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Authors

Carlos T. Formoso

110 papers at 30 conferences, 1996–2026.

ORCID 0000-0002-4772-3746

Also published as Carlos Torres Formoso, Carlos Formoso, and Carlos T. Formoso, Carlos T Formoso.

  1. 2026
    Understanding value generation attributes of the healthcare built environment and services
    Giulie Baldissera, Carlos Formoso and Patricia Tzortzopoulos · IGLC 34, 2026 · PDF
  2. 2026
    Performance measurement in Takt production: an exploratory study on metrics, practices and challenges
    Carlos T. Formoso, Carolina M. Zani, Karina B. Barth, Jeferson S. Shigaki, Gregory F. Saragih and Iris D. Tommelein · IGLC 34, 2026 · PDF
  3. 2026
    Beyond lean production: interpreting the Last Planner System from a resilience engineering perspective
    Douglas C. Hamerski, Carlos T. Formoso, Tarcisio. A. Saurin and Eduardo L. Isatto · IGLC 34, 2026 · PDF
  4. 2025
    Model for Production System Design in Modular Construction Projects
    Fernanda S. Bataglin, Carlos T. Formoso and Daniela D. Viana · IGLC 33, 2025 · PDF
  5. 2025
    Takt Control: Core Concepts and Preliminary Propositions
    Carlos T. Formoso, Iris D. Tommelein, Karina B. Barth and Rafael V. Coelho · IGLC 33, 2025 · PDF
  6. 2025
    Understanding the Design Process in Modular Construction Projects Based on Value Stream Mapping
    Vanessa C. Cunha, Carlos T. Formoso, Louise Amaro and Iamara R. Bulhões · IGLC 33, 2025 · PDF
  7. 2025
    Devising Visual Systems for Quality Management in Construction
    Mauricio Neyra, Sulyn Gomez, Carlos T. Formoso and Kevin Ronceros · IGLC 33, 2025 · PDF
  8. 2024
    Built Environment Design Knowledge Framework Supportive of Resilient Healthcare
    Natália Ransolin, Tarcísio Abreu Saurin, Carlos Torres Formoso, Robyn ClayWilliams and Frances Rapport · IGLC 32, 2024 · PDF
  9. 2024
    Cost Control in Modular Construction: A Taxonomy for Effective Cost Management
    Margaret P. Keorapetse, Helena Utzig and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 32, 2024 · PDF
  10. 2024
    No Single Takt Planning Method Fits All Projects
    Iris D. Tommelein, Rafael V. Coelho, Carlos T. Formoso, Karina B. Barth and Fabrício Berger de Vargas · IGLC 32, 2024 · PDF
  11. 2024
  12. 2024
    Mass Customized Products for Industrialized Construction: Challenges and Opportunities
    Manoela Conte, Iris D. Tommelein, Carlos Torres Formoso and Randall Miller · IGLC 32, 2024 · PDF
  13. 2024
    Role of Collaboration in Production Planning and Control in the Context of Modular Construction
    Louise C. Amaro, Carlos T. Formoso, Iamara R. Bulhões and Alexandre Soares · IGLC 32, 2024 · PDF
  14. 2023
    Visual Management Implementation Strategy: An Analysis of Digital Whiteboards
    Bárbara Pedó, Algan Tezel, Lauri Koskela, Patricia Tzortzopoulos, Carlos Torres Formoso, Elena Vrabie and Stuart Robinson · IGLC 31, 2023 · PDF
  15. 2023
    Integrating Standardized Work and Production Status Control to Support Location-Based Planning and Control
    Fabrício Berger Vargas, Fabiana Bonesi, Carlos Torres Formoso and Iamara Rossi Bulhões · IGLC 31, 2023 · PDF
  16. 2022
    A Conceptual Framework for Lean Construction and Blockchain Synergy
    Algan Tezel, Dimosthenis Kifokeris, Carlos Formoso, Lauri Koskela and Christian Koch · IGLC 30, 2022 · PDF
  17. 2022
    Developing a Flow-Based Planning and Control Approach for Linear Infrastructure Projects
    Carlos T. Formoso, Patrícia Flores, Karina B. Barth, Martin Suarez, Ivo Magalhães, Verónica Ksiazenicki and Álvaro Acquarone · IGLC 30, 2022 · PDF
  18. 2021
    Slack in Construction - Part 1: Core Concepts
    Carlos Formoso, Iris D. Tommelein, Tarcisio Abreu Saurin, Lauri Koskela, Marcus Fireman, Karina Barth, Fernanda Bataglin, Daniela Viana, Rafael Coelho, Vishesh Singh, Carolina Zani, Natália Ransolin and Claudia Disconzi · IGLC 29, 2021 · PDF · Slides
  19. 2021
    Slack in Construction - Part 2: Practical Applications
    Tarcisio Abreu Saurin, Daniela Dietz Viana, Carlos Torres Formoso, Iris D. Tommelein, Lauri Koskela, Marcus Fireman, Karina Barth, Fernanda Bataglin, Rafael Coelho, Vishesh Singh, Carolina Zani, Natália Ransolin and Claudia Guerra Disconzi · IGLC 29, 2021 · PDF · Slides
  20. 2021
    Exploring Visual Management Purposes in Construction Projects
    Fernanda M. P. Brandalise, Barbara Pedo, Daniela D. Viana and and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 29, 2021 · PDF · Slides
  21. 2021
    The Built Environment´s Influence on Resilience of Healthcare Services: Lessons Learnt From the Covid-19 Pandemic
    Natália Ransolin, Carlos Emilio Stigler Marczyk, Rafael Parmeggiani Gering, Tarcísio Abreu Saurin, Carlos Torres Formoso and Tor Olav Grøtan · IGLC 29, 2021 · PDF · Slides
  22. 2021
    Production Planning and Control as-Imagined and as-Done: The Gap at the Look-Ahead Level
    Douglas Comassetto Hamerski, Luara Lopes de Araujo Fernandes, Mattheus Souza Porto, Tarcisio Abreu Saurin, Carlos Torres Formoso and Dayana Bastos Costa · IGLC 29, 2021 · PDF · Slides
  23. 2021
    Buffer Types and Methods of Deployment in Construction
    Fernanda S. Bataglin, Daniela D. Viana, Rafael V. Coelho, Iris D. Tommelein and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 29, 2021 · PDF · Slides
  24. 2020
    Influence of the Built Environment on Patient Safety and Well-Being: A Functional Perspective
    Natália Ransolin, Tarcísio Abreu Saurin and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 28, 2020 · PDF · Slides
  25. 2020
    Implementation of Production System Design in House Building Projects: A Lean Journey in Chile
    Karina B. Barth, Marcus P. Sterzi, Carlos T. Formoso, Juan I. Alliende, Daniela Bertín and Jorge Del Rio · IGLC 28, 2020 · PDF · Slides
  26. 2020
    Digital Visual Management Tools in Design Management
    Bárbara Pedó, Fernanda M. P. Brandalise, Daniela D. Viana, Patricia Tzortzopoulos, Carlos T. Formoso and Andrew Whitelock-Wainwright · IGLC 28, 2020 · PDF · Slides
  27. 2020
    Use of Complaint Records of Maintenance Departments for Continuous Improvement
    Jordana Bazzan, Carlos Torres Formoso and Márcia Echeveste · IGLC 28, 2020 · PDF · Slides
  28. 2019
    Combining Lean and Agile Project Management in a Multi-Project Environment: Case Study in a Retail Company
    Douglas C. Hamerski, Carlos T. Formoso, Eduardo L. Isatto and Cristian A. Cevallos · IGLC 27, 2019 · PDF · Slides
  29. 2019
    Performance Measurement in Lean Production Systems: An Exploration on Requirements and Taxonomies
    Karina B. Barth, Carlos T. Formoso and Marcus P. Sterzi · IGLC 27, 2019 · PDF · Slides
  30. 2019
    Modularity in the Construction Industry: A Systematic Mapping Study
    Marcelle Engler Bridi, Eliká Deboni Ceolin, Ariovaldo Denis Granja and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 27, 2019 · PDF · Slides
  31. 2019
    Connections Between Mass Customisation Practices in Housing and Lean Production
    Cynthia S. Hentschke, Luciana G. Amorim, Carlos T. Formoso, Patricia Tzortzopoulos and Marcia E. S. Echeveste · IGLC 27, 2019 · PDF · Slides
  32. 2018
    Using BIM and Lean for Modelling Requirements in the Design of Healthcare Projects
    João Soliman Junior, Juliana P. Baldauf, Carlos T. Formoso and Patricia Tzortzopoulos · IGLC 26, 2018 · PDF
  33. 2018
    Guidelines to Develop a BIM Model Focused on Construction Planning and Control
    Fabrício Berger de Vargas, Fernanda Saidelles Bataglin and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 26, 2018 · PDF
  34. 2018
    Understanding the Effectiveness of Visual Management Best Practices in Construction Sites
    Fernanda M. P. Brandalise, Caroline P. Valente, Daniela D. Viana and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 26, 2018 · PDF
  35. 2018
    The Role of Slack in Standardized Work in Construction: An Exploratory Study
    Marcus C.T. Fireman, Tarcísio A. Saurin and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 26, 2018 · PDF
  36. 2017
    Application of Bim for Supporting Decisionmaking Related to Logistics in Prefabricated Building Systems
    Fernanda S. Bataglin, Daniela D. Viana, Carlos T. Formoso and Iamara R. Bulhões · IGLC 25, 2017 · PDF
  37. 2017
    Guidelines for Devising and Assessing Visual Management Systems in Construction Sites
    Caroline Valente, Fernanda Brandalise, Marinna Pivatto and Carlos Formoso · IGLC 25, 2017 · PDF
  38. 2017
    Principles for Safety Performance Measurement Systems Based on Resilience Engineering
    Guillermina A. Peñaloza, Carlos T. Formoso and Tarcisio A. Saurin · IGLC 25, 2017 · PDF
  39. 2016
    Guidelines for Integrated Production Control in Engineer-to-Order Prefabricated Concrete Building Systems: Preliminary Results
    Guillermina A. Peñaloza, Daniela Dietz Viana, Fernanda Saidelles Bataglin, Carlos Torres Formoso and Iamara Rossi Bulhões · IGLC 24, 2016 · PDF
  40. 2016
    Model for Integrated Production and Quality Control: Implementation and Testing Using Commercial Software Applications
    José Villamayor Ibarra, Carlos Torres Formoso, Cicero Lima, Alexandre Mourão and Angela Saggin · IGLC 24, 2016 · PDF
  41. 2016
    Role of Loading Plans in the Control of Work in Progress for Engineer-to-Order Prefabricated Building Systems
    Guilherme Trevisan, Daniela Viana and Carlos Formoso · IGLC 24, 2016 · PDF
  42. 2016
    Visual Management: Preliminary Results of a Systematic Literature Review on Core Concepts and Principles
    Caroline P. Valente, Marinna P. Pivatto and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 24, 2016 · PDF
  43. 2015
    Analysis of HVAC Subcontractor Mechanisms for JIT Materials Supply to a Construction Site
    Daniela Viana, Patrícia Tillmann, Zach Sargent, Iris Tommelein and Carlos Formoso · IGLC 23, 2015 · PDF
  44. 2015
    BIM and Lean in the Design-Production Interface of ETO Components in Complex Projects
    Patricia Tillmann, Daniela Viana, Zach Sargent, Iris Tommelein and Carlos Formoso · IGLC 23, 2015 · PDF
  45. 2015
    Site Logistics Planning and Control Using 4d Modeling: A Study in a Lean Car Factory Building Site
    Rafaela Bortolini, Jeferson Shin-Iti Shigaki and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 23, 2015 · PDF
  46. 2015
    A Case Study on Causes and Consequences of Transportation Waste
    Cristina T. Perez, Lucila Sommer, Dayana B. Costa and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 23, 2015 · PDF
  47. 2014
    Using the Means-End Approach to Understand Perceived Value by Users of Social Housing Projects
    Juliana Nunes de Sá Brito and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 22, 2014 · PDF
  48. 2014
    The Role of Visual Management in Collaborative Integrated Planning and Control for Engineer-to-Order Building Systems
    Daniela Viana, Carlos Formoso, Josana Wesz and Patrícia Tzortzopoulos · IGLC 22, 2014 · PDF
  49. 2014
    Integrating Production and Quality Control with the Support of Information Technology
    Cibeli F. Leão, Carlos T. Formoso and Eduardo L. Isatto · IGLC 22, 2014 · PDF
  50. 2013
    Contributions of Existing Practices to Pursuing Value in Construction Projects
    Patricia Tillmann, Patricia Tzortzopoulos, Carlos T. Formoso and Glenn Ballard · IGLC 21, 2013 · PDF
  51. 2013
    Design process planning and control last planner system adaptation
    Josana G. B. Wesz, Carlos T. Formoso and Patrícia Tzotzopoulos · IGLC 21, 2013 · PDF
  52. 2013
    Integrating Production and Quality Control: Monitoring Making-Do and Unfinished Work
    Marcus C. T. Fireman and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 21, 2013 · PDF
  53. 2013
    Guidelines for integrated planning and control of engineer-to-order prefabrication systems
    Daniela Dietz Viana, Iamara Rossi Bulhões and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 21, 2013 · PDF
  54. 2013
    Using BIM for Modeling Client Requirements for Low-Income Housing
    Juliana P. Baldauf, Luciana I. G. Miron and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 21, 2013 · PDF
  55. 2012
    Design Science Research in Lean Construction: Process and Outcomes
    Cecilia G. da Rocha, Carlos T. Formoso, Patricia Tzortzopoulos-Fazenda, Lauri Koskela and Algan Tezel · IGLC 20, 2012 · PDF
  56. 2012
    An Overview of the Customisation Strategies Developed by Four Organisations of the House-Building Sector
    Cecilia Gravina da Rocha, Carlos Torres Formoso and Aguinaldo dos Santos · IGLC 20, 2012 · PDF
  57. 2012
    How Integrated Governance Contributes to Value Generation – Insights From an IPD Case Study
    Patricia Tillmann, Glenn Ballard, Patricia Tzortzopolous and Carlos Formoso · IGLC 20, 2012 · PDF
  58. 2012
    A Case Study on Benefits Realisation and Its Contributions for Achieving Project Outcomes
    Patricia Tillmann, Patricia Tzortzopolous, Stelios Sapountzis, Carlos Formoso and Mike Kagioglou · IGLC 20, 2012 · PDF
  59. 2012
    Waste in Construction: a Systematic Literature Review on Empirical Studies
    Daniela Dietz Viana, Carlos Torres Formoso and Bo Terje Kalsaas · IGLC 20, 2012 · PDF
  60. 2011
    An Exploratory Study on the Measurement and Analysis of Making-Do in Construction Sites
    Carlos T. Formoso, Lucila Sommer, Lauri Koskela and Eduardo L. Isatto · IGLC 19, 2011 · PDF
  61. 2011
    Modelling the Network of Commitments in the Last Planner System
    Daniela Dietz Viana, Carlos Torres Formoso and Eduardo Luís Isatto · IGLC 19, 2011 · PDF
  62. 2011
    The Challenges of Managing Stakeholder Requirements in a Urban Regeneration Project
    Patricia A. Tillmann, Patricia Tzortzopoulos, Luciana I.G. Miron and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 19, 2011 · PDF
  63. 2011
    Evaluation of Social Housing Projects Based on User Perceived Value Hierarchy
    Fernanda S. Bonatto, Luciana I.G. Miron and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 19, 2011 · PDF
  64. 2010
    Analysing Benefits Realisation From a Theoretical Perspective and Its Contribution to Value Generation
    Patricia A. Tillmann, Patricia Tzortzopoulos and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 18, 2010 · PDF
  65. 2010
  66. 2010
    PROCESS TRANSPARENCY ON CONSTRUCTION SITES: EXAMPLES FROM CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES IN BRAZIL
    Algan Tezel, Lauri J Koskela, Patricia Tzortzopoulos-Fazenda, Carlos T. Formoso, Thais Alves, Barros Neto, Daniela Viana and Bruno Mota · IGLC 18, 2010 · PDF
  67. 2010
    Application of Lean Principles to Manage a Customisation Process
    Sergio L. Kemmer, Cecilia G. Rocha, Lisyanne O. Meneses, Ana Valeria L. Pacheco and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 18, 2010 · PDF
  68. 2010
    A SURVEY ON THE LAST PLANNER SYSTEM: IMPACTS AND DIFFICULTIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN BRAZILIAN COMPANIES
    Daniela Dietz Viana, Bruno Mota, Carlos T. Formoso, Márcia Echeveste, Marjana Peixoto and Caroline L. Rodrigues · IGLC 18, 2010 · PDF
  69. 2009
  70. 2009
    Perceived Value in Social Housing Projects
    Lisiane P. Lima, Luciana I.G. Miron, Fernanda Leite and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 17, 2009 · PDF
  71. 2008
    Using Discrete-Event Simulation to Support Decision-Makers in Production System Design and Operations
    Fabio K. Schramm, Guilherme L. Silveira, Homes Paez, Harisson Mesa, Carlos T. Formoso and Diego Echeverry · IGLC 16, 2008 · PDF
  72. 2008
    Implementing Customized Method for the Evaluation of Subcontractors
    Guilherme Biesek, Eduardo L. Isatto and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 16, 2008 · PDF
  73. 2008
    Opportunities to Adopt Mass Customisation – A Case Study in the Brazilian House Building Sector
    Patricia Andre Tillmann and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 16, 2008 · PDF
  74. 2008
    Client Requirements Processing in Low-Income House-Building Using Visual Displays and the House of Quality
    Lisiane P. Lima, Carlos Torres Formoso and Marcia E.S. Echeeveste · IGLC 16, 2008 · PDF
  75. 2008
    Improvement of Performance Measurement Systems Using Production Management Dashboards
    Karina B. Barth and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 16, 2008 · PDF
  76. 2007
    Integrating Strategic Project Supply Chain Members in Production Planning and Control
    Marcus P. Sterzi, Eduardo L. Isatto and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 15, 2007 · PDF
  77. 2007
    Using visual interactive simulation to improve decision making in production system design
    Fabio K. Schramm and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 15, 2007 · PDF
  78. 2006
    The Role of Production System Design in the Management of Complex Projects
    Fábio K. Schramm, Alana A. Rodrigues and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 14, 2006 · PDF
  79. 2006
    The Inter-Firm Coordination of the Construction Project Supply Chain
    Eduardo L. Isatto and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 14, 2006 · PDF
  80. 2006
    Saffaro Trescastro Rodrigues Schramm Formoso heineck_prototyping Contprototyping Contributions for Production Management in Constructionributions for Production Management in construction.pdf
    Fernanda A. Saffaro, Marcel G. Trescastro, Alana A. Rodrigues, Fábio K. Schramm, Carlos T. Formoso and Luiz F. Heineck · IGLC 14, 2006 · PDF
  81. 2006
    Towards a Common Language Between Lean Production and Safety Management
    Tarcisio A. Saurin, Carlos T. Formoso and Fabricio B. Cambraia · IGLC 14, 2006 · PDF
  82. 2006
    The Importance of Commitments Management to the Integration of Make-to- Order Supply Chains in Construction Industry
    Marcelo M. B. Azambuja, Eduardo L. Isatto, Tiago S. Marder and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 14, 2006 · PDF
  83. 2006
    A Quantitative Analysis of Data Collected From the Last Planner System in Brazil
    Rodrigo C. Bortolazza and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 14, 2006 · PDF
  84. 2005
    Opportunities for Client Requirements Management in Low-Income House Building Projects in Brazil
    Fernanda Lustosa Leite, Luciana Inês Gomes Miron and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 13, 2005 · PDF
  85. 2005
    A Quantitative Analysis of the Implementation of the Last Planner System in Brazil
    Rodrigo Cremonesi Bortolazza, Dayana Bastos Costa and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 13, 2005 · PDF
  86. 2005
    A Cognitive Systems Engineering Perspective of Construction Safety
    Tarcisio A. Saurin, Carlos T. Formoso, Fabricio B. Cambraia and Gregory Howell · IGLC 13, 2005 · PDF
  87. 2004
    Performance Measurement Systems for Benchmarking in the Construction Industry
    Dayana B. Costa, Carlos T. Formoso, Michail Kagioglou and Luis F. Alarcon · IGLC 12, 2004 · PDF
  88. 2004
    A Human Error Perspective of Safety Planning and Control
    Tarcisio A. Saurin, Carlos T. Formoso and Fabricio B. Cambraia · IGLC 12, 2004 · PDF
  89. 2004
    The Design of Production Systems for Low-Income Housing Projects
    Fabio K. Schramm, Dayana B. Costa and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 12, 2004 · PDF
  90. 2004
  91. 2003
  92. 2003
  93. 2003
    Client Requirement Management in Building Projects
    Luciana I.G. Miron and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 11, 2003 · PDF
  94. 2002
    Contributions to the Evaluation of Production Planning and Control Systems in Building Companies
    Mauricio M.S. Bernardes and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 10, 2002 · PDF
  95. 2002
    Safety and Production - An Integrated Planning and Control Model
    Tarcisio A. Saurin, Carlos T. Formoso, Lia B.M. Guimaraes and Aelandre C. Soares · IGLC 10, 2002 · PDF
  96. 2002
    Improving the Production Planning and Control System in a Building Company - Contributions After Stabilization
    Alexandre C. Soares, Mauricio M.S. Bernardes and Carlos T. Formoso · IGLC 10, 2002 · PDF
  97. 2001
    Integrating Safety Into Production Planning and Control Process: An Exploratory Study
    Tarcisio Abreu Saurin, Carlos Torres Formoso and Lia Buarque de Macedo Guimaraes · IGLC 9, 2001 · PDF
  98. 2001
    Planning the Product Development Process in Construction: An Exploratory Case Study
    Patricia Tzortzopoulos, Carlos Torres Formoso and Martin Betts · IGLC 9, 2001 · PDF
  99. 2000
    Guidelines for Managing Physical Flows in Construction Sites
    Thais da C.L. Alves and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 8, 2000 · PDF
  100. 2000
  101. 1999
    Method for Waste Control in the Building Industry
    Carlos T. Formoso, Eduardo L. Isatto and Ercilia H. Hirota · IGLC 7, 1999 · PDF
  102. 1999
    Considerations on Application of Lean Construction Principles to Design Management
    Patricia Tzortzopoulos and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 7, 1999 · PDF
  103. 1999
    Learning How to Learn Lean Construction Concepts and Principles
    Ercilia Hitomi Hirota, Elvira Maria Vieira Lantelme and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 7, 1999 · PDF
  104. 1998
  105. 1998
    Developing a Model for Planning and Controlling Production in Small Sized Building Firms
    Carlos T. Formoso, Mauricio Bernardes and Luis Fenando Oliveira · IGLC 6, 1998 · PDF
  106. 1998
    Developing a Protocol for Managing the Design Process in the Building Industry
    Carlos T. Formoso, Patricia Tzotzopoulos, Margaret S. S. Jobim and Renata Liedtke · IGLC 6, 1998 · PDF
  107. 1998
    Some Directions for Developing Construction Management Training Programmes on Lean Construction
    Ercilia Hitomi Hirota and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 6, 1998 · PDF
  108. 1998
    Evaluating Building Systems Based on Productions Process Management and Lean Constructions Concepts
    Alberto Peixoto San Matin and Carlos Torres Formoso · IGLC 6, 1998 · PDF
  109. 1998
  110. 1996
    Method of Intervention on the Flow of Materials in Building Processes
    Aguinaldo dos Santos, Carlos T Formoso and John Hinks · IGLC 4, 1996 · PDF