Managing Partner at LD Consulting, marcus@ldconsulting.com.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-2235-944X ; Professor, Building Innovation Research Unit - NORIE, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, formoso@ufrgs.br, orcid.org/0000-0002-4772-3746 ; Engineer, Innovation Department, Socovesa Group, jialliende@socovesa.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002- 9844-2143 ; Engineer, Management Control Department, Socovesa Group, dbertin@socovesa.cl, orcid.org/0000- 0002-5994-7392 ; Engineer, General Construction Manager, Socovesa Group, jdelrio@socovesa.cl, orcid.org/0000-0002- 3450-830X }, abstract={Production system design (PSD) is a key process at the beginning of any manufacturing effort. It can be regarded as an initial planning task that involve a set of decisions that play an important role in the implementation of core Lean concepts, such as pull production, batch size, takt time. Despite its importance, very little attention is usually given to PSD in construction projects, and its relationship with the implementation of the Last Planner System (LPS). This article reports the experience of a construction company that has implemented PSD and the LPS, as part of the development of an improvement program in production management based on the Lean Philosophy. This company is based in Chile, and its core business is the development and construction of residential building projects. The implementation of PSD, and the LPS were the means for the adoption of a number of Lean principles and concepts, including pull production, takt time, work-in-progress control, reduction of batch size, and process transparency. Six main benefits of implementing PSD have been identified: (i) formalizing and making explicit planning decisions; (ii) reduction in uncertainty; (iii) improving planning accuracy; (iv) facilitating the adoption of cycle times and takt time control; (v) increasing the engagements of stakeholders; (vi) improving production stability. A set of practices were proposed for implementing PSD and these were classified according to decision categories. }, author_keywords={Production System Design (PSD); Last Planner® System (LPS); Production Planning Control; Takt Time Planning; Location-based Planning and Control }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Jenkins2020, author={Jenkins, Giuseppe and Smith, James P. and Bingham, Evan and Weidman, Justin }, editor={ }, title={Application of Integrated Project Delivery Practices in Residential Construction}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={769-781}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1833}, doi={10.24928/2020/0125}, affiliation={Graduate Student (MS), Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA, seppe21@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8673-902X ; Assistant Prof., Construction and Facilities Management, Brigham Young Unviersity, Provo, UT, USA, james_smith@byu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-8925-5680 ; Assistant Prof., Construction and Facilities Management, Brigham Young Unviersity, Provo, UT, USA, evan_bingham@byu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0001-6636-5609 ; Assistant Prof., Construction and Facilities Management, Brigham Young Unviersity, Provo, UT, USA, justinweidman@byu.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-4280-8134 }, abstract={Application of Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) principles has been widely recognized and studied in complex projects across the United States. However, OAEC participants have argued that traditional delivery approaches are sufficient to efficiently preserve value on projects of smaller scales and decreased complexity. The purpose of this research is to see how Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) principles and practices can be used on high end custom residential construction projects to increase the collaboration and efficiency of the project team. A case study was conducted on a custom home project to observe how and what IPD principles were used. Observations, interviews, and a survey were used to collect qualitative data from participants as part of the case study. Findings indicate that IPD principles and practices can be effectively utilized on custom residential projects. In addition, the research found that those involved found the experience to be positive and beneficial to their overall success on the project. }, author_keywords={Integrated project delivery, collaboration, complexity, process, residential construction.. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Falch2020, author={Falch, Marta Røer and Engebø, Atle and Lædre, Ola }, editor={ }, title={Effects of Partnering Elements: An Exploratory Case Study }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={757-768}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1834}, doi={10.24928/2020/0127}, affiliation={MS Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, mcfalch@stud.ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0001-9919- 5933 ; PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, atle.engebo@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-0176 ; Professor, dr. ing., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 }, abstract={Partnering elements have become more common in Norwegian construction projects over the last decades. Partnering, as a project delivery method, shares similarities with the lean perspective as they both use available elements to achieve a collaborative project. The LC principles are often illustrated in terms of three fundamental elements (commercial, organizational, and operating system). This aligns with how this paper has categorised partnering, into contractual-, organisational-, and cultural elements. Consequently, this paper contributes to knowledge about the effects of partnering elements by answering the two research questions: 1) Which elements are used in partnering projects, and 2) What are the effects of these elements. An exploratory case study of a partnering project was carried out to examine the partnering elements and their effects. A combination of literature review, document study and semi-structured interviews were used data collection. The findings reveal that the contractual-, organisational-, and cultural elements are aligned with the LC triangle. There is a potential when implementing lean elements in partnering. However, there is a risk for partnering projects falling into a traditional approach in the actual delivery. The paper concludes that more attention should be paid to the effects of organisational and cultural elements in partnering projects. }, author_keywords={Lean project delivery, project delivery methods, integrated teams, collaboration, partnering }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Suarez2020, author={Suarez, Juan C. and Zapata, Jaime and Brioso, Xavier }, editor={ }, title={Using 5D Models and Cba for Planning the Foundations and Concrete Structure Stages of a Complex Office Building }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={913-924}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1835}, doi={10.24928/2020/0131}, affiliation={ Research Assistant, GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP). juanc.suarez@pucp.edu.pe , orcid.org/0000-0003-1433-7766 ; Lecturer, GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, PUCP, jfzapata@pucp.pe, orcid.org/0000-0001-7662-8329 ; Professor, GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, PUCP, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-0241 }, abstract={Contractors use diverse methodologies and software that require more working hours just to synchronize all the data related to cost, schedule and quantities, the most widespread methodologies are CPM and BIM models. However, the use CPM does not provide the tools to control the project with the current production status. The use of 5D BIM models (integrated quantities, cost and schedules) and flow lines (scheduling system from the Location Based Management System) are proposed as more effective methods, these allow the contractor to automate and improve their scheduling and controlling processes. These methodologies were implemented in the planning process of the foundations and structure stage of a complex building, then compared to the methods used by the contractor (CPM, 3D and 4D models). Choosing by Advantages (CBA), a system that supports sound decision-making using comparisons among advantages of alternatives, was used to compare the methods mentioned, then a total of three alternatives and eight factors were evaluated by the researchers and contractor. The use of 5D models and flowlines were found to be the best alternative, some factors that stand out are scheduling with an effective Lean Production system, synergy with Earn value reports, and automation in quantities and scheduling }, author_keywords={Location-based management, 5D model, choosing by advantages (CBA), production pull, workflow, BIM }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Cruzado-Ramos2020, author={Cruzado-Ramos, Fiorela and Brioso, Xavier }, editor={ }, title={Sustainability Performance Evaluation in Building Projects by Integrating Lean and Sustainable Management Using the Delphi Method }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={805-816}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1836}, doi={10.24928/2020/0132}, affiliation={GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, fiorela.cruzado@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0003-3979-6838 ; GETEC Research Group, Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru, xbrioso@pucp.edu.pe, orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-0241 }, abstract={This research paper aims to contribute to the improvement of sustainable management of Peruvian buildings throughout the project lifecycle by integrating the Lean Construction philosophy and sustainability concepts through the Delphi method. First, the literature is reviewed and the existing information on compatibility or synergy between Lean Construction and sustainability management systems is analyzed. After that, with the support of a collaborating company, a methodology for evaluating sustainability performance in projects is developed, which integrates the Last Planner® System and sustainability management. The proposed tool is validated by the Delphi method, for which we solicited expert opinions on the study topics. Next, the proposed methodology protocols corresponding to the evaluation of the design, construction, and use phases of the buildings are developed. Finally, the methodology is applied to five case studies, the results are analyzed, and the methodology is validated. Throughout the research, the principles, tools, techniques, and practices of the Lean philosophy are analyzed, which synergize with the methodologies, standards, and tools of sustainability management. }, author_keywords={Lean Construction, Environmental Sustainability, Key Performance Indicators, Delphi Method, Buildings }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Haugen2020, author={Haugen, Celine G. and Lædre, Ola and Aslesen, Sigmund }, editor={ }, title={Takt Performance Indicators }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={457-468}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1837}, doi={10.24928/2020/0135}, affiliation={MSc student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, +47 970 43 033, celine.haugen@yahoo.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-2149-9616 ; Professor, dr. ing. , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), ola.ladre@ntnu.no, orcid.org/0000-0003-4604-8299 ; Head of Research and Improvement, Veidekke AS, P.O. Box 506 Skøyen, N-0214 Oslo, Norway; Sigmund.aslesen@veidekke.no, orcid.org/0000-0002-5097-2794 }, abstract={There is a general perception among researchers that the practice of takt varies within projects. Takt planning relies on collaboration between the production team members, who transform a production strategy into a production schedule. One of the goals of the method is to create flow, and hereby allow construction processes to be efficiently executed. Workflow within construction has been measured with different methods: observation, self-evaluation and Last Planner™ System (LPS). To achieve workflow, challenges must be removed. Hence, the novel contribution of this paper is to highlight (1) general challenges expected during the takt plan-execution and (2) takt performance indicators that reveal these challenges. After a longitudinal case study, this paper presents 16 challenges and 7 indicators which together give a foundation for further research of workflow within other Takt Planning and Takt Control-projects. }, author_keywords={Takt Planning and Takt Control (TPTC), Workflow, Standardization, Lean construction, Performance indicators }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Koskela2020, author={Koskela, Lauri and Broft, Rafaella D. and Pikas, Ergo and Tezel, Algan }, editor={ }, title={Comparing the Methods of A3 and Canvas}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={13-24}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1838}, doi={10.24928/2020/0136}, affiliation={Professor, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, UK, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, ORCID 0000-0003-4449-2281 ; PhD Candidate (part-time), The Bartlett School of Construction & Project Management, University College London, UK, r.d.broft@gmail.com, ORDCID 0000-0002-3724-854X | Expert in (Lean) SCM. ; Postdoc, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, Finland, ergo.pikas@aalto.fi, ORCID 0000-0001-5691-685X ; Senior Lecturer, Department of Architecture and 3D Design, University of Huddersfield, UK, a.tezel@hud.ac.uk, ORCID 0000-0003-3903-6126 }, abstract={The method of A3, which originated in the framework of the Toyota Production System, is used for collaborative problem solving, status reporting, and presenting proposals. It is now widely used as a part of the implementation of lean in different industries. In turn, the Canvas method was initially developed, through academic research, for generating business models, but over time it has been generalised for many other situations. In subsequent research, design principles for Canvases have been developed. The use of the Canvas method has rapidly increased in practice. As these two methods seem to have similarities regarding application areas and working principles, it is of interest to compare them. The following questions are addressed: How are these two methods similar and dissimilar? Are there underlying theories that could shed new light on both methods? A better understanding of these methods, both theoretically and practically, might be beneficial for their use in different contexts and scenarios. Especially, enhanced mastery of these methods would be instrumental for collaborative resolution of the well-known problems in construction. }, author_keywords={Lean construction, A3 method, Canvas method, visual management, theory. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Zhang2020, author={Zhang, Bochen and Dong, Ning and Rischmoller, Leonardo }, editor={ }, title={Design Thinking in Action: A DPR Case Study to Develop a Sustainable Digital Solution for Labor Resource Management}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={25-36}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1839}, doi={10.24928/2020/0137}, affiliation={Business Analyst, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, BochenZ@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0001-7212-5150 ; Business Process Improvement Lead, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, TonyD@dpr.com, orcid.org/0000-0002-8529-804X ; Business Analyst, DPR Construction, 1450 Veterans Boulevard, Redwood City, CA 94063, LeonardoR@dpr.com, 0000-0001-6317-2692 }, abstract={The construction industry is known for cost and time overruns as well as vulnerable to mistakes and reworks, leading to low productivity compared to other industries in the last fifty years. As of today, the development of digital technologies has transformed many other industries, from automotive to transportation and finance. However, even though new tools and technologies are emerging rapidly for the construction industry, the rate of innovation and innovation adoption is low. The traditional push approach can hardly address the varied and indeterminate sets of issues faced by each project team whose solutions might be unique and evolving. The Design Thinking approach, which resembles the pull strategy in the Lean concept, has great potential in searching for and developing sustainable and innovative solutions with the users. In this paper, the Business Process Improvement team in DPR Construction, a national technical builder, leveraged the Design Thinking approach to develop a sustainable digital solution hand in hand with the user leveraging a Low Code Application Platform. The approach yielded a result that eased the transition period for adoption and significantly improved the efficiency of the labor resource management process. }, author_keywords={Design Thinking, Lean Construction, process, continuous improvement, technology adoption. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Vrijhoef2020, author={Vrijhoef, Ruben and Dijkhuizen, Martin van }, editor={ }, title={Lean Toolbox Approach for Effective Preparation of Housing Refurbishment Projects Using Critical Success Factors }, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={181-192}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1840}, doi={10.24928/2020/0138}, affiliation={ Senior Researcher, Delft University of Technology, and Professor, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, PO Box 5043, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands, r.vrijhoef@tudelft.nl, orcid.org/0000- 0002-7303-838X ; Doctoral Researcher, Delft University of Technology, and University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, PO Box 182, NL-3500 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands, martin.vandijkhuizen@hu.nl, orcid.org/0000- 0002-5913-8915 }, abstract={Refurbishment projects notably for social housing are special kinds of project for many reasons, including inflexible existing stock, low available budgets, involvement of residents staying in their homes during construction. Lean tools could be helpful not only during construction, but also in the preparation of projects including requirements definition, budgeting, design, engineering and planning. The preparation phase also has typical peculiarities including political and social aspects, and is often time and cost consuming. Much lean research has focussed on improving the construction of new built and private sector projects. In contrast this paper aims to demonstrate the merits of lean tooling in the preparation phase of social housing refurbishments. The research reported examined lean tooling applications and their effects on project success in selected case studies of social housing refurbishments in the Netherlands. The research was a designbased action research shaping a preselected catalogue of tools i.e. lean toolbox. Next tools were selected together with practitioners, for application in the case projects. After those interventions interviews were held to registers effects on critical success factors in the projects. Most of the tool applications from the lean toolbox approach appeared to be effective in harnessing critical success factors in the projects. }, author_keywords={Action research, housing refurbishment, lean construction process, lean toolbox, project preparation. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, } @CONFERENCE{Kortenko2020, author={Kortenko, Sergei and Koskela, Lauri and Tzortzopoulos, Patricia and Haghsheno, Shervin }, editor={ }, title={Negative Effects of Design-Bid-Build Procurement on Construction Projects}, journal={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, booktitle={Proc. 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC)}, year={2020}, pages={733-744}, url={http://www.iglc.net/papers/details/1841}, doi={10.24928/2020/0141}, affiliation={ Researcher, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Drees & Sommer, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, +491727698610, sergei.kortenko@hud.ac.uk, kortenko86@gmail.com, orcid.org/0000-0003-0968-2100 ; Professor of Construction/Project Management, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +441484472892, l.koskela@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0003-4449-2281 ; Professor of Integrated Design, School of Art, Design and Architecture, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK, +441484472281, p.tzortzopoulos@hud.ac.uk, orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-6753 ; Professor, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, +4972160842646, shervin.haghsheno@kit.edu, orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-6370 }, abstract={The construction industry is famous for its poor performance. Despite multi-party contractual agreements acknowledged by the lean construction community as enablers of better communication and performance, design-bid-build (DBB) still dominates the construction industry in Germany, UK and other countries. This study describes design-bid-build procurement and explores its negative effects on construction projects, environment and project participants through a review of existing literature. Understanding the influence of design-bid-build on construction environment should give practitioners an insight into the potential of using the Last Planner ® System and other lean tools. The direct and indirect effects of DBB on the construction environment are presented in the form of a tree diagram. It can be hypothesized that if the internal dispositions of project participants can be determined and the behavior of project participants can be positively influenced, for example, by lean management tools such as the Last Planner ® System5, the situational context in which project participants operate can be influenced too, meaning a shift to more positive, collaborative environment. }, author_keywords={Contract, transactional, design-bid-build, cost-led procurement, collaboration. }, address={Berkeley, California, USA }, issn={2309-0979 }, publisher={ }, language={English}, document_type={Conference Paper}, source={IGLC}, }